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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Father_Le_Loutre's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_Le_Loutre's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Father Le Loutre's War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_Le_Loutre's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dartmouth_Massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dartmouth_Massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Dartmouth Massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dartmouth_Massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_Indian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_Indian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>French and Indian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_Indian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headquarters_of_the_North_American_Station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters_of_the_North_American_Station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Headquarters of the North American Station</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters_of_the_North_American_Station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burying_the_Hatchet_Ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burying_the_Hatchet_Ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Burying the Hatchet Ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burying_the_Hatchet_Ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>The American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.7</span> <span>Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halifax_Impressment_Riot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halifax_Impressment_Riot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Halifax Impressment Riot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halifax_Impressment_Riot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>War of 1812</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_U.S.S._Chesapeake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_U.S.S._Chesapeake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Capture of U.S.S. <i>Chesapeake</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_U.S.S._Chesapeake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Black refugees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_prosperity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_prosperity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>19th century prosperity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_prosperity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Acadian_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Acadian_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Royal Acadian School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Acadian_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Horizons_Baptist_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Horizons_Baptist_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>New Horizons Baptist Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Horizons_Baptist_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.9</span> <span>City status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responsible_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsible_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.10</span> <span>Responsible government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsible_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.11</span> <span>Crimean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.12</span> <span>Military schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_for_the_Deaf_and_the_Blind_established" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_for_the_Deaf_and_the_Blind_established"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.13</span> <span>Schools for the Deaf and the Blind established</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_for_the_Deaf_and_the_Blind_established-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.14</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Tallahassee_Escape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Tallahassee_Escape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.15</span> <span>The <i>Tallahassee</i> Escape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Tallahassee_Escape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.16</span> <span>Confederation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.17</span> <span>Post Confederation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.18</span> <span>Industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_links_to_Dartmouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_links_to_Dartmouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.19</span> <span>Transportation links to Dartmouth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_links_to_Dartmouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvation_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvation_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.20</span> <span>Salvation Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvation_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anna_Leonowens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anna_Leonowens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.21</span> <span>Anna Leonowens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anna_Leonowens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North-West_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North-West_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.22</span> <span>North-West Rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North-West_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Second Boer War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halifax_and_Southwestern_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halifax_and_Southwestern_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Halifax and Southwestern Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halifax_and_Southwestern_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titanic_disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titanic_disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span><i>Titanic</i> disaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titanic_disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halifax_Explosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halifax_Explosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Halifax Explosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halifax_Explosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.7</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedford_Magazine_explosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedford_Magazine_explosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.8</span> <span>Bedford Magazine explosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedford_Magazine_explosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halifax_Riot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halifax_Riot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.9</span> <span>Halifax Riot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halifax_Riot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.10</span> <span>Postwar years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996_amalgamation_and_Community_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996_amalgamation_and_Community_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.11</span> <span>1996 amalgamation and Community status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996_amalgamation_and_Community_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Juan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Juan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Hurricane Juan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Juan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africville_Apology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africville_Apology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Africville Apology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africville_Apology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_political_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_political_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Historical political geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_political_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbourhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbourhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neighbourhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbourhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Halifax, Nova Scotia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82)" title="هلیفکس (شهر سابق) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هلیفکس (شهر سابق)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_(ancienne_ville)" title="Halifax (ancienne ville) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Halifax (ancienne ville)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_(miejscowo%C5%9B%C4%87_w_Kanadzie)" title="Halifax (miejscowość w Kanadzie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Halifax (miejscowość w Kanadzie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_(former_city)" title="Halifax (former city) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Halifax (former city)" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&params=44_40_12_N_63_36_36_W_scale:8000_region:CA-NS_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°40′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°36′36″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.67000°N 63.61000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.67000; -63.61000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax_(former_city)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">History of Halifax (former city)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Nova Scotia, Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Halifax</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"><i>Chebucto</i><br /><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Halafacs</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax_Canada_Day_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Downtown Halifax in July 2007"><img alt="Downtown Halifax in July 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Halifax_Canada_Day_2007.jpg/250px-Halifax_Canada_Day_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Halifax_Canada_Day_2007.jpg/375px-Halifax_Canada_Day_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Halifax_Canada_Day_2007.jpg/500px-Halifax_Canada_Day_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="835" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Halifax" title="Downtown Halifax">Downtown Halifax</a> in July 2007</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Novascotiahrm-halifaxcity.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the boundaries of the former Halifax and the relationship to the rest of the regional municipality"><img alt="Map of the boundaries of the former Halifax and the relationship to the rest of the regional municipality" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Novascotiahrm-halifaxcity.png/250px-Novascotiahrm-halifaxcity.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Novascotiahrm-halifaxcity.png/375px-Novascotiahrm-halifaxcity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Novascotiahrm-halifaxcity.png/500px-Novascotiahrm-halifaxcity.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of the boundaries of the former Halifax and the relationship to the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">regional municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:275px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:275px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:275px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halifax is located in Nova Scotia"><img alt="Halifax is located in Nova Scotia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg/275px-Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg/413px-Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg/550px-Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.75%;left:42.113%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Halifax"><img alt="Halifax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Halifax</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Halifax in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&params=44_40_12_N_63_36_36_W_scale:8000_region:CA-NS_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°40′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°36′36″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.67000°N 63.61000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.67000; -63.61000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Municipality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1749</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1842</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amalgamated</th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1996</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">61.961 km<sup>2</sup> (23.923 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0–119 m (0−390 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Canadian Census">2021</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">156,141</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,519/km<sup>2</sup> (6,520/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-4" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-4">UTC-4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Standard_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Standard Time Zone">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-3">UTC-3</a> (ADT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Canadian Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_B_Postal_Codes_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of B Postal Codes of Canada">B</a>3H to B3S</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_902" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 902">782</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_902" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 902">902</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada" title="Geographical Names Board of Canada">GNBC</a> Code</th><td class="infobox-data">CAPHL</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_Topographic_System" title="National Topographic System">NTS</a> Map</th><td class="infobox-data">011D12</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The community of <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> was created on 1 April 1996, when the <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">City of Dartmouth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">City of Halifax</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bedford, Nova Scotia">Town of Bedford</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax County, Nova Scotia">County of Halifax</a> <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_of_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality" title="Amalgamation of the Halifax Regional Municipality">amalgamated</a> and formed the <i>Halifax Regional Municipality</i>. The former <i>City of Halifax</i> was dissolved, and transformed into the <i>Community of Halifax</i> within the municipality. </p><p>As of 2021, the community has 156,141 inhabitants within an area of 61.961 km<sup>2</sup> (23.923 sq mi). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Halifax Regional Municipality">History of the Halifax Regional Municipality</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">History of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:History of Halifax, Nova Scotia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="">History of<br /><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax_Town_Clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Halifax_Town_Clock.jpg/200px-Halifax_Town_Clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Halifax_Town_Clock.jpg/300px-Halifax_Town_Clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Halifax_Town_Clock.jpg/400px-Halifax_Town_Clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax (former city)</a> (1749–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Dartmouth</a> (1750–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bedford, Nova Scotia">Bedford</a> (1980–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Halifax County</a> (1759–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax (amalgamated)</a> (1996–present)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>1749: <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">Citadel Hill built</a></li> <li>1750: <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Church (Halifax)">St. Paul's Church</a> established</li> <li>1751: <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">Dartmouth Massacre</a></li> <li>1758: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Halifax" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax">Headquarters established for Royal Navy's North American Station</a></li> <li>1759: <a href="/wiki/Sambro_Island_Light" title="Sambro Island Light"> Sambro Lighthouse built</a></li> <li>1761: <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Treaties">Halifax Treaties</a></li> <li>1782: <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_off_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle off Halifax">Naval battle off Halifax</a></li> <li>1794: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)#Prince_Edward.2C_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Prince Edward arrives</a></li> <li>1805: <a href="/wiki/Impressment_(Nova_Scotia)#Halifax_Impressment_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressment (Nova Scotia)">Halifax Impressment Riot</a></li> <li>1813: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake#Chesapeake_is_taken" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">Capture of USS Chesapeake</a></li> <li>1814: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Acadian_School" title="Royal Acadian School">Royal Acadian School</a> established</li> <li>1832: <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_Baptist_Church" title="New Horizons Baptist Church">Cornwallis Street Baptist Church</a> established</li> <li>1856: <a href="/wiki/Halifax_School_for_the_Deaf" title="Halifax School for the Deaf">Halifax School for the Deaf</a> established</li> <li>1860: <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Volunteer_Battalion" title="Halifax Volunteer Battalion">Halifax Volunteer Battalion</a> established</li> <li>1861: <a href="/wiki/CSS_Tallahassee" title="CSS Tallahassee">CSS Tallahassee Escape</a></li> <li>1863: <a href="/wiki/Mic-Mac_hockey_stick" title="Mic-Mac hockey stick">Mic-Mac hockey stick</a> sold commercially</li> <li>1885: <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Provisional_Battalion" title="Halifax Provisional Battalion">Departing Halifax for Northwest Rebellion</a></li> <li>1887: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Conservatory_of_Performing_Arts" title="Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts">Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts</a> established</li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Local_Council_of_Women_of_Halifax" title="Local Council of Women of Halifax">Local Council of Women established</a></li> <li>1899: <a href="/wiki/South_African_War_Memorial_(Halifax)" title="South African War Memorial (Halifax)">Departing Halifax for the Boer War</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Sandford_Fleming_Park" title="Sir Sandford Fleming Park">Dingle Tower created</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Riot"> Halifax VE-Day Riot</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Magazine_Explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford Magazine Explosion">Bedford Magazine Explosion</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_of_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality" title="Amalgamation of the Halifax Regional Municipality">Second Amalgamation</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Juan" title="Hurricane Juan">Hurricane Juan</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Africville_Apology" title="Africville Apology">Africville Apology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="List of mayors of Halifax, Nova Scotia">List of mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia_history" title="Timeline of Halifax, Nova Scotia history">Timeline of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_places_in_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic places in the Halifax Regional Municipality">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="List of oldest buildings and structures in Halifax, Nova Scotia">Oldest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Template:History of Halifax, Nova Scotia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Template talk:History of Halifax, Nova Scotia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Halifax, Nova Scotia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia,_Canada,_1749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg/220px-Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg/330px-Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg/440px-Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3004" /></a><figcaption>A 1749 sketch of Halifax from the top of a masthead</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mi%27Kmaq_Women_Selling_Baskets,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mi%27Kmaq_Women_Selling_Baskets%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/220px-Mi%27Kmaq_Women_Selling_Baskets%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mi%27Kmaq_Women_Selling_Baskets%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/330px-Mi%27Kmaq_Women_Selling_Baskets%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Mi%27Kmaq_Women_Selling_Baskets%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><i>Mi'kmaw Women Selling Baskets, Halifax, Nova Scotia</i>, by Mary R. McKie, c. 1845</figcaption></figure> <p>The Halifax area has been territory of the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Miꞌkmaq</a> since time immemorial. Before contact they called the area around the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Harbour" title="Halifax Harbour">Halifax Harbour</a> <i>Jipugtug</i> (anglicised as "Chebucto"), meaning Great Harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the establishment of Halifax, the most remarkable event in the region was the fate of the <a href="/wiki/Duc_d%27Anville_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Duc d'Anville Expedition">Duc d'Anville Expedition</a>, which led to significant disease and death among the local Miꞌkmaq people. There is evidence that bands would spend the summer on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Basin" title="Bedford Basin">Bedford Basin</a>, moving to points inland before the harsh Atlantic winter set in. Examples of Miꞌkmaq habitation and burial sites have been found from <a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Park" title="Point Pleasant Park">Point Pleasant Park</a> to the north and south mainland. </p><p>The community was originally inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Miꞌkmaq</a>. The first European settlers to arrive in the future Halifax region were French, in the early 1600s, establishing the colony of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>. The British settled Halifax in 1749, which sparked <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grenier143_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grenier143-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To guard against Miꞌkmaq, Acadian, and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">(Citadel Hill)</a> (1749), Bedford (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Sackville_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Sackville (Nova Scotia)">Fort Sackville</a>) (1749), <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Dartmouth</a> (1750), and <a href="/wiki/Lawrencetown,_Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lawrencetown, Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Lawrencetown</a> (1754). <a href="/wiki/St._Margarets_Bay,_Nova_Scotia" title="St. Margarets Bay, Nova Scotia">St. Margaret's Bay</a> was first settled by French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Protestants" title="Foreign Protestants">Foreign Protestants</a> at <a href="/wiki/French_Village,_Nova_Scotia" title="French Village, Nova Scotia">French Village, Nova Scotia</a>, who migrated from <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg, Nova Scotia</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. All of these regions were amalgamated into the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax Regional Municipality</a> (HRM) in 1996. While all of the regions of HRM developed separately over the last 250 years, their histories have also been intertwined. </p><p>Despite the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">Conquest of Acadia</a> in 1710, no serious attempts were made by Great Britain to colonize Nova Scotia, aside from its presence at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia">Annapolis Royal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canso, Nova Scotia">Canso</a>. The peninsula was dominated by Catholic Acadians and Miꞌkmaw residents. The British founded Halifax in order to counter the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after returning the fortress to French control as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Town of Halifax was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a> under the command of Governor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Edward Cornwallis</a> in 1749.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British founding of Halifax and the influx of British Protestant settlers led to Father Le Loutre's War.<sup id="cite_ref-grenier143_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grenier143-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, Miꞌkmaq and <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> raided the capital region 13 times. </p><p>The first European settlement in the community was an Acadian community at present-day <a href="/wiki/Lawrencetown,_Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lawrencetown, Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Lawrencetown</a>. These Acadians joined the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Exodus" title="Acadian Exodus">Acadian Exodus</a> when the British established themselves on <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Peninsula" title="Halifax Peninsula">Halifax Peninsula</a>. The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Town of Halifax</a>, named after the British <a href="/wiki/George_Montagu-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" title="George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax">Earl of Halifax</a>, in 1749 led to the colonial capital being transferred from Annapolis Royal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Father_Le_Loutre's_War"><span id="Father_Le_Loutre.27s_War"></span>Father Le Loutre's War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Father Le Loutre's War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RaidOnDartmouth1749Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RaidOnDartmouth1749Plaque.jpg/220px-RaidOnDartmouth1749Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RaidOnDartmouth1749Plaque.jpg/330px-RaidOnDartmouth1749Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RaidOnDartmouth1749Plaque.jpg/440px-RaidOnDartmouth1749Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Plaque to the 1749 <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1749)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1749)">Raid on Dartmouth</a> and the blockhouse that was built in response in <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a>, now known as Dartmouth Heritage Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_founding_of_Halifax,_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png/220px-The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png/330px-The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png/440px-The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Soldier of the <a href="/wiki/29th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Regiment of Foot">29th Regiment of Foot</a> (right) guarding Halifax from <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a> militia raids in 1749 with Horseman Fort in the background by <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Jefferys" title="Charles William Jefferys">Charles William Jefferys</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax_-_NS_-_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Halifax_-_NS_-_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Church.jpg/220px-Halifax_-_NS_-_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Halifax_-_NS_-_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Church.jpg/330px-Halifax_-_NS_-_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Halifax_-_NS_-_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Church.jpg/440px-Halifax_-_NS_-_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="2594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Church (Halifax)">St. Paul's Church</a>, built in 1750, is the oldest building in Halifax and the oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> church in Canada.</figcaption></figure> <p>The establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a>. The war began when <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Edward Cornwallis</a> arrived to establish Halifax with thirteen transports and a <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop-of-war</a> on June 21, 1749.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Miꞌkmaq (1726), which were signed after <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">Father Rale's War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis brought along 1,176 settlers and their families. In 1750, the sailing ship <i>Alderney</i> arrived with 151 immigrants. Municipal officials at Halifax decided that these new arrivals should be settled on the eastern side of Halifax Harbour. </p><p>During Father Le Loutre's War, the Miꞌkmaq and Acadians raided in the capital region (Halifax and Dartmouth) twelve times. On September 30, 1749, about forty Miꞌkmaq attacked six men who were in Dartmouth cutting trees. Four of them were killed on the spot, one was taken prisoner and one escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the men were <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalped</a> and the heads of the others were cut off. The attack was on the <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a> which was under the command of Major Gilman. Six of his men had been sent to cut wood. Four were killed and one was carried off. The other escaped and gave the alarm. A detachment of rangers was sent after the raiding party and cut off the heads of two Miꞌkmaq and scalped one.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raid was the first of eight against Dartmouth. </p><p>The result of the raid, on October 2, 1749, Cornwallis offered a bounty on the head of every Miꞌkmaq. He set the amount at the same rate that the Miꞌkmaq received from the French for British scalps. As well, to carry out this task, two companies of rangers raised, one led by Captain Francis Bartelo and the other by Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Clapham" title="William Clapham">William Clapham</a>. These two companies served alongside that of John Gorham's company. The three companies scoured the land around Halifax looking for Miꞌkmaq.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1750, the Miꞌkmaq killed and scalped seven men who were at work in Dartmouth.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_Atkins_p_334_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Atkins_p_334-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four raids were against Halifax Peninsula. The first of these was in July 1750: in the woods on peninsular Halifax, the Miꞌkmaq scalped Cornwallis' gardener, his son, and four others. They buried the son, left the gardener's body exposed, and carried off the other four bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_Atkins_p_334_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Atkins_p_334-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1750, 353 people arrived on <i>Alderney</i> and began the town of Dartmouth. The town was laid out in the autumn of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following month, on September 30, 1750, Dartmouth was attacked again by the Miꞌkmaq and five more residents were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1750 a group of about eight men went out "to take their diversion; and as they were fowling, they were attacked by the Indians, who took the whole prisoners; scalped ... [one] with a large knife, which they wear for that purpose, and threw him into the sea ..."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, on March 26, 1751, the Miꞌkmaq attacked again, killing fifteen settlers and wounding seven, three of which would later die of their wounds. They took six captives, and the regulars who pursued the Miꞌkmaq fell into an ambush in which they lost a sergeant killed.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Grenier_2008_p.160_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Grenier_2008_p.160-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, on March 28, 1751, Miꞌkmaq abducted another three settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Grenier_2008_p.160_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Grenier_2008_p.160-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dartmouth_Massacre">Dartmouth Massacre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dartmouth Massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_down_Prince_Street,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia,_Canada,_1759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Looking_down_Prince_Street%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg/220px-Looking_down_Prince_Street%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Looking_down_Prince_Street%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg/330px-Looking_down_Prince_Street%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Looking_down_Prince_Street%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg/440px-Looking_down_Prince_Street%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>Wooden <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> erected along Dartmouth in response to the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">Dartmouth Massacre</a> opposite the harbour from <a href="/wiki/Great_Pontack_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Pontack (Halifax)">Great Pontack</a> (in the lower left corner), present-day <a href="/wiki/Historic_Properties_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Properties (Halifax)">Historic Properties</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HalifaxNovaScotiaFireDepartmentPlaqueGrandParadeHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/HalifaxNovaScotiaFireDepartmentPlaqueGrandParadeHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/220px-HalifaxNovaScotiaFireDepartmentPlaqueGrandParadeHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/HalifaxNovaScotiaFireDepartmentPlaqueGrandParadeHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/330px-HalifaxNovaScotiaFireDepartmentPlaqueGrandParadeHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/HalifaxNovaScotiaFireDepartmentPlaqueGrandParadeHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/440px-HalifaxNovaScotiaFireDepartmentPlaqueGrandParadeHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Fire_and_Emergency" title="Halifax Regional Fire and Emergency">Halifax Fire Department</a>, built in 1754, and a plaque commemorating Canada's first fire department, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Parade_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Parade (Halifax)">Grand Parade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The worst of these raids was the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">Dartmouth Massacre (1751)</a>. Three months after the previous raid, on May 13, 1751, Broussard led sixty Miꞌkmaq and Acadians to attack Dartmouth again, in what would be known as the "Dartmouth Massacre".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broussard and the others killed twenty settlers - mutilating men, women, children and babies, and took more prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sergeant was also killed and his body mutilated. They destroyed the buildings. The British returned to Halifax with the scalp of one Miꞌkmaw warrior, however, they reported that they killed six Miꞌkmaq warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1751, there were two attacks on <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouses</a> surrounding Halifax. Miꞌkmaq attacked the North Blockhouse (located at the north end of Joseph Howe Drive) and killed the men on guard. They also attacked near the South Blockhouse (located at the south end of Joseph Howe Drive), at a sawmill on a stream flowing out of <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_Lake" title="Chocolate Lake">Chocolate Lake</a>. They killed two men.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Line_drawing_of_principal_forts%2C_blockhouses%2C_and_batteries_of_Halifax%27s_early_defences%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada.png">Map of Halifax Blockhouses</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hmhps.ca/images/locations/peninsular-blockhouses/peninsular-blockhouses-7.jpg">Map 2</a>) </p><p>In 1753, when Lawrence became governor, the Miꞌkmaq attacked again upon the sawmills near the South Blockhouse on the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arm" title="Northwest Arm">Northwest Arm</a>, where they killed three British. The Miꞌkmaq made three attempts to retrieve the bodies for their scalps.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent Halifax business person <a href="/wiki/Michael_Francklin" title="Michael Francklin">Michael Francklin</a> was captured by a Miꞌkmaw raiding party in 1754 and held captive for three months.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_and_Indian_War">French and Indian War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French and Indian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambroandcannons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sambroandcannons.jpg/220px-Sambroandcannons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sambroandcannons.jpg/330px-Sambroandcannons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sambroandcannons.jpg/440px-Sambroandcannons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sambro_Island_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambro Island Lighthouse">Sambro Island Lighthouse</a>, the oldest lighthouse in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, built in 1758</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg/220px-FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg/330px-FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg/440px-FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Clarence_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Clarence (Nova Scotia)">Eastern Battery</a> Plaque, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax_looking_down_George_Street,_Nova_Scotia,_Canada,_1759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Halifax_looking_down_George_Street%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg/220px-Halifax_looking_down_George_Street%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Halifax_looking_down_George_Street%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg/330px-Halifax_looking_down_George_Street%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Halifax_looking_down_George_Street%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg/440px-Halifax_looking_down_George_Street%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>Looking down George Street to Hailfax Harbour in 1759</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadian_memorial_Halifax.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Acadian_memorial_Halifax.JPG/220px-Acadian_memorial_Halifax.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Acadian_memorial_Halifax.JPG/330px-Acadian_memorial_Halifax.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Acadian_memorial_Halifax.JPG/440px-Acadian_memorial_Halifax.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A monument to imprisoned <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> on <a href="/wiki/Georges_Island_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Georges Island (Nova Scotia)">Georges Island</a> (background) and Bishops Landing in Halifax</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheCarletonHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TheCarletonHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/300px-TheCarletonHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TheCarletonHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/450px-TheCarletonHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TheCarletonHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/600px-TheCarletonHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bulkeley_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Bulkeley (governor)">Richard Bulkeley</a> built <a href="/wiki/The_Carleton" title="The Carleton">The Carleton</a> in 1760, one of the oldest building structures in Halifax</figcaption></figure> <p>The town proved its worth as a military base in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (the North American Theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>) as a counter to the French fortress <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg" title="Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a> in Cape Breton. Halifax provided the base for the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">Siege of Louisbourg (1758)</a> and operated as a major naval base for the remainder of the war. On <a href="/wiki/Georges_Island_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Georges Island (Nova Scotia)">Georges Island (Nova Scotia)</a> in the Halifax harbour, Acadians from the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">expulsion</a> were imprisoned. </p><p>On April 2, 1756, Miꞌkmaq received payment from the Governor of Quebec for twelve British scalps taken at Halifax.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acadian Pierre Gautier, son of <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Gautier" title="Joseph-Nicolas Gautier">Joseph-Nicolas Gautier</a>, led Miꞌkmaw warriors from Louisbourg on three raids against Halifax in 1757. In each raid, Gautier took prisoners or scalps or both. The last raid happened in September and Gautier went with four Miꞌkmaq and killed and scalped two British men at the foot of Citadel Hill. (Pierre went on to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Restigouche" title="Battle of Restigouche">Battle of Restigouche</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By June 1757, the settlers at Lawrencetown had to be withdrawn completely from the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Lawrencetown,_Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lawrencetown, Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Lawrencetown</a> (established 1754) because the number of Native raids eventually prevented settlers from leaving their houses.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1757, a band of Acadian and Miꞌkmaw partisans raided a warehouse at near-by <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a>, killing thirteen British soldiers and, after taking what provisions they could carry, setting fire to the building. A few days later, the same partisans also raided <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cumberland_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Cumberland (Canada)">Fort Cumberland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian militia">Acadian militia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Miꞌkmaq">Miꞌkmaw militia</a>, British officer <a href="/wiki/John_Knox_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Knox (British Army officer)">John Knox</a> wrote that "In the year 1757 we were said to be Masters of the province of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, which, however, was only an imaginary possession." He continues to state that the situation in the province was so precarious for the British that the "troops and inhabitants" at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sackville_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Sackville (Nova Scotia)">Fort Sackville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg</a> "could not be reputed in any other light than as prisoners."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In nearby Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, in the spring of 1759, there was another Miꞌkmaq attack on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Clarence_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Clarence (Nova Scotia)">Eastern Battery</a>, in which five soldiers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1759, Miꞌkmaq and Acadians killed five British in Dartmouth, opposite McNabb's Island.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Signal_Hill" title="Battle of Signal Hill">French conquered St. John's, Newfoundland</a> in June 1762, the success galvanized both the Acadians and Natives. They began gathering in large numbers at various points throughout the province and behaving in a confident and, according to the British, "insolent fashion". Officials were especially alarmed when Natives concentrated close to the two principal towns in the province, Halifax and Lunenburg, where there were also large groups of Acadians. The government organized an expulsion of 1,300 people, shipping them to Boston. The government of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> refused the Acadians permission to land and sent them back to Halifax.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous event to take place at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pontack_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Pontack (Halifax)">Great Pontack (Halifax)</a> was on May 24, 1758, when <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a>, who was headquartered on Hollis Street, Halifax, threw a party at the Great Pontack prior to departing for the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">Siege of Louisbourg (1758)</a>. Wolfe and his men purchased 70 bottles of <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a>, 50 bottles of <a href="/wiki/Claret" class="mw-redirect" title="Claret">claret</a> and 25 bottles of <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four days later, on May 29 the invasion fleet departed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolfe returned to his headquarters in Halifax and the Great Pontack before his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a>. By the end of the year the <a href="/wiki/Sambro_Island_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambro Island Lighthouse">Sambro Island Lighthouse</a> was constructed at the harbour entrance to develop the port city's merchant and naval shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A permanent navy base, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Halifax" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax">Halifax Naval Yard</a> was established in 1759. For much of this period in the early 18th century, Nova Scotia was considered a frontier posting for the British military, given the proximity to the border with French territory and potential for conflict; the local environment was also very inhospitable and many early settlers were ill-suited for the colony's wilderness on the shores of Halifax Harbour. The original settlers, who were often discharged soldiers and sailors, left the colony for established cities such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and Boston or the lush plantations of the Virginias and Carolinas. However, the new city did attract New England merchants exploiting the nearby fisheries and English merchants such as Joshua Maugher who profited greatly from both British military contracts and smuggling with the French at Louisbourg. The military threat to Nova Scotia was removed following British victory over France in the Seven Years' War. </p><p>With the addition of remaining territories of the colony of Acadia, the enlarged British colony of Nova Scotia was mostly depopulated, following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Upheaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Upheaval">deportation of Acadian residents</a>. In addition, Britain was unwilling to allow its residents to emigrate, this being at the dawn of their <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, thus Nova Scotia invited settlement by "foreign <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a>". The region, including its new capital of Halifax, saw a modest immigration boom comprising <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New Englanders</a>, residents of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and many other areas. In addition to the surnames of many present-day residents of Halifax who are descended from these settlers, an enduring name in the city is the "Dutch Village Road", which led from the "Dutch Village", located in <a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Nova_Scotia" title="Fairview, Nova Scotia">Fairview</a>. Dutch here referring to the German "Deutsch" which sounded like "dutch" to Haligonian ears. </p><p>Lawrencetown was raided numerous times during the war and eventually had to be abandoned as a result (1756). For many decades Dartmouth remained largely rural, lacking direct transportation links to the growing military and commercial presence in Halifax, except for a dedicated ferry service. The former Halifax County was one of the five original counties of Nova Scotia created by an Order in Council in 1759. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Headquarters_of_the_North_American_Station">Headquarters of the North American Station</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Headquarters of the North American Station"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Halifax" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax">Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_View_of_Halifax_-_Thomas_Davies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_View_of_Halifax_-_Thomas_Davies.jpg/220px-A_View_of_Halifax_-_Thomas_Davies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_View_of_Halifax_-_Thomas_Davies.jpg/330px-A_View_of_Halifax_-_Thomas_Davies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_View_of_Halifax_-_Thomas_Davies.jpg/440px-A_View_of_Halifax_-_Thomas_Davies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>The squadron at the <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg_Expedition_(1757)" title="Louisbourg Expedition (1757)">Louisbourg Expedition</a> in 1757 in Halifax<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Halifax was the headquarters for the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_American_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Station">North American Station</a> for sixty years (1758–1818). Halifax Harbour had served as a Royal Navy seasonal base from the founding of the city in 1749, using temporary facilities and a careening beach on <a href="/wiki/Georges_Island,_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Island, Halifax">Georges Island</a>. Land and buildings for a permanent Naval Yard were purchased in 1758 and the yard was officially commissioned in 1759. Land and buildings for a permanent Naval Yard were purchased by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Halifax" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax">Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax</a> in 1758 and the Yard was officially commissioned in 1759. (The yard served as the main base for the Royal Navy in North America during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. In 1818 Halifax became the summer base for the <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">squadron</a> which shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda</a> for the remainder of the year.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burying_the_Hatchet_Ceremony">Burying the Hatchet Ceremony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Burying the Hatchet Ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ScottManorHouseBedfordNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ScottManorHouseBedfordNovaScotia.jpg/220px-ScottManorHouseBedfordNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ScottManorHouseBedfordNovaScotia.jpg/330px-ScottManorHouseBedfordNovaScotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ScottManorHouseBedfordNovaScotia.jpg/440px-ScottManorHouseBedfordNovaScotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scott_Manor_House" title="Scott Manor House">Scott Manor House</a>, built in 1770 on the land of Captain <a href="/wiki/George_Scott_(army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Scott (army officer)">George Scott</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sackville_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Sackville (Nova Scotia)">Fort Sackville</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After agreeing to several peace treaties, the seventy-five year period of war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Burying_the_Hatchet_Ceremony_(Nova_Scotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burying the Hatchet Ceremony (Nova Scotia)">Burial of the Hatchet Ceremony</a> between the British and the Mi'kmaq. On June 25, 1761,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "Burying of the Hatchet Ceremony" was held at Governor <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Belcher_(jurist)" title="Jonathan Belcher (jurist)">Jonathan Belcher</a>'s garden on present-day <a href="/wiki/Spring_Garden,_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Garden, Halifax">Spring Garden, Halifax</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Provincial_Court_(Spring_Garden_Road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Provincial Court (Spring Garden Road)">Court House</a>. (In commemoration of these treaties, Nova Scotians annually celebrate <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Day_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Treaty Day (Nova Scotia)">Treaty Day</a> on October 1.) </p><p>Halifax's fortunes waxed and waned with the military needs of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">empire</a>. While it had quickly become the largest Royal Navy base on the Atlantic coast and had hosted large numbers of British army regulars, the complete destruction of Louisbourg in 1760 removed the threat of French attack. With peace in 1763, the garrison and naval squadron was dramatically reduced. With naval vessels no longer carrying the mail, Halifax merchants banded together in 1765 to build <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotia Packet">Nova Scotia Packet</a></i> a <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> to carry mail to Boston, later <a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">commissioned</a> as the naval schooner <a href="/wiki/HMS_Halifax_(1768)" title="HMS Halifax (1768)">HMS <i>Halifax</i></a>, the first warship built in English Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Boston and New England turned their eyes west, to the French territory now available due to the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_de_Montcalm" title="Louis-Joseph de Montcalm">Montcalm</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham" title="Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a>. By the mid-1770s the town was feeling its first of many peacetime slumps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_American_Revolution">The American Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BriggObserveregagingtheJack29May1782HalifaxPublRDodd1Sept1784BerleyRobisonCollectionUSNavalAcademy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BriggObserveregagingtheJack29May1782HalifaxPublRDodd1Sept1784BerleyRobisonCollectionUSNavalAcademy.jpg/220px-BriggObserveregagingtheJack29May1782HalifaxPublRDodd1Sept1784BerleyRobisonCollectionUSNavalAcademy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BriggObserveregagingtheJack29May1782HalifaxPublRDodd1Sept1784BerleyRobisonCollectionUSNavalAcademy.jpg/330px-BriggObserveregagingtheJack29May1782HalifaxPublRDodd1Sept1784BerleyRobisonCollectionUSNavalAcademy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BriggObserveregagingtheJack29May1782HalifaxPublRDodd1Sept1784BerleyRobisonCollectionUSNavalAcademy.jpg/440px-BriggObserveregagingtheJack29May1782HalifaxPublRDodd1Sept1784BerleyRobisonCollectionUSNavalAcademy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_off_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle off Halifax">Naval battle off Halifax</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SirJohnMoorePlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/SirJohnMoorePlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia1.JPG/220px-SirJohnMoorePlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/SirJohnMoorePlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia1.JPG/330px-SirJohnMoorePlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/SirJohnMoorePlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia1.JPG/440px-SirJohnMoorePlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Moore (British army officer)">Sir John Moore</a> in Halifax, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>'s headquarters when Moore led the defeat of the American <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">Penobscot Expedition</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax_from_Fort_Needham,_ca._1780.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Halifax_from_Fort_Needham%2C_ca._1780.png/220px-Halifax_from_Fort_Needham%2C_ca._1780.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Halifax_from_Fort_Needham%2C_ca._1780.png/330px-Halifax_from_Fort_Needham%2C_ca._1780.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Halifax_from_Fort_Needham%2C_ca._1780.png/440px-Halifax_from_Fort_Needham%2C_ca._1780.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">Citadel Hill</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> in 1780</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> was not at first uppermost in the minds of most residents of Halifax. The government did not have enough money to pay for oil for the <a href="/wiki/Sambro,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sambro, Nova Scotia">Sambro</a> lighthouse. The militia was unable to maintain a guard, and was disbanded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a>, or American Revenue Act, of April 1764 was the first from the Parliament at Westminster to explicitly state that its purpose was not merely to regulate trade but to raise revenue, and, toward this end, the Act established a vice <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">admiralty court</a> in Halifax for the purpose of cracking down on alleged smugglers evading customs. Provisions were so scarce during the winter of 1775 that <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> had to send flour to feed the town. While Halifax was remote from the troubles in the rest of the American colonies, martial law was declared in November 1775 to combat lawlessness. </p><p>On March 30, 1776, <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">General William Howe</a> arrived, having been driven from Boston by rebel forces. He brought with him 200 officers, 3000 men, and over 4,000 <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">loyalist refugees</a>, and demanded housing and provisions for all. This was merely the beginning of Halifax's role in the war. Throughout the conflict, and for a considerable time afterwards, thousands more refugees, often "in a destitute and helpless condition"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had arrived in Halifax or other ports in Nova Scotia. This would peak with the evacuation of New York, and continue until well after the formal conclusion of war in 1783. At the instigation of the newly arrived Loyalists who desired greater local control, Britain subdivided Nova Scotia in 1784 with the creation of the colonies of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>; this had the effect of considerably diluting Halifax's presence over the region. </p><p>During the American Revolution, Halifax became the staging point of many attacks on rebel-controlled areas in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, and was the city to which British forces from Boston and New York were sent after the over-running of those cities. After the War, tens of thousands of United Empire Loyalists from the American colonies flooded Halifax, and many of their descendants still reside in the city today. </p><p>Dartmouth continued to develop slowly. In 1785, at the end of the American Revolution, a group of <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a> arrived in Dartmouth to set up a <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> trade. They built homes, a Quaker meeting house, a wharf for their vessels and a factory to produce <a href="/wiki/Spermaceti" title="Spermaceti">spermaceti</a> candles and other products made from whale oil and carcasses. It was a profitable venture and the Quakers employed many local residents, but within ten years, around 1795, the whalers moved their operation to <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. Only one Quaker residence remains in Dartmouth and is believed to be the oldest structure in Dartmouth. Other families soon arrived in Dartmouth, among them was the Hartshorne family. They were Loyalists who arrived in 1785, and received a grant that included land bordering present-day Portland, King and Wentworth Streets. Woodlawn was once part of the land purchased by a Loyalist, named Ebenezer Allen who became a prominent Dartmouth businessman. In 1786, he donated land near his estate to be used as a cemetery. Many early settlers are interred in the Woodlawn cemetery including the remains of the "Babes in the Woods," two sisters who wandered into the forest and perished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn"><span id="Prince_Edward.2C_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn"></span>Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Edward_By_William_J_Weaver.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Prince_Edward_By_William_J_Weaver.png" decoding="async" width="214" height="299" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption><i>Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</i>, a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Weaver" title="William J. Weaver">William J. Weaver</a> in <a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)">Province House</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a> was ordered to live in at the headquarters of the Royal Navy's, North American Station in Halifax (1794–1800). He became the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_North_America" title="Commander-in-Chief, North America">Commander-in-Chief, North America</a>. He had a significant impact on the city. He was instrumental in shaping that port's military defences for protecting the important Royal Navy base, as well as influencing the city's and colony's socio-political and economic institutions. He also designed the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Tower" title="Prince of Wales Tower">Prince of Wales Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Town_Clock" title="Halifax Town Clock">Halifax Town Clock</a> on <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">Citadel Hill (Fort George)</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_(Round)_Church,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's (Round) Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia">St Georges (Round) Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princes_Lodge,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes Lodge, Nova Scotia">Princes Lodge</a> (only the round music room remains) and others. The Prince and his mistress, <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Saint-Laurent" title="Madame de Saint-Laurent">Madame de Saint-Laurent</a>, lived at Prince's Lodge for the six years they stationed in Halifax.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The Duke visited <a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Kings County, Nova Scotia">Kings County, Nova Scotia</a> in 1794. As a result, in 1826, the inhabitants of the county voted to name their town <a href="/wiki/Kentville" title="Kentville">Kentville</a> after him). While in Halifax he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-general">lieutenant-general</a> in January 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not until after suffering a fall from his horse in late 1798 was he allowed to return to England.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 24, 1799,<sup id="cite_ref-Ddm_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ddm-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was created Duke of Kent and Strathearn and Earl of Dublin, received the thanks of parliament and an income of £12,000 and was later, in May, promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">general</a> and appointed Commander-in-Chief of British forces in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took leave of his parents on July 22, 1799<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sailed to Halifax. Just over twelve months later he left Halifax<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arrived in England on August 31, 1800 where it was expected his next appointment would be <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MartelloTowerPointPleasantParkHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MartelloTowerPointPleasantParkHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/220px-MartelloTowerPointPleasantParkHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MartelloTowerPointPleasantParkHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/330px-MartelloTowerPointPleasantParkHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/MartelloTowerPointPleasantParkHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Tower" title="Prince of Wales Tower">Prince of Wales Tower</a>, built in 1796 in <a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Park" title="Point Pleasant Park">Point Pleasant Park</a> in Halifax, is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Martello_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Martello Tower">Martello Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 19th century, Dartmouth consisted of about twenty-five families. Within twenty years, there were sixty houses, a church, <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">gristmill</a>, shipyards, sawmill, two inns and a bakery located near the harbour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halifax was now the bastion of British strength on the East Coast of North America. Local merchants also took advantage of the exclusion of American trade to the British colonies in the Caribbean, beginning a long trade relationship with the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. However, the most significant growth began with the beginning of what would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Military spending and the opportunities of wartime shipping and trading stimulated growth led by local merchants such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ramage_Prescott" title="Charles Ramage Prescott">Charles Ramage Prescott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enos_Collins" title="Enos Collins">Enos Collins</a>. </p><p>By 1796, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Augustus,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a>, was sent to take command of Nova Scotia. Many of the city's forts were designed by him, and he left an indelible mark on the city in the form of many public buildings of Georgian architecture, and a dignified British feel to the city itself. It was during this time that Halifax truly became a city. Many landmarks and institutions were built during his tenure, from the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Town_Clock" title="Halifax Town Clock">Town Clock</a> on Citadel Hill to St. George's Round Church, fortifications in the Halifax Defence Complex were built up, businesses established, and the population boomed. At the same time, the towns people and especially seafarers were constantly on-guard of the <a href="/wiki/Impressment_(Nova_Scotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressment (Nova Scotia)">press gangs of the Royal Navy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Halifax_Impressment_Riot">Halifax Impressment Riot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Halifax Impressment Riot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impressment_(Nova_Scotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressment (Nova Scotia)">Impressment (Nova Scotia)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice-Admiral_Sir_Andrew_Mitchell,_1757-1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vice-Admiral_Sir_Andrew_Mitchell%2C_1757-1806.jpg/220px-Vice-Admiral_Sir_Andrew_Mitchell%2C_1757-1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vice-Admiral_Sir_Andrew_Mitchell%2C_1757-1806.jpg/330px-Vice-Admiral_Sir_Andrew_Mitchell%2C_1757-1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vice-Admiral_Sir_Andrew_Mitchell%2C_1757-1806.jpg/440px-Vice-Admiral_Sir_Andrew_Mitchell%2C_1757-1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mitchell_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Andrew Mitchell (Royal Navy officer)">Vice Admiral Andrew Mitchell</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cleopatra_(1779)" title="HMS Cleopatra (1779)">HMS <i>Cleopatra</i></a> press gang to Halifax</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Cleopatra_(1779).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HMS_Cleopatra_%281779%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Cleopatra_%281779%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HMS_Cleopatra_%281779%29.jpg/330px-HMS_Cleopatra_%281779%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HMS_Cleopatra_%281779%29.jpg/440px-HMS_Cleopatra_%281779%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Press gang from HMS <i>Cleopatra</i>, which started the Halifax Riot in 1805, depicted by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Pocock" title="Nicholas Pocock">Nicholas Pocock</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonne_Citoyenne_and_Furieuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bonne_Citoyenne_and_Furieuse.jpg/220px-Bonne_Citoyenne_and_Furieuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bonne_Citoyenne_and_Furieuse.jpg/330px-Bonne_Citoyenne_and_Furieuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bonne_Citoyenne_and_Furieuse.jpg/440px-Bonne_Citoyenne_and_Furieuse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>The captured <i>Furieuse</i> was taken in tow to Halifax by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bonne_Citoyenne_(1796)" title="HMS Bonne Citoyenne (1796)">HMS <i>Bonne Citoyenne</i></a>, depicted in an 1809 print by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whitcombe" title="Thomas Whitcombe">Thomas Whitcombe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Royal Navy's manning problems in Nova Scotia peaked in 1805. Warships were short-handed from high desertion rates, and naval captains were handicapped in filling those vacancies by provincial <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressment</a> regulations. Desperate for sailors, the Royal Navy pressed them all over the North Atlantic region in 1805, from Halifax and Charlottetown to Saint John and Quebec City. In early May, Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mitchell_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Andrew Mitchell (Royal Navy officer)">Andrew Mitchell</a> sent press gangs from several warships into downtown Halifax. They <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripted</a> men first and asked questions later, rounding up dozens of potential recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The breaking point came in October 1805, when Vice Admiral Mitchell allowed press gangs from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cleopatra_(1779)" title="HMS Cleopatra (1779)">HMS <i>Cleopatra</i></a> to storm the streets of Halifax armed with <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a>, sparking a major riot in which one man was killed and several others were injured. Wentworth lashed out at the admiral for sparking urban unrest and breaking provincial impressment laws, and his government exploited this violent episode to put even tighter restrictions of recruiting in Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stemming from impressment disturbances, civil-naval relations deteriorated in Nova Scotia from 1805 to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Whiting_(1805)" title="HMS Whiting (1805)">HMS <i>Whiting</i></a> was in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool,_Nova_Scotia" title="Liverpool, Nova Scotia">Liverpool</a> for only about a week, but it terrified the small town the entire time and naval impressment remained a serious threat to sailors along the South Shore. After leaving Liverpool, <i>Whiting</i> terrorized <a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shelburne, Nova Scotia">Shelburne</a> by pressing inhabitants, breaking into homes, and forcing more than a dozen families to live in the forest to avoid further harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: War of 1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div> <p>Though the Duke left in 1800, the city's prosperity continued to grow throughout the Napoleonic Wars and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. While the Royal Navy squadron based in Halifax was small at the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars, it grew to a large size by the War of 1812 and ensured that Halifax was never attacked. The Naval Yard in Halifax expanded to become a major base for the Royal Navy and while its main task was supply and refit, it also built several smaller warships including the namesake <a href="/wiki/HMS_Halifax_(1806)" title="HMS Halifax (1806)">HMS <i>Halifax</i></a> in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capture_of_U.S.S._Chesapeake">Capture of U.S.S. <i>Chesapeake</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Capture of U.S.S. Chesapeake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Christian_Schetky,_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_(c._1830).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg/220px-John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg/330px-John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg/440px-John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>HMS <i>Shannon</i> leads <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">the captured USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a> into Halifax</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broke_1814_Halifax_copper_token.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Broke_1814_Halifax_copper_token.jpg/220px-Broke_1814_Halifax_copper_token.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Broke_1814_Halifax_copper_token.jpg/330px-Broke_1814_Halifax_copper_token.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Broke_1814_Halifax_copper_token.jpg/440px-Broke_1814_Halifax_copper_token.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>A Halifax coin struck after Captain <a href="/wiki/Philip_Broke" title="Philip Broke">Philip Broke</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">Capture of USS Chesapeake</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifaxnsgovthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Halifaxnsgovthouse.jpg/220px-Halifaxnsgovthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Halifaxnsgovthouse.jpg/330px-Halifaxnsgovthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Halifaxnsgovthouse.jpg/440px-Halifaxnsgovthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>The new <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Government House (Nova Scotia)">Government House</a>, built in 1819</figcaption></figure> <p>Several notable naval engagements occurred off the Halifax station. Most dramatic was the victory of the Halifax-based British <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shannon_(1806)" title="HMS Shannon (1806)">HMS <i>Shannon</i></a> which captured the American frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a> and brought her to Halifax as prize. As the first major victory in the naval war for the British, the capture raised the shaken morale of the Royal Navy. Two-thirds of the men that followed British Captain <a href="/wiki/Philip_Broke" title="Philip Broke">Philip Broke</a> in the boarding party were wounded or killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Toll415_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toll415-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The casualties, 228 dead or wounded between the two <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_company" title="Ship's company">ships' companies</a>, were high, with the ratio making it one of the bloodiest <a href="/wiki/Single_ship_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Single ship action">single ship actions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of sail">age of sail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toll415_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toll415-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had the single highest body count in an action between two ships in the entirety of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Toll416_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toll416-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS <i>Victory</i></a> suffered fewer casualties during the much longer <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>. </p><p><i>Shannon</i>, commanded by Halifax's own <a href="/wiki/Provo_Wallis" title="Provo Wallis">Provo Wallis</a>, escorted <i>Chesapeake</i> into Halifax, arriving there on June 6. On the entry of the two frigates into the harbour, the naval ships already at anchor manned their yards, bands played martial music and each ship <i>Shannon</i> passed greeted her with cheers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 320 American survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">battle</a> were interned on <a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Melville Island (Nova Scotia)">Meville Island</a> in 1813, and many later buried at nearby <a href="/wiki/Deadman%27s_Island_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Deadman's Island (Nova Scotia)">Deadman's Island</a>. The American ship, renamed <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)">HMS <i>Chesapeake</i></a>, was used to ferry prisoners from Melville to England's <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmoor (HM Prison)">Dartmoor Prison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200527–29_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200527–29-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many American officers were paroled to Halifax, but some began a riot at a performance of a patriotic song about <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200530_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200530-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parole restrictions were tightened: beginning in 1814, paroled officers were required to attend a monthly muster on Melville Island, and those who violated their parole were confined to the prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200531_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200531-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An invasion force sent from Halifax attacked <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> in 1813 in the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a>, setting the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> ablaze. The leader of the force was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ross_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Ross (British Army officer)">Robert Ross</a>, who died in the battle, was buried in Halifax. </p><p>Early in the war, an expedition left Halifax under the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, <a href="/wiki/John_Coape_Sherbrooke" title="John Coape Sherbrooke">John Coape Sherbrooke</a>, to captured <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>. They renamed the new colony <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)" title="New Ireland (Maine)">New Ireland</a>, which the British held for the entirety of the war. The revenues which were taken from this conquest were used after the war to finance a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery_Park_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Artillery Park (Halifax)">military library in Halifax</a> and to found <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a> which is today Atlantic Canada's largest university. There remains a street on campus called Castine Way, named after <a href="/wiki/Castine,_Maine" title="Castine, Maine">Castine, Maine</a>. The city also thrived in the War of 1812 on the large numbers of captured American ships and cargoes captured by the British navy and provincial <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>. The wartime boom peaked in 1814. Present day government landmarks such as Government House, built to house the governor, and <a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)">Province House</a>, built to house the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly" title="Nova Scotia House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a>, were both built during the city's peak of prosperity at the end of the War of 1812. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_University,_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mary's University, Halifax">Saint Mary's University</a> was founded in 1802, originally as an elementary school. Saint Mary's was upgraded to a college following the establishment of Dalhousie University in 1819; both were initially located in the downtown central business district before relocating to the then-outskirts of the city in the south end near the Northwest Arm. Separated by only few minutes walking distance, the two schools now enjoy a friendly rivalry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_refugees">Black refugees</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Black refugees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Refugees_(War_of_1812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Refugees (War of 1812)">Black Refugees (War of 1812)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_Hall,_Nova_Scotia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gabriel_Hall%2C_Nova_Scotia.png/220px-Gabriel_Hall%2C_Nova_Scotia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gabriel_Hall%2C_Nova_Scotia.png/330px-Gabriel_Hall%2C_Nova_Scotia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Gabriel_Hall%2C_Nova_Scotia.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Gabriel Hall, the only known image of a <a href="/wiki/Black_Refugees_(War_of_1812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Refugees (War of 1812)">Black refugee from the War of 1812</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HistoricHalifax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HistoricHalifax.jpg/220px-HistoricHalifax.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HistoricHalifax.jpg/330px-HistoricHalifax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HistoricHalifax.jpg/440px-HistoricHalifax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Historic_Properties_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Properties (Halifax)">Historic Properties</a> in Halifax</figcaption></figure> <p>The next major migration of blacks into Nova Scotia occurred between 1813 and 1815. <a href="/wiki/Black_Refugees_(War_of_1812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Refugees (War of 1812)">Black Refugees</a> from the United States settled in many parts of Nova Scotia including Hammonds Plains, <a href="/wiki/Beechville,_Nova_Scotia" title="Beechville, Nova Scotia">Beechville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucasville,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lucasville, Nova Scotia">Lucasville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africville" title="Africville">Africville</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century_prosperity">19th century prosperity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 19th century prosperity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the peace after 1815, the city at first suffered an economic malaise for a few years, aggravated by the move of the Royal Naval yard to <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> in 1818. However the economy recovered in the next decade led by a very successful local merchant class. Powerful local entrepreneurs included steamship pioneer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cunard" title="Samuel Cunard">Samuel Cunard</a> and the banker <a href="/wiki/Enos_Collins" title="Enos Collins">Enos Collins</a>. During the 19th century Halifax became the birthplace of two of Canada's largest banks; local financial institutions included the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Banking_Company" title="Halifax Banking Company">Halifax Banking Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Halifax" title="Union Bank of Halifax">Union Bank of Halifax</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Bank_of_Halifax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Bank of Halifax (page does not exist)">People's Bank of Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Nova Scotia">Bank of Nova Scotia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Merchants' Bank of Halifax</a>, making the city one of the most important financial centres in colonial <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> and later Canada until the beginning of the 20th century. This position was somewhat rivalled by neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a> during the city's economic hey-day in the mid-19th century. Halifax was incorporated as the City of Halifax in 1842. </p><p>Throughout the nineteenth century, there were numerous businesses that were developed in HRM that became of national and international importance: The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Starr_Manufacturing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starr Manufacturing Company (page does not exist)">Starr Manufacturing Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith%27s_Brewery" title="Alexander Keith's Brewery">Alexander Keith's Brewery</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morse%27s_Tea_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morse's Tea Company (page does not exist)">Morse's Tea Company</a>, among others. A modern water works system was built in 1844 to replace the city's original array of private and public wells. The Halifax Water Company, a private firm under contract to the City of Halifax built a gravity-fed main to deliver water to fire hydrants, public fountains and private customers in downtown Halifax from the Chain Lakes and <a href="/wiki/Long_Lake_Provincial_Park_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Long Lake Provincial Park (Nova Scotia)">Long Lake</a> system near the city. It went into full operation in 1848 and was purchased by the City from the private company in 1861. <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having played a key role to maintain and expand British power in North America and elsewhere during the 18th century, Halifax played less dramatic roles in the many decades of peace during the 19th Century. However, as one of the most important British overseas bases, the harbour's defences were successively refortified with the latest artillery defences throughout the century to provide a secure base for British Empire forces. Nova Scotians and Maritimers were recruited through Halifax for the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. The city boomed during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, mostly by supplying the wartime economy of the North but also by offering refuge and supplies to <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade runners</a>. The port also saw Canada's first overseas military deployment as a nation to aid the British Empire during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>. </p><p>Halifax was founded below a <a href="/wiki/Drumlin" title="Drumlin">drumlin</a> that would later be named <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">Citadel Hill</a>. The outpost was named in honour of <a href="/wiki/George_Montague-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax">George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>. Halifax was ideal for a military base, with the vast <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Harbour" title="Halifax Harbour">Halifax Harbour</a>, among the largest natural <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbours</a> in the world, which could be well protected with <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">artillery battery</a> at <a href="/wiki/McNab%27s_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="McNab's Island">McNab's Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arm" title="Northwest Arm">Northwest Arm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Park" title="Point Pleasant Park">Point Pleasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Island_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Georges Island (Nova Scotia)">George's Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_Redoubt" title="York Redoubt">York Redoubt</a>. In its early years, Citadel Hill was used as a command and observation post, before changes in artillery that could range out into the harbour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_Acadian_School">Royal Acadian School</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Royal Acadian School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1814, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bromley" title="Walter Bromley">Walter Bromley</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Acadian_School" title="Royal Acadian School">Royal Acadian School</a>, which included many black children and adults. Bromley taught on the weekends because they were employed during the week.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the black students entered into business in Halifax while others were hired as servants.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Horizons_Baptist_Church">New Horizons Baptist Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: New Horizons Baptist Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RichardPrestonNovaScotiaArchives.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RichardPrestonNovaScotiaArchives.png/220px-RichardPrestonNovaScotiaArchives.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RichardPrestonNovaScotiaArchives.png/330px-RichardPrestonNovaScotiaArchives.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/RichardPrestonNovaScotiaArchives.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Preston_(clergyman)" title="Richard Preston (clergyman)">Richard Preston</a>, founder of the first black church in Nova Scotia in 1832</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_Baptist_Church" title="New Horizons Baptist Church">New Horizons Baptist Church</a> (formerly known as the African Chapel and the African Baptist Church) is a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> church in Halifax, Nova Scotia that was established by Black Refugees in 1832. When the chapel was completed, black citizens of Halifax were reported to be proud of this accomplishment because it was evidence that former slaves could establish their own institutions in Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-biographi.ca_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biographi.ca-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Preston_(clergyman)" title="Richard Preston (clergyman)">Richard Preston</a>, the church laid the foundation for social action to address the plight of Black Nova Scotians.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preston and others went on to establish a network of socially active Black baptist churches throughout Nova Scotia, with the Halifax church being referred to as the "Mother Church."<sup id="cite_ref-biographi.ca_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biographi.ca-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of these churches were established in Halifax: <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Nova_Scotia" title="Preston, Nova Scotia">Preston</a> (1842), Beechville (1844), Hammonds Plains (1845), and another in Africville (1849) and Dartmouth.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From meetings held at the church, they also established the African Friendly Society, the African Abolition Society, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_United_Baptist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African United Baptist Association (page does not exist)">African United Baptist Association</a>. </p><p>The church remained the centre of social activism throughout the 20th Century. Reverends at the church included <a href="/wiki/William_A._White" title="William A. White">William A. White</a> (1919-1936) and <a href="/wiki/William_Pearly_Oliver" title="William Pearly Oliver">William Pearly Oliver</a> (1937-1962). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_status">City status</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: City status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a protracted struggle between residents and the <a href="/wiki/Viceroys_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroys of Nova Scotia">Viceroys of Nova Scotia</a>, the City of Halifax was incorporated in 1842. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Responsible_government">Responsible government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Responsible government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax_map_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Halifax_map_1894.jpg/220px-Halifax_map_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Halifax_map_1894.jpg/330px-Halifax_map_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Halifax_map_1894.jpg/440px-Halifax_map_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>An 1894 map of Halifax</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Council_and_Department_Heads,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia,_Canada,_1903_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/City_Council_and_Department_Heads%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1903_-_cropped.jpg/220px-City_Council_and_Department_Heads%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1903_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/City_Council_and_Department_Heads%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1903_-_cropped.jpg/330px-City_Council_and_Department_Heads%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1903_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/City_Council_and_Department_Heads%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1903_-_cropped.jpg/440px-City_Council_and_Department_Heads%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1903_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Halifax City Council in 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>The cause of self-government for the city of Halifax began the political career of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Joseph Howe</a> and would subsequently lead to this form of accountability being brought to colonial affairs for the colony of Nova Scotia. Howe was later considered a great Nova Scotian leader, and the father of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> in British North America. After election to the House of Assembly as leader of the Liberal party, one of his first acts was the incorporation of the City of Halifax in 1842, followed by the direct election of civic politicians by Haligonians. </p><p>Halifax became a hotbed of political activism as the winds of responsible government swept British North America during the 1840s, following the rebellions against <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchies</a> in the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>. The first instance of responsible government in the British Empire was achieved by the colony of Nova Scotia in January–February 1848 through the efforts of Howe. The leaders of the fight for responsible or self-government later took up the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Confederation (page does not exist)">Anti-Confederation</a> fight, the movement that from 1868 to 1875 tried to take Nova Scotia out of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>. </p><p>During the 1850s, Howe was a heavy promoter of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway</a> technology, having been a key instigator in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Railway" title="Nova Scotia Railway">Nova Scotia Railway</a>, which ran from Richmond in the city's north end to the <a href="/wiki/Minas_Basin" title="Minas Basin">Minas Basin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Nova_Scotia" title="Windsor, Nova Scotia">Windsor</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Truro,_Nova_Scotia" title="Truro, Nova Scotia">Truro</a> and on to <a href="/wiki/Pictou,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictou, Nova Scotia">Pictou</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Strait" title="Northumberland Strait">Northumberland Strait</a>. In the 1870s Halifax became linked by rail to <a href="/wiki/Moncton,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncton, New Brunswick">Moncton</a> and Saint John, New Brunswick through the <a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_Railway_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercolonial Railway of Canada">Intercolonial Railway</a> and on into <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, not to mention numerous rural areas in Nova Scotia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crimean_War">Crimean War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Crimean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsford-Parker_Monument_at_the_entrance_to_the_Old_Burying_Ground_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Welsford-Parker_Monument_at_the_entrance_to_the_Old_Burying_Ground_in_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Welsford-Parker_Monument_at_the_entrance_to_the_Old_Burying_Ground_in_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Welsford-Parker_Monument_at_the_entrance_to_the_Old_Burying_Ground_in_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-Welsford-Parker_Monument_at_the_entrance_to_the_Old_Burying_Ground_in_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Welsford-Parker_Monument_at_the_entrance_to_the_Old_Burying_Ground_in_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-Welsford-Parker_Monument_at_the_entrance_to_the_Old_Burying_Ground_in_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Welsford-Parker_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsford-Parker Monument">Welsford-Parker Monument</a> in Halifax, the only <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> monument in North America</figcaption></figure> <p>Citizens of the former City of Halifax fought in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Welsford-Parker_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsford-Parker Monument">Welsford-Parker Monument</a> in Halifax is the oldest war monument in Canada (1860) and the only Crimean War monument in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornall1998_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornall1998-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It commemorates the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)</a>. </p><p>Located at the mouth of the Sackville River, Bedford was originally known by several names, such as Fort Sackville, Ten Mile House, and Sunnyside. It used the name Bedford Basin (named after the <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Basin" title="Bedford Basin">Bedford Basin</a>) from 1856 to 1902, when it was shortened to just Bedford, taking its name from the <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford">Duke of Bedford</a> who was the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Secretary of State</a> in 1749. </p><p>Dartmouth saw a surge of local industries in the 1850s. The <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Marine_Slips" title="Dartmouth Marine Slips">Dartmouth Marine Slips</a> opened in 1858 just in time to benefit from the surge in shipping during the American Civil War. Nearby, the Starr Manufacturing Company was built near the <a href="/wiki/Shubenacadie_Canal" title="Shubenacadie Canal">Shubenacadie Canal</a> in the late 1850s. The factory employed over 150 workers and manufactured ice skates, cut nails, vault doors, iron bridge work and other heavy iron products. The Mott's candy and soap factory, employing 100, opened at Hazelhurst (near present-day Hazelhurst and Newcastle Streets). The Symonds Foundry employed a further 50 to 100 people. The Stairs Ropeworks, later Consumer Cordage, was built in the North End of Dartmouth on Wyse Road, constructing an industrial suburb for its 300 workers and surviving the Halifax Explosion. The ropeworks survived as a pub until 2012 when it was demolished by <a href="/wiki/Sobeys" title="Sobeys">Sobeys</a> to construct a supermarket. As the population grew, more houses were erected and new businesses established. Subdivisions such as Woodlawn, Woodside and Westphal developed on the outskirts of the town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_schools">Military schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Military schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long before the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> was established in 1876, there were proposals for military colleges in Canada. At a pre-Confederation of Canada military school in Halifax, adult male students drilled and attended lectures on drill commands, military records, <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_War" title="Articles of War">Articles of War</a>, discipline and punishments, promotion of non-commissioned officers, military accounts and pay and messing. After Confederation, a military school was opened in Halifax to conduct officer training for cavalry, infantry and artillery. In 1870–71, Canadian militia staff replaced the British regulars who were recalled from overseas station.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schools_for_the_Deaf_and_the_Blind_established">Schools for the Deaf and the Blind established</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Schools for the Deaf and the Blind established"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonumentSchooloftheDeafHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MonumentSchooloftheDeafHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/220px-MonumentSchooloftheDeafHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MonumentSchooloftheDeafHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/330px-MonumentSchooloftheDeafHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MonumentSchooloftheDeafHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/440px-MonumentSchooloftheDeafHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halifax_School_for_the_Deaf" title="Halifax School for the Deaf">Halifax School for the Deaf</a> on Göttingen Street in Halifax</figcaption></figure> <p>The first school for the <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> in Atlantic Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_School_for_the_Deaf" title="Halifax School for the Deaf">Halifax School for the Deaf</a>, was established on Göttingen Street, Halifax (1856). The <a href="/wiki/Halifax_School_for_the_Blind" title="Halifax School for the Blind">Halifax School for the Blind</a> was opened on Morris Street in 1871. It was the first residential school for the blind in Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> again saw much activity and prosperity in Halifax. Due to longstanding economic and social connections to New England as well as the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolition</a> movement, a majority of the population supported the North and many volunteered to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>. However, parts of the city's merchant class, especially those trading in the West Indies, supported the Confederates. A few merchants in the city made huge profits selling supplies and sometimes arms to both sides of the conflict (see for example <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Keith, Jr.">Alexander Keith, Jr.</a>). <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners, mainly crewed by British subjects and carrying thousands of British arms for the Confederacy</a>, and Confederate ships often called on the port to take on supplies, and make repairs. Halifax played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Affair" title="Chesapeake Affair">Chesapeake Affair</a>. Another Confederate ship, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Tallahassee" title="CSS Tallahassee">CSS <i>Tallahassee</i></a>, became a notable in Halifax when she made a midnight escape through from Union warships believed waiting at the harbour entrance. The role in the Confederate <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade running</a> in the city was so significant that <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> complained on March 14, 1865: </p> <blockquote> <p>Halifax has been for more than one year, and yet is, a naval station for vessels which, running the blockade, furnish supplies and munitions of war to our enemy, and it has been made a rendezvous for those piratical cruisers which come out from <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, to destroy our commerce on the high seas, and even to carry war into the ports of the United States. Halifax is a postal and despatch station in the correspondence between the rebels at Richmond and their emissaries in Europe. Halifax merchants are known to have surreptitiously imported provisions, arms, and ammunition from our seaports, and then transshipped them to the rebels. The governor of Nova Scotia has been neutral, just, and friendly; so were the judges of the province who presided on the trial of the Chesapeake. But then it is understood that, on the other hand, merchant shippers of Halifax, and many of the people of Halifax, are willing agents and abettors of the enemies of the United States, and their hostility has proved not merely offensive but deeply injurious.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Tallahassee_Escape">The <i>Tallahassee</i> Escape</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The Tallahassee Escape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just before arriving in Halifax, CSS <i>Tallahassee</i> made a 19-day raid off the Atlantic coast. <i>Tallahassee</i> destroyed 26 vessels and captured 7 others that were bonded or released. Under the command of <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_Wood" title="John Taylor Wood">John Taylor Wood</a> sailed into Halifax Harbour for supplies, coal and to make repairs to her <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mainmast</a>. Wood began loading coal at Woodside, on the Dartmouth shore. Two <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> ships were closing in on <i>Tallahassee</i>, USS <i>Nansemont</i> and USS <i>Huron</i>. While Wood was offered an escort out of the harbour he instead slipped out of the harbour under the cover of night by going through the seldom used Eastern Passage between McNab's Island and the Dartmouth Shore. The channel was narrow and crooked with a shallow tide so Wood hired the local pilot Jock Flemming. <i>Tallahassee</i> left the Woodside wharf at night in darkness. All the lights were out, but the residents on the Eastern Passage mainland could see the dark hull moving through the water, successfully evading capture.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confederation">Confederation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the American Civil War, the five colonies which made up British North America, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, held meetings to consider uniting into a single country. This was due to a threat of annexation and invasion from the United States. Canadian Confederation became a reality in 1867, but received much resistance from the merchant classes of Halifax, and from many prominent Halifax politicians due to the fact that both Halifax and Nova Scotia were at the time very wealthy, held trading ties with Boston and New York which would be damaged, and did not see the need for the colony to give up its comparative independence. After confederation Halifax retained its British military garrison until British troops were replaced by the Canadian army in 1906. The British Royal Navy remained until 1910 when the newly created Royal Canadian Navy took over the Naval Dockyard. </p><p>The city's cultural roots deepened as its economy matured. The Victorian College of Art was founded in 1887 (later to become the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_College_of_Art_and_Design_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotia College of Art and Design University">Nova Scotia College of Art and Design</a>.) Local artist <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Brien_(marine_artist)" title="John O'Brien (marine artist)">John O'Brien</a> excelled at portraits of the city's ships, yacht races and seascapes. The province's Public Archives and the provincial museum were founded in this period (first called the Mechanic's Institute, later the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Museum" title="Nova Scotia Museum">Nova Scotia Museum</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_Confederation">Post Confederation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Post Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northstreetstation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Northstreetstation.gif/220px-Northstreetstation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Northstreetstation.gif/330px-Northstreetstation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Northstreetstation.gif/440px-Northstreetstation.gif 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>The Intercolonial Railway's <a href="/wiki/North_Street_Station_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Street Station (Halifax)">North Street Station</a> in 1878</figcaption></figure> <p>After Confederation, boosters of Halifax expected federal help to make the city's natural harbor Canada's official winter port and a gateway for trade with Europe. Halifax's advantages included its location just off the Great Circle route made it the closest to Europe of any mainland North American port. But the new <a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_Railway" title="Intercolonial Railway">Intercolonial Railway</a> (ICR) took an indirect, northerly route for military and political reasons. Although the ICR did build a large new station and some port facilities known as the Deep Water Terminals in Halifax's North End, the national government made little effort to promote Halifax as Canada's winter port. Ignoring appeals to nationalism and the ICR's own attempts to promote traffic to Halifax, most Canadian exporters sent their wares by train though Boston or Portland. Port promoters fought an uphill battle for decades to finance the large-scale port facilities that Halifax needed. It took the First World War to at last boost Halifax's harbor into prominence on the North Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrialization">Industrialization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halifax business leaders attempted to diversity with manufacturing under Canada's <a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a> creating factories such as the Acadia Sugar Refinery, the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Cotton_Manufacturing_Company" title="Nova Scotia Cotton Manufacturing Company">Nova Scotia Cotton Manufacturing Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Shipyard" title="Halifax Shipyard">Halifax Graving Dock</a> and the Silliker Car Works. However, this embrace with industrialization produced only modest results as most Halifax manufacturers found it hard to compete with larger firms in Ontario and Quebec. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportation_links_to_Dartmouth">Transportation links to Dartmouth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transportation links to Dartmouth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonowens_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leonowens_Portrait.jpg/220px-Leonowens_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Leonowens_Portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anna_Leonowens" title="Anna Leonowens">Anna Leonowens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1873 Dartmouth was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a> and a Town Hall was established in 1877. In 1883 <i>The Dartmouth Times</i> began publishing. In 1885 a railway station was built, and the first passenger service starts in 1886 with branch lines running to <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Junction,_Nova_Scotia" title="Windsor Junction, Nova Scotia">Windsor Junction</a> by 1896 and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Eastern Shore (Nova Scotia)">Eastern Shore</a> by 1904. Two attempts were made to bridge The Narrows of Halifax Harbour with a railway line during the 1880s but were washed away by powerful storms. These attempts were abandoned after the line to Windsor Junction was completed. The line running through Dartmouth was envisioned to continue along the Eastern Shore to Canso or <a href="/wiki/Guysborough,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Guysborough, Nova Scotia">Guysborough</a>, however developers built it inland along the <a href="/wiki/Musquodoboit_River" title="Musquodoboit River">Musquodoboit River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Musquodoboit_Harbour,_Nova_Scotia" title="Musquodoboit Harbour, Nova Scotia">Musquodoboit Harbour</a> and it ended in the <a href="/wiki/Musquodoboit_Valley" title="Musquodoboit Valley">Musquodoboit Valley</a> farming settlement of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Musquodoboit,_Nova_Scotia" title="Upper Musquodoboit, Nova Scotia">Upper Musquodoboit</a>, ending Dartmouth's vision of becoming a railway hub. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salvation_Army">Salvation Army</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Salvation Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeScottRailtonPlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GeorgeScottRailtonPlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/220px-GeorgeScottRailtonPlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GeorgeScottRailtonPlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/330px-GeorgeScottRailtonPlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GeorgeScottRailtonPlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/440px-GeorgeScottRailtonPlaqueHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_Army,_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvation Army, Canada (page does not exist)">Salvation Army</a> meeting in Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>En route to England, <a href="/wiki/George_Scott_Railton" title="George Scott Railton">George Scott Railton</a> stopped at the port of Halifax, Nova Scotia and held the first <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army,_Canada" title="The Salvation Army, Canada">Salvation Army</a> meeting in Canada on March 24, 1881. He was so engaged in his sermon he missed his boat to England. He preached in Halifax for the following week in various Halifax churches and a year later the Salvation Army was officially established in Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anna_Leonowens">Anna Leonowens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Anna Leonowens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anna_Leonowens" title="Anna Leonowens">Anna Leonowens</a> lived in Halifax for 19 years (1878-1897) and had a significant cultural and social impact on the city. Her daughter Avis Annie Crawford Connybeare married Thomas Fyshe, the cashier (general manager) of the Bank of Nova Scotia in Halifax.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a stanch supporter of women's education, organizing and serving as librarian for the Pioneer Book Club and her Shakespeare Club for young women. She was also one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Council_of_Women_of_Halifax" title="Local Council of Women of Halifax">Local Council of Women of Halifax</a> and the Woman's Suffrage Association, both of which advocated for the right for women to vote. She also was a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_College_of_Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotia College of Art and Design">Nova Scotia College of Art and Design</a>. After nineteen years, her daughter and family moved to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Leonowens followed her there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North-West_Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: North-West Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HalifaxPublicGardensEntrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/HalifaxPublicGardensEntrance.JPG/220px-HalifaxPublicGardensEntrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/HalifaxPublicGardensEntrance.JPG/330px-HalifaxPublicGardensEntrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/HalifaxPublicGardensEntrance.JPG/440px-HalifaxPublicGardensEntrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Public_Gardens" title="Halifax Public Gardens">Halifax Public Gardens</a> featuring wrought-iron gates erected in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Provisional_Battalion" title="Halifax Provisional Battalion">Halifax Provisional Battalion</a> of 1907<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to Nova Scotia's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a>, Canada's "first war", the province remained hostile to Canada in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Confederation_Party" title="Anti-Confederation Party">how the colony was forced into Canada</a>. The celebration that followed the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Provisional_Battalion" title="Halifax Provisional Battalion">Halifax Provisional Battalion</a>'s return from the conflict by train across the county ignited a national patriotism in Nova Scotia. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>, stated that "up to this time Nova Scotia hardly regarded itself as included in the Canadian Confederation... The rebellion evoked a new spirit... The Riel Rebellion did more to unite Nova Scotia with the rest of Canada than any event that had occurred since Confederation." Similarly, in 1907 Governor General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Grey,_4th_Earl_Grey" title="Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey">Earl Grey</a> declared, "This Battalion... went out Nova Scotians, they returned Canadians." The wrought iron gates at the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Public_Gardens" title="Halifax Public Gardens">Halifax Public Gardens</a> were made in the Battalion's honour.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Boer_War">Second Boer War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Second Boer War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Province_House_War_Memorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Province_House_War_Memorial.JPG/220px-Province_House_War_Memorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Province_House_War_Memorial.JPG/330px-Province_House_War_Memorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Province_House_War_Memorial.JPG/440px-Province_House_War_Memorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2998" data-file-height="3499" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_War_Memorial_(Halifax)" title="South African War Memorial (Halifax)">South African War Memorial</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_MacCarthy" title="Hamilton MacCarthy">Hamilton MacCarthy</a>, now housed in <a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)">Province House</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BoerWarVictoryParade,BarringtonSt.HalifaxNovaScotiabyNotmanStudioNSARMNo1983-310Neg5691.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BoerWarVictoryParade%2CBarringtonSt.HalifaxNovaScotiabyNotmanStudioNSARMNo1983-310Neg5691.jpg/220px-BoerWarVictoryParade%2CBarringtonSt.HalifaxNovaScotiabyNotmanStudioNSARMNo1983-310Neg5691.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BoerWarVictoryParade%2CBarringtonSt.HalifaxNovaScotiabyNotmanStudioNSARMNo1983-310Neg5691.jpg/330px-BoerWarVictoryParade%2CBarringtonSt.HalifaxNovaScotiabyNotmanStudioNSARMNo1983-310Neg5691.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BoerWarVictoryParade%2CBarringtonSt.HalifaxNovaScotiabyNotmanStudioNSARMNo1983-310Neg5691.jpg/440px-BoerWarVictoryParade%2CBarringtonSt.HalifaxNovaScotiabyNotmanStudioNSARMNo1983-310Neg5691.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2921" data-file-height="2364" /></a><figcaption>The Boer War victory parade on Barrington Street in Halifax</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> from 1899 to 1902, the First Contingent was composed of seven <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a> from across Canada. The Nova Scotia Company (H) consisted of 125 men. (The total First Contingent was a total force of 1,019. Eventually over 8,600 Canadians served.) The mobilization of the Contingent took place at Quebec. On October 30, 1899, the ship <i>Sardinian</i> sailed the troops for four weeks to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. The Boer War marked the first occasion in which large contingents of Nova Scotian troops served abroad (individual Nova Scotians had served in the Crimean War). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Battle of Paardeberg</a> in February 1900 represented the second time Canadian soldiers saw battle abroad (the first being the Canadian involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Expedition" title="Nile Expedition">Nile Expedition</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadians also saw action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faber%27s_Put" title="Battle of Faber's Put">Battle of Faber's Put</a> on May 30, 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 7, 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Dragoons" title="Royal Canadian Dragoons">Royal Canadian Dragoons</a> engaged the Boers in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leliefontein" title="Battle of Leliefontein">Battle of Leliefontein</a>, where they saved British guns from capture during a retreat from the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Komati_River" title="Komati River">Komati River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 267 Canadians died in the war. 89 men were killed in action, 135 died of disease, and the remainder died of accident or injury. 252 were wounded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Halifax_and_Southwestern_Railway">Halifax and Southwestern Railway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Halifax and Southwestern Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1901, <a href="/wiki/Halifax_and_Southwestern_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax and Southwestern Railway">Halifax and Southwestern Railway</a> (H&SW) was planned. The railway would run from Halifax to <a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Yarmouth, Nova Scotia">Yarmouth</a> along the province's <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Nova_Scotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Shore (Nova Scotia)">South Shore</a>. In the years before the domination of publicly funded highways, the H&SW would form a critical transportation link between the various communities, as well as steam ship connections at Yarmouth (to Boston and New York) and Halifax (to Europe). Construction was completed in 1906 and H&SW tracks joined the <a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_Railway" title="Intercolonial Railway">Intercolonial Railway</a>'s mainline in Halifax at Southwestern Junction at Africville and ran into the Intercolonial's North Street Station. On December 19, 1906 the first H&SW through train reached Yarmouth from Halifax. At some point during the period following completion of the H&SW in 1906, the system was merged into <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway" title="Canadian Northern Railway">Canadian Northern Railway</a> (CNoR) transcontinental system. The H&SW, along with the Inverness Railway, were isolated from the rest of CNoR's trackage which ran from Montreal to <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, not unlike rival <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Atlantic_Railway" title="Dominion Atlantic Railway">Dominion Atlantic Railway</a>. </p><p>The CNR, along with several other railway lines in Canada, entered financial difficulties during the First World War. Encumbered by construction debts and low traffic, the CNoR was bankrupt and requested financial aid from the federal government in 1918. On September 6, 1918, CNoR was <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized</a> and placed under a Board of Management by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Railways_and_Canals_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Railways and Canals (Canada)">Department of Railways and Canals</a>. On December 20, 1918, CNoR, along with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Government_Railways" title="Canadian Government Railways">Canadian Government Railways</a> were placed under a new company named <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian National Railways">Canadian National Railways</a> (CNR).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Titanic_disaster"><i>Titanic</i> disaster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Titanic disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mackay_Bennett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mackay_Bennett.jpg/220px-Mackay_Bennett.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mackay_Bennett.jpg/330px-Mackay_Bennett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mackay_Bennett.jpg/440px-Mackay_Bennett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CS_Mackay-Bennett" title="CS Mackay-Bennett">CS <i>Mackay-Bennett</i></a> of Halifax recovered bodies of <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMS_Titanic_Graves_in_Fairview_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/RMS_Titanic_Graves_in_Fairview_Cemetery.jpg/220px-RMS_Titanic_Graves_in_Fairview_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/RMS_Titanic_Graves_in_Fairview_Cemetery.jpg/330px-RMS_Titanic_Graves_in_Fairview_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/RMS_Titanic_Graves_in_Fairview_Cemetery.jpg/440px-RMS_Titanic_Graves_in_Fairview_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Markers of <i><a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">Titanic</a></i> victims at <a href="/wiki/Fairview_Cemetery,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairview Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia">Fairview Cemetery</a> in Halifax</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1912, Halifax became the centre of recovery operations following the sinking of <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>. The city was the closest to the disaster site with direct rail and steamship connections. Two Halifax-based ships, <a href="/wiki/CS_Mackay-Bennett" title="CS Mackay-Bennett">CS <i>Mackay-Bennett</i></a> and CS <i>Minia</i>, were sent to recover the bodies still floating in the North Atlantic. <i>Mackay-Bennett</i> was the first ship to reach the disaster area and retrieved most of the bodies that were recovered. </p><p>Only 333 bodies of <i>Titanic</i> victims were recovered, one in five of the over 1,500 victims. (<i>Titanic</i> carried 2,224 passengers and crew.) A large temporary <a href="/wiki/Morgue" title="Morgue">morgue</a> was set up in the <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a> rink of the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Curling_Club" title="Mayflower Curling Club">Mayflower Curling Club</a> and the present-day <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Conservatory_of_Performing_Arts" title="Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts">Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts</a> building. The majority of recovered victims, 150 bodies, were buried in three Halifax cemeteries, 121 being buried in <a href="/wiki/Fairview_Cemetery,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairview Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia">Fairview Lawn Cemetery</a> followed by the nearby <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olivet_Cemetery_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Olivet Cemetery (Halifax)">Mount Olivet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baron_de_Hirsch_Cemetery,_Halifax" title="Baron de Hirsch Cemetery, Halifax">Baron de Hirsch</a> cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEatonHaas1995244–245_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatonHaas1995244–245-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim the remaining bodies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg/220px-Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg/330px-Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg/440px-Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6132" data-file-height="4598" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of troopship <i>Olympic</i> at Halifax by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lismer" title="Arthur Lismer">Arthur Lismer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An important port for the Caribbean-Canada-United Kingdom shipping triangle during the 19th century, Halifax's strategic harbour was also an integral part of Allied war efforts during both world wars. </p><p>It was in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> that Halifax would truly come into its own as a world class port and naval facility in the <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> era. The strategic location of the port with its protective waters of Bedford Basin sheltered <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a> from German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> attack prior to heading into the open Atlantic Ocean. Halifax's railway connections with the Intercolonial Railway of Canada and its port facilities became vital to the British war effort during the First World War as Canada's industrial centres churned out material for the Western Front. In 1914, Halifax began playing a major role in World War I, both as the departure point for Canadian soldiers heading overseas, and as an assembly point for all convoys (a responsibility which would be placed on the city again during World War II). Most Canadian troops left overseas from Halifax aboard enormous peacetime <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liners</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Troopship" title="Troopship">troopships</a> such as <a href="/wiki/RMS_Olympic" title="RMS Olympic">RMS <i>Olympic</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Sister_ship" title="Sister ship">sister ship</a> of <i>Titanic</i>) and <a href="/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_(1906)" title="RMS Mauretania (1906)">RMS <i>Mauretania</i></a> as well as many smaller liners. The city also served as the return point for wounded soldiers returning on <a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">hospital ships</a>. A new generation of gun batteries, <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlights</a> and an anti-submarine net defended the harbour, manned by a large garrison of soldiers. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Naval_air_station" title="Naval air station">naval air station</a> on August 19, 1918 to operate <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplanes</a>. The base closed shortly after the <a href="/wiki/First_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="First Armistice at Compiègne">First Armistice at Compiègne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nan_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nan-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax's limited 19th century housing and transit facilities were heavily burdened. In November 1917, a subway system plan was presented to City Hall, but the city did not pursue the scheme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Halifax_Explosion">Halifax Explosion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Halifax Explosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax_Explosion_blast_cloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Halifax_Explosion_blast_cloud.jpg/220px-Halifax_Explosion_blast_cloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Halifax_Explosion_blast_cloud.jpg/330px-Halifax_Explosion_blast_cloud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Halifax_Explosion_blast_cloud.jpg/440px-Halifax_Explosion_blast_cloud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption>A blast cloud from the Halifax explosion</figcaption></figure> <p>The war was seen as a blessing for the city's economy, but in 1917 a French <a href="/wiki/Ammunition_ship" title="Ammunition ship">munitions ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Mont-Blanc" title="SS Mont-Blanc"><i>Mont-Blanc</i></a>, collided with a Norwegian ship, <a href="/wiki/SS_Imo" title="SS Imo"><i>Imo</i></a>. The collision sparked a fire on the munitions ship which was filled with 2,300 tons of wet and dry <a href="/wiki/Picric_acid" title="Picric acid">picric acid</a> (used for making <a href="/wiki/Lyddite" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyddite">lyddite</a> for artillery shells), 200 tons of <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">trinitrotoluene</a> (TNT), 10 tons of gun cotton, with drums of <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Benzol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Benzol (page does not exist)">Benzol</a> (High Octane fuel) stacked on her deck. On December 6, 1917, at 9:04:35 AM<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the munitions ship exploded in what was the largest man-made explosion before the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity test">first testing</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>, and is still one of the largest non-nuclear man-made explosions. Items from the exploding ship landed 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away. The <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a> decimated the city's north end, killing roughly 2,000 inhabitants, injuring 9,000, and leaving tens of thousands homeless and without shelter. </p><p>The following day a blizzard hit the city, hindering recovery efforts. Immediate help rushed in from the rest of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>. In the following week more relief from other parts of North America arrived and donations were sent from around the world. The most celebrated effort came from the Boston <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> and the Massachusetts Public Safety Committee; as an enduring thank-you, since 1971 the province of Nova Scotia has donated the annual Christmas tree lit at the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a> in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The explosion and the rebuilding which followed had important impacts on the city: reshaping the layout of North End neighbourhoods; creating a progressive housing development known as the Hydrostone; and hastening the move of railways to the South End of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax1920postcard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Halifax1920postcard.png/220px-Halifax1920postcard.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Halifax1920postcard.png/330px-Halifax1920postcard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Halifax1920postcard.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Downtown Halifax in 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The city's economy slumped after the war, although reconstruction from the Halifax Explosion brought new housing and infrastructure as well as the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Shipyard" title="Halifax Shipyard">Halifax Shipyard</a>. However, a tremendous drop in worldwide shipping following the war as well as the failure of regional industries in the 1920s brought hard-times to the city, further aggravated by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in 1929. One bright spot was the completion of Ocean Terminals and the <a href="/wiki/Pier_21" title="Pier 21">Pier 21</a> immigration complex in the city's south end, a large modern complex to trans-ship freight and passengers from steamships to railways. The harbour's strategic location made the city the base for the famous and successful <a href="/wiki/Salvage_tug" title="Salvage tug">salvage tug</a> <a href="/wiki/Foundation_Franklin" title="Foundation Franklin"><i>Foundation Franklin</i></a> which brought lucrative salvage jobs to the city in the 1930s. While a military airport had been in operation at Dartmouth's Shearwater base since World War I, the city opened its first civilian airport in the city's <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Halifax" title="West End, Halifax">West End</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Park_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Saunders Park (Nova Scotia)">Chebucto Field</a> in 1931. <a href="/wiki/Pan-Am" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Am">Pan-Am</a> began international flights from Boston in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/War_Plan_Red" title="War Plan Red">War Plan Red</a>, a military strategy developed by the United States Army during the mid-1920s and officially withdrawn in 1939, involved an occupation of Halifax by US forces following a poison gas first strike, to deny the British a major naval base and cut links between Britain and Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WinstonChurchillHalfaxNovaScotia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/WinstonChurchillHalfaxNovaScotia.JPG/220px-WinstonChurchillHalfaxNovaScotia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/WinstonChurchillHalfaxNovaScotia.JPG/330px-WinstonChurchillHalfaxNovaScotia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/WinstonChurchillHalfaxNovaScotia.JPG/440px-WinstonChurchillHalfaxNovaScotia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>upright=1<a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Nemon" title="Oscar Nemon">Oscar Nemon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedford_Basin_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bedford_Basin_Plaque.jpg/220px-Bedford_Basin_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bedford_Basin_Plaque.jpg/330px-Bedford_Basin_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bedford_Basin_Plaque.jpg/440px-Bedford_Basin_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="2545" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating Halifax's role as a convoy assembly point</figcaption></figure> <p>Halifax played an even bigger role in the Allied naval war effort of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The only theatre of War to be commanded by a Canadian was the North Western Atlantic, commanded from Halifax by Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Murray" title="Leonard W. Murray">Leonard W. Murray</a>. Halifax became a lifeline for preserving Britain during the Nazi onslaught of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, the supplies helping to offset a threatened amphibious invasion by Germany. Many convoys assembled in Bedford Basin to deliver supplies to troops in Europe. The city's railway links fed large numbers of troopships building up <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> armies in Europe. The harbour became an essential base for Canadian, British and other Allied warships. Very much a front-line city, civilians lived with the fears of possible German raids or another accidental ammunition explosion. Well-defended, the city was never attacked although some merchant ships and two small naval vessels were sunk at the outer approaches to the harbour. However, the sounds and sometimes the flames of these distant attacks fed wartime rumours, some of which linger to the present day of imaginary tales of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> U-boats entering Halifax Harbour. The city's housing, retail and public transit infrastructure, small and neglected after 20 years of prewar economic stagnation was severely stressed. Severe housing and recreational problems simmered all through the war and culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Riot">Halifax Riot</a> on VE Day in May 1945. The war was also marked by a massive explosion of the Navy's Bedford ammunition magazine which accidentally blew up on July 18, 1945 causing the evacuation of the north end of Halifax and Dartmouth and fears of another Halifax Explosion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bedford_Magazine_explosion">Bedford Magazine explosion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bedford Magazine explosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Magazine_explosion" title="Bedford Magazine explosion">Bedford Magazine explosion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedford_Magazine_Explosion,_Nova_Scotia,_Canada,_July_18,_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bedford_Magazine_Explosion%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_July_18%2C_1945.jpg/220px-Bedford_Magazine_Explosion%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_July_18%2C_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bedford_Magazine_Explosion%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_July_18%2C_1945.jpg/330px-Bedford_Magazine_Explosion%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_July_18%2C_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bedford_Magazine_Explosion%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_July_18%2C_1945.jpg/440px-Bedford_Magazine_Explosion%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_July_18%2C_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2625" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption>Blast cloud from the <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Magazine_explosion" title="Bedford Magazine explosion">Bedford Magazine explosion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Dartmouth and Halifax were engaged in supporting Canada's war effort in Europe. On July 18, 1945, at the end of World War II, a fire broke out at the magazine jetty on the Bedford Basin, north of Dartmouth. The fire began on a sunken <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> and quickly spread to the dock. A violent series of large explosions ensued as stored ammunition exploded. The barge responsible for starting the explosion presently lies on the seabed near the eastern shoreline adjacent to the Magazine Dock.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Halifax_Riot">Halifax Riot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Halifax Riot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Riot">Halifax Riot</a> happened on <a href="/wiki/VE-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="VE-Day">VE-Day</a>, May 7–8, 1945 in Halifax and Dartmouth, Nova Scotia began as a celebration of the World War II Victory in Europe. This rapidly declined into a rampage by several thousand servicemen, merchant seamen and civilians, who looted the City of Halifax. Although a subsequent Royal Commission chaired by Justice <a href="/wiki/Roy_Kellock" title="Roy Kellock">Roy Kellock</a> blamed lax naval authority and specifically Rear-Admiral Leonard W. Murray, it is generally accepted that the underlying causes were a combination of bureaucratic confusion, insufficient policing and antipathy between the military and civilians, fueled by the presence of 25,000 servicemen who had strained Halifax wartime resources to the limit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postwar_years">Postwar years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Postwar years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War II, Halifax did not experience the postwar economic malaise it had so often experienced after previous wars. This was partially due to the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> which required continued spending on a modern Canadian navy. However, the city also benefited from a more diverse economy and postwar growth in government services and education. The 1960s–1990s saw less <a href="/wiki/Suburban_sprawl" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban sprawl">suburban sprawl</a> than in many comparable Canadian cities in the areas surrounding Halifax. This was partly as a result of local geographies and topography (Halifax is extremely hilly with exposed granite not conducive to construction), a weaker regional and local economy, and a smaller population base than, for example, central Canada or New England. There were also deliberate local government policies to limit not only suburban growth but also put some controls on growth in the central business district to address concerns from heritage advocates. </p><p>The late 1960s was a period of significant change and expansion of the city when surrounding areas of Halifax County were amalgamated into Halifax: <a href="/wiki/Princes_Lodge,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes Lodge, Nova Scotia">Princes Lodge, Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockingham,_Nova_Scotia" title="Rockingham, Nova Scotia">Rockingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Park,_Nova_Scotia" title="Clayton Park, Nova Scotia">Clayton Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Nova_Scotia" title="Fairview, Nova Scotia">Fairview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armdale,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armdale, Nova Scotia">Armdale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spryfield,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spryfield, Nova Scotia">Spryfield</a> were all added in 1969. </p><p>A desire to promote development by Halifax downtown business interests proposed demolishing the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">Halifax Citadel</a> and leveling Citadel Hill to provide parking and encourage development in the late 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recognition of the fort's historical significance and tourism potential led to the fort's preservation in 1956 and gradual restoration by <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> as a city landmark and top tourism draw.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban renewal plans in the 1960s and 1970s resulted in the loss of much of its heritage architecture and community fabric in large downtown developments such as the Scotia Square mall and office towers. However, a citizens protest movement limited further destructive plans such as a waterfront freeway called Harbour Drive, which opened the way for a popular and successful revitalized waterfront. A remainder of the cancelled freeway plan is the <a href="/wiki/Cogswell_Interchange" title="Cogswell Interchange">Cogswell Interchange</a>. </p><p>Selective height limits were also achieved to protect the views from Citadel Hill. However, municipal heritage protection remained weak with only pockets of heritage buildings surviving in the downtown and constant pressure from developers for further demolition. Selective height restrictions were adopted to protect views from Citadel Hill which triggered battles over proposed developments that would fill vacant lots or add height to existing historical structures. </p><p>Another casualty during the 1960s and 1970s period of expansion and urban renewal was the Black community of Africville which was declared a <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slum</a>, demolished and its residents displaced to clear land for industrial use as well as for the <a href="/wiki/A._Murray_MacKay_Bridge" title="A. Murray MacKay Bridge">A. Murray MacKay Bridge</a>. The repercussions continue to this day and a 2001 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> report has called for reparations be paid to the community's former residents. </p><p>In 1980, Bedford incorporated as a separate municipality (a town). </p><p>Restrictions on development were relaxed somewhat during the 1990s, resulting in some suburban sprawl off the peninsula. Today the community of Halifax is more compact than most Canadian urban areas although expanses of suburban growth have occurred in neighbouring Dartmouth, Bedford and Sackville. One development in the late 1990s was the Bayers Lake Business Park, where warehouse style retailers were permitted to build in a suburban industrial park west of Rockingham. This has become an important yet controversial centre of commerce for the city and the province as it used public infrastructure to subsidise multi-national retail chains and draw business from local downtown business. Much of this subsidy was due to competition between Halifax, Bedford and Dartmouth to host these giant retail chains and this controversy helped lead the province to force amalgamation as a way to end wasteful municipal rivalries. In the past few years, urban housing sprawl has even reached these industrial/retail parks as new blasting techniques permitted construction on the granite wilderness around the city. What was once a business park surrounded by forest and a highway on one side has become a large suburb with numerous new apartment buildings and condominiums. Some of this growth has been spurred by offshore oil and natural gas economic activity but much has been due to a population shift from rural Nova Scotian communities to the Halifax urban area. The new amalgamated city has attempted to manage this growth with a new master development plan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1996_amalgamation_and_Community_status">1996 amalgamation and Community status</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 1996 amalgamation and Community status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The provincial government had sought to reduce the number of municipal governments in the province as a cost-saving measure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1992, a task force was created to pursue this cutback. </p><p>In 1995, the <i>Act to Incorporate the Halifax Regional Municipality</i> received <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> in the provincial legislature. On 1 April 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bedford, Nova Scotia">Town of Bedford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">City of Dartmouth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">City of Halifax</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax County, Nova Scotia">County of Halifax</a> were dissolved, and the <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia"><i>Halifax Regional Municipality</i></a> was created. </p><p>Although the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgamation_of_Halifax_Regional_Municipality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalgamation of Halifax Regional Municipality (page does not exist)">amalgamation</a> dissolved the aforementioned cities, suburbs, towns, and villages, residents of the former-places commonly refer to their locality their respective community (use of the colloquial term city is used for residents of <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Dartmouth</a>-and-<a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>), and not as resident of the Halifax Regional Municipality. (E.g. if a person asks where they live in Nova Scotia, the person will say they are from Dartmouth--not from the Halifax Regional Municipality). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pubgardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pubgardens.jpg/220px-Pubgardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pubgardens.jpg/330px-Pubgardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pubgardens.jpg/440px-Pubgardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Public_Gardens" title="Halifax Public Gardens">Public Gardens</a> before <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Juan" title="Hurricane Juan">Hurricane Juan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the mid-to-late 1990s, HRM developed a strong national and international following to its music scene, particularly the alternative genre. Musical acts from HRM include such notable groups as: <a href="/wiki/Sloan_(band)" title="Sloan (band)">Sloan</a>, The Nellis Complex, Thrush Hermit, Christina Clark, and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_McLachlan" title="Sarah McLachlan">Sarah McLachlan</a>. </p><p>Although discussions had been underway for decades in the former cities of Halifax and Dartmouth, a deal was finally signed in 2003 that saw the construction of several sewage treatment plants for the core urban area, as well as an extensive trunk collector system to link outfalls to each plant. For the first time since settlement came to the area, human sewage will be treated before it is discharged into the Atlantic Ocean; estimated start-up is for 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hurricane_Juan">Hurricane Juan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Hurricane Juan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 29, 2003, HRM was hit by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Juan" title="Hurricane Juan">Hurricane Juan</a> which made landfall west of the urban core. Juan was the most powerful hurricane to directly hit the Halifax-Dartmouth metropolitan area since 1893. The storm caused a serious disruption throughout the central and eastern part of the municipality during the first week of October. Although some areas of the urban core only lost electricity for a brief period, outlying rural regions in the eastern part of HRM were without electricity for up to two weeks. Millions of trees in HRM were damaged or destroyed in the dense forests along the Eastern Shore. </p><p>On January 13, 2008 the government of Nova Scotia proclaimed the "Halifax Regional Municipality Charter Act" giving the municipality more powers to address the specific needs of HRM.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africville_Apology">Africville Apology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Africville Apology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Africville_Apology" title="Africville Apology">Africville Apology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfricvilleChurchNovaScotiaCanada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AfricvilleChurchNovaScotiaCanada.jpg/220px-AfricvilleChurchNovaScotiaCanada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AfricvilleChurchNovaScotiaCanada.jpg/330px-AfricvilleChurchNovaScotiaCanada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AfricvilleChurchNovaScotiaCanada.jpg/440px-AfricvilleChurchNovaScotiaCanada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Africville Church, rebuilt as part of the <a href="/wiki/Africville_Apology" title="Africville Apology">Africville Apology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On February 24, 2010, Halifax Mayor <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Kelly" title="Peter J. Kelly">Peter J. Kelly</a> made the <a href="/wiki/Africville_Apology" title="Africville Apology">Africville Apology</a>, apologizing for the eviction of those from Africville as part of a $4.5-million compensation deal. The city restored the name Africville to Seaview Park at the annual Africville Family Reunion on July 29, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seaview African United Baptist Church, demolished in 1969, was rebuilt in the summer of 2011 to serve as a church and interpretation centre. The nearly complete church was ceremonially opened on September 25, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The community's total landmass is 6,196.1 hectares (61.961 km<sup>2</sup>). It accounts for less than 1.2% of the municipal landmass, and less than 27% of the urban landmass. </p><p>The community is located in the Atlantic Maritime ecozone, the Appalachian land-form region, and the wet-climate soil-region. Furthermore, Halifax is within the Atlantic Canada climate-region, and the Mixwood-forest vegetation-region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_political_geography">Historical political geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Historical political geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="List of mayors of Halifax, Nova Scotia">List of mayors of Halifax, Nova Scotia</a></div> <p>The original settlements of Halifax occupied a small stretch of land inside a palisade at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">Citadel Hill</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Peninsula" title="Halifax Peninsula">Halifax Peninsula</a>, a sub-peninsula of the much larger <a href="/wiki/Chebucto_Peninsula" title="Chebucto Peninsula">Chebucto Peninsula</a> that extends into <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Harbour" title="Halifax Harbour">Halifax Harbour</a>. Over time, Halifax grew to incorporate all of the north, south, and west ends of the peninsula with a central business district concentrated in the southeastern end along <i>the Narrows</i>. </p><p>In 1969, the City of Halifax grew significantly. The City annexed several communities from the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Halifax County</a>; <a href="/wiki/Armdale,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armdale, Nova Scotia">Armdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Park,_Nova_Scotia" title="Clayton Park, Nova Scotia">Clayton Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Nova_Scotia" title="Fairview, Nova Scotia">Fairview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purcell%27s_Cove,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Purcell's Cove, Nova Scotia">Purcell's Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockingham,_Nova_Scotia" title="Rockingham, Nova Scotia">Rockingham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spryfield,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spryfield, Nova Scotia">Spryfield</a>. </p><p>On 1 April 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">City of Dartmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">City of Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax County, Nova Scotia">County of Halifax</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bedford, Nova Scotia">Town of Bedford</a> <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_of_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality" title="Amalgamation of the Halifax Regional Municipality">amalgamated</a> and formed the <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia"><i>Halifax Regional Municipality</i></a>. Subsequently, the City of Halifax dissolved, and was reestablished as the <i>Community</i> of Halifax. The <i>new</i> community is coterminous with the former City. </p><p>The streets on the Halifax peninsula are a grid and numbered sequentially making it easy to get around. Numbered from south-to-north House Numbers start at 1 and reach 1000 block at Inglis Street, 2000 block at Quinpool Road, 3000 block at Almon Street and 4000 block at Duffus Street. Moving from east-to-west 5000 block is at Lower Water Street, 6000 block at Robie Street. One of the longest streets on the peninsula is Robie Street. When looking for 2010 Robie Street look one block north of Quinpool Road across from the Halifax Commons, move a block to the west and you will find 2010 Windsor Street; walk a few more blocks west and Quinpool will take you to 2010 Oxford Street. If you are moving west on Almon Street you will find 5200 Almon at the Göttingen Street intersection, 6000 Almon at Robie, 7000 Almon at Connaught Avenue, Chebucto Road numbers to 8000 at Joseph Howe Drive. The numbering system is consistent to the grid even when the streets are not perfectly parallel or perpendicular to one another on the map. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbourhoods">Neighbourhoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Neighbourhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax-colour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Halifax-colour.jpg/220px-Halifax-colour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Halifax-colour.jpg/330px-Halifax-colour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Halifax-colour.jpg/440px-Halifax-colour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Colourful houses in Halifax</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Colloquial neighbourhood names</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_End,_Halifax" title="North End, Halifax">North End Halifax</a>, north of North Street to Seaview Park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_Halifax" title="West End, Halifax">West End, Halifax</a>, West of Windsor Street, between North and South Streets to Joseph Howe Drive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinpool_District" title="Quinpool District">Quinpool District</a>, Shopping and Dining area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_End,_Halifax" title="South End, Halifax">South End Halifax</a>, South of South Street to Point Pleasant Park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Garden,_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Garden, Halifax">Spring Garden</a>, shopping and dining area</li> <li>Central Halifax, the original city, between North Street and South Street, from Lower-Water Street to Windsor Street</li></ul> <dl><dt>Official neighbourhood names</dt></dl> <p>(including former villages, residential neighbourhoods; and modern names of housing developments and industrial parks) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armdale,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armdale, Nova Scotia">Armdale</a>, village neighbourhood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayer%27s_Lake,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayer's Lake, Nova Scotia">Bayer's Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechwood_Park,_Nova_Scotia" title="Beechwood Park, Nova Scotia">Beechwood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulderwood,_Halifax" title="Boulderwood, Halifax">Boulderwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeview,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bridgeview, Nova Scotia">Bridgeview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Park,_Nova_Scotia" title="Clayton Park, Nova Scotia">Clayton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_Place,_Nova_Scotia" title="Convoy Place, Nova Scotia">Convoy Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowie_Hill,_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowie Hill, Halifax">Cowie Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairmount,_Nova_Scotia" title="Fairmount, Nova Scotia">Fairmount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Nova_Scotia" title="Fairview, Nova Scotia">Fairview</a>, village neighbourhood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernleigh,_Nova_Scotia" title="Fernleigh, Nova Scotia">Fernleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Acres,_Nova_Scotia" title="Green Acres, Nova Scotia">Green Acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hydrostone" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hydrostone">Hydrostone</a> post Halifax Explosion re-development neighbourhood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jollimore,_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Jollimore, Halifax">Jollimore</a>, village neighbourhood</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kent_Park,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kent Park, Nova Scotia (page does not exist)">Kent Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiblin_Park,_Nova_Scotia" title="Leiblin Park, Nova Scotia">Leiblin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Cove,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Melville Cove, Nova Scotia">Melville Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgrave_Park,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulgrave Park, Nova Scotia">Mulgrave Park</a>, housing development in Mulgrave district</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham,_Nova_Scotia" title="Rockingham, Nova Scotia">Rockingham</a>, village neighbourhood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Heights,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sherwood Heights, Nova Scotia">Sherwood Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spryfield,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spryfield, Nova Scotia">Spryfield</a>, village neighbourhood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornhill,_Nova_Scotia" title="Thornhill, Nova Scotia">Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedgewood,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedgewood, Nova Scotia">Wedgewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmount_Subdivision" title="Westmount Subdivision">Westmount Subdivision</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historic neighbourhood names</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africville" title="Africville">Africville</a>, now Seaview Park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Nova_Scotia" title="Richmond, Nova Scotia">Richmond</a>, now The North End east of Novalea Drive facing the harbour.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulgrave_(Halifax)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulgrave (Halifax) (page does not exist)">Mulgrave (Halifax)</a>, north of Duffus Street, east of Göttingen Street in the North End.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Needham_(Halifax)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Needham (Halifax) (page does not exist)">Needham (Halifax)</a>, now The Hydrostone and much of the North End west of Novalea Drive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Village">Dutch Village</a>, The West End west of Windsor Street</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Massey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Massey (page does not exist)">Fort Massey</a>, East of Robie Street from Duke Street to South Street</li></ul> <p>Richmond, Needham and Mulgrave were voting district names. Historically, these working-class Catholic neighbourhoods used their parish names: Saint Stephen's, Saint Joeseph's, Saint Patrick's. Today they are the integrated and prosperous North End; the neighbourhood names are no longer in common use and the parish boundaries no longer exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, the Community's is at its highest ever population. Within its relatively small landmass, there are 156,141 inhabitants as of 2021. Even if it was still an independent city with its former boundaries, it would be the largest city in Atlantic Canada. </p><p>From 2016 to 2021, the community's population increased by 19,621 people; from 136,520 people to 156,141 people. The increase represented very-strong growth of higher-than 14% over a time-period of five-years. </p><p>The community of Halifax consists of census tracts 2050001.00 to 2050027.00. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Census Tract </th> <th>Land area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Population (<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Canadian Census">2021</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Population (<a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Canadian Census">2016</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Population Density (people per km<sup>2</sup>) (<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Canadian Census">2021</a>) </th> <th>Population Change (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2050001.00 </td> <td>5.703 </td> <td>4,123 </td> <td>3,868 </td> <td>722 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050002.00 </td> <td>11.518 </td> <td>8,358 </td> <td>6,194 </td> <td>725 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>34.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050003.00 </td> <td>2.365 </td> <td>2,885 </td> <td>2,955 </td> <td>1,219 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050004.01 </td> <td>0.481 </td> <td>4,045 </td> <td>3,466 </td> <td>8,402 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>16.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050004.02 </td> <td>0.482 </td> <td>5,466 </td> <td>4,771 </td> <td>11,340 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>14.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050005.00 </td> <td>0.769 </td> <td>1,813 </td> <td>1,808 </td> <td>2,358 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050006.00 </td> <td>1.054 </td> <td>3,553 </td> <td>3,129 </td> <td>3,371 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>13.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050007.00 </td> <td>1.16 </td> <td>1,947 </td> <td>1,859 </td> <td>1,677 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050008.00 </td> <td>0.504 </td> <td>5,203 </td> <td>2,778 </td> <td>10,325 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>87.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050009.00 </td> <td>0.635 </td> <td>2,875 </td> <td>2,357 </td> <td>4,528 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050010.00 </td> <td>0.834 </td> <td>6,019 </td> <td>5,036 </td> <td>7,213 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>19.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050011.00 </td> <td>0.808 </td> <td>6,013 </td> <td>5,631 </td> <td>7,446 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>6.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050012.00 </td> <td>0.518 </td> <td>2,901 </td> <td>2,482 </td> <td>5,598 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>16.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050013.00 </td> <td>0.805 </td> <td>2,630 </td> <td>2,561 </td> <td>3,267 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050014.00 </td> <td>1.838 </td> <td>4,390 </td> <td>4,248 </td> <td>2,388 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050015.00 </td> <td>2.042 </td> <td>5,389 </td> <td>4,829 </td> <td>2,639 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>15.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050016.00 </td> <td>2.563 </td> <td>4,021 </td> <td>3,766 </td> <td>1,568 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050017.00 </td> <td>2.912 </td> <td>2,999 </td> <td>2,914 </td> <td>1,029 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050018.00 </td> <td>1.397 </td> <td>3,758 </td> <td>3,544 </td> <td>2,690 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050019.00 </td> <td>0.891 </td> <td>5,126 </td> <td>5,062 </td> <td>5,755 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050020.00 </td> <td>0.999 </td> <td>3,602 </td> <td>2,562 </td> <td>3,607 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>40.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050021.00 </td> <td>0.877 </td> <td>3,544 </td> <td>3,314 </td> <td>4,041 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>6.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050022.00 </td> <td>2.833 </td> <td>5,581 </td> <td>5,301 </td> <td>1,969 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050023.00 </td> <td>1.537 </td> <td>5,208 </td> <td>4,594 </td> <td>3,388 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>13.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050024.00 </td> <td>2.181 </td> <td>8,618 </td> <td>7,375 </td> <td>3,951 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>16.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050025.01 </td> <td>1.05 </td> <td>5,201 </td> <td>4,726 </td> <td>4,953 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050025.02 </td> <td>1.913 </td> <td>5,515 </td> <td>4,863 </td> <td>2,882 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>13.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050025.04 </td> <td>0.911 </td> <td>4,818 </td> <td>4,685 </td> <td>5,288 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050025.05 </td> <td>1.556 </td> <td>3,746 </td> <td>3,547 </td> <td>2,407 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>5.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050026.02 </td> <td>1.509 </td> <td>4,855 </td> <td>3,409 </td> <td>3,217 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>42.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050026.03 </td> <td>1.393 </td> <td>3,348 </td> <td>3,358 </td> <td>2,403 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050026.04 </td> <td>0.654 </td> <td>4,346 </td> <td>4,199 </td> <td>6,645 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050026.05 </td> <td>0.771 </td> <td>3,866 </td> <td>3,967 </td> <td>5,014 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2050027.00 </td> <td>4.498 </td> <td>10,379 </td> <td>7,362 </td> <td>2,307 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>40.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Community</b> </td> <td><b>61.961</b> </td> <td><b>156,141</b> </td> <td><b>136,520</b> </td> <td><b>2,519</b> </td> <td><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>14.3</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical community population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1749</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,576</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1755</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,747</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−32.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1762</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1767</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,695</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+47.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1790</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+8.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1817</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,341</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1828</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,439</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+170.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1841</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,422</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,749</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">25,026</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+20.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,582</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">36,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,437</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,832</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/Canada_1911_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 1911 Census">1911</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">46,619</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">58,372</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">59,275</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,488</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">85,589</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">92,511</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+8.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">122,035</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">114,594</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">114,455</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_1996_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 1996 Census">1996</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">113,910</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">2001</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">119,292</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2006_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2006 Census">2006</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">n/a</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">n/a</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2016</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">136,520</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2021_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2021 Census">2021</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">156,141</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">From 1749 until 1842; Halifax was a Town. From 1842 until 1996; Halifax was a City. From 1996 until present; Halifax has been a Community.<br />Source: <sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Black Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dartmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Dartmouth">History of Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">History of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="List of mayors of Halifax, Nova Scotia">List of mayors of Halifax, Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality" title="List of people from the Halifax Regional Municipality">List of people from the Halifax Regional Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Military history of Nova Scotia</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikmaqonline.org/servlet/words/Jipugtug.html">"Mi'kmaq Online.org – Words, Pronunciation – Jipugtug (with audio clips)"</a>. MikmaqOnline.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mi%27kmaq+Online.org+%E2%80%93+Words%2C+Pronunciation+%E2%80%93+Jipugtug+%28with+audio+clips%29&rft.pub=MikmaqOnline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikmaqonline.org%2Fservlet%2Fwords%2FJipugtug.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204115634/http://www.maplesquare.com/halifax/history.html">"MapleSquare.com – Halifax's History – Jipugtug (or Chebucto)"</a>. MapleSquare.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maplesquare.com/halifax/history.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MapleSquare.com+%E2%80%93+Halifax%27s+History+%E2%80%93+Jipugtug+%28or+Chebucto%29&rft.pub=MapleSquare.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maplesquare.com%2Fhalifax%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grenier143-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grenier143_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grenier143_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grenier (2008), pp. 143–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/ahannert/halifaxhistory1.html">"Halifax history"</a>. Macalester.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halifax+history&rft.pub=Macalester.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macalester.edu%2Fcourses%2Fgeog61%2Fahannert%2Fhalifaxhistory1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/eras/englandarrives/treatyofaixlachapelle.htm">"Treaty of Aix la Chapelle"</a>. Canadahistory.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Aix+la+Chapelle&rft.pub=Canadahistory.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadahistory.com%2Fsections%2Feras%2Fenglandarrives%2Ftreatyofaixlachapelle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Beck, J. Murray (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cornwallis_edward_4E.html">"Cornwallis, Edward"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cornwallis%2C+Edward&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=J.+Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fcornwallis_edward_4E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grenier, John. <i>The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760</i>. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2008; Thomas Beamish Akins. History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wicken, p. 181; <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2005">Griffiths (2005)</a>, p. 390; Also see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514082831/http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html">"Northeast Archaeological Research --"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northeast+Archaeological+Research+--&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northeastarch.com%2Fvieux_logis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Chapman. In the Wake of the Alderney: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, 1750-2000. Dartmouth Historical Association. 2000. p. 23; John Grenier (2008). <i>The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760.</i> p. 150; For the primary sources that document the Raids on Dartmouth see the Diary of <a href="/wiki/John_Salusbury_(diarist)" title="John Salusbury (diarist)">John Salusbury (diarist)</a>: <i>Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax</i>; also see <i>A genuine narrative of the transactions in Nova Scotia since the settlement, June 1749, till August the 5th, 1751 [microform] : in which the nature, soil, and produce of the country are related, with the particular attempts of the Indians to disturb the colony / by John Wilson</i>. Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blupete.com/Hist/NovaScotiaBk1/Part5/Ch07.htm">History of Nova Scotia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Beamish Akins. <i>History of Halifax</i>, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Beamish Akins. <i>History of Halifax</i>. Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_Atkins_p_334-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Atkins_p_334_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Atkins_p_334_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Atkins. <i>History of Halifax City</i>. Brook House Press. 2002 (reprinted 1895 edition). p 334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akins, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grenier (2008). The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wilson A Genuine Narrative of the Transactions in Nova Scotia since the Settlement, June 1749 till August the 5th 1751. London: A. Henderson, 1751 as recorded by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2008" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&pg=PP1"><i>The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 173–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Reaches+of+Empire%3A+War+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1710-1760&rft.pages=173-174&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVG5h6G5fWMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Grenier_2008_p.160-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Grenier_2008_p.160_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Grenier_2008_p.160_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grenier (2008). <i>The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760.</i> p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkins, pp. 27-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grenier (2008). The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. p.160; Cornwallis' official report mentioned that four settlers were killed and six soldiers taken prisoner. See Governor Cornwallis to Board of Trade, letter, June 24, 1751, referenced in Harry Chapman, p. 29; John Wilson reported that fifteen people were killed immediately, seven were wounded, three of whom would die in hospital; six were carried away and never seen again" (See <i>A genuine narrative of the transactions in Nova Scotia since the settlement, June 1749, till August the 5th, 1751 [microform] : in which the nature, soil, and produce of the country are related, with the particular attempts of the Indians to disturb the colony / by John Wilson</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See annonmous private letter printed by Harry Chapman, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piers, Harry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=6086">The Evolution of the Halifax Fortress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102121555/http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=6086">Archived</a> 2012-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Halifax, PANS, Pub. #7, 1947), p. 6 As cited in Peter Landry's. The Lion and the Lily. Vol. 1. Trafford Press. 2007. p. 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Atkins. <i>History of Halifax City</i>. Brook House Press. 2002 (reprinted 1895 edition). p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fischer, L. R. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/francklin_michael_4E.html">"Francklin, Michael"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francklin%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Ffrancklin_michael_4E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.S. McLennan. Louisbourg: From its foundation to its fall (1713-1758). 1918, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earle Lockerby. Pre-Deportation Letters from Ile Saint Jean. Les Cahiers. La Societe hitorique acadienne. Vol. 42, No. 2. June 2011. pp. 99-100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell Foreign Protestants. p. 508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Faragher. Great and Noble Scheme. Norton. 2005. p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knox. Vol. 2, p. 443 Bell, p. 514</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cihm_36456#page/n461/mode/2up/search/reputed"><i>An historical journal of the campaigns in North America for the years 1757, 1758, 1759 and 1760 [microform] : Containing the most remarkable occurrences of that period particularly the two sieges of Quebec, &c., & c., the orders of the admirals and general officers : Descriptions of the countries where the author has served, with their forts and garrisons, their climates, soil, produce and a regular diary of the weather, as also several manifesto's, a mandate of the late Bishop of Canada, the French orders and disposition for the defence of the colony, &c., &c., &c</i></a>. 1769. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665364563" title="Special:BookSources/9780665364563"><bdi>9780665364563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+historical+journal+of+the+campaigns+in+North+America+for+the+years+1757%2C+1758%2C+1759+and+1760+%26%2391%3Bmicroform%26%2393%3B+%3A+Containing+the+most+remarkable+occurrences+of+that+period+particularly+the+two+sieges+of+Quebec%2C+%26c.%2C+%26+c.%2C+the+orders+of+the+admirals+and+general+officers+%3A+Descriptions+of+the+countries+where+the+author+has+served%2C+with+their+forts+and+garrisons%2C+their+climates%2C+soil%2C+produce+and+a+regular+diary+of+the+weather%2C+as+also+several+manifesto%27s%2C+a+mandate+of+the+late+Bishop+of+Canada%2C+the+French+orders+and+disposition+for+the+defence+of+the+colony%2C+%26c.%2C+%26c.%2C+%26c&rft.date=1769&rft.isbn=9780665364563&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcihm_36456%23page%2Fn461%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Freputed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Chapman, p. 32; Faragher 2005, p. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beamish Murdoch. History of Nova Scotia. Vol.2. p. 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson, 1994, p. 153; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2004" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Brenda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9c4hPwAACAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>A History of Port-Royal-Annapolis Royal, 1605-1800</i></a>. Nimbus. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-740-4"><bdi>978-1-55109-740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Port-Royal-Annapolis+Royal%2C+1605-1800&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Nimbus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55109-740-4&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9c4hPwAACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Major, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston. Endgame</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Raddall" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Raddall">Raddall, Thomas</a> <i>Halifax: Warden of the North</i>, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart) p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A view from Cornwallis Island in 1757. By: Kessler, Ryan, Canada's History, 19209894, Dec2012/Jan2013, Vol. 92, Issue 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some accounts give the date as July 8, 1761</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor Kenchington, "The Navy's First Halifax", <i>Argonauta</i>, Canadian Nautical Research Society, Vol. X, No. 2 (April 1993), p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akins, Dr. Thomas B. <i>History of Halifax City</i>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prince Edward's Legacy: The Duke of Kent in Halifax: Romance and Beautiful ... By William D. Naftel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiancrown.com/prince-edward-and-nova-scotia.html">"Prince Edward and Nova Scotia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prince+Edward+and+Nova+Scotia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiancrown.com%2Fprince-edward-and-nova-scotia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford" title="Elizabeth Longford">Elizabeth Longford</a>, ‘Edward, Prince, duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767–1820)’, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,</i> Oxford University Press, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ddm-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ddm_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Whitehall, 23 April 1799.</i><br />The King has been pleased to grant to His Most Dearly-Beloved Son Prince Edward, and to the Heirs Male of His Royal Highness's Body lawfully begotten, the Dignities of Duke of the Kingdom of Great Britain, and of Earl of the Kingdom of Ireland, by the Names, Styles, and Titles of Duke of Kent, and of Strathern, in the Kingdom of Great Britain, and of Earl of Dublin, in the Kingdom of Ireland. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="London Gazette">London Gazette</a></i> issue 15126, page 372, published 20 April 1799.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, Monday, 22 Jul 1799; pg. 3; Issue 4541.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By the arrival of the Packet from America we learn that the Duke of Kent was to embark at Halifax for this country about the 5 August on board of the Assistance, Captain Hall, his Royal Highnesses state of health rendering his return to England necessary. Very few Officers have been so constantly kept on foreign service as his Royal Highness, who we have reason to believe is coming home to be appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. <i>The Times</i>, Friday, 22 Aug 1800; pg. 3; Issue 4880.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mercer, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mercer, p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mercer, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Gwyn, <i>Ashore and Afloat: The British Navy and the Halifax Naval Yard Before 1820</i>, University of Ottawa Press (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780776605739" title="Special:BookSources/9780776605739">9780776605739</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toll415-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toll415_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toll415_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Toll (2007), p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toll416-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toll416_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toll (2007), p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200527–29-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200527–29_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheaWatts2005">Shea & Watts 2005</a>, pp. 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200530-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200530_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheaWatts2005">Shea & Watts 2005</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200531-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200531_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheaWatts2005">Shea & Watts 2005</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/archives/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=151">"Nova Scotia Archives - Error"</a>. 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nova+Scotia+Archives+-+Error&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovascotia.ca%2Farchives%2Fvirtual%2Fafricanns%2Farchives.asp%3FID%3D151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sim_american-water-works-association-journal_1946-07_38_7/sim_american-water-works-association-journal_1946-07_38_7_djvu.txt">H. W. L. Doane, "Reorganization of the Halifax Water System", <i>Journal of the American Water Works Association</i>, Vol. 38, No. 7 (July 1946)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Akins. History of Halifax. p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akins, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biographi.ca-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biographi.ca_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biographi.ca_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd_Jr1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Boyd Jr, Frank S. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/preston_richard_8E.html">"Preston, Richard"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preston%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Boyd+Jr&rft.aufirst=Frank+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fpreston_richard_8E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/shaping-a-community-black-refugees-in-nova-scotia-0">Pier 21 - Black Refugees</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/archives/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=106">Nova Scotia Archives</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornall1998-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornall1998_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Cornall1998" class="citation book cs1">James Cornall (November 10, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuYhRIn1SB0C&pg=PA53"><i>Halifax:: South End</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-7272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-7272-7"><bdi>978-0-7385-7272-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halifax%3A%3A+South+End&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=1998-11-10&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-7272-7&rft.au=James+Cornall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuYhRIn1SB0C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Preston 'Canada's RMC: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada' published by the RMC Club by U of Toronto Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeau_Cleland" class="citation thesis cs1">Beau Cleland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prism.ucalgary.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/fce3cc3a-b506-4cf1-a42b-4f939db75ac5/content#page=14"><i>Between King Cotton and Queen Victoria: Confederate Informal Diplomacy and Privatized Violence in British America During the American Civil War</i></a> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Between+King+Cotton+and+Queen+Victoria%3A+Confederate+Informal+Diplomacy+and+Privatized+Violence+in+British+America+During+the+American+Civil+War&rft.inst=University+of+Calgary&rft.au=Beau+Cleland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprism.ucalgary.ca%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Ffce3cc3a-b506-4cf1-a42b-4f939db75ac5%2Fcontent%23page%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greg Marquis. <i>In Armagedon's Shadow: The Civil War and Canada's Maritime Provinces</i>, (1998) McGill Queens Press, p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James D. Frost, "Halifax: the Wharf of the Dominion, 1867-1914." <i>Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society</i> 2005 8: 35-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Yorke, Lois K. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/edwards_anna_harriette_14E.html">"Edwards, Anna Harriette"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edwards%2C+Anna+Harriette&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Lois+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fedwards_anna_harriette_14E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Sutherland. "Halifax Encounter with the North-West Uprising of 1885. <i>Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society</i>. Vol. 13, 2010. p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Sutherland. "Halifax Encounter with the North-West Uprising of 1885". <i>Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society</i>. Vol. 13, 2010. p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_War_Museum2008" class="citation web cs1">Canadian War Museum (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070718053710/http://www.civilisations.ca/cwm/boer/battlepaardeberg_e.html">"Battle of Paardeberg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilisations.ca/cwm/boer/battlepaardeberg_e.html">the original</a> on 2007-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Paardeberg&rft.pub=Canadian+War+Museum&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Canadian+War+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilisations.ca%2Fcwm%2Fboer%2Fbattlepaardeberg_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_War_Museum2008" class="citation web cs1">Canadian War Museum (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070718053710/http://www.civilisations.ca/cwm/boer/battlefabersput_e.html">"Battle of Faber's Put"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilisations.ca/cwm/boer/battlefabersput_e.html">the original</a> on 2007-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Faber%27s+Put&rft.pub=Canadian+War+Museum&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Canadian+War+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilisations.ca%2Fcwm%2Fboer%2Fbattlefabersput_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_War_Museum2008" class="citation web cs1">Canadian War Museum (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120324145751/http://www.civilisations.ca/cwm/boer/battleleliefontein_e.html">"Battle of Leliefontein"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Leliefontein&rft.pub=Canadian+War+Museum&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Canadian+War+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilisations.ca%2Fcwm%2Fboer%2Fbattleleliefontein_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Halifax_and_Southwestern_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax and Southwestern Railway">Halifax and Southwestern Railway</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatonHaas1995244–245-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEatonHaas1995244–245_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEatonHaas1995">Eaton & Haas 1995</a>, pp. 244–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nan-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nan_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Wyen1969" class="citation book cs1">Van Wyen, Adrian O. 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Washington, D.C.: Chief of Naval Operations. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash/page/81">81</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Aviation+in+World+War+I&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Chief+of+Naval+Operations&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Van+Wyen&rft.aufirst=Adrian+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavalaviationinw00wash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/halifaxexplosion/he2_ruins/he2_ruins_popup_time_disputes.html">"CBC - Halifax Explosion - Disputes over Time"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBC+-+Halifax+Explosion+-+Disputes+over+Time&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fhalifaxexplosion%2Fhe2_ruins%2Fhe2_ruins_popup_time_disputes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/news/Default.aspx?id=4431">"Boston Common Holiday Tree Lighting Coming December 3"</a>, Press Release, Parks Department, City of Boston, November 13, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/news/Default.aspx?id=4423">"Holiday Tree Lightings Begin November 23"</a>, Press Release, Parks Department, City of Boston, November 09, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalifax_International_Airport_Authority" class="citation web cs1">Halifax International Airport Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030310150823/http://www.hiaa.ca/images/pdf_files/history.pdf">"History of the Halifax International Airport"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiaa.ca/images/pdf_files/history.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2003-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Halifax+International+Airport&rft.au=Halifax+International+Airport+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiaa.ca%2Fimages%2Fpdf_files%2Fhistory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bedford-magazine-explosion">Bedford magazine explosion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120821161447/http://macsnavylinks.ca/bedford.html">"The Other Halifax Explosion...Bedford Magazine 1945, Mac's Navy Links a naval photography page. - macsnavylinks.ca"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macsnavylinks.ca/bedford.html">the original</a> on 2012-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Other+Halifax+Explosion...Bedford+Magazine+1945%2C+Mac%27s+Navy+Links+a+naval+photography+page.+-+macsnavylinks.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacsnavylinks.ca%2Fbedford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Raddall, <i>Halifax: Warden of the North</i> (1948), p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechronicleherald.ca/artslife/112771-halifax-citadel-takes-history-to-the-people">Lorna Inness, "Halifax Citadel Takes History to the People", <i>Halifax Chronicle Herald</i>, July 1, 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ns.ca/news/details.asp?id=20090113003">"Government Proclaims New Halifax Charter"</a>. 11 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+Proclaims+New+Halifax+Charter&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ns.ca%2Fnews%2Fdetails.asp%3Fid%3D20090113003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/halifax-park-renamed-africville-1.1002997">Halifax park renamed Africville", <i>CBC News</i>, July 29, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/africville-replica-church-celebrated-1.995916">"Africville replica church celebrated" CBC News, Sept 25, 2011</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/1265187.html">Dan Arsenault, "Tears and memories mark Africville church opening" Halifax Chronicle Herald, Sept. 26, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue-hrm.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/89aeb7e05c0047ebaf511e72bd66620c_0/explore?location=44.588955%2C-61.953960%2C8.26">"Census 2021 Census Tracts"</a>. <i>HRM Open Data</i>. Government of the Municipality of Halifax<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HRM+Open+Data&rft.atitle=Census+2021+Census+Tracts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue-hrm.opendata.arcgis.com%2Fdatasets%2F89aeb7e05c0047ebaf511e72bd66620c_0%2Fexplore%3Flocation%3D44.588955%252C-61.953960%252C8.26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue-hrm.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/d0bf3cb280154fefa938e4ca42127331_0/explore?location=44.580105%2C-61.953829%2C8.26">"Census 2016 Census Tracts"</a>. <i>HRM Open Data</i>. Government of the Municipality of Halifax<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HRM+Open+Data&rft.atitle=Census+2016+Census+Tracts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue-hrm.opendata.arcgis.com%2Fdatasets%2Fd0bf3cb280154fefa938e4ca42127331_0%2Fexplore%3Flocation%3D44.580105%252C-61.953829%252C8.26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://halifax.ca/municipalclerk/documents/2001-2006populationbydist.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114051402/http://halifax.ca/municipalclerk/documents/2001-2006populationbydist.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, population by district 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019190112/http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1932-eng.aspx?opt=%2Feng%2F1932%2F193201410103_p.+103.pdf">"Canada Year Book 1932"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1932-eng.aspx?opt%3D%2Feng%2F1932%2F193201410103_p.+103.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+Year+Book+1932&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww66.statcan.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facyb_c1932-eng.aspx%3Fopt%253D%252Feng%252F1932%252F193201410103_p.%2B103.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span>, Canada Year Book 1932</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1955-eng.aspx?opt=/eng/1955/195501660140_p.">140.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114051402/http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1955-eng.aspx?opt=%2Feng%2F1955%2F195501660140_p.">Archived</a> January 14, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Canada Year Book 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223151220/http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1967-eng.aspx?opt=%2Feng%2F1967%2F196702210189_p.+189.pdf">"Canada Year Book 1967"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1967-eng.aspx?opt%3D%2Feng%2F1967%2F196702210189_p.+189.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+Year+Book+1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww66.statcan.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facyb_c1967-eng.aspx%3Fopt%253D%252Feng%252F1967%252F196702210189_p.%2B189.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span>, Canada Year Book 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35782&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">[2]</a>, 1996 Census of Canada: Electronic Area Profiles</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1209021&Geo2=PR&Code2=12&Data=Count&SearchText=Halifax&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=">[3]</a>, 2001 Community Profiles</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatonHaas1995" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A. (1995). <i><span></span></i>Titanic<i>: Triumph and Tragedy</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03697-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03697-8"><bdi>978-0-393-03697-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titanic%3A+Triumph+and+Tragedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03697-8&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft.au=Haas%2C+Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheaWatts2005" class="citation book cs1">Shea, Iris V.; Watts, Heather (2005). <i>Deadman's: Melville Island & Its Burial Ground</i>. Tantallon Nova Scotia: Glen Margaret Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05847-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05847-5"><bdi>978-0-393-05847-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadman%27s%3A+Melville+Island+%26+Its+Burial+Ground&rft.place=Tantallon+Nova+Scotia&rft.pub=Glen+Margaret+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05847-5&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Iris+V.&rft.au=Watts%2C+Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElson2014" class="citation book cs1">Elson, Bryan (2014). <i>Canada's Bastions of Empire: Halifax, Victoria and the Royal Navy 1749–1918</i>. Formac Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Bastions+of+Empire%3A+Halifax%2C+Victoria+and+the+Royal+Navy+1749%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Formac+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Elson&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2008" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, John (2008). <i>The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760</i>. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Reaches+of+Empire.+War+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1710%E2%80%931760&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_E._S._Griffiths" title="Naomi E. S. Griffiths">Griffiths, N.E.S.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cG4wSmIlziYC&pg=PP1"><i>From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-2699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Migrant+to+Acadian%3A+A+North+American+Border+People%2C+1604-1755&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2699-0&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=N.E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcG4wSmIlziYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaffoley2007" class="citation book cs1">Laffoley, Steven (2007). <i>Hunting Halifax: In Search of History, Mystery and Murder</i>. Pottersfield Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+Halifax%3A+In+Search+of+History%2C+Mystery+and+Murder&rft.pub=Pottersfield+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Laffoley&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennox2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lennox, Jeffers (2007). "An empire on paper: The founding of Halifax and conceptions of imperial space, 1744-55". <i>Canadian Historical Review</i>. <b>88</b> (3): 373–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fchr.88.3.373">10.3138/chr.88.3.373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=An+empire+on+paper%3A+The+founding+of+Halifax+and+conceptions+of+imperial+space%2C+1744-55&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-412&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fchr.88.3.373&rft.aulast=Lennox&rft.aufirst=Jeffers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2006" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Laura M. (2006). <i>Curse of the Narrows: The Halifax Disaster of 1917</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curse+of+the+Narrows%3A+The+Halifax+Disaster+of+1917&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Laura+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>L. D. Mccann; Elaine Young: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/halifax">Halifax</a> at The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2019</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beamish_Murdoch" title="Beamish Murdoch">Murdoch, Beamish</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorynovasco01murdgoog"><i>A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie</i></a>. Vol. II. Halifax: J. Barnes. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorynovasco01murdgoog/page/n186">166</a>–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nova-Scotia%2C+Or+Acadie&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pages=166-167&rft.pub=J.+Barnes&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Beamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorynovasco01murdgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaftel2008" class="citation book cs1">Naftel, William (2008). <i>Halifax at War: Searchlights, Squadrons and Submarines 1939-1945</i>. Formac.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halifax+at+War%3A+Searchlights%2C+Squadrons+and+Submarines+1939-1945&rft.pub=Formac&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Naftel&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsMay2002" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Jim & May, Allyson N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/view/10721/11437">"Female Criminality in 18th-Century Halifax"</a>. <i>Acadiensis</i>: 71–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acadiensis&rft.atitle=Female+Criminality+in+18th-Century+Halifax&rft.pages=71-96&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=May%2C+Allyson+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.hil.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FAcadiensis%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10721%2F11437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaddall1993" class="citation book cs1">Raddall, Thomas H. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halifaxwardenofn00radd_1"><i>Halifax, Warden of the North</i></a></span>. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551090603" title="Special:BookSources/9781551090603"><bdi>9781551090603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halifax%2C+Warden+of+the+North&rft.place=Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.pub=Nimbus&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781551090603&rft.aulast=Raddall&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalifaxwardenofn00radd_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTattrie2013" class="citation book cs1">Tattrie, Jon (2013). <i>Cornwallis: The Violent Birth of Halifax</i>. Pottersfield Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781897426487" title="Special:BookSources/9781897426487"><bdi>9781897426487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwallis%3A+The+Violent+Birth+of+Halifax&rft.pub=Pottersfield+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781897426487&rft.aulast=Tattrie&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicken2002" class="citation book cs1">Wicken, William (2002). <i>Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land, and Donald Marshall Junior</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mi%27kmaq+Treaties+on+Trial%3A+History%2C+Land%2C+and+Donald+Marshall+Junior&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wicken&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfrompu00nova#page/n270/mode/1up">Thomas Atkins. Papers related to the first settlement of Halifax (1749-1756)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015021267540;view=1up;seq=447">Letter from British settler. July 1749. London Magazine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603231513/http://www.halifax.ca/community/history.html">HRM History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halifaxkiosk.com/halifax-tour/Government-House.php">Government House – Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017190511/http://halifaxkiosk.com/halifax-tour/government-house.php">Archived</a> 2011-10-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Harbour Solutions">Harbour Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Halifax Regional Municipality">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Media in Halifax, Nova Scotia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parks_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Parks in Halifax, Nova Scotia">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Halifax" title="Port of Halifax">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sport in Halifax, Nova Scotia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Transportation in Halifax, Nova Scotia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Education in Halifax, Nova Scotia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary/secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Centre_For_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Centre For Education">Halifax Regional Centre For Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_acadien_provincial" title="Conseil scolaire acadien provincial">Conseil scolaire acadien provincial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Vincent_University" title="Mount Saint Vincent University">Mount Saint Vincent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Community_College" title="Nova Scotia Community College">Nova Scotia Community College</a> (Akerley, IT & Waterfront campuses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSCAD_University" title="NSCAD University">NSCAD University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_University_(Halifax)" title="Saint Mary's University (Halifax)">Saint Mary's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Sainte-Anne" title="Université Sainte-Anne">Université Sainte-Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_King%27s_College" title="University of King's College">University of King's College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries & archives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Military_Library" title="Cambridge Military Library">Cambridge Military Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Public_Libraries" title="Halifax Public Libraries">Halifax Public Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Tool_Library" title="Halifax Tool Library">Halifax Tool Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Archives_and_Records_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management">Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communities_in_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality" title="Communities in the Halifax Regional Municipality">Major neighbourhoods <br />& communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Bedford-Sackville</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bedford, Nova Scotia">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Nova_Scotia" title="Fall River, Nova Scotia">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sackville,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lower Sackville, Nova Scotia">Lower Sackville</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Dartmouth</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnside,_Nova_Scotia" title="Burnside, Nova Scotia">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Dartmouth" title="Downtown Dartmouth">Downtown Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Park,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shannon Park, Nova Scotia">Shannon Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphal,_Nova_Scotia" title="Westphal, Nova Scotia">Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn,_Nova_Scotia" title="Woodlawn, Nova Scotia">Woodlawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodside,_Nova_Scotia" title="Woodside, Nova Scotia">Woodside</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Peninsula" title="Halifax Peninsula">Halifax Peninsula</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Halifax" title="Downtown Halifax">Downtown Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_End,_Halifax" title="North End, Halifax">North End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_Halifax" title="West End, Halifax">West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_End,_Halifax" title="South End, Halifax">South End</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Halifax" title="Mainland Halifax">Mainland Halifax</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armdale" title="Armdale">Armdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Park,_Nova_Scotia" title="Clayton Park, Nova Scotia">Clayton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Nova_Scotia" title="Fairview, Nova Scotia">Fairview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham,_Nova_Scotia" title="Rockingham, Nova Scotia">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spryfield,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spryfield, Nova Scotia">Spryfield</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Communities_in_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality" title="Communities in the Halifax Regional Municipality">Other major communities</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_Harbour,_Nova_Scotia" title="Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia">Cole Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Passage,_Nova_Scotia" title="Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia">Eastern Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield,_Nova_Scotia" title="Enfield, Nova Scotia">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Echo,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lake Echo, Nova Scotia">Lake Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrencetown,_Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lawrencetown, Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Lawrencetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Musquodoboit,_Nova_Scotia" title="Middle Musquodoboit, Nova Scotia">Middle Musquodoboit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musquodoboit_Harbour,_Nova_Scotia" title="Musquodoboit Harbour, Nova Scotia">Musquodoboit Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Preston" title="North Preston">North Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy%27s_Cove,_Nova_Scotia" title="Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia">Peggy's Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect,_Nova_Scotia" title="Prospect, Nova Scotia">Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Harbour,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia">Sheet Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timberlea,_Nova_Scotia" title="Timberlea, Nova Scotia">Timberlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Musquodoboit,_Nova_Scotia" title="Upper Musquodoboit, Nova Scotia">Upper Musquodoboit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tantallon,_Nova_Scotia" title="Upper Tantallon, Nova Scotia">Upper Tantallon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Halifax, Nova Scotia">Category:Halifax, Nova Scotia</a></b></li> <li><b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal:Canada</a></b></li> <li><b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Nova_Scotia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Nova Scotia">WikiProject:Nova Scotia</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Walter Fitzgerald (politician)">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Kelly" title="Peter J. Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Savage_(politician)" title="Michael Savage (politician)">Savage, M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Fillmore" title="Andy Fillmore">Fillmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Bedford,_Nova_Scotia" title="List of mayors of Bedford, Nova Scotia">Town of Bedford</a><br />1979-1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francene_Cosman" title="Francene Cosman">Cosman</a></li> <li>Roberts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Christie" title="Peter G. Christie">Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Kelly" title="Peter J. Kelly">Kelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wardens_of_Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="List of wardens of Halifax County, Nova Scotia">County of Halifax</a><br />Wardens & Mayors<br />1880-1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wimburn_Laurie" title="John Wimburn Laurie">Laurie</a></li> <li>Archibald</li> <li>Chipman</li> <li>Shatford</li> <li>Wilson</li> <li>Madill</li> <li>Smith</li> <li>Taylor</li> <li>Bishop</li> <li>Smith</li> <li>Madill</li> <li>Brenton</li> <li>Smiley</li> <li>Hopkins</li> <li>Peverill</li> <li>Dowell</li> <li>Leverman</li> <li>Burris</li> <li>Settle</li> <li>Salton</li> <li>MacKenzie</li> <li>Lichter</li> <li>Ball</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="List of mayors of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Town and City of Dartmouth</a><br />1873-1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Symonds</li> <li>Troop</li> <li>Weeks</li> <li>Turner</li> <li>Payzant</li> <li>Stairs</li> <li>Frazee</li> <li>Weston</li> <li>Simmonds</li> <li>Scarfe</li> <li>Oland</li> <li>Sterns</li> <li>Johnson</li> <li>Scarfe</li> <li>Williams</li> <li>Notting</li> <li>Williams</li> <li>Simpson</li> <li>Vidito</li> <li>Mosher</li> <li>McLean</li> <li>Mosher</li> <li>Topple</li> <li>Mosher</li> <li>Isnor</li> <li>Pettipas</li> <li>Morris</li> <li>Akerly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zatzman" title="Joseph Zatzman">Zatsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_J._Thornhill" title="Roland J. Thornhill">Thornhill</a></li> <li>Stubbs</li> <li>Brownlow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Savage_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="John Savage (Nova Scotia politician)">Savage, J</a></li> <li>McCluskey</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="List of mayors of Halifax, Nova Scotia">City of Halifax</a><br />1841-1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Binney" title="Stephen Binney">Binney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenny" title="Edward Kenny">E. Kenny</a></li> <li>Williamson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith_(Canadian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Keith (Canadian politician)">Keith</a></li> <li>Bell</li> <li>MacKinlay</li> <li>Jennings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Machin_Stairs" title="William Machin Stairs">Stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Hemmeon" title="Adam Hemmeon">Hemmeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pryor" title="Henry Pryor">Pryor</a></li> <li>Caldwell</li> <li>MacKinlay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith_(Canadian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Keith (Canadian politician)">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pryor" title="Henry Pryor">Pryor</a></li> <li>Scott</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pryor" title="Henry Pryor">Pryor</a></li> <li>Caldwell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Carteret_Hill" title="Philip Carteret Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Richey" title="Matthew Henry Richey">Richey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tobin" title="Stephen Tobin">Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Henry" title="William Alexander Henry">Henry</a></li> <li>Dunbar</li> <li>Duggan</li> <li>Sinclair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Richey" title="Matthew Henry Richey">Richey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tobin" title="Stephen Tobin">Tobin</a></li> <li>Fraser</li> <li>Mackintosh</li> <li>O'Mullin</li> <li>McPherson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Edwin_Keefe" title="Michael Edwin Keefe">Keefe</a></li> <li>McPherson</li> <li>Stephen</li> <li>Hamilton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Brown_Crosby" title="Adam Brown Crosby">Crosby</a></li> <li>MacIlreith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Brown_Crosby" title="Adam Brown Crosby">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Andrew_Chisholm" title="Joseph Andrew Chisholm">Chisholm</a></li> <li>Bligh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Martin" title="Peter Francis Martin">Martin</a></li> <li>Hawkins</li> <li>Parker</li> <li>Murphy</li> <li>J. B. Kenny</li> <li>Castonguay</li> <li>Ritchie</li> <li>Thompson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Cragg" title="Edward Joseph Cragg">Cragg</a></li> <li>Mitchell</li> <li>Donovan</li> <li>Lloyd</li> <li>Butler</li> <li>Ahern</li> <li>Kinley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Donahoe" title="Richard Donahoe">Donahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Arthur_Kitz" title="Leonard Arthur Kitz">Kitz</a></li> <li>Vaughan</li> <li>Lloyd</li> <li>Vaughan</li> <li>O'Brien</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Walter Fitzgerald (politician)">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_L._Morris" title="Edmund L. Morris">Morris</a></li> <li>Hanson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Wallace_(politician)" title="Ronald Wallace (politician)">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moira_Leiper_Ducharme" title="Moira Leiper Ducharme">Leiper Ducharme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Walter Fitzgerald (politician)">Fitzgerald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Annexations_and_amalgamations_in_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Annexations_of_the_Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexations of the Halifax Regional Municipality">Annexations and amalgamations in the Halifax Regional Municipality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961, Dartmouth annexation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westphal,_Nova_Scotia" title="Westphal, Nova Scotia">Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn,_Nova_Scotia" title="Woodlawn, Nova Scotia">Woodlawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969, Halifax annexation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham,_Nova_Scotia" title="Rockingham, Nova Scotia">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Nova_Scotia" title="Fairview, Nova Scotia">Fairview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armdale,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armdale, Nova Scotia">Armdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spryfield,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spryfield, Nova Scotia">Spryfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996, HRM amalgamation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bedford, Nova Scotia">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Halifax County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Canada_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Canada navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">18000 BCE–1500 CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">1534–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_under_British_rule_(1763%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada under British rule (1763–1867)">1763–1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">1867–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">1914–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">1982–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> - (<a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_National_Historic_Significance_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)">Events of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Minutes" title="Heritage Minutes">Heritage Minutes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of Chinese immigration to Canada">Chinese immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_military_operations" title="List of Canadian military operations"> Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_sports" title="History of Canadian sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_women" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Canadian women">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alberta" title="History of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia" title="History of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manitoba" title="History of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ontario" title="History of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="History of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nunavut" title="History of Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saskatchewan" title="History of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yukon" title="History of Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_name_etymologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies">Name etymologies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cities_in_Canada" title="History of cities in Canada">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brampton" title="History of Brampton">Brampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Charlottetown" title="History of Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Edmonton" title="History of Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fredericton" title="History of Fredericton">Fredericton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="History of Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lethbridge" title="History of Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Markham,_Ontario" title="History of Markham, Ontario">Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moncton" title="History of Moncton">Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northwest_Territories_capital_cities" title="History of Northwest Territories capital cities">Northwest Territories capital cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottawa" title="History of Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="History of Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="History of Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="History of Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saskatoon" title="History of Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Toronto" title="History of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vancouver" title="History of Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Winnipeg" title="History of Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Origins_of_names_of_cities_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of names of cities in Canada">Name etymologies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td 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