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id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-hans" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-hans" title="我们推荐您登录，但这不是强制性的[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="有关本IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-細節" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#細節"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>细节</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-細節-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关细节子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-細節-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-強相互作用的特性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#強相互作用的特性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>强相互作用的特性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-強相互作用的特性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-殘留強作用力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#殘留強作用力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>残留强作用力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-殘留強作用力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>相关条目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">强相互作用</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。98种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterk_wisselwerking" title="Sterk wisselwerking – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterk wisselwerking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starke_Wechselwirkung" title="Starke Wechselwirkung – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Starke Wechselwirkung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nucleyar_fuerte" title="Interacción nucleyar fuerte – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Interacción nucleyar fuerte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تآثر قوي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تآثر قوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaici%C3%B3n_nuclear_fuerte" title="Interaición nuclear fuerte – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Interaición nuclear fuerte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCcl%C3%BC_qar%C5%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1ql%C4%B1_t%C9%99sir" title="Güclü qarşılıqlı təsir – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Güclü qarşılıqlı təsir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88" title="گوجلو چکیردک گوجو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گوجلو چکیردک گوجو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A9_%D2%AF%D2%99-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8C%D2%AB%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Көслө үҙ-ара тәьҫир итешеү – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көслө үҙ-ара тәьҫир итешеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеянне – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеянне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеяньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеяньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Силно ядрено взаимодействие – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Силно ядрено взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="সবল নিউক্লিয় বল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সবল নিউক্লিয় বল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka_interakcija" title="Jaka interakcija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jaka interakcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_nuclear_forta" title="Força nuclear forta – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Força nuclear forta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2" title="کارلێکی بەھێز – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارلێکی بەھێز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siln%C3%A1_interakce" title="Silná interakce – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Silná interakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D0%B9%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5-%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%C3%A7_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Вăйлă хире-хирĕç вăйăм – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăйлă хире-хирĕç вăйăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyngweithiad_cryf" title="Rhyngweithiad cryf – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyngweithiad cryf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A6rk_kernekraft" title="Stærk kernekraft – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stærk kernekraft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starke_Wechselwirkung" title="Starke Wechselwirkung – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Starke Wechselwirkung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%87%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ισχυρή αλληλεπίδραση – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισχυρή αλληλεπίδραση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Strong interaction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forta_nuklea_forto" title="Forta nuklea forto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Forta nuklea forto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nuclear_fuerte" title="Interacción nuclear fuerte – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interacción nuclear fuerte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugev_vastastikm%C3%B5ju" title="Tugev vastastikmõju – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tugev vastastikmõju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_bortitz" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitz – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C" title="نیروی هسته‌ای قوی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی هسته‌ای قوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahva_vuorovaikutus" title="Vahva vuorovaikutus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vahva vuorovaikutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_forte" title="Interaction forte – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interaction forte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterke_kearnkr%C3%AAft" title="Sterke kearnkrêft – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sterke kearnkrêft" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idirghn%C3%ADomh%C3%BA_l%C3%A1idir" title="Idirghníomhú láidir – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Idirghníomhú láidir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A9raksyon_f%C3%B2" title="Entéraksyon fò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Entéraksyon fò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nuclear_forte" title="Interacción nuclear forte – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Interacción nuclear forte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%96%D7%A7" title="הכוח החזק – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכוח החזק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रबल अन्योन्य क्रिया – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रबल अन्योन्य क्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Strong interaction" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Jaka nuklearna sila – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jaka nuklearna sila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A8raksyon_f%C3%B2" title="Entèraksyon fò – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Entèraksyon fò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C5%91s_k%C3%B6lcs%C3%B6nhat%C3%A1s" title="Erős kölcsönhatás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erős kölcsönhatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A5%D5%B2_%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ուժեղ փոխազդեցություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուժեղ փոխազդեցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_forte" title="Interaction forte – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Interaction forte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_nuklir_kuat" title="Gaya nuklir kuat – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gaya nuklir kuat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_fort" title="Interaction fort – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Interaction fort" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-interago" title="Fort-interago – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fort-interago" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterk_v%C3%ADxlverkun" title="Sterk víxlverkun – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sterk víxlverkun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interazione forte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E3%81%84%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="強い相互作用 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="強い相互作用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrang_intarakshan" title="Chrang intarakshan – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chrang intarakshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ძლიერი ურთიერთქმედება – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძლიერი ურთიერთქმედება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D1%96_%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83" title="Күшті әсерлесу – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күшті әсерлесу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%ED%95%9C_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="강한 상호작용 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강한 상호작용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_fortis" title="Vis fortis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vis fortis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiprioji_s%C4%85veika" title="Stiprioji sąveika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stiprioji sąveika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipr%C4%81_mijiedarb%C4%ABba" title="Stiprā mijiedarbība – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stiprā mijiedarbība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Силно заемодејство – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Силно заемодејство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ശക്ത ന്യൂക്ലിയാർ പ്രവർത്തനം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശക്ത ന്യൂക്ലിയാർ പ്രവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хүчтэй харилцан үйлчлэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүчтэй харилцан үйлчлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_nukleus_kuat" title="Daya nukleus kuat – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daya nukleus kuat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="အားကောင်းစွာ အချင်းချင်းသက်ရောက်မှု – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အားကောင်းစွာ အချင်းချင်းသက်ရောက်မှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starke_Kraft" title="Starke Kraft – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Starke Kraft" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterke_kernkracht" title="Sterke kernkracht – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sterke kernkracht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargekraft" title="Fargekraft – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fargekraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargekraft" title="Fargekraft – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fargekraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2r%C3%A7a_nucleara_f%C3%B2rta" title="Fòrça nucleara fòrta – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fòrça nucleara fòrta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਤਕੜਾ ਮੇਲ-ਜੋਲ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਕੜਾ ਮੇਲ-ਜੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddzia%C5%82ywanie_silne" title="Oddziaływanie silne – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oddziaływanie silne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%DA%91%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="تکڑا میل جول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تکڑا میل جول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="قوي تعامل – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قوي تعامل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_forte" title="Força forte – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Força forte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku_huk%27i_sinchi_micha" title="Iñuku huk'i sinchi micha – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku huk'i sinchi micha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interac%C8%9Biune_tare" title="Interacțiune tare – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Interacțiune tare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сильное взаимодействие – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сильное взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Jaka nuklearna sila – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jaka nuklearna sila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Strong interaction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siln%C3%A1_interakcia_hmotn%C3%BDch_objektov" title="Silná interakcia hmotných objektov – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Silná interakcia hmotných objektov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8Dna_jedrska_sila" title="Močna jedrska sila – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Močna jedrska sila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashk%C3%ABveprimi_i_fort%C3%AB" title="Bashkëveprimi i fortë – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkëveprimi i fortë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јака интеракција – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јака интеракција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_nuklir_kuat" title="Gaya nuklir kuat – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gaya nuklir kuat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark_v%C3%A4xelverkan" title="Stark växelverkan – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stark växelverkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwingiliano_madhubuti" title="Mwingiliano madhubuti – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwingiliano madhubuti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="வலிய இடைவினை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலிய இடைவினை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="బలమైన పరస్పర చర్య – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బలమైన పరస్పర చర్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1" title="อันตรกิริยาอย่างเข้ม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันตรกิริยาอย่างเข้ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaksiyong_malakas" title="Interaksiyong malakas – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Interaksiyong malakas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%A7l%C3%BC_etkile%C5%9Fim" title="Güçlü etkileşim – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güçlü etkileşim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Көчле тәэсир итешү – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көчле тәэсир итешү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Бот-боттарынче күштүг кылдыныг – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бот-боттарынче күштүг кылдыныг" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сильна взаємодія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сильна взаємодія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84" title="قوی تفاعل – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قوی تفاعل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchli_o%27zaro_ta%27sir" title="Kuchli o'zaro ta'sir – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kuchli o'zaro ta'sir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4gev_vastami%C5%BEpaineg" title="Vägev vastamižpaineg – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vägev vastamižpaineg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%C3%A1c_m%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Tương tác mạnh – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tương tác mạnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makusog_nga_pahilabotay" title="Makusog nga pahilabotay – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Makusog nga pahilabotay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="强相互作用 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="强相互作用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="שטארקע קראפט – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטארקע קראפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%B4ng-la%CC%8Dt" title="Kiông-la̍t – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiông-la̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="強相互作用 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="強相互作用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11415#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" rel="discussion" title="有关内容页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" 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id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> 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hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11415" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理学">粒子物理学</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="标准模型">标准模型</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg/240px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg/360px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg/480px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" usemap="#ImageMap_ec293446f11b6eb9" resource="/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_zh-hans.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_ec293446f11b6eb9"><area href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="17,48,59,89" alt="上夸克" title="上夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B2%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="60,48,102,89" alt="粲夸克" title="粲夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B6%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="104,48,145,89" alt="顶夸克" title="顶夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="149,48,190,89" alt="胶子" title="胶子" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="194,48,235,89" alt="希格斯玻色子" title="希格斯玻色子" /><area href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="17,91,59,132" alt="下夸克" title="下夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="60,91,102,132" alt="奇夸克" title="奇夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="104,91,145,132" alt="底夸克" title="底夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="149,91,190,132" alt="光子" title="光子" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="17,137,59,178" alt="电子" title="电子" /><area href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="60,137,102,178" alt="Μ子" title="Μ子" /><area href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="104,137,145,178" alt="Τ子" title="Τ子" /><area href="/wiki/Z%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="149,137,190,178" alt="Z玻色子" title="Z玻色子" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="17,180,59,221" alt="电中微子" title="电中微子" /><area href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="60,180,102,221" alt="Μ中微子" title="Μ中微子" /><area href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="104,180,145,221" alt="Τ中微子" title="Τ中微子" /><area href="/wiki/W%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="149,180,190,221" alt="W玻色子" title="W玻色子" /><area href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" shape="rect" coords="16,8,224,19" alt="标准模型" title="标准模型" /><area href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="17,24,145,38" alt="费米子" title="费米子" /><area href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="149,24,235,38" alt="玻色子" title="玻色子" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" shape="rect" coords="6,93,14,133" alt="夸克" title="夸克" /><area href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="6,176,12,219" alt="轻子" title="轻子" /><area href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E9%87%8F%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="227,92,233,172" alt="标量玻色子" title="标量玻色子" /><area href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="196,143,202,219" alt="规范玻色子" title="规范玻色子" /><area href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_boson" shape="rect" coords="205,165,209,219" alt="en:Vector boson" title="en:Vector boson" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">背景</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理学">粒子物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="量子场论">量子场论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="规范场论">规范场论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%B4%E7%BC%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="自发对称性破缺">自发对称性破缺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6" title="希格斯机制">希格斯机制</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">组成</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="电弱交互作用">电弱相互作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色动力学">量子色动力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E5%8D%9A-%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%97-%E7%9B%8A%E5%B7%9D%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5" title="卡比博-小林-益川矩阵">CKM矩阵</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">组成</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7CP%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="强CP问题">强CP问题</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阶层问题（页面不存在）">阶层问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90%E6%8C%AF%E8%95%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="中微子振荡">中微子振荡</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">理论家</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·费曼">费曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="默里·盖尔曼">盖尔曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%82%E7%94%B0%E6%98%8C%E4%B8%80" title="坂田昌一">坂田昌一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%82%96" class="mw-redirect" title="谢尔登·格拉肖">格拉肖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%8C%A8%E5%A8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="乔治·茨威格">茨威格</a></li> <li><a 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="Template:标准模型"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="Template talk:标准模型"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:标准模型"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helium_atom_QM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/220px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/330px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/440px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>氦原子的原子核，因为残留强相互作用的影响，二个<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="质子">质子</a>虽都带正电，但仍不会互相排斥</figcaption></figure> <p><b>强相互作用</b>（又称<b>强力</b>或<b>强核力</b>）是作用于<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%AD%90" title="强子">强子</a>之间的力，是已知四种<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="基本作用力">基本作用力</a>中最强的，也是作用距离第二短的（大约在 10<sup>-15</sup> m 范围内<sup id="cite_ref-鄭嘉武鄧天德1981_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄭嘉武鄧天德1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，比<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="弱交互作用">弱交互作用</a>的范围大）。另外三种相互作用分别是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁力">电磁力</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>间的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a>就是强相互作用。它抵抗了<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="质子">质子</a>之间的强大的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁力">电磁力</a>，维持了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>的稳定。强相互作用也将<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>基本粒子结合成为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="质子">质子</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>等强子，这也是组成大部份物质的粒子。而且一般质子或中子里，大部份的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E5%83%B9" title="质能等价">质能</a>是以强相互作用场能量的形式存在，夸克只提供了1%的质能。 </p><p>强相互作用可以在二个地方看到：较大的尺度（约1至3<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E7%B1%B3" title="飞米">飞米</a>）下，强相互作用将<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="质子">质子</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>结合成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>，较小的尺度（约0.8飞米，约为核子的尺寸）下，强相互作用将<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>结合，成为质子、中子或其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="强子">强子</a>。强相互作用的作用力非常强，大到束缚一个夸克的能量可以转换为新的夸克对的质量，强相互作用的这个性质称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%81%E9%96%89" title="夸克禁闭">夸克禁闭</a>。 </p><p>强相互作用是唯一强度不会随距离减小的作用力，但因为夸克禁闭，夸克会限制和其他夸克在一起，形成的强子之间会有残留的强相互作用，也称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a>，核力会随距离而迅速减少。撞击原子核释放的部份<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9F%E7%B8%9B%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="束缚能">束缚能</a>和产生的核力有关，而核力也用在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD" class="mw-disambig" title="核能">核能</a>及核融合式的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="核武器">核武器</a>中<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>强相互作用一般认为是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="胶子">胶子</a>传递的<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，胶子会在夸克、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="反夸克">反夸克</a>及其他胶子之间交换。胶子会带有<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7" title="色荷">色荷</a>，色荷和人眼可见的颜色完全没有关系<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，色荷类似<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="电荷">电荷</a>，但色荷有六种（红、绿、蓝、反红、反绿、反蓝），因此会形成不同的力，有不同的规则，在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色动力学">量子色动力学</a>（QCD）中有描述，这也是夸克-胶子交互作用的基础。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E7%A7%80%E5%85%B0" title="吴秀兰">吴秀兰</a>等科学家对胶子发现有很大贡献，因此在1995年获得了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="欧洲物理学会">欧洲物理学会</a>髙能和粒子物理奖<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="大爆炸">大爆炸</a>后，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="电弱时期">电弱时期</a>时，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="电弱交互作用">电弱交互作用</a>和强相互作用分离，统一弱交互作用和电磁交互作用的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BC%B1%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="电弱统一理论">电弱统一理论</a>已经获得实验证实。科学家进一步预期有一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="大统一理论">大统一理论</a>可以统一<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="电弱交互作用">电弱交互作用</a>及强相互作用<sup id="cite_ref-一鸿·徐2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-一鸿·徐2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，现今有许多是大统一理论的理论，第一个是<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%B2%83%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%90%89" title="哈沃德·乔吉">哈沃德·乔吉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%82%96" title="谢尔登·格拉肖">谢尔登·格拉肖</a>于1974年提出了最早的SU(5)大统一理论，但和实验不合，其他的理论有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%BA%A4%E7%BE%A4" title="正交群">SO(10)模型</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="喬吉-格拉肖模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Georgi–Glashow model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AC%E5%90%89-%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%82%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔吉-格拉肖模型（页面不存在）">乔吉-格拉肖模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%E2%80%93Glashow_model" class="extiw" title="en:Georgi–Glashow model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Georgi–Glashow model</span></a></span>）</span></span>，但还没有一个是广为科学家接受，且有实验证实的理论<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且许多大统一理论都预言<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="质子衰变">质子衰变</a>，但目前也还没有实验支持，大统一理论也还是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解决的物理学问题">未解决的物理学问题</a>之一。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_Force_anim_smaller.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Nuclear_Force_anim_smaller.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="337" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>一个质子和中子之间<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a>（残留强相互作用）的动画。小的成对出现的彩色小圆圈是夸克间传递强相互作用的胶子，胶子也可以固定<a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">Π介子</a>中的夸克和反夸克，因此可以在二个强子之间产生残留强相互作用。反夸克的颜色用<a href="/wiki/File:Quark_Anticolours.png" title="File:Quark Anticolours.png">这个图</a>来表示。若要看较大的图，可以看<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Nulcear_Force_anim.gif">这个图</a> </figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概念"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>强相互作用比其他三种基本作用有更大的对称性，也就是说，在强相互作用中有更多的守恒定律。强相互作用不像<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁相互作用">电磁相互作用</a>那样是长程力而是短程力。但是它的力程比<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a>的力程长，约为10<sup>-15</sup> m 。大约等于原子核中核子间的距离。 </p><p>对强相互作用本质的了解长期以来是<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理学">物理学</a>中的难题。人们曾经提出过许多强相互作用的理论，它们取得的成就都很有限。原因之一是理论中没有小参量，因而找不到可靠的近似方法。人们由强子的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="夸克模型">夸克模型</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="规范场">规范场</a>的概念出发提出<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色动力学">量子色动力学</a>。在这个理论中，强相互作用是组成强子的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>之间通过一些称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="胶子">胶子</a>的规范粒子场传递的作用。这个理论有在小距离处作用变弱的性质。它被认为是有希望的强相互作用基本理论。 </p><p>在1970年代以前，科学家不知道核子为何可以被束缚在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>内。当时已经知道原子核是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="质子">质子</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>组成，质子带正电，中子不带电。由于正电荷之间会互相排斥，带正电的质子应该会造成原子核的裂解，但是却没有观测到类似的现象，因此需要有新的物理学说来解释此一现象。 </p><p>为了解释原子核中的质子没有因电磁力互相排斥，反而聚集在一起，科学家开始假设有一种较强的吸引力的存在，这种假想的作用力称为“强作用力”，科学家认为是在质子和中子等<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>之间的基本作用力。 </p><p>后来发现质子和中子都不是基本粒子，都是由更小的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>粒子所组成。最基本作用力是将夸克束缚在质子和中子中的作用力，核子之间的强作用力其实是上述作用力的副作用。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色动力学">量子色动力学</a>解释夸克具有一种称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7" title="色荷">色荷</a>的性质<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，带有不同色荷的夸克因著强相互作用会互相吸引，其中的介质是一种称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="胶子">胶子</a>的粒子。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="細節"><span id=".E7.B4.B0.E7.AF.80"></span>细节</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：细节"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gluon_coupling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gluon_coupling.svg/400px-Gluon_coupling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gluon_coupling.svg/600px-Gluon_coupling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gluon_coupling.svg/800px-Gluon_coupling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>强相互作用的基本耦合方式，从左到右分别是：胶子辐射、胶子分裂及胶子自耦合</figcaption></figure> <p>强相互作用的“强”字，表示若在几个<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E7%B1%B3" title="飞米">飞米</a>或是更短的距离内，强相互作用的强度比其他三种基本作用力都强：其强度约<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" title="电磁力">电磁力</a>的136.82倍、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a>的10<sup>6</sup>倍、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="重力">重力</a>的10<sup>39</sup>倍<sup id="cite_ref-清凉·林戴念祖2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-清凉·林戴念祖2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="強相互作用的特性"><span id=".E5.BC.B7.E7.9B.B8.E4.BA.92.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8.E7.9A.84.E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7"></span>强相互作用的特性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：强相互作用的特性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pn_scatter_pi0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pn_scatter_pi0.png/300px-Pn_scatter_pi0.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pn_scatter_pi0.png/450px-Pn_scatter_pi0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pn_scatter_pi0.png/600px-Pn_scatter_pi0.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="质子">质子</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>绕射的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="费曼图">费曼图</a>，中间产生了<a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">π介子</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pn_scatter_quarks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pn_scatter_quarks.png/300px-Pn_scatter_quarks.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pn_scatter_quarks.png/450px-Pn_scatter_quarks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pn_scatter_quarks.png/600px-Pn_scatter_quarks.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>上述的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="费曼图">费曼图</a>，但标示所有的夸克，表示强作用力运作的方式。其中的直线是夸克，而由几个不同颜色圆形组合，类似橡皮筋绳的是<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="胶子">胶子</a>，其他在质子、中子<a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">π介子</a>中固定的胶子省略不画出</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色动力学">量子色动力学</a>（QCD）是现代对强相互作用的描述，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理学">粒子物理学</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="标准模型">标准模型</a>的一部份。在数学上，量子色动力学是非阿贝尔群的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="规范场论">规范场论</a>，以称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%85%89%E7%BE%A4" title="特殊酉群">SU(3)</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E7%BE%A4" title="空间对称群">空间对称群</a>为其基础。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>中，只有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="胶子">胶子</a>会带著不会消失的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7" title="色荷">色荷</a>，因此基本粒子中也只有这两种会参与强相互作用，其作用的强度是依强相互作用<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="耦合常数">耦合常数</a>来决定，强度会被粒子的色荷所调整，这是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="群论">群论</a>中的性质。 </p><p>强相互作用和其他基本作用力不同，随著距离的增加，强相互作用的强度不会降低。在超过一定距离（约<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="强子">强子</a>的大小）后，即使夸克之间距离多远，其强度仍有约10,000<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛顿">牛顿</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在量子色动力学中这称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%81%E9%96%89" title="夸克禁闭">夸克禁闭</a><sup id="cite_ref-林清凉2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-林清凉2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，因此只观察到由夸克组合成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="强子">强子</a>，无法观察到单独存在的夸克。其解释是10,000<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛顿">牛顿</a>的力（约是在地球表面一<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="吨">吨</a>物质的重量），所作的功在短距离的作用下就可以足以产生夸克-反夸克对。简单来说，拉住二个夸克的力产生了一对新的夸克，这二个新的夸克和分别和原来的夸克形成夸克对。所有实验都无法找到自由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>的结果也可以证实这种观点。 </p><p>基本夸克和胶子粒子的作用无法直接观测到，不过可以由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a>中，当能量冲击夸克-夸克键结，或当质子中的夸克被另一个（在中子中）高速的夸克撞击时，产生的强子得知。 </p><p>任一个夸克和宇宙中大多数夸克的作用力都不会像以上所述，强度不随距离而减少，原因是因为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%81%E9%96%89" title="夸克禁闭">夸克禁闭</a>的影响，在一段距离以外只能看到成群的夸克，而成群夸克（即<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="强子">强子</a>）的色荷会互相抵消，因此和几乎没有色荷相同。而强子和强子之间几乎没有强相互作用，但因为色荷的相消并不完全，会有残馀的强相互作用，称为残馀强相互作用，而残馀强相互作用会随著距离而减少，因此在一定距离以外，其作用效果类似“无色荷”的重子，因此称为“强核力”也称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="殘留強作用力"><span id=".E6.AE.98.E7.95.99.E5.BC.B7.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8.E5.8A.9B"></span>残留强作用力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：残留强作用力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>残留强作用力的效果称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a>，核力会在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="强子">强子</a>之间作用，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="介子">介子</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>。残留强作用力会传递胶子，形成<a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">π介子</a>及<a href="/wiki/%CE%A1%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Ρ介子">ρ介子</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="介子">介子</a>，这些介子会在核子之间传递核力。 </p><p>残留强作用力是将夸克束缚为质子及中子强作用力的残留量，因为质子和中子几乎是无色荷的，因此其作用力比束缚夸克的作用力小很多，就像中性原子之间的电磁力（<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%BE%97%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="凡得瓦力">凡得瓦力</a>）也比原子核和电子之间的电磁力小很多<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>残留强作用力和强作用力本身不同，强作用力不会随距离增加而变小，但残留强作用力会随距离的增加而快速减小。其减小的趋势接近距离的负<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="指数">指数</a>，不过没有简单的表示式（参照<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="湯川勢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yukawa potential"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E5%B7%9D%E5%8A%BF" title="汤川势">汤川势</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukawa_potential" class="extiw" title="en:Yukawa potential"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yukawa potential</span></a></span>）</span></span>）。因为上述事实，再加上质子之间的排斥力随距离不会那么快下降，造成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">原子序数</a>大于82（<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="铅">铅</a>）所有原子核的不稳定<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相关条目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：相关条目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%83%BD" title="核结合能">核结合能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7" title="色荷">色荷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="耦合常数">耦合常数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="QCD物質" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="QCD matter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=QCD%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QCD物质（页面不存在）">QCD物质</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCD_matter" class="extiw" title="en:QCD matter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">QCD matter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="量子场论">量子场论</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="规范场论">规范场论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="标准模型">标准模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁力">电磁力</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="重力">重力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" title="分子间作用力">分子间作用力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E5%B7%9D%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88" title="汤川耦合">汤川耦合</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-鄭嘉武鄧天德1981-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-鄭嘉武鄧天德1981_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">郑嘉武; 邓天德. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=L1i9AAAAIAAJ">自然科學論集</a>. 中国文化大学出版部. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=%E9%84%A7%E5%A4%A9%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=%E9%84%AD%E5%98%89%E6%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E9%83%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1i9AAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">on Binding energy: see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furryelephant.com/content/radioactivity/binding-energy-mass-defect/">Binding Energy, Mass Defect</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170618092355/http://www.furryelephant.com/content/radioactivity/binding-energy-mass-defect/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Furry Elephant physics educational site, retr 2012 7 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">on Binding energy: see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20Processes%20The%20Strong%20Force.pdf">Chapter 4 NUCLEAR PROCESSES, THE STRONG FORCE</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121218195010/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20Processes%20The%20Strong%20Force.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, M. Ragheb 1/27/2012, University of Illinois</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pansci.tw/archives/17929">緻密小步舞曲— 重離子對撞，再現宇宙大爆炸</a>. 泛科学. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-03-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402194649/http://pansci.tw/archives/17929">存档</a>于2015-04-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.btitle=%E7%B7%BB%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%8F%E6%AD%A5%E8%88%9E%E6%9B%B2%E2%80%94+%E9%87%8D%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E5%B0%8D%E6%92%9E%EF%BC%8C%E5%86%8D%E7%8F%BE%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E6%B3%9B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpansci.tw%2Farchives%2F17929&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1985" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman, Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/QED%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%89%E5%92%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="QED：光和物質的奇異性">QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter</a>, Princeton University Press: 136, 1985, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-691-08388-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-691-08388-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-691-08388-6</a>, <q>The idiot physicists, unable to come up with any wonderful Greek words anymore, call this type of polarization by the unfortunate name of 'color,' which has nothing to do with color in the normal sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.btitle=QED%3A+The+Strange+Theory+of+Light+and+Matter&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-08388-6&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eps-hepp.web.cern.ch/eps-hepp/hepp-prize-awards.php">The High Energy and Particle Physics Prizes</a>. European Physical Society. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2013]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526132255/http://eps-hepp.web.cern.ch/eps-hepp/hepp-prize-awards.php">存档</a>于2008-05-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.btitle=The+High+Energy+and+Particle+Physics+Prizes&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=European+Physical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feps-hepp.web.cern.ch%2Feps-hepp%2Fhepp-prize-awards.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-一鸿·徐2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-一鸿·徐2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">一鸿·徐. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=mxSJLtQpI4EC&pg=PA150">膨脹的宇宙愛因斯坦的玩具</a>. 五南图书出版股份有限公司. 2006: 150–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-4195-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-4195-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-4195-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=%E4%B8%80%E9%B8%BF%C2%B7%E5%BE%90&rft.btitle=%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99+%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%A9%E5%85%B7&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-4195-4&rft.pages=150-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmxSJLtQpI4EC%26pg%3DPA150&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Ross, G. Grand Unified Theories. Westview Press. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-805-36968-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-805-36968-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-805-36968-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.btitle=Grand+Unified+Theories&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-805-36968-7&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">R.P. Feynman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/qedstrangetheory00feyn_202">QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter</a>. Princeton University Press. 1985: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/qedstrangetheory00feyn_202/page/n140">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-691-08388-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-691-08388-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-691-08388-6</a>. <q>The idiot physicists, unable to come up with any wonderful Greek words anymore, call this type of polarization by the unfortunate name of 'color,' which has nothing to do with color in the normal sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=R.P.+Feynman&rft.btitle=QED%3A+The+Strange+Theory+of+Light+and+Matter&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-08388-6&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fqedstrangetheory00feyn_202&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-清凉·林戴念祖2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-清凉·林戴念祖2005_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">清凉·林; 戴念祖. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=fKUZjiE2gkIC&pg=PA141">力學牛頓力學, 彈性、液體和熱力學</a>. 五南图书出版股份有限公司. 2005: 141–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-3889-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-3889-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-3889-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=%E6%88%B4%E5%BF%B5%E7%A5%96&rft.au=%E6%B8%85%E5%87%89%C2%B7%E6%9E%97&rft.btitle=%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8+%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%2C+%E5%BD%88%E6%80%A7%E3%80%81%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94%E5%92%8C%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-3889-3&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKUZjiE2gkIC%26pg%3DPA141&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritzsch, op. cite, p. 164. The author states that the force between differently colored quarks remain constant at any distance after they travel only a tiny distance from each other, and is equal to that need to raise one ton, which is 1000 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 = ~10,000 N.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-林清凉2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-林清凉2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">林清凉. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-ETgZY5xS80C&pg=PA464">近代物理原子核物理学简介、基本粒子物理学简介. II</a>. 五南图书出版股份有限公司. 2003: 464–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-3227-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-3227-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-3227-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E6%B8%85%E5%87%89&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86+%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B%E3%80%81%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B.+II&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-3227-3&rft.pages=464-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ETgZY5xS80C%26pg%3DPA464&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fritzsch, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarksstuffofmat00frit">Quarks: The Stuff of Matter</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基础书籍出版社" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Basic Books"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基础书籍出版社（页面不存在）">Basic Books</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books" class="extiw" title="en:Basic Books"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Basic Books</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 1983: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarksstuffofmat00frit/page/167">167</a>–168. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-465-06781-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-465-06781-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-465-06781-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Fritzsch&rft.btitle=Quarks%3A+The+Stuff+of+Matter&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06781-7&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Basic+Books%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EBasic+Books%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EBasic+Books%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarksstuffofmat00frit&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WBJlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT172">不可不知的万物简史</a>. 青苹果数据中心. 21 December 2013: 172–. GGKEY:6LWLFHQ8UDF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%87%E7%89%A9%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2013-12-21&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=172-&rft.pub=%E9%9D%92%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBJlAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT172&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web">J.R. Christman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://35.9.69.219/home/modules/pdf_modules/m280.pdf">MISN-0-280: <i>The Strong Interaction</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physnet.org">Project PHYSNET</a>. 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-10-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051016222258/http://35.9.69.219/home/modules/pdf_modules/m280.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2005-10-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.atitle=MISN-0-280%3A+The+Strong+Interaction&rft.au=J.R.+Christman&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.physnet.org+Project+PHYSNET%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F35.9.69.219%2Fhome%2Fmodules%2Fpdf_modules%2Fm280.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">外部链接存在于<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|work=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">D.J. Griffiths. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel0000grif_o7r4">Introduction to Elementary Particles</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%A8%81%E7%AB%8B" title="约翰威立">John Wiley & Sons</a>. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-471-60386-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-471-60386-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-471-60386-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=D.J.+Griffiths&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Elementary+Particles&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-60386-4&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoel0000grif_o7r4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">F. Halzen, A.D. Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarksleptonsint0000fran">Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%A8%81%E7%AB%8B" title="约翰威立">John Wiley & Sons</a>. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-471-88741-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-471-88741-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-471-88741-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=F.+Halzen%2C+A.D.+Martin&rft.btitle=Quarks+and+Leptons%3A+An+Introductory+Course+in+Modern+Particle+Physics&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-88741-2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarksleptonsint0000fran&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">G.L. Kane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernelementary0000kane_h0l3">Modern Elementary Particle Physics</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="珀修斯圖書集團" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Perseus Books"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="珀修斯图书集团（页面不存在）">Perseus Books</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_Books" class="extiw" title="en:Perseus Books"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Perseus Books</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-201-11749-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-201-11749-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-201-11749-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=G.L.+Kane&rft.btitle=Modern+Elementary+Particle+Physics&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-11749-5&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E7%8F%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Perseus+Books%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EPerseus+Books%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EPerseus+Books%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernelementary0000kane_h0l3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">R. Morris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastsorcererspat0000morr_r6w0">The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约瑟夫·亨利出版社" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joseph Henry Press"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约瑟夫·亨利出版社（页面不存在）">Joseph Henry Press</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Press" class="extiw" title="en:Joseph Henry Press"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joseph Henry Press</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-309-50593-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-309-50593-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-309-50593-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=R.+Morris&rft.btitle=The+Last+Sorcerers%3A+The+Path+from+Alchemy+to+the+Periodic+Table&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-309-50593-3&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Joseph+Henry+Press%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EJoseph+Henry+Press%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EJoseph+Henry+Press%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastsorcererspat0000morr_r6w0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="物理學的基本相互作用" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div 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href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" title="电磁力">电磁相互作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力相互作用</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">辐射 <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="电磁辐射">电磁辐射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E6%B3%A2" title="引力波">重力波</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">假想的力 <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%A7%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="第五种力">第五种力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="第五元素 (物理学)">第五元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3" title="弱引力猜想">弱引力猜想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="幻能量">幻能量</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="粒子物理學" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Template:粒子"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Template talk:粒子"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:粒子"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="粒子物理學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理学">粒子物理学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="费米子">费米子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="夸克" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="上夸克">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="上夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">u</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="下夸克">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="下夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">d</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="C夸克">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="C夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">c</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="奇夸克">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="奇夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="顶夸克">t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="顶夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">t</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="底夸克">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="底夸克"><span style="text-decoration: overline">b</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E5%AD%90" title="轻子">轻子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">e<sup>-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="正电子">e<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E5%AD%90" title="Μ子">μ<sup>-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E5%AD%90" title="Μ子">μ<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E5%AD%90" title="Τ子">τ<sup>-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%CF%84%E5%AD%90" title="反τ子">τ<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="电中微子">ν<sub>e</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9B%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="反电中微子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">v</span><sub>e</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Μ中微子">ν<sub>μ</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Μ中微子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">v</span><sub>μ</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Τ中微子">ν<sub>τ</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Τ中微子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">v</span><sub>τ</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="玻色子">玻色子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="标量玻色子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E9%87%8F%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="标量玻色子">标量玻色子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="希格斯玻色子">H</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="规范玻色子">规范玻色子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="胶子">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E5%8F%8AZ%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="W及Z玻色子">W<sup>±</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E5%8F%8AZ%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="W及Z玻色子">Z<sup>0</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="复合粒子">复合粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%AD%90" title="强子">强子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="重子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90" title="重子">重子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Δ粒子">Δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="质子">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="反质子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">p</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">n</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="反中子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">n</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AD%90" title="超子">超子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Λ粒子">Λ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Σ粒子">Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9E%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Ξ粒子">Ξ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Ω粒子">Ω</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="介子">介子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">π</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="K介子">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Ρ介子">ρ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Ω介子">ω</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/%CF%88%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="J/ψ介子">J/ψ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Υ介子">ϒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="D介子">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="B介子">B</a></li> <li>未发现介子 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%98%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Θ介子（页面不存在）">θ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T介子（页面不存在）">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="夸克偶素">夸克偶素</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="超原子">超原子</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="奇异原子">奇异原子</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="电子偶素">电子偶素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%B2%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="缈子偶素">缈子偶素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%B7%B2%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="真缈子偶素">真缈子偶素</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="介子偶素" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Onium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介子偶素（页面不存在）">介子偶素</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onium" class="extiw" title="en:Onium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Onium</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="K介子原子">介子原子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%AD%90%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超子原子（页面不存在）">超子原子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%B0%AB" title="反氢">反氢</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介子核（页面不存在）">介子核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%A0%B8" title="超核">超核</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%91%B3%E8%B6%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重味超核（页面不存在）">重味超核</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="离子">离子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E6%83%B3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="假想粒子">假想的基本粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="超对称粒子">超对称粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="超規範子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%AD%90" title="超规范子">超规范子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="超胶子">超胶子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="重力微子">超引力子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超光子（页面不存在）">超光子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%8D%B7%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超荷子（页面不存在）">超荷子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%B8%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%AD%90" title="超中性子">超中性子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>其他</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超希格斯粒子（页面不存在）">超希格斯粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%B2%BB%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="超费米子">超费米子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%BB%B8%E5%AD%90" title="超轴子">超轴子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%83%80%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超胀子（页面不存在）">超胀子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E6%84%8F%E5%AD%90" title="任意子">任意子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%80%E5%AD%90" title="胀子">胀子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%AD%90" title="加速子">加速子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90" title="快子">快子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E5%AD%90" title="轴子">A<sup>0</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%90" title="引力子">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8D%95%E6%9E%81%E5%AD%90" title="磁单极子">m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%8F%8AY%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="X及Y玻色子">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%8F%8AY%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="X及Y玻色子">Y</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="W'" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="W′_and_Z′_bosons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W'（页面不存在）">W'</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" class="extiw" title="en:W′ and Z′ bosons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">W′_and_Z′_bosons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Z'" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="W′_and_Z′_bosons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z'（页面不存在）">Z'</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" class="extiw" title="en:W′ and Z′ bosons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">W′_and_Z′_bosons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="普朗克粒子">普朗克粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%BA%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%B3%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="马约拉纳费米子">马约拉纳粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8D%B7%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB-%E6%B3%A2%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%AB%E9%AC%BC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="法捷耶夫-波波夫鬼粒子">鬼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%A0%BC%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%90" title="斯格明子">斯格明子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="惰性中微子">惰性中微子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="大质量弱相互作用粒子">大质量弱相互作用粒子（WIMP）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E6%83%B3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="假想粒子">假想的复合粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" title="奇异强子">奇异强子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="奇異重子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90" title="奇异重子">奇异重子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%85%8B" title="五夸克态">五夸克态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%80%81" title="七夸克态">七夸克态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90" title="R-重子">R-重子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="奇异介子">奇异介子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%80%81" title="四夸克态">四夸克态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%80%81" title="六夸克态">六夸克态</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%85%8B" title="双重子态">双重子态</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E7%90%83" title="胶球">胶球</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E6%9D%82%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="混杂态（页面不存在）">混杂态</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="介子分子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mesonic molecule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介子分子（页面不存在）">介子分子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonic_molecule" class="extiw" title="en:Mesonic molecule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mesonic molecule</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A1%E5%AF%86%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坡密子（页面不存在）">坡密子</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奇数子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="odderon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇数子（页面不存在）">奇数子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/odderon" class="extiw" title="en:odderon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">odderon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双夸克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diquark"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双夸克（页面不存在）">双夸克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diquark" class="extiw" title="en:Diquark"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diquark</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="准粒子">准粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="達維多夫孤子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Davydov soliton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%A4%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达维多夫孤子（页面不存在）">达维多夫孤子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davydov_soliton" class="extiw" title="en:Davydov soliton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Davydov soliton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子滴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dropleton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%BB%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子滴（页面不存在）">量子滴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropleton" class="extiw" title="en:Dropleton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dropleton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%AD%90" title="激子">激子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E7%A9%B4" title="空穴">空穴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%8C%AF%E5%AD%90" title="磁振子">磁振子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%90" title="声子">声子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8D%95%E6%9E%81%E5%AD%90" title="磁单极子">磁单极子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF%E5%AD%90" title="电浆子">电浆子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%90" title="电磁极化子">电磁极化子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%AD%90" title="极子">极子</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旋子_(准粒子)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%8B%E5%AD%90_(%E5%87%86%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旋子 (准粒子)（页面不存在）">旋子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roton" class="extiw" title="en:Roton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="粒子列表">粒子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="奇异原子">奇异原子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="准粒子列表">准粒子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="介子列表">介子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="重子列表">重子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="粒子发现年表">粒子发现年表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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