CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>强相互作用 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"13d84fa3-b53f-401e-af53-ac913b331bfe","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"强相互作用","wgTitle":"强相互作用","wgCurRevisionId":83722698,"wgRevisionId":83722698,"wgArticleId":32650,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["引文格式1错误：外部链接","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目","基本相互作用","量子色動力學"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"强相互作用","wgRelevantArticleId":32650,"wgUserVariant":"zh", "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11415","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.imagemap.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.imagemap","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0", "ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.imagemap.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg/1200px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1148"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg/800px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="765"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg/640px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="612"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="强相互作用 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-强相互作用 rootpage-强相互作用 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-細節" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#細節"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>細節</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-細節-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关細節子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-細節-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-強相互作用的特性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#強相互作用的特性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>強相互作用的特性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-強相互作用的特性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-殘留強作用力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#殘留強作用力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>殘留強作用力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-殘留強作用力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">强相互作用</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。98种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterk_wisselwerking" title="Sterk wisselwerking – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterk wisselwerking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starke_Wechselwirkung" title="Starke Wechselwirkung – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Starke Wechselwirkung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nucleyar_fuerte" title="Interacción nucleyar fuerte – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Interacción nucleyar fuerte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تآثر قوي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تآثر قوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaici%C3%B3n_nuclear_fuerte" title="Interaición nuclear fuerte – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Interaición nuclear fuerte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCcl%C3%BC_qar%C5%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1ql%C4%B1_t%C9%99sir" title="Güclü qarşılıqlı təsir – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Güclü qarşılıqlı təsir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88" title="گوجلو چکیردک گوجو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گوجلو چکیردک گوجو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A9_%D2%AF%D2%99-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8C%D2%AB%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Көслө үҙ-ара тәьҫир итешеү – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көслө үҙ-ара тәьҫир итешеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеянне – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеянне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеяньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеяньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Силно ядрено взаимодействие – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Силно ядрено взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="সবল নিউক্লিয় বল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সবল নিউক্লিয় বল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka_interakcija" title="Jaka interakcija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jaka interakcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_nuclear_forta" title="Força nuclear forta – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Força nuclear forta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2" title="کارلێکی بەھێز – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارلێکی بەھێز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siln%C3%A1_interakce" title="Silná interakce – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Silná interakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D0%B9%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5-%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%C3%A7_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Вăйлă хире-хирĕç вăйăм – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăйлă хире-хирĕç вăйăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyngweithiad_cryf" title="Rhyngweithiad cryf – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyngweithiad cryf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A6rk_kernekraft" title="Stærk kernekraft – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stærk kernekraft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starke_Wechselwirkung" title="Starke Wechselwirkung – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Starke Wechselwirkung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%87%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ισχυρή αλληλεπίδραση – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισχυρή αλληλεπίδραση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Strong interaction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forta_nuklea_forto" title="Forta nuklea forto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Forta nuklea forto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nuclear_fuerte" title="Interacción nuclear fuerte – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interacción nuclear fuerte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugev_vastastikm%C3%B5ju" title="Tugev vastastikmõju – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tugev vastastikmõju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_bortitz" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitz – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C" title="نیروی هسته‌ای قوی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی هسته‌ای قوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahva_vuorovaikutus" title="Vahva vuorovaikutus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vahva vuorovaikutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_forte" title="Interaction forte – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interaction forte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterke_kearnkr%C3%AAft" title="Sterke kearnkrêft – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sterke kearnkrêft" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idirghn%C3%ADomh%C3%BA_l%C3%A1idir" title="Idirghníomhú láidir – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Idirghníomhú láidir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A9raksyon_f%C3%B2" title="Entéraksyon fò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Entéraksyon fò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nuclear_forte" title="Interacción nuclear forte – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Interacción nuclear forte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%96%D7%A7" title="הכוח החזק – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכוח החזק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रबल अन्योन्य क्रिया – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रबल अन्योन्य क्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Strong interaction" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Jaka nuklearna sila – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jaka nuklearna sila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A8raksyon_f%C3%B2" title="Entèraksyon fò – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Entèraksyon fò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C5%91s_k%C3%B6lcs%C3%B6nhat%C3%A1s" title="Erős kölcsönhatás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erős kölcsönhatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A5%D5%B2_%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ուժեղ փոխազդեցություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուժեղ փոխազդեցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_forte" title="Interaction forte – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Interaction forte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_nuklir_kuat" title="Gaya nuklir kuat – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gaya nuklir kuat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_fort" title="Interaction fort – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Interaction fort" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-interago" title="Fort-interago – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fort-interago" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterk_v%C3%ADxlverkun" title="Sterk víxlverkun – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sterk víxlverkun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interazione forte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E3%81%84%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="強い相互作用 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="強い相互作用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrang_intarakshan" title="Chrang intarakshan – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chrang intarakshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ძლიერი ურთიერთქმედება – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძლიერი ურთიერთქმედება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D1%96_%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83" title="Күшті әсерлесу – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күшті әсерлесу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%ED%95%9C_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="강한 상호작용 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강한 상호작용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_fortis" title="Vis fortis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vis fortis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiprioji_s%C4%85veika" title="Stiprioji sąveika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stiprioji sąveika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipr%C4%81_mijiedarb%C4%ABba" title="Stiprā mijiedarbība – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stiprā mijiedarbība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Силно заемодејство – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Силно заемодејство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ശക്ത ന്യൂക്ലിയാർ പ്രവർത്തനം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശക്ത ന്യൂക്ലിയാർ പ്രവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хүчтэй харилцан үйлчлэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүчтэй харилцан үйлчлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_nukleus_kuat" title="Daya nukleus kuat – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daya nukleus kuat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="အားကောင်းစွာ အချင်းချင်းသက်ရောက်မှု – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အားကောင်းစွာ အချင်းချင်းသက်ရောက်မှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starke_Kraft" title="Starke Kraft – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Starke Kraft" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterke_kernkracht" title="Sterke kernkracht – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sterke kernkracht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargekraft" title="Fargekraft – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fargekraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargekraft" title="Fargekraft – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fargekraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2r%C3%A7a_nucleara_f%C3%B2rta" title="Fòrça nucleara fòrta – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fòrça nucleara fòrta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਤਕੜਾ ਮੇਲ-ਜੋਲ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਕੜਾ ਮੇਲ-ਜੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddzia%C5%82ywanie_silne" title="Oddziaływanie silne – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oddziaływanie silne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%DA%91%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="تکڑا میل جول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تکڑا میل جول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="قوي تعامل – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قوي تعامل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_forte" title="Força forte – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Força forte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku_huk%27i_sinchi_micha" title="Iñuku huk'i sinchi micha – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku huk'i sinchi micha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interac%C8%9Biune_tare" title="Interacțiune tare – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Interacțiune tare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сильное взаимодействие – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сильное взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Jaka nuklearna sila – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jaka nuklearna sila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Strong interaction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siln%C3%A1_interakcia_hmotn%C3%BDch_objektov" title="Silná interakcia hmotných objektov – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Silná interakcia hmotných objektov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8Dna_jedrska_sila" title="Močna jedrska sila – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Močna jedrska sila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashk%C3%ABveprimi_i_fort%C3%AB" title="Bashkëveprimi i fortë – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkëveprimi i fortë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јака интеракција – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јака интеракција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_nuklir_kuat" title="Gaya nuklir kuat – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gaya nuklir kuat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark_v%C3%A4xelverkan" title="Stark växelverkan – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stark växelverkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwingiliano_madhubuti" title="Mwingiliano madhubuti – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwingiliano madhubuti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="வலிய இடைவினை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலிய இடைவினை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="బలమైన పరస్పర చర్య – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బలమైన పరస్పర చర్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1" title="อันตรกิริยาอย่างเข้ม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันตรกิริยาอย่างเข้ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaksiyong_malakas" title="Interaksiyong malakas – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Interaksiyong malakas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%A7l%C3%BC_etkile%C5%9Fim" title="Güçlü etkileşim – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güçlü etkileşim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Көчле тәэсир итешү – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көчле тәэсир итешү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Бот-боттарынче күштүг кылдыныг – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бот-боттарынче күштүг кылдыныг" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сильна взаємодія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сильна взаємодія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84" title="قوی تفاعل – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قوی تفاعل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchli_o%27zaro_ta%27sir" title="Kuchli o'zaro ta'sir – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kuchli o'zaro ta'sir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4gev_vastami%C5%BEpaineg" title="Vägev vastamižpaineg – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vägev vastamižpaineg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%C3%A1c_m%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Tương tác mạnh – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tương tác mạnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makusog_nga_pahilabotay" title="Makusog nga pahilabotay – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Makusog nga pahilabotay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="强相互作用 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="强相互作用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="שטארקע קראפט – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטארקע קראפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%B4ng-la%CC%8Dt" title="Kiông-la̍t – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiông-la̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="強相互作用 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="強相互作用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11415#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&oldid=83722698" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&id=83722698&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25BC%25BA%25E7%259B%25B8%25E4%25BA%2592%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25BC%25BA%25E7%259B%25B8%25E4%25BA%2592%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Strong_nuclear_force" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11415" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-5ff6fd68" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-5ff6fd68" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84913072">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:100%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="标准模型">标准模型</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg/240px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg/360px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg/480px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" usemap="#ImageMap_ec293446f11b6eb9" resource="/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_ec293446f11b6eb9"><area href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="17,48,59,89" alt="上夸克" title="上夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B2%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="60,48,102,89" alt="粲夸克" title="粲夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B6%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="104,48,145,89" alt="顶夸克" title="顶夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="149,48,190,89" alt="胶子" title="胶子" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="194,48,235,89" alt="希格斯玻色子" title="希格斯玻色子" /><area href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="17,91,59,132" alt="下夸克" title="下夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="60,91,102,132" alt="奇夸克" title="奇夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="104,91,145,132" alt="底夸克" title="底夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="149,91,190,132" alt="光子" title="光子" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="17,137,59,178" alt="电子" title="电子" /><area href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="60,137,102,178" alt="Μ子" title="Μ子" /><area href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="104,137,145,178" alt="Τ子" title="Τ子" /><area href="/wiki/Z%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="149,137,190,178" alt="Z玻色子" title="Z玻色子" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="17,180,59,221" alt="电中微子" title="电中微子" /><area href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="60,180,102,221" alt="Μ中微子" title="Μ中微子" /><area href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="104,180,145,221" alt="Τ中微子" title="Τ中微子" /><area href="/wiki/W%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="149,180,190,221" alt="W玻色子" title="W玻色子" /><area href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" shape="rect" coords="16,8,224,19" alt="标准模型" title="标准模型" /><area href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="17,24,145,38" alt="费米子" title="费米子" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="149,24,235,38" alt="玻色子" title="玻色子" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="6,93,14,133" alt="夸克" title="夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="6,176,12,219" alt="輕子" title="輕子" /><area href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E9%87%8F%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="227,92,233,172" alt="标量玻色子" title="标量玻色子" /><area href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="196,143,202,219" alt="规范玻色子" title="规范玻色子" /><area href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_boson" shape="rect" coords="205,165,209,219" alt="en:Vector boson" title="en:Vector boson" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">背景</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="量子場論">量子場論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="規範場論">規範場論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%B4%E7%BC%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="自發對稱性破缺">自發對稱性破缺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6" title="希格斯机制">希格斯机制</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">組成</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="電弱交互作用">電弱相互作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色動力學">量子色動力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E5%8D%9A-%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%97-%E7%9B%8A%E5%B7%9D%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5" title="卡比博-小林-益川矩阵">CKM矩陣</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">組成</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7CP%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="強CP問題">強CP問題</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="階層問題（页面不存在）">階層問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90%E6%8C%AF%E8%95%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="中微子振蕩">中微子振蕩</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">理論家</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·費曼">費曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="默里·蓋爾曼">蓋爾曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%82%E7%94%B0%E6%98%8C%E4%B8%80" title="坂田昌一">坂田昌一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%82%96" class="mw-redirect" title="謝爾登·格拉肖">格拉肖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%8C%A8%E5%A8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="喬治·茨威格">茨威格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E9%98%B3%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E" title="南部阳一郎">南部陽一郎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E5%8D%9A" title="尼古拉·卡比博">卡比博</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="史蒂文·温伯格">溫伯格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%94%BF%E9%81%93" title="李政道">李政道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="阿卜杜勒·薩拉姆">薩拉姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%9A" class="mw-disambig" title="小林诚">小林誠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8A%E5%B7%9D%E6%95%8F%E8%8B%B1" title="益川敏英">益川敏英</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%8C%AF%E5%AE%81" title="杨振宁">杨振宁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E5%B7%9D%E7%A7%80%E6%A0%91" title="汤川秀树">汤川秀树</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="杰拉德·特·胡夫特">特·胡夫特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%E7%B4%90%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="馬丁紐斯·韋爾特曼">韋爾特曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%A8%84%E6%96%AF" title="戴维·格娄斯">格婁斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E7%AD%96" title="休·波利策">波利策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%88%87%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗克·韦尔切克">韋爾切克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E8%82%87%E4%B8%AD" title="丁肇中">丁肇中</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="彼得·希格斯">希格斯</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="Template:標準模型"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="Template talk:標準模型"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:標準模型"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helium_atom_QM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/220px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/330px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/440px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>氦原子的原子核，因為殘留强相互作用的影響，二個<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>雖都帶正電，但仍不會互相排斥</figcaption></figure> <p><b>强相互作用</b>（又称<b>强力</b>或<b>强核力</b>）是作用于<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%AD%90" title="强子">强子</a>之间的力，是已知四种<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="基本作用力">基本作用力</a>中最强的，也是作用距离第二短的（大约在 10<sup>-15</sup> m 范围内<sup id="cite_ref-鄭嘉武鄧天德1981_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄭嘉武鄧天德1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，比<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="弱交互作用">弱交互作用</a>的範圍大）。另外三种相互作用分别是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁力">电磁力</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>间的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a>就是强相互作用。它抵抗了<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="质子">质子</a>之间的强大的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁力">电磁力</a>，维持了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>的稳定。强相互作用也將<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>基本粒子結合成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>等強子，這也是組成大部份物質的粒子。而且一般質子或中子裡，大部份的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E5%83%B9" title="質能等價">質能</a>是以强相互作用場能量的形式存在，夸克只提供了1%的質能。 </p><p>强相互作用可以在二個地方看到：較大的尺度（約1至3<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E7%B1%B3" title="飛米">飛米</a>）下，强相互作用將<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>結合成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>，較小的尺度（約0.8飛米，約為核子的尺寸）下，强相互作用將<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>結合，成為質子、中子或其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="強子">強子</a>。强相互作用的作用力非常強，大到束縛一個夸克的能量可以轉換為新的夸克對的質量，强相互作用的這個性質稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%81%E9%96%89" title="夸克禁閉">夸克禁閉</a>。 </p><p>强相互作用是唯一強度不會隨距離減小的作用力，但因為夸克禁閉，夸克會限制和其他夸克在一起，形成的強子之間會有殘留的强相互作用，也稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a>，核力會隨距離而迅速減少。撞擊原子核釋放的部份<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9F%E7%B8%9B%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="束縛能">束縛能</a>和產生的核力有關，而核力也用在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD" class="mw-disambig" title="核能">核能</a>及核融合式的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="核武器">核武器</a>中<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>强相互作用一般認為是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子">膠子</a>傳遞的<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，膠子會在夸克、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="反夸克">反夸克</a>及其他膠子之間交換。膠子會帶有<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7" title="色荷">色荷</a>，色荷和人眼可見的顏色完全沒有關係<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，色荷類似<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a>，但色荷有六種（紅、綠、藍、反紅、反綠、反藍），因此會形成不同的力，有不同的規則，在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色動力學">量子色動力學</a>（QCD）中有描述，這也是夸克-膠子交互作用的基礎。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E7%A7%80%E5%85%B0" title="吴秀兰">吳秀蘭</a>等科學家對膠子發現有很大貢獻，因此在1995年获得了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="歐洲物理學會">欧洲物理学会</a>髙能和粒子物理奖<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="大爆炸">大爆炸</a>後，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="電弱時期">電弱時期</a>時，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="電弱交互作用">電弱交互作用</a>和强相互作用分離，統一弱交互作用和電磁交互作用的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BC%B1%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="电弱统一理论">電弱統一理論</a>已經獲得實驗證實。科學家進一步預期有一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="大统一理论">大統一理論</a>可以統一<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="電弱交互作用">電弱交互作用</a>及强相互作用<sup id="cite_ref-一鸿·徐2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-一鸿·徐2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，現今有許多是大統一理論的理論，第一個是<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%B2%83%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%90%89" title="哈沃德·乔吉">哈沃德·乔吉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%82%96" title="谢尔登·格拉肖">谢尔登·格拉肖</a>于1974年提出了最早的SU(5)大统一理论，但和實驗不合，其他的理論有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%BA%A4%E7%BE%A4" title="正交群">SO(10)模型</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="喬吉-格拉肖模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Georgi–Glashow model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AC%E5%90%89-%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%82%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喬吉-格拉肖模型（页面不存在）">喬吉-格拉肖模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%E2%80%93Glashow_model" class="extiw" title="en:Georgi–Glashow model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Georgi–Glashow model</span></a></span>）</span></span>，但還沒有一個是廣為科學家接受，且有實驗證實的理論<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且許多大統一理論都預言<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="質子衰變">質子衰變</a>，但目前也還沒有實驗支持，大統一理論也還是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的物理學問題">未解決的物理學問題</a>之一。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_Force_anim_smaller.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Nuclear_Force_anim_smaller.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="337" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>一個質子和中子之間<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a>（殘留强相互作用）的動畫。小的成對出現的彩色小圓圈是夸克间传递强相互作用的膠子，膠子也可以固定<a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">Π介子</a>中的夸克和反夸克，因此可以在二個強子之間產生殘留强相互作用。反夸克的顏色用<a href="/wiki/File:Quark_Anticolours.png" title="File:Quark Anticolours.png">這個圖</a>來表示。若要看較大的圖，可以看<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Nulcear_Force_anim.gif">這個圖</a> </figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概念"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>強相互作用比其他三種基本作用有更大的對稱性，也就是說，在強相互作用中有更多的守恆定律。強相互作用不像<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁相互作用">電磁相互作用</a>那樣是長程力而是短程力。但是它的力程比<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a>的力程長，約為10<sup>-15</sup> m 。大約等於原子核中核子間的距離。 </p><p>對強相互作用本質的瞭解長期以來是<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學">物理學</a>中的難題。人們曾經提出過許多強相互作用的理論，它們取得的成就都很有限。原因之一是理論中沒有小參量，因而找不到可靠的近似方法。人們由強子的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="夸克模型">夸克模型</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="規範場">規範場</a>的概念出發提出<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色動力學">量子色動力學</a>。在這個理論中，強相互作用是組成強子的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>之間通過一些稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="胶子">胶子</a>的規範粒子場傳遞的作用。這個理論有在小距離處作用變弱的性質。它被認為是有希望的強相互作用基本理論。 </p><p>在1970年代以前，科學家不知道核子為何可以被束縛在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>內。當時已經知道原子核是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>組成，質子帶正電，中子不帶電。由於正電荷之間會互相排斥，帶正電的質子應該會造成原子核的裂解，但是卻沒有觀測到類似的現象，因此需要有新的物理學說來解釋此一現象。 </p><p>為了解釋原子核中的質子沒有因電磁力互相排斥，反而聚集在一起，科學家開始假設有一種較強的吸引力的存在，這種假想的作用力稱為「強作用力」，科學家認為是在質子和中子等<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>之間的基本作用力。 </p><p>後來發現質子和中子都不是基本粒子，都是由更小的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>粒子所組成。最基本作用力是將夸克束縛在質子和中子中的作用力，核子之間的強作用力其實是上述作用力的副作用。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色動力學">量子色動力學</a>解釋夸克具有一種稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7" title="色荷">色荷</a>的性質<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，帶有不同色荷的夸克因著强相互作用會互相吸引，其中的介質是一種稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子">膠子</a>的粒子。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="細節"><span id=".E7.B4.B0.E7.AF.80"></span>細節</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：細節"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gluon_coupling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gluon_coupling.svg/400px-Gluon_coupling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gluon_coupling.svg/600px-Gluon_coupling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gluon_coupling.svg/800px-Gluon_coupling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>強相互作用的基本耦合方式，從左到右分別是：膠子輻射、膠子分裂及膠子自耦合</figcaption></figure> <p>強相互作用的「強」字，表示若在幾個<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E7%B1%B3" title="飛米">飛米</a>或是更短的距離內，強相互作用的強度比其他三種基本作用力都強：其強度约<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" title="電磁力">電磁力</a>的136.82倍、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a>的10<sup>6</sup>倍、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="重力">重力</a>的10<sup>39</sup>倍<sup id="cite_ref-清凉·林戴念祖2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-清凉·林戴念祖2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="強相互作用的特性"><span id=".E5.BC.B7.E7.9B.B8.E4.BA.92.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8.E7.9A.84.E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7"></span>強相互作用的特性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：強相互作用的特性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pn_scatter_pi0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pn_scatter_pi0.png/300px-Pn_scatter_pi0.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pn_scatter_pi0.png/450px-Pn_scatter_pi0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pn_scatter_pi0.png/600px-Pn_scatter_pi0.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>繞射的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="費曼圖">費曼圖</a>，中間產生了<a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">π介子</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pn_scatter_quarks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pn_scatter_quarks.png/300px-Pn_scatter_quarks.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pn_scatter_quarks.png/450px-Pn_scatter_quarks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pn_scatter_quarks.png/600px-Pn_scatter_quarks.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>上述的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="費曼圖">費曼圖</a>，但標示所有的夸克，表示強作用力運作的方式。其中的直線是夸克，而由幾個不同顏色圓形組合，類似橡皮筋繩的是<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子">膠子</a>，其他在質子、中子<a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">π介子</a>中固定的膠子省略不畫出</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色動力學">量子色動力學</a>（QCD）是現代對強相互作用的描述，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="標準模型">標準模型</a>的一部份。在數學上，量子色動力學是非阿贝尔群的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="规范场论">规范场论</a>，以稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%85%89%E7%BE%A4" title="特殊酉群">SU(3)</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E7%BE%A4" title="空間對稱群">空間對稱群</a>為其基礎。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>中，只有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子">膠子</a>會帶著不會消失的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7" title="色荷">色荷</a>，因此基本粒子中也只有這兩種會參與強相互作用，其作用的強度是依強相互作用<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="耦合常數">耦合常數</a>來決定，強度會被粒子的色荷所調整，這是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="群論">群論</a>中的性質。 </p><p>强相互作用和其他基本作用力不同，隨著距離的增加，强相互作用的強度不會降低。在超過一定距離（約<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="強子">強子</a>的大小）後，即使夸克之間距離多遠，其強度仍有約10,000<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在量子色動力學中這稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%81%E9%96%89" title="夸克禁閉">夸克禁閉</a><sup id="cite_ref-林清凉2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-林清凉2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，因此只觀察到由夸克組合成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="強子">強子</a>，無法觀察到單獨存在的夸克。其解釋是10,000<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a>的力（約是在地球表面一<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="吨">吨</a>物質的重量），所作的功在短距離的作用下就可以足以產生夸克-反夸克對。簡單來說，拉住二個夸克的力產生了一對新的夸克，這二個新的夸克和分別和原來的夸克形成夸克對。所有實驗都無法找到自由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>的結果也可以證實這種觀點。 </p><p>基本夸克和膠子粒子的作用無法直接觀測到，不過可以由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a>中，當能量衝擊夸克-夸克鍵結，或當質子中的夸克被另一個（在中子中）高速的夸克撞擊時，產生的強子得知。 </p><p>任一個夸克和宇宙中大多數夸克的作用力都不會像以上所述，強度不隨距離而減少，原因是因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%81%E9%96%89" title="夸克禁閉">夸克禁閉</a>的影響，在一段距離以外只能看到成群的夸克，而成群夸克（即<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="強子">強子</a>）的色荷會互相抵消，因此和幾乎沒有色荷相同。而強子和強子之間幾乎沒有强相互作用，但因為色荷的相消並不完全，會有殘餘的强相互作用，稱為殘餘强相互作用，而殘餘强相互作用會隨著距離而減少，因此在一定距離以外，其作用效果類似「無色荷」的重子，因此稱為「強核力」也稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="殘留強作用力"><span id=".E6.AE.98.E7.95.99.E5.BC.B7.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8.E5.8A.9B"></span>殘留強作用力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：殘留強作用力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>殘留強作用力的效果稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a>，核力會在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="強子">強子</a>之間作用，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="介子">介子</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>。殘留強作用力會傳遞膠子，形成<a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">π介子</a>及<a href="/wiki/%CE%A1%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Ρ介子">ρ介子</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="介子">介子</a>，這些介子會在核子之間傳遞核力。 </p><p>殘留強作用力是將夸克束縛為質子及中子強作用力的殘留量，因為質子和中子幾乎是無色荷的，因此其作用力比束縛夸克的作用力小很多，就像中性原子之間的電磁力（<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%BE%97%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="凡得瓦力">凡得瓦力</a>）也比原子核和電子之間的電磁力小很多<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>殘留強作用力和強作用力本身不同，強作用力不會隨距離增加而變小，但殘留強作用力會隨距離的增加而快速減小。其減小的趨勢接近距離的負<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="指数">指數</a>，不過沒有簡單的表示式（參照<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="湯川勢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yukawa potential"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E5%B7%9D%E5%8A%BF" title="汤川势">湯川勢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukawa_potential" class="extiw" title="en:Yukawa potential"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yukawa potential</span></a></span>）</span></span>）。因為上述事實，再加上質子之間的排斥力隨距離不會那麼快下降，造成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">原子序数</a>大於82（<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛">鉛</a>）所有原子核的不穩定<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%83%BD" title="核结合能">核结合能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7" title="色荷">色荷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="耦合常數">耦合常數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="QCD物質" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="QCD matter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=QCD%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QCD物質（页面不存在）">QCD物質</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCD_matter" class="extiw" title="en:QCD matter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">QCD matter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="量子場論">量子場論</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="規範場論">規範場論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="標準模型">標準模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁力">电磁力</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="重力">重力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" title="分子间作用力">分子間作用力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E5%B7%9D%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88" title="湯川耦合">湯川耦合</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-鄭嘉武鄧天德1981-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-鄭嘉武鄧天德1981_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">鄭嘉武; 鄧天德. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=L1i9AAAAIAAJ">自然科學論集</a>. 中國文化大學出版部. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=%E9%84%A7%E5%A4%A9%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=%E9%84%AD%E5%98%89%E6%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E9%83%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1i9AAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">on Binding energy: see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furryelephant.com/content/radioactivity/binding-energy-mass-defect/">Binding Energy, Mass Defect</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170618092355/http://www.furryelephant.com/content/radioactivity/binding-energy-mass-defect/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Furry Elephant physics educational site, retr 2012 7 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">on Binding energy: see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20Processes%20The%20Strong%20Force.pdf">Chapter 4 NUCLEAR PROCESSES, THE STRONG FORCE</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121218195010/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20Processes%20The%20Strong%20Force.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, M. Ragheb 1/27/2012, University of Illinois</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pansci.tw/archives/17929">緻密小步舞曲— 重離子對撞，再現宇宙大爆炸</a>. 泛科學. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-03-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402194649/http://pansci.tw/archives/17929">存档</a>于2015-04-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.btitle=%E7%B7%BB%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%8F%E6%AD%A5%E8%88%9E%E6%9B%B2%E2%80%94+%E9%87%8D%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E5%B0%8D%E6%92%9E%EF%BC%8C%E5%86%8D%E7%8F%BE%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E6%B3%9B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpansci.tw%2Farchives%2F17929&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1985" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman, Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/QED%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%89%E5%92%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="QED：光和物質的奇異性">QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter</a>, Princeton University Press: 136, 1985, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-691-08388-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-691-08388-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-691-08388-6</a>, <q>The idiot physicists, unable to come up with any wonderful Greek words anymore, call this type of polarization by the unfortunate name of 'color,' which has nothing to do with color in the normal sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.btitle=QED%3A+The+Strange+Theory+of+Light+and+Matter&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-08388-6&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eps-hepp.web.cern.ch/eps-hepp/hepp-prize-awards.php">The High Energy and Particle Physics Prizes</a>. European Physical Society. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2013]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526132255/http://eps-hepp.web.cern.ch/eps-hepp/hepp-prize-awards.php">存档</a>于2008-05-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.btitle=The+High+Energy+and+Particle+Physics+Prizes&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=European+Physical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feps-hepp.web.cern.ch%2Feps-hepp%2Fhepp-prize-awards.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-一鸿·徐2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-一鸿·徐2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">一鸿·徐. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=mxSJLtQpI4EC&pg=PA150">膨脹的宇宙愛因斯坦的玩具</a>. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 2006: 150–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-4195-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-4195-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-4195-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=%E4%B8%80%E9%B8%BF%C2%B7%E5%BE%90&rft.btitle=%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99+%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%A9%E5%85%B7&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-4195-4&rft.pages=150-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmxSJLtQpI4EC%26pg%3DPA150&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Ross, G. Grand Unified Theories. Westview Press. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-805-36968-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-805-36968-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-805-36968-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.btitle=Grand+Unified+Theories&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-805-36968-7&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">R.P. Feynman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/qedstrangetheory00feyn_202">QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter</a>. Princeton University Press. 1985: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/qedstrangetheory00feyn_202/page/n140">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-691-08388-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-691-08388-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-691-08388-6</a>. <q>The idiot physicists, unable to come up with any wonderful Greek words anymore, call this type of polarization by the unfortunate name of 'color,' which has nothing to do with color in the normal sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=R.P.+Feynman&rft.btitle=QED%3A+The+Strange+Theory+of+Light+and+Matter&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-08388-6&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fqedstrangetheory00feyn_202&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-清凉·林戴念祖2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-清凉·林戴念祖2005_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">清凉·林; 戴念祖. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=fKUZjiE2gkIC&pg=PA141">力學牛頓力學, 彈性、液體和熱力學</a>. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 2005: 141–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-3889-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-3889-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-3889-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=%E6%88%B4%E5%BF%B5%E7%A5%96&rft.au=%E6%B8%85%E5%87%89%C2%B7%E6%9E%97&rft.btitle=%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8+%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%2C+%E5%BD%88%E6%80%A7%E3%80%81%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94%E5%92%8C%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-3889-3&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKUZjiE2gkIC%26pg%3DPA141&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritzsch, op. cite, p. 164. The author states that the force between differently colored quarks remain constant at any distance after they travel only a tiny distance from each other, and is equal to that need to raise one ton, which is 1000 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 = ~10,000 N.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-林清凉2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-林清凉2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">林清凉. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-ETgZY5xS80C&pg=PA464">近代物理原子核物理学简介、基本粒子物理学简介. II</a>. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 2003: 464–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-3227-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-3227-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-3227-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E6%B8%85%E5%87%89&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86+%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B%E3%80%81%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B.+II&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-3227-3&rft.pages=464-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ETgZY5xS80C%26pg%3DPA464&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fritzsch, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarksstuffofmat00frit">Quarks: The Stuff of Matter</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基础书籍出版社" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Basic Books"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基础书籍出版社（页面不存在）">Basic Books</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books" class="extiw" title="en:Basic Books"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Basic Books</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 1983: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarksstuffofmat00frit/page/167">167</a>–168. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-465-06781-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-465-06781-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-465-06781-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Fritzsch&rft.btitle=Quarks%3A+The+Stuff+of+Matter&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06781-7&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Basic+Books%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EBasic+Books%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EBasic+Books%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarksstuffofmat00frit&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WBJlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT172">不可不知的万物简史</a>. 青苹果数据中心. 21 December 2013: 172–. GGKEY:6LWLFHQ8UDF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%87%E7%89%A9%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2013-12-21&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=172-&rft.pub=%E9%9D%92%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBJlAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT172&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web">J.R. Christman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://35.9.69.219/home/modules/pdf_modules/m280.pdf">MISN-0-280: <i>The Strong Interaction</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physnet.org">Project PHYSNET</a>. 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-10-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051016222258/http://35.9.69.219/home/modules/pdf_modules/m280.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2005-10-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.atitle=MISN-0-280%3A+The+Strong+Interaction&rft.au=J.R.+Christman&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.physnet.org+Project+PHYSNET%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F35.9.69.219%2Fhome%2Fmodules%2Fpdf_modules%2Fm280.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">外部链接存在于<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|work=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">D.J. Griffiths. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel0000grif_o7r4">Introduction to Elementary Particles</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%A8%81%E7%AB%8B" title="約翰威立">John Wiley & Sons</a>. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-471-60386-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-471-60386-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-471-60386-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=D.J.+Griffiths&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Elementary+Particles&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-60386-4&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoel0000grif_o7r4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">F. Halzen, A.D. Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarksleptonsint0000fran">Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%A8%81%E7%AB%8B" title="約翰威立">John Wiley & Sons</a>. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-471-88741-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-471-88741-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-471-88741-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=F.+Halzen%2C+A.D.+Martin&rft.btitle=Quarks+and+Leptons%3A+An+Introductory+Course+in+Modern+Particle+Physics&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-88741-2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarksleptonsint0000fran&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">G.L. Kane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernelementary0000kane_h0l3">Modern Elementary Particle Physics</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="珀修斯圖書集團" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Perseus Books"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="珀修斯圖書集團（页面不存在）">Perseus Books</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_Books" class="extiw" title="en:Perseus Books"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Perseus Books</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-201-11749-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-201-11749-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-201-11749-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=G.L.+Kane&rft.btitle=Modern+Elementary+Particle+Physics&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-11749-5&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E7%8F%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Perseus+Books%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EPerseus+Books%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EPerseus+Books%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernelementary0000kane_h0l3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">R. Morris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastsorcererspat0000morr_r6w0">The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约瑟夫·亨利出版社" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joseph Henry Press"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约瑟夫·亨利出版社（页面不存在）">Joseph Henry Press</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Press" class="extiw" title="en:Joseph Henry Press"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joseph Henry Press</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-309-50593-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-309-50593-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-309-50593-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=R.+Morris&rft.btitle=The+Last+Sorcerers%3A+The+Path+from+Alchemy+to+the+Periodic+Table&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-309-50593-3&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Joseph+Henry+Press%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EJoseph+Henry+Press%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EJoseph+Henry+Press%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastsorcererspat0000morr_r6w0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="物理學的基本相互作用" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8A%9B" title="Template:基本力"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8A%9B" title="Template talk:基本力"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8A%9B" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:基本力"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="物理學的基本相互作用" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">物理學的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="基本相互作用">基本相互作用</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">物理力 <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">强相互作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" title="電磁力">電磁相互作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力相互作用</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">輻射 <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="電磁輻射">電磁輻射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E6%B3%A2" title="引力波">重力波</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">假想的力 <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%A7%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="第五种力">第五种力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="第五元素 (物理學)">第五元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3" title="弱引力猜想">弱引力猜想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="幻能量">幻能量</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="粒子物理學" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Template:粒子"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Template talk:粒子"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:粒子"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="粒子物理學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="费米子">费米子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="夸克" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="上夸克">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="上夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">u</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="下夸克">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="下夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">d</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="C夸克">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="C夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">c</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="奇夸克">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="奇夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="頂夸克">t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="頂夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">t</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="底夸克">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="底夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">b</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E5%AD%90" title="輕子">輕子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">e<sup>-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="正電子">e<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E5%AD%90" title="Μ子">μ<sup>-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E5%AD%90" title="Μ子">μ<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E5%AD%90" title="Τ子">τ<sup>-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%CF%84%E5%AD%90" title="反τ子">τ<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="电中微子">ν<sub>e</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9B%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="反電中微子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">v</span><sub>e</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Μ中微子">ν<sub>μ</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Μ中微子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">v</span><sub>μ</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Τ中微子">ν<sub>τ</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Τ中微子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">v</span><sub>τ</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="玻色子">玻色子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="标量玻色子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E9%87%8F%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="标量玻色子">标量玻色子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="希格斯玻色子">H</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="规范玻色子">规范玻色子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E5%8F%8AZ%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="W及Z玻色子">W<sup>±</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E5%8F%8AZ%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="W及Z玻色子">Z<sup>0</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="复合粒子">复合粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%AD%90" title="强子">强子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="重子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90" title="重子">重子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Δ粒子">Δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="反質子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">p</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">n</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="反中子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">n</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AD%90" title="超子">超子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Λ粒子">Λ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Σ粒子">Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9E%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Ξ粒子">Ξ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Ω粒子">Ω</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="介子">介子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">π</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="K介子">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Ρ介子">ρ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Ω介子">ω</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/%CF%88%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="J/ψ介子">J/ψ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Υ介子">ϒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="D介子">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="B介子">B</a></li> <li>未发现介子 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%98%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Θ介子（页面不存在）">θ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T介子（页面不存在）">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="夸克偶素">夸克偶素</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="超原子">超原子</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="奇異原子">奇異原子</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="电子偶素">电子偶素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%B2%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="緲子偶素">緲子偶素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%B7%B2%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="真緲子偶素">真緲子偶素</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="介子偶素" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Onium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介子偶素（页面不存在）">介子偶素</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onium" class="extiw" title="en:Onium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Onium</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="K介子原子">介子原子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%AD%90%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超子原子（页面不存在）">超子原子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%B0%AB" title="反氫">反氫</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介子核（页面不存在）">介子核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%A0%B8" title="超核">超核</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%91%B3%E8%B6%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重味超核（页面不存在）">重味超核</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="离子">离子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E6%83%B3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="假想粒子">假想的基本粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="超對稱粒子">超對稱粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="超規範子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%AD%90" title="超規範子">超規範子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="超膠子">超膠子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="重力微子">超引力子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超光子（页面不存在）">超光子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%8D%B7%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超荷子（页面不存在）">超荷子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%B8%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%AD%90" title="超中性子">超中性子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>其他</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超希格斯粒子（页面不存在）">超希格斯粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%B2%BB%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="超費米子">超費米子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%BB%B8%E5%AD%90" title="超軸子">超軸子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%83%80%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超胀子（页面不存在）">超胀子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E6%84%8F%E5%AD%90" title="任意子">任意子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%80%E5%AD%90" title="胀子">胀子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%AD%90" title="加速子">加速子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90" title="快子">快子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E5%AD%90" title="軸子">A<sup>0</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%90" title="引力子">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8D%95%E6%9E%81%E5%AD%90" title="磁单极子">m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%8F%8AY%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="X及Y玻色子">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%8F%8AY%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="X及Y玻色子">Y</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="W'" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="W′_and_Z′_bosons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W'（页面不存在）">W'</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" class="extiw" title="en:W′ and Z′ bosons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">W′_and_Z′_bosons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Z'" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="W′_and_Z′_bosons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z'（页面不存在）">Z'</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" class="extiw" title="en:W′ and Z′ bosons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">W′_and_Z′_bosons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="普朗克粒子">普朗克粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%BA%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%B3%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="马约拉纳费米子">马约拉纳粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8D%B7%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB-%E6%B3%A2%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%AB%E9%AC%BC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="法捷耶夫-波波夫鬼粒子">鬼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%A0%BC%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%90" title="斯格明子">斯格明子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="惰性中微子">惰性中微子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="大质量弱相互作用粒子">大质量弱相互作用粒子（WIMP）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E6%83%B3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="假想粒子">假想的复合粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" title="奇異強子">奇異強子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="奇異重子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90" title="奇異重子">奇異重子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%85%8B" title="五夸克態">五夸克態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%80%81" title="七夸克态">七夸克态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90" title="R-重子">R-重子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="奇異介子">奇異介子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%80%81" title="四夸克态">四夸克态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%80%81" title="六夸克态">六夸克态</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%85%8B" title="雙重子態">雙重子態</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E7%90%83" title="膠球">膠球</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E6%9D%82%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="混杂态（页面不存在）">混杂态</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="介子分子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mesonic molecule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介子分子（页面不存在）">介子分子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonic_molecule" class="extiw" title="en:Mesonic molecule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mesonic molecule</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A1%E5%AF%86%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坡密子（页面不存在）">坡密子</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奇数子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="odderon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇数子（页面不存在）">奇数子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/odderon" class="extiw" title="en:odderon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">odderon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双夸克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diquark"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双夸克（页面不存在）">双夸克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diquark" class="extiw" title="en:Diquark"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diquark</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="準粒子">準粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="達維多夫孤子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Davydov soliton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%A4%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達維多夫孤子（页面不存在）">達維多夫孤子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davydov_soliton" class="extiw" title="en:Davydov soliton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Davydov soliton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子滴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dropleton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%BB%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子滴（页面不存在）">量子滴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropleton" class="extiw" title="en:Dropleton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dropleton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%AD%90" title="激子">激子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E7%A9%B4" title="空穴">空穴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%8C%AF%E5%AD%90" title="磁振子">磁振子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%90" title="声子">聲子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8D%95%E6%9E%81%E5%AD%90" title="磁单极子">磁单极子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF%E5%AD%90" title="電漿子">電漿子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%90" title="電磁極化子">電磁極化子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%AD%90" title="極子">極子</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旋子_(准粒子)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%8B%E5%AD%90_(%E5%87%86%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旋子 (准粒子)（页面不存在）">旋子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roton" class="extiw" title="en:Roton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="粒子列表">粒子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="奇異原子">奇异原子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="准粒子列表">准粒子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="介子列表">介子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="重子列表">重子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="粒子发现年表">粒子发现年表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">物理学主题</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11415#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11415#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11415#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119927693">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119927693">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4182921-9">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546937005171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh98005979">美国</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02800504X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=强相互作用&oldid=83722698">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=强相互作用&oldid=83722698</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="Category:基本相互作用">基本相互作用</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:量子色動力學">量子色動力學</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:引文格式1错误：外部链接">引文格式1错误：外部链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABSUDOC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目">包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年8月8日 (星期四) 02:25。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-csdqc","wgBackendResponseTime":200,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.532","walltime":"0.672","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1803,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":173142,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":685,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":52713,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 513.241 1 -total"," 27.27% 139.948 1 Template:標準模型"," 25.48% 130.767 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 22.93% 117.709 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.49% 100.050 12 Template:Cite_book"," 15.92% 81.726 2 Template:Navbox"," 11.58% 59.429 1 Template:粒子"," 10.98% 56.354 1 Template:NoteTA"," 9.96% 51.143 1 Template:Authority_control"," 9.38% 48.118 14 Template:Navbox_subgroup"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.308","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4761460,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-59856bd7d8-4sc9j","timestamp":"20241119182036","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11415","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11415","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-30T10:15:10Z","dateModified":"2024-08-08T02:25:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9d\/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg"}</script> </body> </html>