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id="toc-In_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In Hinduism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Hinduism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_within_the_Hindu_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_within_the_Hindu_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Differences within the Hindu traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_within_the_Hindu_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Saṃsāra</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B3%E1%88%A8" title="ሰምሳረ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰምሳረ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سامسارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سامسارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansara" title="Sansara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sansara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="সংসার (ধর্মীয় দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংসার (ধর্মীয় দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сансара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сансара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="संसार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संसार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Saṃsāra" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самсара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самсара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="འཁོར་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཁོར་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D" title="Сансарын хүрдэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сансарын хүрдэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans%C3%A1ra" title="Sansára – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sansára" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansaara" title="Sansaara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sansaara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Σαμσάρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμσάρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansaro" title="Sansaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sansaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saṃsāra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A4%ED%9A%8C" title="윤회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윤회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Սամսարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սամսարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saṃsāra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%94" title="סמסרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמסרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಸಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಸಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%81s%C4%81ra" title="Saṁsāra – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Saṁsāra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სამსარა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამსარა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сансара – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сансара" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сансара – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сансара" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans%C4%81ra" title="Sansāra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sansāra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szansz%C3%A1ra" title="Szanszára – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szanszára" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самсара – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самсара" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)" title="संसार (हिंदू धर्म) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संसार (हिंदू धर्म)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სამსარა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სამსარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سمساره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سمساره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%BB" title="輪廻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="輪廻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansara" title="Sansara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sansara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansara" title="Sansara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sansara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saṃsāra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сансара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сансара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Saṃsāra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="සංසාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංසාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans%C3%A1ra" title="Sansára – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sansára" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самсара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самсара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="பிறவிச்சுழற்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிறவிச்சுழற்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самсара – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Самсара" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8F" title="สังสารวัฏ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สังสารวัฏ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samsara" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A3" title="Очалаң – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Очалаң" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самсара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самсара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%93i" title="Luân hồi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luân hồi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sansara" redirects here. For the genus of moth, see <a href="/wiki/Sansara_(moth)" title="Sansara (moth)">Sansara (moth)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Samsara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Samsara (disambiguation)">Samsara (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_wheel_of_life,_Buddhism_Bhavachakra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddhism_Bhavachakra.jpg/340px-The_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddhism_Bhavachakra.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddhism_Bhavachakra.jpg/510px-The_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddhism_Bhavachakra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddhism_Bhavachakra.jpg/680px-The_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddhism_Bhavachakra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhavachakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhavachakra">Bhavachakra</a> describing the cycle of saṃsāra: illustrated in the wheel are <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)#Realms_of_rebirth" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">six realms of existence</a> in which a <a href="/wiki/Sentient_beings_(Buddhism)" title="Sentient beings (Buddhism)">sentient being</a> can <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnate</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth doctrine</a> of Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama</a>, the god of death, is at the top of the outer rim. The outer rim shows the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nid%C4%81nas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Nidānas">Twelve Nidānas</a> doctrine.</figcaption></figure> Saṃsāra (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: संसार) is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word that means "wandering"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–72-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002589-2">[2]</a> as well as "world," wherein the term connotes "cyclic change"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaus_Klostermaier2010604-3">[3]</a> or, less formally, "running around in circles." Saṃsāra is referred to with terms or phrases such as <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigration of the soul">transmigration/reincarnation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmic cycle</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Punarjanman" title="Punarjanman">Punarjanman</a>, and "cycle of aimless drifting, wandering or mundane existence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–72-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Firth1997p106-5">[5]</a> When related to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> it is the cycle of death and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">rebirth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–72-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gross1993p148-6">[6]</a> The "cyclicity of all life, matter, and existence" is a fundamental belief of most <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The concept of saṃsāra has roots in the post-<a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic literature</a>; the theory is not discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> themselves.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> It appears in developed form, but without mechanistic details, in the early <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-amboyer-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890–99-12">[12]</a> The full exposition of the saṃsāra doctrine is found in <a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">early Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, as well as in various schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890–99-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krishan1997p17-13">[13]</a> The saṃsāra doctrine is tied to the <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and the liberation from saṃsāra has been at the core of the spiritual quest of Indian traditions, as well as their internal disagreements.<a href="#cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere20051–2,_108,_126–28-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272–73-15">[15]</a> The liberation from saṃsāra is called <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a>, Mukti, or <a href="/wiki/Kaivalya" title="Kaivalya">Kaivalya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Firth1997p106-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201336-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008103-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and terminology">edit</a>]</div> Saṃsāra (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: संसार) means "wandering",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–72-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002589-2">[2]</a> as well as "world" wherein the term connotes "cyclic change".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaus_Klostermaier2010604-3">[3]</a> Saṃsāra, a fundamental concept in all <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, is linked to the <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> theory and refers to the belief that all living beings cyclically go through births and rebirths. The term is related to phrases such as "the cycle of successive existence", "transmigration", "karmic cycle", "the wheel of life", and "cyclicality of all life, matter, existence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–72-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gross1993p148-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ykrishanp24-18">[18]</a> Many scholarly texts spell saṃsāra as samsara.<a href="#cite_note-Gross1993p148-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710-19">[19]</a> According to Monier-Williams, saṃsāra is derived from the verbal root sṛ with the prefix saṃ, Saṃsṛ (संसृ), meaning "to go round, revolve, pass through a succession of states, to go towards or obtain, moving in a circuit".<a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamssamsara-20">[20]</a> A nominal derivative formed from this root appears in ancient texts as saṃsaraṇa, which means "going around through a succession of states, birth, rebirth of living beings and the world", without obstruction.<a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamssamsara-20">[20]</a> Another nominal derivative from the same root is saṃsāra, referring to the same concept: a "passage through successive states of mundane existence", transmigration, <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a>, a circuit of living where one repeats previous states, from one body to another, a worldly life of constant change, that is rebirth, growth, decay and redeath.<a href="#cite_note-Firth1997p106-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamssamsara-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doniger1980p268-21">[21]</a> Saṃsāra is understood as opposite of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, also known as mukti, nirvāṇa, nibbāna or kaivalya, which refers to liberation from the cycle of birth and death.<a href="#cite_note-Firth1997p106-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamssamsara-20">[20]</a> The concept of saṃsāra developed in the post-<a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> times, and is traceable in the <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a> layers such as in sections 1.164, 4.55, 6.70 and 10.14 of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amboyer-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-valleepoussin24-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krishan1997p11-23">[23]</a> While the idea is mentioned in the Samhita layers of the Vedas, there is lack of clear exposition there, and the idea fully develops in the early <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010344,_356–57-25">[25]</a> Damien Keown states that the notion of "cyclic birth and death" appears around 800 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamien_Keown2004248-26">[26]</a> The word saṃsāra appears, along with <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a>, in several <a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a> such as in verse 1.3.7 of the <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> verse 6.16 of the <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> verses 1.4 and 6.34 of the <a href="/wiki/Maitri_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitri Upanishad">Maitri Upanishad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The word saṃsāra is related to Saṃsṛti, the latter referring to the "course of mundane existence, transmigration, flow, circuit or stream".<a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamssamsara-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_rationale">Definition and rationale</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition and rationale">edit</a>]</div> The word literally means "wandering through, flowing on", states Stephen J. Laumakis, in the sense of "aimless and directionless wandering".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200897-31">[31]</a> The concept of saṃsāra is closely associated with the belief that the person continues to be born and reborn in various realms and forms.<a href="#cite_note-GoaEtCoward2014-32">[32]</a> The earliest layers of Vedic text incorporate the concept of life, followed by an afterlife in heaven and hell based on cumulative virtues (merit) or vices (demerit).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> However, the ancient Vedic <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishis</a> challenged this idea of afterlife as simplistic, because people do not live an equally moral or immoral life. Between generally virtuous lives, some are more virtuous; while evil too has degrees, and the texts assert that it would be unfair for god <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> to judge and reward people with varying degrees of virtue or vices, in an "either or,” and disproportionate manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184–86-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> They introduced the idea of an afterlife in heaven or hell in proportion to one's merit, and when this runs out, one returns and is reborn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184–86-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krishan1997p17-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This idea appears in ancient and medieval texts, as the cycle of life, death, rebirth and redeath, such as section 6:31 of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and section 6.10 of the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184–86-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-ykrishanp24-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-valleepoussin24-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The historical origins of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Punarjanman" title="Punarjanman">Punarjanman</a>, are obscure but, the idea appears in texts of both India and ancient Greece during the first millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The idea of saṃsāra is hinted in the late Vedic texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, but the theory is absent.<a href="#cite_note-amboyer-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> According to Sayers, the earliest layers of the Vedic literature show ancestor worship and rites such as sraddha (offering food to the ancestors). The later Vedic texts such as the Aranyakas and the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> show a different soteriology based on reincarnation, they show little concern with ancestor rites, and they begin to philosophically interpret the earlier rituals, although the idea is not fully developed yet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-24">[24]</a> It is in the early Upanishads where these ideas are more fully developed, but there too the discussion does not provide specific mechanistic details.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890-24">[24]</a> The detailed doctrines flower with unique characteristics, starting around the mid 1st millennium BC, in diverse traditions such as in Buddhism, Jainism and various schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890–99-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-floodaithp86-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The evidence for who influenced whom in the ancient times, is slim and speculative, and the odds are the historic development of the Saṃsāra theories likely happened in parallel with mutual influences.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punarmrityu:_redeath">Punarmrityu: redeath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Punarmrityu: redeath">edit</a>]</div> While saṃsāra is usually described as rebirth and reincarnation (<a href="/wiki/Punarjanman" title="Punarjanman">Punarjanman</a>) of living beings (<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jiva</a>), the chronological development of the idea over its history began with the questions on what is the true nature of human existence and whether people die only once. This led first to the concepts of Punarmṛtyu ("redeath") and Punaravṛtti ("return").<a href="#cite_note-Doniger1980p268-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuitenen195734–35-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMircea_Eliade198756–57-46">[46]</a> These early theories asserted that the nature of human existence involves two realities, one unchanging absolute <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self) which is somehow connected to the ultimate unchanging immortal reality and bliss called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484–85-48">[48]</a> and that the rest is the always-changing subject (body) in a phenomenal world (<a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118–19,_24–25-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward201229–31-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Geeverghese_Arapura198685–88-51">[51]</a> Redeath, in the Vedic theosophical speculations, reflected the end of "blissful years spent in svarga or heaven", and it was followed by rebirth back in the phenomenal world.<a href="#cite_note-EllwoodAlles2007p406-52">[52]</a> Saṃsāra developed into a foundational theory of the nature of existence, shared by all Indian religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere1980139–40-53">[53]</a> Rebirth as a human being, states John Bowker, was then presented as a "rare opportunity to break the sequence of rebirth, thus attaining Moksha, release".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484–85-48">[48]</a> Each Indian spiritual tradition developed its own assumptions and paths (marga or yoga) for this spiritual release,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484–85-48">[48]</a> with some developing the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Jivanmukti" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivanmukti">Jivanmukti</a> (liberation and freedom in this life),<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> while the others content with <a href="/wiki/Videhamukti" class="mw-redirect" title="Videhamukti">Videhamukti</a> (liberation and freedom in after-life).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #ffd068;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The First Truth <div class="poem"> The first truth, suffering (Pali: dukkha; Sanskrit: duhkha), is characteristic of existence in the realm of rebirth, called samsara (literally “wandering”). </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a>, Donald Lopez<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></cite> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramanas</a> traditions (Buddhism and Jainism) added novel ideas, starting about the 6th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379-61">[61]</a> They emphasized human suffering in the larger context, placing rebirth, redeath and truth of pain at the center and the start of religious life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379–80-62">[62]</a> Sramanas view saṃsāra as a beginningless cyclical process with each birth and death as punctuations in that process,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379–80-62">[62]</a> and spiritual liberation as freedom from rebirth and redeath.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The saṃsāric rebirth and redeath ideas are discussed in these religions with various terms, such as Āgatigati in many early Pali Suttas of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_ideas">Evolution of ideas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolution of ideas">edit</a>]</div> Across different religions, different <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a> were emphasized as the saṃsāra theories evolved in respective Indian traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272–73-15">[15]</a> For example, in their saṃsāra theories, states Obeyesekere, the Hindu traditions accepted <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> or Self exists and asserted it to be the unchanging essence of each living being, while Buddhist traditions denied such a soul exists and developed the concept of Anattā.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere1980139–40-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272–73-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-6sourcesatman-65">[65]</a> Salvation (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, mukti) in the Hindu traditions was described using the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> (self) and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (universal reality),<a href="#cite_note-gtumoksha-66">[66]</a> while in Buddhism it (nirvāṇa, nibbāna) was described through the concept of <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anattā</a> (no self) and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a> (emptiness).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200868–70,_125–28,_149–53,_168–76-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidloyp65-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ajivika" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajivika">Ajivika</a> tradition combined saṃsāra with the premise that there is no free will, while the Jainism tradition accepted the concept of soul (calling it "jiva") with free will, but emphasized <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> and cessation of action as a means of liberation from saṃsāra it calls bondage.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The various sub-traditions of Hinduism, and of Buddhism, accepted free will, avoided asceticism, accepted renunciation and monastic life, and developed their own ideas on liberation through realization of the true nature of existence.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Hinduism">In Hinduism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:333px;max-width:333px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Meerabai_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg/165px-Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg/248px-Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="590" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Loving devotion</a> (Bhakti)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg/160px-Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg/240px-Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg/320px-Bronze_figure_of_Kashmiri_in_Meditation_by_Malvina_Hoffman_Wellcome_M0005215.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="1803" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a> (Dhyāna)</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Liberation/release from saṃsāra, called <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, is considered the ultimate goal in Hinduism.</div></div></div></div> In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, saṃsāra is a journey of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-73">[73]</a> The body dies but not the Ātman, which is eternal reality, indestructible, and bliss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-73">[73]</a> Everything and all existence is connected, cyclical, and composed of two things: the Self, or Ātman, and the body, or <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710-19">[19]</a> This eternal Self called Ātman never reincarnates, it does not change and cannot change in the Hindu belief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710-19">[19]</a> In contrast, the body and personality, can change, constantly changes, is born and dies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710-19">[19]</a> Current <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> impacts the future circumstances in this life, as well as the future forms and realms of lives.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Good intent and actions lead to good future, bad intent and actions lead to bad future, in the Hindu view of life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199711-76">[76]</a> The journey of samsara allows the atman the opportunity to perform positive or negative <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmas</a> throughout each birth and make spiritual efforts to attain <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A virtuous life, actions consistent with dharma, are believed by Hindus to contribute to a better future, whether in this life or future lives.<a href="#cite_note-Flood2009-78">[78]</a> The aim of spiritual pursuits, whether it be through the path of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> (devotion), <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> (work), <a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">jñāna</a> (knowledge), or <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">raja</a> (meditation) is self-liberation (moksha) from saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-Flood2009-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, part of the scriptures of the Hindu traditions, primarily focus on self-liberation from saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler1997111–12-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> discusses various paths to liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-73">[73]</a> The Upanishads, states Harold Coward, offer a "very optimistic view regarding the perfectibility of human nature", and the goal of human effort in these texts is a continuous journey to self-perfection and self-knowledge so as to end saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008129-83">[83]</a> The aim of spiritual quest in the Upanishadic traditions is to find the true self within and to know one's Self, a state that it believes leads to blissful state of freedom, moksha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward2008129,_130–55-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_within_the_Hindu_traditions">Differences within the Hindu traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Differences within the Hindu traditions">edit</a>]</div> All Hindu traditions share the concept of saṃsāra, but they differ in details and what they describe the state of liberation from saṃsāra to be.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199710–12,_132–37-85">[85]</a> The saṃsāra is viewed as the cycle of rebirth in a temporal world of always changing reality or <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a> (appearance, illusive), Brahman is defined as that which never changes or <a href="/wiki/Sat_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sat (Sanskrit)">Sat</a> (eternal truth, reality), and moksha as the realization of Brahman and freedom from saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-gtumoksha-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The dualistic devotional traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</a> tradition of Hinduism champion a <a href="/wiki/Theistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theistic">theistic</a> premise, assert the individual human Self and Brahman (<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>) are two different realities, loving devotion to Vishnu is the means to release from saṃsāra, it is the grace of Vishnu which leads to moksha, and spiritual liberation is achievable only in after-life (<a href="/wiki/Videhamukti" class="mw-redirect" title="Videhamukti">videhamukti</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler2002340–47,_373–75-88">[88]</a> The nondualistic traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> tradition of Hinduism champion a <a href="/wiki/Monistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monistic">monistic</a> premise, asserting that the individual Atman and Brahman are identical, and only ignorance, impulsiveness and inertia leads to suffering through saṃsāra. In reality they are no dualities, meditation and self-knowledge is the path to liberation, the realization that one's Ātman is identical to Brahman is moksha, and spiritual liberation is achievable in this life (<a href="/wiki/Jivanmukti" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivanmukti">jivanmukti</a>).<a href="#cite_note-davidloyp65-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler2002238–40,_243–45,_249–50,_261–63,_279–84-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Jainism">In Jainism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Jainism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra (Jainism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma in Jainism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra.jpg/220px-Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra.jpg/330px-Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra.jpg/440px-Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption>Symbolic depiction of saṃsāra at Shri Mahaveerji temple of Jainism.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, the saṃsāra and karma doctrine are central to its theological foundations, as evidenced by the extensive literature on it in the major sects of Jainism, and their pioneering ideas on karma and saṃsāra from the earliest times of the Jaina tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980217–36-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-dundasp14-91">[91]</a> Saṃsāra in Jainism represents the worldly life characterized by continuous rebirths and suffering in various realms of existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980226–28-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-dundasp14-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sethia2004p31-93">[93]</a> The conceptual framework of the saṃsāra doctrine differs between the Jainism traditions and other Indian religions. For instance, in Jaina traditions, soul (jiva) is accepted as a truth, as is assumed in the Hindu traditions, but not assumed in the Buddhist traditions. However, saṃsāra or the cycle of rebirths, has a definite beginning and end in Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980226-94">[94]</a> Souls begin their journey in a primordial state, and exist in a state of consciousness continuum that is constantly evolving through saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980227-95">[95]</a> Some evolve to a higher state, while some regress, a movement that is driven by karma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980227–28-96">[96]</a> Further, Jaina traditions believe that there exist <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80bh%C4%81vya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ābhāvya (page does not exist)">Ābhāvya</a> (incapable), or a class of souls that can never attain <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980226-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dundas2003p105-97">[97]</a> The Ābhāvya state of soul is entered after an intentional and shockingly evil act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980225-98">[98]</a> Jainism considers souls as pluralistic each in a karma-saṃsāra cycle, and does not subscribe to <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> style <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualism</a> of Hinduism, or <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Advaya</a> style nondualism of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-Dundas2003p105-97">[97]</a> The Jaina theosophy, like ancient <a href="/wiki/Ajivika" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajivika">Ajivika</a>, but unlike Hindu and Buddhist theosophies, asserts that each soul passes through 8,400,000 birth-situations, as they circle through saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980228-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> As the soul cycles, states Padmanabh Jaini, Jainism traditions believe that it goes through five types of bodies: earth bodies, water bodies, fire bodies, air bodies and vegetable lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980223–24-101">[101]</a> With all human and non-human activities, such as rainfall, agriculture, eating and even breathing, minuscule living beings are taking birth or dying, their souls are believed to be constantly changing bodies. Perturbing, harming or killing any life form, including any human being, is considered a sin in Jainism, with negative karmic effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980224–25-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sethia2004p31-93">[93]</a> A liberated soul in Jainism is one who has gone beyond saṃsāra, is at the apex, is omniscient, remains there eternally, and is known as a Siddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980222–23-103">[103]</a> A male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve liberation, particularly through asceticism. Women must gain karmic merit, to be reborn as man, and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation in Jainism, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> sect of Jainism;<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-harveyp182-105">[105]</a> however, this view has been historically debated within Jainism and different Jaina sects have expressed different views, particularly the Shvetambara sect that believes that women too can achieve liberation from saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-harveyp182-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In contrast to Buddhist texts which do not expressly or unambiguously condemn injuring or killing plants and minor life forms, Jaina texts do. Jainism considers it a bad karma to injure plants and minor life forms with negative impact on a soul's saṃsāra.<a href="#cite_note-lschmithausen-107">[107]</a> However, some texts in Buddhism and Hinduism do caution a person from injuring all life forms, including plants and seeds.<a href="#cite_note-lschmithausen-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Buddhism">In Buddhism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_wheel_of_life,_Trongsa_dzong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg/220px-The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg/330px-The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg/440px-The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a> showing the <a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">bhavacakra</a> and six realms of saṃsāra in Buddhist cosmology.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra (Buddhism)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Six_realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Six realms">Six realms</a></div> Saṃsāra in Buddhism, states Jeff Wilson, is the "suffering-laden cycle of life, death, and rebirth, without beginning or end".<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-111">[111]</a> Also referred to as the wheel of existence (Bhavacakra), it is often mentioned in Buddhist texts with the term punarbhava (rebirth, re-becoming); the liberation from this cycle of existence, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a>, is the foundation and the most important purpose of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conze2013p71-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119-113">[113]</a> Saṃsāra is considered permanent in Buddhism, just like other Indian religions. Karma drives this permanent saṃsāra in Buddhist thought, states Paul Williams, and "short of attaining enlightenment, in each rebirth one is born and dies, to be reborn elsewhere in accordance with the completely impersonal causal nature of one's own karma; This endless cycle of birth, rebirth, and redeath is saṃsāra".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274–75-114">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a>, accepted by all Buddhist traditions, are aimed at ending this saṃsāra-related re-becoming (rebirth) and associated cycles of suffering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_WilliamsAnthony_TribeAlexander_Wynne201230–42-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Buswell_Jr.Donald_Lopez_Jr.2013304–05-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Like Jainism, Buddhism developed its own saṃsāra theory, that evolved over time the mechanistic details on how the wheel of mundane existence works over the endless cycles of rebirth and redeath.<a href="#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama1992xi–xii,_5–16-119">[119]</a> In early Buddhist traditions, saṃsāra cosmology consisted of five realms through which wheel of existence recycled.<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-111">[111]</a> This included hells (niraya), hungry ghosts (pretas), animals (tiryak), humans (manushya), and gods (devas, heavenly).<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In latter traditions, this list grew to a list of six realms of rebirth, adding demi-gods (asuras), which were included in gods realm in earlier traditions.<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The "hungry ghost, heavenly, hellish realms" respectively formulate the ritual, literary and moral spheres of many contemporary Buddhist traditions.<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-118">[118]</a> The saṃsāra concept, in Buddhism, envisions that these six realms are interconnected, and everyone cycles life after life, and death is just a state for an afterlife, through these realms, because of a combination of ignorance, desires and purposeful karma, or ethical and unethical actions.<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-118">[118]</a> Nirvāṇa is typically described as the freedom from rebirth and the only alternative to suffering of saṃsāra, in Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2010p38-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> However, the Buddhist texts developed a more comprehensive theory of rebirth, states Steven Collins, from fears of redeath, called amata (death-free), a state which is considered synonymous with Nirvāṇa.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2010p38-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Sikhism">In Sikhism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Sikhism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> incorporates the concepts of saṃsāra (sometimes spelled as Saṅsāra in Sikh texts), karma and cyclical nature of time and existence.<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p145-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-colesambhi13-126">[126]</a> Founded in the 15th century, its founder <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> incorporated the cyclical concept of ancient Indian religions and the cyclical concept of time, state Cole and Sambhi.<a href="#cite_note-colesambhi13-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> However, states Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, there are important differences between the Saṅsāra concept in Sikhism from the saṃsāra concept in many traditions within Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p145-125">[125]</a> The difference is that Sikhism firmly believes in the grace of God as the means to salvation, and its precepts encourage the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> of One Lord for mukti (salvation).<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p145-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Sikhism, like the three ancient Indian traditions, believes that body is perishable, that there is a cycle of rebirth, and that there is suffering with each cycle of rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p145-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> These features of Sikhism, along with its belief in Saṅsāra and the grace of God, are similar to some bhakti-oriented sub-traditions within Hinduism such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Sikhism does not believe that ascetic life, as recommended in Jainism, is the path to liberation. Rather, it cherishes social engagement and householder's life combined with devotion to the One God as Guru, to be the path of liberation from saṅsāra.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–72-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–72_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–72_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–72_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–72_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–72_1-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011">Mark Juergensmeyer & Wade Clark Roof 2011</a>, pp. 271–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002589-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002589_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002589_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 589. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaus_Klostermaier2010604-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaus_Klostermaier2010604_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaus_Klostermaier2010604_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlaus_Klostermaier2010">Klaus Klostermaier 2010</a>, p. 604. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_4-6">g</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBodewitz2019" class="citation book cs1">Bodewitz, Henk (2019). "Chapter 1 – The Hindu Doctrine of Transmigration: Its Origin and Background". In Heilijgers, Dory H.; Houben, Jan E. M.; van Kooij, Karel (eds.). Vedic Cosmology and Ethics: Selected Studies. Gonda Indological Studies. Vol. 19. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 3–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004400139_002">10.1163/9789004400139_002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-40013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-40013-9"><bdi>978-90-04-40013-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1382-3442">1382-3442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1+%E2%80%93+The+Hindu+Doctrine+of+Transmigration%3A+Its+Origin+and+Background&rft.btitle=Vedic+Cosmology+and+Ethics%3A+Selected+Studies&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Gonda+Indological+Studies&rft.pages=3-19&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1382-3442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004400139_002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-40013-9&rft.aulast=Bodewitz&rft.aufirst=Henk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firth1997p106-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Firth1997p106_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firth1997p106_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firth1997p106_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firth1997p106_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirley_Firth1997" class="citation book cs1">Shirley Firth (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYNXC-HK1u0C">Dying, Death and Bereavement in a British Hindu Community</a>. Peeters Publishers. pp. 106, 29–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-976-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-976-7"><bdi>978-90-6831-976-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying%2C+Death+and+Bereavement+in+a+British+Hindu+Community&rft.pages=106%2C+29-43&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-976-7&rft.au=Shirley+Firth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYNXC-HK1u0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross1993p148-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gross1993p148_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gross1993p148_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gross1993p148_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRita_M._Gross1993" class="citation book cs1">Rita M. Gross (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros">Buddhism After Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis, and Reconstruction of Buddhism</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros/page/148">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0513-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0513-1"><bdi>978-1-4384-0513-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+After+Patriarchy%3A+A+Feminist+History%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Reconstruction+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0513-1&rft.au=Rita+M.+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhismafterpat00gros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav2018" class="citation cs2">Yadav, Garima (2018), "Abortion (Hinduism)", Hinduism and Tribal Religions, Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–3, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1036-5_484-1">10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_484-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9402410365" title="Special:BookSources/978-9402410365"><bdi>978-9402410365</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abortion+%28Hinduism%29&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+Tribal+Religions&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Religions&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-024-1036-5_484-1&rft.isbn=978-9402410365&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Garima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> A.M. 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Boyer (1901), Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara, Journal Asiatique, Volume 9, Issue 18, pp. 451–53, 459–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890–99-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890–99_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890–99_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890–99_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephen_J._Laumakis2008">Stephen J. Laumakis 2008</a>, pp. 90–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishan1997p17-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krishan1997p17_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krishan1997p17_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuvraj_Krishan1997" class="citation book cs1">Yuvraj Krishan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC">The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+way+to+Nirvana%3A+six+lectures+on+ancient+Buddhism+as+a+discipline+of+salvation&rft.pages=24-29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Louis+de+La+Vall%C3%A9e-Poussin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIto8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishan1997p11-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Krishan1997p11_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuvraj_Krishan1997" class="citation book cs1">Yuvraj Krishan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC">The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions</a>. 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Penguin. pp. 213–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0066-5"><bdi>978-81-246-0066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yama%2C+the+Glorious+Lord+of+the+Other+World&rft.pages=213-15&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-246-0066-5&rft.au=Kusum+P.+Merh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXSoKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_Raina_Thapan2006" class="citation book cs1">Anita Raina Thapan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDiRLzPFOPIC">The Penguin Swami Chinmyananda Reader</a>. Penguin Books. pp. 84–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400062-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400062-3"><bdi>978-0-14-400062-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Swami+Chinmyananda+Reader&rft.pages=84-90&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400062-3&rft.au=Anita+Raina+Thapan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDiRLzPFOPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrul_RinpocheDalai_Lama1998" class="citation book cs1">Patrul Rinpoche; Dalai Lama (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40i38mGQ6aAC">The Words of My Perfect Teacher: A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</a>. Rowman Altamira. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9027-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9027-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-9027-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+Teacher%3A+A+Complete+Translation+of+a+Classic+Introduction+to+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9027-7&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40i38mGQ6aAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_C._McClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">Norman C. McClelland (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC">Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma</a>. McFarland. pp. 102–03. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.pages=102-03&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.au=Norman+C.+McClelland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Leq4U5ihkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton_D._BryantDennis_L._Peck2009" class="citation book cs1">Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zt2AwAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience</a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 841–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6616-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6616-9"><bdi>978-1-4522-6616-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Death+and+the+Human+Experience&rft.pages=841-46&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6616-9&rft.au=Clifton+D.+Bryant&rft.au=Dennis+L.+Peck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Zt2AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallee_Pussin1917" class="citation book cs1">Vallee Pussin (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ito8AAAAIAAJ">The way to Nirvana: six lectures on ancient Buddhism as a discipline of salvation</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+way+to+Nirvana%3A+six+lectures+on+ancient+Buddhism+as+a+discipline+of+salvation&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Vallee+Pussin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIto8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-floodaithp86-41"><a href="#cite_ref-floodaithp86_41-0">^</a> Gavin D. Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521438780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521438780">978-0521438780</a>, p. 86, Quote: "The origin and doctrine of Karma and Samsara are obscure. These concepts were certainly circulating amongst sramanas, and Jainism and Buddhism developed specific and sophisticated ideas about the process of transmigration. It is very possible that the karmas and reincarnation entered the mainstream brahmanical thought from the sramana or the renouncer traditions. Yet, on the other hand, although there is no clear doctrine of transmigration in the vedic hymns, there is the idea of redeath, that a person having died in this world, might die yet again in the next." </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Padmanabh S. Jaini 2001 "Collected Paper on Buddhist Studies" Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1776-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1776-1">81-208-1776-1</a>, p. 51, Quote: "Yajnavalkya’s reluctance to discuss the doctrine of karma in public (...) can perhaps be explained by the assumption that it was, like that of the transmigration of Atman, of non-brahmanical origin. In view of the fact that this doctrine is emblazoned on almost every page of sramana scriptures, it is highly probable that it was derived from them." </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Govind Chandra Pande, (1994) Life and Thought of Sankaracarya, Motilal Banarsidass <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1104-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1104-6">81-208-1104-6</a>, p. 135, Quote: (...) They <a href="/wiki/Sramanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramanas">Sramanas</a> could have been connected with the Harappan Civilization which is itself enigmatic. It seems that some Upanishad thinkers like Yajnavalkya were acquainted with this kind [sramanic] thinking (...) and tried to incorporate these ideas of Karma, Samsara and Moksa into the traditional Vedic thought. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1980" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. pp. xvii–xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pages=xvii-xviii&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988">; Quote: "There was such constant interaction between Vedism and Buddhism in the early period that it is fruitless to attempt to sort out the earlier source of many doctrines, they lived in one another's pockets, like Picasso and Braque (who were, in later years, unable to say which of them had painted certain paintings from their earlier, shared period)." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuitenen195734–35-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuitenen195734–35_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuitenen1957">Buitenen 1957</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMircea_Eliade198756–57-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMircea_Eliade198756–57_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMircea_Eliade1987">Mircea Eliade 1987</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011">Jessica Frazier & Gavin Flood 2011</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484–85-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484–85_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484–85_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Bowker201484–85_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohn_Bowker2014">John Bowker 2014</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118–19,_24–25-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201118–19,_24–25_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011">Jessica Frazier & Gavin Flood 2011</a>, pp. 18–19, 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward201229–31-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_Coward201229–31_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarold_Coward2012">Harold Coward 2012</a>, pp. 29–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Geeverghese_Arapura198685–88-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Geeverghese_Arapura198685–88_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohn_Geeverghese_Arapura1986">John Geeverghese Arapura 1986</a>, pp. 85–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-EllwoodAlles2007p406-52"><a href="#cite_ref-EllwoodAlles2007p406_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._EllwoodGregory_D._Alles2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert S. Ellwood; Gregory D. Alles (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pGbdI4L0qsC">The Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 406–07. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=406-07&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1038-7&rft.au=Robert+S.+Ellwood&rft.au=Gregory+D.+Alles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pGbdI4L0qsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere1980139–40-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere1980139–40_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere1980139–40_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFObeyesekere1980">Obeyesekere 1980</a>, pp. 139–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Klaus Klostermaier, Mokṣa and Critical Theory, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan., 1985), pp. 61–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Norman E. Thomas (April 1988), Liberation for Life: A Hindu Liberation Philosophy, Missiology, Volume 16, Number 2, pp. 149–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Gerhard Oberhammer (1994), La Délivrance dès cette vie: Jivanmukti, Collège de France, Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne. Série in-8°, Fasc. 61, Édition–Diffusion de Boccard (Paris), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2868030610" title="Special:BookSources/978-2868030610">978-2868030610</a>, pp. 1–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> M. von Brück (1986), Imitation or Identification?, Indian Theological Studies, Vol. 23, Issue 2, pp. 95–105 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2h0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA356">The philosophy of the Upanishads</a>, p. 356, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pp. 356–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/Four-Noble-Truths">Four Noble Truths, Buddhist philosophy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422075712/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Four-Noble-Truths">Archived</a> 22 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Donald Lopez, Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 304–05. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=304-05&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=Robert+E.+Buswell+Jr.&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael_Myers2013">Michael Myers 2013</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379–80-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379–80_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_Myers201379–80_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael_Myers2013">Michael Myers 2013</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_WilliamsAnthony_Tribe2000" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams; Anthony Tribe (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVvFBQAAQBAJ">Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition</a>. Routledge. pp. 18–19, chapter 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415207002" title="Special:BookSources/0-415207002"><bdi>0-415207002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought%3A+A+Complete+Introduction+to+the+Indian+Tradition&rft.pages=18-19%2C+chapter+1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415207002&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft.au=Anthony+Tribe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVvFBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_William_Rhys_DavidsWilliam_Stede1921" class="citation book cs1">Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC&pg=PA94">Pali–English Dictionary</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–95, Entry for Āgati. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.pages=94-95%2C+Entry+for+%27%27%C4%80gati%27%27&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1144-7&rft.au=Thomas+William+Rhys+Davids&rft.au=William+Stede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Guw2CnxiucC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6sourcesatman-65"><a href="#cite_ref-6sourcesatman_65-0">^</a> [a] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Anatta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Archived</a> 10 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman (“the self”)."; [b] Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791422175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791422175">978-0791422175</a>, p. 64; "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; [c] Edward Roer (Translator), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2">Shankara's Introduction</a>, p. 2, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad, pp. 2–4; [d] Katie Javanaud (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Is The Buddhist ‘No-Self’ Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206211126/https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Archived</a> 6 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Philosophy Now; [e] David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 1, pp. 65–74; [f] KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120806191" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120806191">978-8120806191</a>, pp. 246–49, from note 385 onwards; </li> <li id="cite_note-gtumoksha-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gtumoksha_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gtumoksha_66-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/moksha">Moksha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025105212/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/moksha">Archived</a> 25 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Georgetown University </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200868–70,_125–28,_149–53,_168–76-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200868–70,_125–28,_149–53,_168–76_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephen_J._Laumakis2008">Stephen J. Laumakis 2008</a>, pp. 68–70, 125–28, 149–53, 168–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasao_AbeSteven_Heine1995" class="citation book cs1">Masao Abe; Steven Heine (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhisminterfai0000abem">Buddhism and Interfaith Dialogue</a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhisminterfai0000abem/page/7">7</a>–8, 73–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1752-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1752-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-1752-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Interfaith+Dialogue&rft.pages=7-8%2C+73-78&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1752-7&rft.au=Masao+Abe&rft.au=Steven+Heine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhisminterfai0000abem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidloyp65-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidloyp65_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidloyp65_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoy1982" class="citation journal cs1">Loy, David (1982). "Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?". International Philosophical Quarterly. 22 (1): 65–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fipq19822217">10.5840/ipq19822217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Enlightenment+in+Buddhism+and+Advaita+Vedanta%3A+Are+Nirvana+and+Moksha+the+Same%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-74&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fipq19822217&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabh_S_Jaini,_George_L_Jart_III1980" class="citation book cs1">Padmanabh S Jaini, George L Jart III (1980). Wendy Doniger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n156">131</a>–33, 228–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pages=131-33%2C+228-29&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.au=Padmanabh+S+Jaini%2C+George+L+Jart+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Partridge2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Partridge (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AjAwAAQBAJ">Introduction to World Religions</a>. Fortress Press. pp. 245–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3"><bdi>978-0-8006-9970-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+World+Religions&rft.pages=245-46&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9970-3&rft.au=Christopher+Partridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3AjAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_L_Jart_III1980" class="citation book cs1">George L Jart III (1980). Wendy Doniger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n156">131</a>–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pages=131-33&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.au=George+L+Jart+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011272_73-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011">Mark Juergensmeyer & Wade Clark Roof 2011</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukul_Goel2008" class="citation book cs1">Mukul Goel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63w84TKjEu0C">Devotional Hinduism: Creating Impressions for God</a>. iUniverse. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-50524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-50524-1"><bdi>978-0-595-50524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devotional+Hinduism%3A+Creating+Impressions+for+God&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-595-50524-1&rft.au=Mukul+Goel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63w84TKjEu0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Christopher Chapple (1986), Karma and creativity, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-251-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-251-2">0-88706-251-2</a>, pp. 60–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199711-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler199711_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler1997">Jeaneane D. Fowler 1997</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2013" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, R.C (2013). Moksha and the Hindu World View. SAGE Publications. pp. 22–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moksha+and+the+Hindu+World+View&rft.pages=22-24&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=R.C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood2009-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flood2009_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood2009_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2009" class="citation web cs1">Flood, Gavin (24 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml">"Hindu concepts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411171600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=Hindu+concepts&rft.date=2009-08-24&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fhinduism%2Fconcepts%2Fconcepts_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_D._ChryssidesBenjamin_E._Zeller2014" class="citation book cs1">George D. Chryssides; Benjamin E. Zeller (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HLZMAgAAQBAJ">The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9829-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9829-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-9829-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-9829-7&rft.au=George+D.+Chryssides&rft.au=Benjamin+E.+Zeller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHLZMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler1997111–12-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeaneane_D._Fowler1997111–12_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler1997">Jeaneane D. Fowler 1997</a>, pp. 111–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong_Choon_KimDavid_H._Freeman1981" class="citation book cs1">Yong Choon Kim; David H. Freeman (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=omwMQA_DUVEC">Oriental Thought: An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia</a>. 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Saṃsāra and Rebirth, in Buddhism. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0141">10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195393521" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195393521"><bdi>978-0195393521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+and+Rebirth%2C+in+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0141&rft.isbn=978-0195393521&rft.au=Jeff+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conze2013p71-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Conze2013p71_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Conze2013" class="citation book cs1">Edward Conze (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kY5TAQAAQBAJ">Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy</a>. Routledge. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54231-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54231-4"><bdi>978-1-134-54231-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought+in+India%3A+Three+Phases+of+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-54231-4&rft.au=Edward+Conze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkY5TAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Nirvana is the raison d’être of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274–75-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274–75_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2002">Williams 2002</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_WilliamsAnthony_TribeAlexander_Wynne201230–42-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_WilliamsAnthony_TribeAlexander_Wynne201230–42_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaul_WilliamsAnthony_TribeAlexander_Wynne2012">Paul Williams, Anthony Tribe & Alexander Wynne 2012</a>, pp. 30–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Buswell_Jr.Donald_Lopez_Jr.2013304–05-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Buswell_Jr.Donald_Lopez_Jr.2013304–05_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobert_Buswell_Jr.Donald_Lopez_Jr.2013">Robert Buswell Jr. & Donald Lopez Jr. 2013</a>, pp. 304–05. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2015" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 26–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=26-44&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> Quote: "the first features described as painful [dukkha] in the above DCPS [Dhamma-cakka-pavatana Sutta in Vinaya Pitaka] quote are basic biological aspects of being alive, each of which can be traumatic. The dukkha of these is compounded by the rebirth perspective of Buddhism, for this involves repeated re-birth, re-aging, re-sickness, and re-death." </li> <li id="cite_note-Trainor2004p63-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_118-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Trainor2004" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Trainor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC">Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517398-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517398-7"><bdi>978-0-19-517398-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+The+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517398-7&rft.au=Kevin+Trainor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PrloTKuAjwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988">; Quote: "Buddhist doctrine holds that until they realize nirvana, beings are bound to undergo rebirth and redeath due to their having acted out of ignorance and desire, thereby producing the seeds of karma". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama1992xi–xii,_5–16-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama1992xi–xii,_5–16_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalai_Lama1992">Dalai Lama 1992</a>, pp. xi–xii, 5–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_DeCaroli2004" class="citation book cs1">Robert DeCaroli (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_2XtkSRyTYC">Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 94–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803765-1"><bdi>978-0-19-803765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haunting+the+Buddha%3A+Indian+Popular+Religions+and+the+Formation+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=94-103&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803765-1&rft.au=Robert+DeCaroli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_2XtkSRyTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkira_Sadakata1997" class="citation book cs1">Akira Sadakata (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcYGAAAAYAAJ">Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins</a>. Kōsei Publishing 佼成出版社, Tokyo. pp. 68–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01682-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01682-2"><bdi>978-4-333-01682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Cosmology%3A+Philosophy+and+Origins&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=K%C5%8Dsei+Publishing+%E4%BD%BC%E6%88%90%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%2C+Tokyo&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-4-333-01682-2&rft.au=Akira+Sadakata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcYGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins2010p38-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2010p38_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2010p38_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Collins2010" class="citation book cs1">Steven Collins (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5pshUYiUVwC">Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88198-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88198-2"><bdi>978-0-521-88198-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nirvana%3A+Concept%2C+Imagery%2C+Narrative&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88198-2&rft.au=Steven+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5pshUYiUVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_B._Becker1993" class="citation book cs1">Carl B. Becker (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hbgjrC7o-mYC">Breaking the Circle: Death and the Afterlife in Buddhism</a>. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. viii, 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1932-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1932-9"><bdi>978-0-8093-1932-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Circle%3A+Death+and+the+Afterlife+in+Buddhism&rft.pages=viii%2C+57-59&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-1932-9&rft.au=Carl+B.+Becker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhbgjrC7o-mYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_J._Hoffman2002" class="citation book cs1">Frank J. Hoffman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3ecE9j3qXsC">Rationality and Mind in Early Buddhism</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 103–06. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1927-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1927-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1927-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rationality+and+Mind+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=103-06&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1927-6&rft.au=Frank+J.+Hoffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3ecE9j3qXsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandair2013p145-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p145_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p145_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p145_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p145_125-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 145–46, 181, 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5366-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5366-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-5366-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=145-46%2C+181%2C+220&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5366-1&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+Singh+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn_jBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colesambhi13-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhi13_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhi13_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.O._ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi2016" class="citation book cs1">W.O. Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8KMCwAAQBAJ">Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study</a>. Springer. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-23049-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-23049-5"><bdi>978-1-349-23049-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Christianity%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-23049-5&rft.au=W.O.+Cole&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8KMCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5366-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5366-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-5366-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5366-1&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+Singh+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn_jBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._S._Singha2000" class="citation book cs1">H. S. Singha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C">The Encyclopedia of Sikhism</a>. Hemkunt Press. pp. 68, 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=68%2C+80&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.au=H.+S.+Singha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 231, 607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7"><bdi>978-0-19-100411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=231%2C+607&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100411-7&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YwNAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Thrower1999" class="citation book cs1">James Thrower (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luQnAAAAYAAJ">Religion: The Classical Theories</a>. Georgetown University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-751-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-751-4"><bdi>978-0-87840-751-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%3A+The+Classical+Theories&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-751-4&rft.au=James+Thrower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluQnAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal2006" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSkvAAAAYAAJ">Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 394–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567703-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567703-4"><bdi>978-0-19-567703-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Movements+and+Institutions+in+Medieval+India&rft.pages=394-95&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567703-4&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMSkvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 230–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7"><bdi>978-0-19-100411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=230-31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100411-7&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YwNAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Geeverghese_Arapura1986" class="citation book cs1">John Geeverghese Arapura (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpycf4RxMjYC">Hermeneutical Essays on Vedāntic Topics</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0183-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0183-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0183-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermeneutical+Essays+on+Ved%C4%81ntic+Topics&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0183-7&rft.au=John+Geeverghese+Arapura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxpycf4RxMjYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuitenen1957" class="citation journal cs1">Buitenen, J. A. B. Van (1957). "Dharma and Moksa". Philosophy East and West. 7 (1/2): 33–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396832">10.2307/1396832</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396832">1396832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Dharma+and+Moksa&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=33-40&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1396832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1396832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Buitenen&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+B.+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowker2014" class="citation book cs1">John Bowker (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Te9wBAAAQBAJ">God: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870895-7"><bdi>978-0-19-870895-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870895-7&rft.au=John+Bowker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTe9wBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Buswell_Jr.Donald_Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert Buswell Jr.; Donald Lopez Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=Robert+Buswell+Jr.&rft.au=Donald+Lopez+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Coward2008" class="citation book cs1">Harold Coward (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LkE_8uch5P0C">The Perfectibility of Human Nature in Eastern and Western Thought: The Central Story</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7336-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-7336-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfectibility+of+Human+Nature+in+Eastern+and+Western+Thought%3A+The+Central+Story&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7336-8&rft.au=Harold+Coward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLkE_8uch5P0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Coward2012" class="citation book cs1">Harold Coward (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oPeWqdoqJQC">Religious Understandings of a Good Death in Hospice Palliative Care</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4275-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4275-4"><bdi>978-1-4384-4275-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Understandings+of+a+Good+Death+in+Hospice+Palliative+Care&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-4275-4&rft.au=Harold+Coward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oPeWqdoqJQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC">Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</a>. 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Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-909480-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-909480-8"><bdi>978-0-02-909480-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+religion&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-909480-8&rft.au=Mircea+Eliade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre00mac_qwm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler1997" class="citation book cs1">Jeaneane D. Fowler (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hinduismbeliefsp0000fowl">Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices</a>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8"><bdi>978-1-898723-60-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-60-8&rft.au=Jeaneane+D.+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhinduismbeliefsp0000fowl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeaneane D. 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Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6"><bdi>978-1-898723-93-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+of+Reality%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-93-6&rft.au=Jeaneane+D.+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FPerspectives_of_Reality.html%3Fid%3DPJbsAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Frazier; Gavin Flood (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv_a5cMEwngC">The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192892232" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192892232"><bdi>978-0192892232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0192892232&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofbud00rupe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1980" class="citation book cs1">Jaini, Padmanabh (1980). Doniger, Wendy (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011" class="citation book cs1">Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Global Religion</a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6656-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6656-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-6656-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5&rft.au=Mark+Juergensmeyer&rft.au=Wade+Clark+Roof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwJzAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_Keown2004" class="citation book cs1">Damien Keown (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC">A Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157917-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157917-2"><bdi>978-0-19-157917-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157917-2&rft.au=Damien+Keown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D985a1M7L1NcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Klostermaier2010" class="citation book cs1">Klaus Klostermaier (2010). A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-8011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3&rft.au=Klaus+Klostermaier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalai_Lama1992" class="citation book cs1">Dalai Lama (1992). The Meaning of Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins. Wisdom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1459614505" title="Special:BookSources/978-1459614505"><bdi>978-1459614505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Life%2C+translated+and+edited+by+Jeffrey+Hopkins&rft.pub=Wisdom&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1459614505&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._Laumakis2008" class="citation book cs1">Stephen J. Laumakis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC">An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46966-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46966-1"><bdi>978-1-139-46966-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46966-1&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Laumakis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_29ZDAcUEwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z</a>. Rosen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1"><bdi>978-0-8239-2287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Vol.+2%3A+N-Z&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Myers2013" class="citation book cs1">Michael Myers (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfvaAAAAQBAJ">Brahman: A Comparative Theology</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-83565-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-83565-0"><bdi>978-1-136-83565-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahman%3A+A+Comparative+Theology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-83565-0&rft.au=Michael+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfvaAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeyesekere1980" class="citation book cs1">Obeyesekere, Gananath (1980). Wendy Doniger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.aulast=Obeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Gananath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeyesekere2005" class="citation book cs1">Obeyesekere, Gananath (2005). Wendy Doniger (ed.). Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120826090" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120826090"><bdi>978-8120826090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Cross+Cultural+Study&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8120826090&rft.aulast=Obeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Gananath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Paul (2002). Buddhist Thought. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415207010" title="Special:BookSources/0-415207010"><bdi>0-415207010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415207010&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_WilliamsAnthony_TribeAlexander_Wynne2012" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams; Anthony Tribe; Alexander Wynne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOLfCgAAQBAJ">Buddhist Thought</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-52088-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-52088-4"><bdi>978-1-136-52088-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-52088-4&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft.au=Anthony+Tribe&rft.au=Alexander+Wynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOLfCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Dundas, Paul</a> (2002) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">The Jains</a> (Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26605-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26605-5&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini2000" class="citation book cs1">Jaini, Padmanabh S., ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC">Collected Papers On Jaina Studies</a> (First ed.). Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1691-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1691-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1691-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+On+Jaina+Studies&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1691-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPggiM7y1aYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethia2004" class="citation book cs1">Sethia, Tara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC">Ahiṃsā, Anekānta and Jainism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4"><bdi>978-81-208-2036-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahi%E1%B9%83s%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta+and+Jainism&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2036-4&rft.aulast=Sethia&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYdlKv8wBiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephen-knapp.com/reincarnation_a_simple_explanation.htm">Reincarnation: A Simple Explanation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/samsara.html">The Wheel of Life</a>, C. George Boeree, Shippensburg University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.mnsu.edu/vwp/samplepapers/philosophy/phil100paper1.pdf">The difference between Samsara and Nirvana</a>, Minnesota State University, Mankato</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0141.xml">Saṃsāra and Rebirth</a>, Buddhism, Oxford Bibliographies</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">Upekkhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsaha">Utsaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivartavada" title="Vivartavada">Vivartavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Viraj">Viraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" 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Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Jainism_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism_topics" title="Template talk:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Discuss 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jñāna</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jaina logic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekāntavāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Heavenly beings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">Kashaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a></li> <li>Terapanth</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li>Mantra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampan%C4%81" title="Hampanā">Hampa Nagarajaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinendra_Varni" title="Jinendra Varni">Jinendra Varni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Śrāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil</a></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Śalākāpuruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Jain terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">List of Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">List of Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_monks" title="List of Jain monks">List of Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Digambar_Jain_ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Digambar Jain ascetics">List of Digambar Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics List (index)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Navboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gods" title="Template:Jain Gods">Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Agamas" 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