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class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span><span><i>Himmelbett</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Himmelbett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>German casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chronology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-November_1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#November_1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>November 1943</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November_1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>December 1943</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-January_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>January 1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-February_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#February_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>February 1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-February_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>March 1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-title="معركة برلين (حملة سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_a%C3%A9rienne_de_Berlin" title="Bataille aérienne de Berlin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille aérienne de Berlin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%BC%EB%A6%B0_%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%84" title="베를린 항공전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베를린 항공전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Berlin_(udara)" title="Pertempuran Berlin (udara) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Berlin (udara)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_aerea_di_Berlino" title="Battaglia aerea di Berlino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia aerea di Berlino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powietrzna_bitwa_o_Berlin" title="Powietrzna bitwa o Berlin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powietrzna bitwa o Berlin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_a%C3%A9rea_de_Berlim" title="Batalha aérea de Berlim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha aérea de Berlim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Berlinit_(Bombardimet_Ajrore)" title="Beteja e Berlinit (Bombardimet Ajrore) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Berlinit (Bombardimet Ajrore)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)" title="Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3)" title="ยุทธเวหาที่เบอร์ลิน (การทัพของกองทัพอากาศสหราชอาณาจักร) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธเวหาที่เบอร์ลิน (การทัพของกองทัพอากาศสหราชอาณาจักร)" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&params=52_31_N_13_25_E_source:kolossus-itwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°31′N</span> <span class="longitude">13°25′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.517°N 13.417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.517; 13.417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bomber attacks, 1943–44, WWII</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the last major offensive during World War II by the Red Army that occurred in 1945, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Berlin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">bombing of Berlin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing of Germany during World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche1.JPG/250px-Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche1.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche1.JPG/375px-Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche1.JPG/500px-Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="2539" /></a></span><br />The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Memorial_Church" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church">Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church</a> which was hit on 23 November 1943</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18 November 1943 – 31 March 1944</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&params=52_31_N_13_25_E_source:kolossus-itwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°31′N</span> <span class="longitude">13°25′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.517°N 13.417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.517; 13.417</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> German victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li><li><span data-sort-value="New Zealand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Poland</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur Harris</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b>Bomber Command</b></li> <li>2,690 crew killed</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,000</span> POW</li> <li>500 aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakman2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakman2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (5.8 per cent loss rate)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4,000</span> killed</li> <li>10,000 injured</li> <li>450,000 homeless</li> <li>256 <a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">night fighters</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooton1999262_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999262-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Battle of Berlin</b> (November 1943 to March 1944) was a bombing campaign against <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> by British <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a>, along with raids on other German cities to keep German defences dispersed, and which was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">bombing of Berlin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing of Germany in World War II</a>. Air Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur Harris</a>, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C) Bomber Command, believed that "we can wreck Berlin from end to end if the USAAF come in with us. It will cost us between 400 and 500 aircraft. It will cost Germany the war".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1999309Grayling200662_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1999309Grayling200662-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harris could expect about 800 serviceable heavy bombers for each raid, equipped with new and sophisticated navigational devices such as <a href="/wiki/H2S_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="H2S radar">H2S radar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> (USAAF), having recently lost many aircraft in attacks on <a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt#World_War_II" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a>, did not participate. The Main Force of Bomber Command attacked Berlin sixteen times but failed in its object of inflicting a decisive defeat on Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> lost more than 7,000 aircrew and 1,047 bombers, (5.1 per cent of the sorties flown); a further 1,682 aircraft were damaged or written off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2007216Kitchen1990136_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2007216Kitchen1990136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 March 1944, Bomber Command attacked <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> with 795 aircraft, 94 of which were shot down and 71 were damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings1979261_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1979261-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/1st_Fighter_Corps_(Germany)" title="1st Fighter Corps (Germany)">I. Jagdkorps</a></i></span> recorded the loss of 256 <a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">night fighters</a> from November 1943 to March 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooton1999262_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999262-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> retaliated with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Unternehmen_Steinbock" class="mw-redirect" title="Unternehmen Steinbock">Unternehmen Steinbock</a></i></span> (Operation Capricorn) against <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and other British cities from January to May 1944. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> managed to assemble a force of 524 bombers but <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Steinbock</i></span> caused little damage for the loss of 329 aircraft, a greater percentage loss per raid and in total than that suffered by Bomber Command over Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsley1994414–415_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley1994414–415-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were many other air <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">raids on Berlin</a> by the RAF, the US <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a> and Soviet bombers. The RAF was granted a <a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">battle honour</a> for the bombardment of Berlin by aircraft of Bomber Command from 1940 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF2004Battle_Honours_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF2004Battle_Honours-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bomber_Command">Bomber Command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bomber Command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Butt_Report" title="Butt Report">Butt Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing directive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a></div> <p>In 1942 some answers to the chronic problems of night navigation and target finding began to emerge but the number of bombers had stagnated. In November 1941 Bomber Command had a daily average of 506 bombers available and in January 1943 the average was 515. To carry out the <a href="/wiki/Thousand-bomber_raids" title="Thousand-bomber raids">thousand-bomber raids</a>, Bomber Command drew on crews and aircraft from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_Operational_Training_Units" title="List of Royal Air Force Operational Training Units">Operational Training Units</a>, a practice that could only be resorted to on rare occasions because of its disruption of the training system. Navigation had been helped by the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Gee_(navigation)" title="Gee (navigation)">Gee</a> but this device lacked accuracy for bombing through the dark and smog of the Ruhr, lacked range and from 4 August 1942 the Germans began to <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jam</a> the device.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196190–91_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196190–91-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathfinder Force">Pathfinder Force</a> (PFF) was established on 15 August 1942 but with Gee jammed and no <a href="/wiki/Target_indicator" title="Target indicator">target indicator</a> bombs to mark the aiming point for the rest of the bombers (the Main Force), the task of the PFF varied from thankless to impossible. Despite its problems, Bomber Command had been able to achieve some spectacular results but these had been isolated events and due to favourable circumstances as well as judgement. The loss of 1,404 aircraft and 2,724 damaged to German night defences of increasing quantity and quality, especially German <a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">night fighters</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nachtjäger</i></span>) had become a serious threat to the viability of the command and of strategic bombing as a theory of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196190–91_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196190–91-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942 Bomber Command had created 19 new squadrons but 13 had been transferred to other commands. The quantity of aircraft had barely increased but a big improvement in quality had been achieved. <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Bristol Blenheim</a> light bombers and <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Armstrong Whitworth Whitley</a> medium bombers had been retired from the command in mid-1942, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Handley Page Hampden</a> medium bomber in September. The disappointments of the <a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Short Stirling</a> and the early <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Handley Page Halifax</a> variants and the fiasco of the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Manchester" title="Avro Manchester">Avro Manchester</a>, withdrawn in June 1942, was balanced by the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a>, which made its operational début in March and demonstrated its superiority over all other bombers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd197870,_74,_116_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd197870,_74,_116-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Re-equipment with new types of aircraft led to an average of 16.36 per cent of Bomber Command squadrons withdrawn from operations for conversion onto new aircraft in 1942, against 3.3 per cent in 1943. On 1 January 1942 the command had 48 squadrons, 9 with heavy bombers, 34 with medium and five with light bombers (Blenheims). On 1 January 1943, there were 49 squadrons, 32 heavy, 11 medium and six light (<a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a>). The command had flown 30,508 operational sorties in 1941 and dropped 31,646 long tons (32,154 t) of bombs, in 1942 it dropped 45,501 long tons (46,231 t) from 29,929 sorties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196192–93_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196192–93-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gee">Gee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gee_(navigation)#Gee" title="Gee (navigation)">Gee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J_M_Briscoe24_07_200713_05_14IMG2104_GEE_AIRBORNE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/J_M_Briscoe24_07_200713_05_14IMG2104_GEE_AIRBORNE.JPG/220px-J_M_Briscoe24_07_200713_05_14IMG2104_GEE_AIRBORNE.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/J_M_Briscoe24_07_200713_05_14IMG2104_GEE_AIRBORNE.JPG/330px-J_M_Briscoe24_07_200713_05_14IMG2104_GEE_AIRBORNE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/J_M_Briscoe24_07_200713_05_14IMG2104_GEE_AIRBORNE.JPG/440px-J_M_Briscoe24_07_200713_05_14IMG2104_GEE_AIRBORNE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">GEE airborne equipment, with the R1355 receiver on the left and the Indicator Unit Type 62A on the right.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Gee worked by wireless signals transmitted from three ground stations in England, on a line about 200 mi (320 km) long, being displayed on a cathode ray tube to the navigator and placed on a Gee chart, giving a fix of the aircraft's position in less than a minute. Accuracy varied from 0.5 to 5 mi (0.80 to 8.05 km) and Gee had a range of 300–400 mi (480–640 km), accuracy falling with distance. Gee worked well as a homing device but early hopes of it being accurate enough for blind bombing were not realised. Crews appreciated the value of the apparatus for navigation on the return journey, removing the fear of flying into hills and other obstructions. By August 1942, 80 per cent of the bomber force was equipped and 100 per cent by January 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland20064–6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland20064–6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coverage of the Ruhr was known as the eastern chain and later northern and southern chains were added. Gee was usually ineffective east of the Ruhr and was easy to jam, which began on 4 August 1942, from when Gee fixes were only obtainable over the North Sea and parts of France. Gees loss of accuracy with distance made it a better target-finding device for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> raiders over Britain. The signals were encoded to prevent German use but this made it harder for Bomber Command navigators to get Gee fixes. Anti-jamming devices were short-lived in effectiveness as the Germans quickly overcame them but Gee Mk II was easier for navigators to use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland20064–6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland20064–6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oboe">Oboe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oboe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oboe_(navigation)#Oboe" title="Oboe (navigation)">Oboe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oboe_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oboe_illustration.jpg/220px-Oboe_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oboe_illustration.jpg/330px-Oboe_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oboe_illustration.jpg/440px-Oboe_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Diagram of the operation of the Oboe system</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Oboe was a blind-bombing device controlled by two ground stations in England which measured the distance of an aircraft from them with radar pulses. Cat tracked the aircraft over the target and Mouse calculated the point on the track where the aircraft should bomb. Oboe transmissions did not follow the <a href="/wiki/Curvature_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Curvature of the Earth">curvature of the Earth</a>, making the altitude of the aircraft the determinant of range. An aircraft flying at 28,000 ft (8,500 m) could receive Oboe transmissions at about 270 mi (430 km), enough to mark targets in the Ruhr, which led to the device being installed in fast, high-flying Mosquito bombers, which usually navigated with the usual aids until beginning an Oboe run about 10 mi (16 km) from the target. Use of the Mosquito made an Oboe run safer, even when no evasive action could be taken before bombing. Accuracy was measured in hundreds of yards which increased with greater experience of the aircrews and ground operators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland19617–8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland19617–8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oboe could be jammed and suffer interference from <a href="/wiki/Monica_(radar)" title="Monica (radar)">Monica</a> and other Bomber Command devices. Oboe Mk I operated on a frequency of 1.5 metres, K Oboe was in general use from mid-June 1943 and was free from jamming. Centimetric Oboe Mk II and Mk III retained the effectiveness of Oboe until the end of the war but are beyond the scope of this article; rushing Oboe Mk I into service delayed Mk II but jamming did not begin until August 1943. Cat and Mouse stations could handle only one aircraft at a time and a marking run took ten minutes, allowing six bomb- or marker-runs per hour. The illumination from a Target Indicator bomb usually lasted for six minutes, guaranteeing four-minute gaps in marking. A failed marking run increased the gap to fourteen minutes. The introduction of multi-channel control and more ground stations eventually increased the concentration of Oboe marking. From the introduction of Oboe in December 1942 until the end of the war, Oboe aircraft made 9,624 sorties on 1,797 raids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland19618–10_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland19618–10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1943, for the first time since day bombing was abandoned in 1940, Bomber Command was released from the constraints occasioned by the adoption of night bombing. The tactical use of the new devices was developed quickly but the new equipment had limitations. Oboe had a range which was little beyond the Ruhr and research on repeater aircraft to extend its range was stopped because H2S was expected to be a better system and only a few aircraft could use the device simultaneously; although Oboe had the potential for a vast improvement in target finding, it was not of pinpoint accuracy. H2S could be installed on any aircraft but was complicated, difficult to use and emitted radiation which could be detected, paradoxically exposing the aircraft to interception. Gee remained useful as a means of navigation on return journeys but required development to overcome German jamming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196193–95_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196193–95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Target_Indicator_bomb">Target Indicator bomb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Target Indicator bomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Target_indicator" title="Target indicator">Target indicator</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin-Moabit,_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1942-1945_C4925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Berlin-Moabit%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945_C4925.jpg/220px-Berlin-Moabit%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945_C4925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Berlin-Moabit%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945_C4925.jpg/330px-Berlin-Moabit%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945_C4925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Berlin-Moabit%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945_C4925.jpg/440px-Berlin-Moabit%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945_C4925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">German searchlights and a Target Indicator (on the right) light up Berlin</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Target Indicator bomb (TI) was an aerodynamic metal case which ejected coloured pyrotechnic candles at a set height by a barometric fuze. If set to ignite immediately they made a cascade. When sky marking, the candles were on parachutes and if fuzed for ground burst, they created a pool of coloured fire. The usual 250 lb (110 kg) TI covered an area on the ground of about 100 yd (91 m) and a ground burst TI contained some candles which were explosive, to deter attempts to extinguish them. The TI was introduced on the night of 16/17 January 1943 and was a great success, making pathfinding a practical operation of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196136_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196136-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="H2S">H2S</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: H2S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/H2S_(radar)#H2S" title="H2S (radar)">H2S</a></div> <p>H2S was a device for navigation and blind bombing by radar. The emissions of the radar were reflected and received as echoes which were distinctive of the earth below. Built-up areas returned echoes different from fields and forests, land echoes could be distinguished from the sea and sea echoes from those of a ship. The radar had a scanner which swept vertically and the echoes were detected by a receiver and displayed on a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a>, with a sweep rotating at the same speed as the scanner, giving an impression of the earth below. The contrast between water and land made coasts, lakes and rivers particularly recognisable. Towns also stood out and sometimes railway lines, from which the navigator could determine his position. When closer to the target, if it was recognisable, an H2S bombing run could be made; if the target could not be distinguished the bomber could make a timed run from a landmark in the vicinity. Since the device was airborne its range was limited only to that of its aircraft. The apparatus was limited by echoes from towns and cities, which were harder to distinguish than those from countryside and town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196111–12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196111–12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>H2S was inferior to Oboe for blind bombing except on coastal targets like <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. Being a transmitter, H2S disclosed itself to the Germans as soon as enough parts had been recovered from shot-down bombers to analyse its characteristics. German detectors could find a bomber stream and direct night-fighters into it. Once Bomber Command began to use centimetric H2S in January 1943, it was inevitable that the Germans would retrieve one from a crashed bomber and realise that it was similar to <a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface-vessel_radar" title="Air-to-surface-vessel radar">air-to-surface-vessel radar</a> (ASV) used by Coastal Command to detect surfaced submarines. In October 1943, the Germans introduced the <a href="/wiki/Naxos_radar_detector" title="Naxos radar detector">Naxos radar detector</a> in night-fighters and U-boats. By mid-January 1943, only 10 Halifax bombers and 13 Stirlings carried H2S; the rate of production was slow and by May 1943, no more than 18 H2S-equipped bombers had participated in one raid; by August, 840 H2S sets had been manufactured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196112–14_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196112–14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_air_defences">German air defences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: German air defences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ME-110G-2_at_RAF_Hendon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ME-110G-2_at_RAF_Hendon.jpg/220px-ME-110G-2_at_RAF_Hendon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ME-110G-2_at_RAF_Hendon.jpg/330px-ME-110G-2_at_RAF_Hendon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ME-110G-2_at_RAF_Hendon.jpg/440px-ME-110G-2_at_RAF_Hendon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Messerchmitt Bf 110G-4 night fighter at RAF Hendon</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The threat of Anglo-American strategic bombing had been a concern to German strategists since 1940 at the latest. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a>, a belt of <a href="/wiki/Freya_radar" title="Freya radar">Freya radar</a> stations was built to give early warning of aircraft entering German-controlled airspace, from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> south to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Freya lacked the accuracy needed for ground-controlled interception of aircraft and was supplemented later in 1940 by <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_radar" title="Würzburg radar">Würzburg radar</a> stations which were accurate enough to guide FlaK and night fighters, a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Würzburg</i></span>-guided FlaK battery shooting down a bomber in September 1940. In October <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Oberst" title="Oberst">Oberst</a></i></span> (Colonel) <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kammhuber" title="Josef Kammhuber">Josef Kammhuber</a> established three night-fighter zones on the approaches to the Ruhr. The zones were 56 mi (90 km) long and 12 mi (19 km) wide, with a battalion of searchlights and two <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Würzburg</i></span> radars in each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981182_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981182-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A night-fighter could be guided to within 55 yd (50 m) of an aircraft and then attack when the aircraft was illuminated by the searchlights, a procedure called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Helle Nachtjagd</i></span> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Henaja</i></span> [Illuminated night fighting]). Forward zones were established along the coast, without searchlights, known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dunkel Nachtjagd</i></span> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dunaja</i></span> [Dark Nightfighting]). The system lacked effectiveness on cloudy nights, the range of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Würzburg</i></span> radar [6–31 mi (9.7–49.9 km)] was too short and it could not <a href="/wiki/Identify_friend_or_foe" class="mw-redirect" title="Identify friend or foe">Identify friend or foe</a>, which led occasionally to attacks on friendly night fighters; some night fighter crews disliked ground control for the loss of flexibility. The German system had not been centralised to sift the information provided by radar, searchlights, wireless interception and direction finding to co-ordinate FlaK and night-fighters. To the end of 1940, the new system was credited with the shooting down of 42 bombers by night fighters and 30 by FlaK.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981182_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981182-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kammhuber_Line_Map_-_Agent_Tegal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kammhuber_Line_Map_-_Agent_Tegal.png/220px-Kammhuber_Line_Map_-_Agent_Tegal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kammhuber_Line_Map_-_Agent_Tegal.png/330px-Kammhuber_Line_Map_-_Agent_Tegal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kammhuber_Line_Map_-_Agent_Tegal.png/440px-Kammhuber_Line_Map_-_Agent_Tegal.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of a section of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kammhuber_Line" title="Kammhuber Line">Kammhuber Line</a></i></span> stolen by <i>Agent Tegal</i></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The system was extended with a line of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Henaja</i></span> about 20 mi (32 km) wide which, by March 1941, ran 430 mi (690 km) from the Danish–German frontier to <a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a> in France. Another <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Henaja</i></span> belt 45 mi (72 km) long was built between <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> later in the year. Three <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Würzburg</i></span> guided the searchlights to illuminate bombers as they entered the zone. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dunaja</i></span> were extended in circumference and the chain was extended along the coasts of France and the Low Countries and around Berlin. Late in 1941 an improved <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Würzburg</i></span> with a 50 mi (80 km)-range and the <a href="/wiki/Seeburg_plotting_table" title="Seeburg plotting table">Seeburg plotting table</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Seeburg-Tisch</i></span>) came into service. Kammhuber used the new equipment to revise the night defence system by increasing the width of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Henaja</i></span> from 25–60 mi (40–97 km) with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dunaja</i></span> in front of them. Kammhuber intended to introduce <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dunaja</i></span> behind the <a href="/wiki/Kammhuber_Line" title="Kammhuber Line">Kammhuber Line</a>, placed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freya</i></span> stations on either side and installed master searchlights. The system was introduced in September but proved to be too complex and the number of interceptions decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981183–184_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981183–184-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1942 the depth of the belt of searchlights was reduced to 6 mi (9.7 km) and widened to 12 mi (19 km). A new <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Konaja</i></span> (combined) method was intended to counter the new and faster four-engined bombers coming into service with Bomber Command but the risk of the FlaK shooting down night-fighters was too great and the system was a failure. In 1941, Bomber Command losses rose to 3.6 per cent from the 2.9 per cent of 1940. During a raid on Berlin on the night of 7/8 November, 12.4 per cent of the 169 bombers were shot down. The night-fighter force shot down 433 bombers and by the end of the year, nine <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_German_military_terms#Gruppe" title="Glossary of German military terms">Gruppen</a></i></span> and one <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_German_military_terms#Staffel" title="Glossary of German military terms">Staffel</a></i></span> were in action. The confused and overlapping jurisdictions of the German defence against night attacks were exacerbated by the lack of effectiveness of the British night bomber offensive and this complacency was not shaken by the entry of the United States into the war in December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981183–184_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981183–184-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the diversion of night-fighters to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_front_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern front (World War II)">Eastern front</a> and the Mediterranean, by February 1942, there were 265 night-fighters in the west, of an establishment of 367, only half of which were operational.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981186_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981186-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British resorted to a deliberate campaign of <a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">area bombing</a> which immediately increased the amount of destruction achieved by Bomber Command. The bomb tonnage increased from 37,000 in 1941 to 50,000 in 1942. The German night defence was not prepared for the change in British methods and the introduction of GEE, the first night navigation aid. The British ended the individual timing of bomber sorties in favour of the concentration of all the bombers in space and time, which made most of the Kammhuber Line redundant, leaving only a few fighters able to attack the bombers. On the 1,000-bomber raid on Cologne, the bombers spent only two hours over Europe, the stream was 18 mi (29 km) wide and only 25 night-fighters could engage the bombers, just over ten per cent of the total; bomber losses fell from 3.6 to 3.0 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981187–188_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981187–188-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, Bomber Command had been able to inflict considerable damage on several occasions but had failed consistently to disrupt the German war economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006596–597_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006596–597-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Himmelbett"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Himmelbett</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Himmelbett"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1942, the night-fighter command organisation <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/12th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="12th Air Corps (Germany)">Fliegerkorps XII</a></i></span> abolished its <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nachjagddivision</i></span> for three <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jagddivisionen</i></span> on 1 May and by February 1943, 477 night-fighters were available from an establishment of 653, of which 330 were operational, double that of 1942, 90 per cent of which were in the west. Nearly all of the night-fighters carried <a href="/wiki/Lichtenstein_radar" title="Lichtenstein radar">Lichtenstein</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_interception_radar" title="Aircraft interception radar">aircraft interception (AI) radar</a>, with a maximum range of 3,000 yd (2,700 m) and a minimum range of 20 yd (18 m), sufficient to track a bomber after ground control had brought the night-fighter to within 2 mi (3.2 km). Despite the weight of the apparatus and aerodynamic penalty of its aerial array causing a loss of at least 25 mph (40 km/h) in speed, night-fighter interceptions increased to the extent that searchlight illumination was made redundant and the lights were transferred to the local FlaK units around cities. By June the Kammhuber Line had been extended southwards towards Paris and northwards to the north coast of Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981188–190_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981188–190-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kammhuber refused to allow night-fighters to roam freely but made the line more flexible, by deepening the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dunaja</i></span> zone to 124 mi (200 km) either side of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Henaja</i></span> to exploit the increased range of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freya</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Würzburg</i></span>, which created the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Himmelbett</i></span> system. In each sector, one <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Würzburg</i></span> tracked the bomber and another the night-fighter until it was close enough for the crew to use its <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lichtenstein</i></span> AI for the attack. A zone was limited to one night-fighter but they overlapped by 50 per cent, enabling three night-fighters to operate in one area. GEE was jammed from August, limiting its usefulness to no further than the European coast. Much of the airspace of Europe remained undefended and bomber streams made all but a few night-fighters ineffective, which limited the capacity of German night defences to shoot down no more than about 6 per cent of Bomber Command sorties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981188–190_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981188–190-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-635-3999-24,_Deutschland,_Flak-Batterie_in_Feuerstellung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-635-3999-24%2C_Deutschland%2C_Flak-Batterie_in_Feuerstellung.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-635-3999-24%2C_Deutschland%2C_Flak-Batterie_in_Feuerstellung.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-635-3999-24%2C_Deutschland%2C_Flak-Batterie_in_Feuerstellung.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-635-3999-24%2C_Deutschland%2C_Flak-Batterie_in_Feuerstellung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-635-3999-24%2C_Deutschland%2C_Flak-Batterie_in_Feuerstellung.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-635-3999-24%2C_Deutschland%2C_Flak-Batterie_in_Feuerstellung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">88 mm FlaK battery in firing position</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The German night defences managed to shoot down 687 bombers in 1942, 63 per cent more than in 1941 for a loss of 97 night-fighters, 63 per cent more than in 1941 and on 10 September <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fliegerkorps XII</i></span> shot down its 1,000th bomber, 649 by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dunaja</i></span>, 200 by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Henaja</i></span>, 140 by intruder operations over Britain and 11 bombers crashed after being blinded by searchlights. Night-fighters and FlaK were shooting down an average of 5.6 per cent of Bomber Command aircraft per raid by the autumn. The performance of FlaK also showed an improvement, from July to August 1942, Bomber Command reported the loss of 696 bombers, 269 thought to have been destroyed by night-fighters, 193 by FlaK and 334 loses to unknown causes; 1,394 aircraft were damaged, 153 were hit by night-fighters and 941 by FlaK.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981190,_192–193_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981190,_192–193-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the year, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> had faced 77,500 night sorties, shooting down 2,859 bombers, a rate of 3.6 per cent and damaged far more. In 1940 Bomber Command lost a bomber crashed in Britain for every 32 sorties and in 1942 the rate had increased to one in twenty. To the end of 1942, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> had dropped 67,000 long tons (68,000 t) of bombs on Britain and the RAF had dropped 78,579 long tons (79,840 t) on Germany and 22,537 long tons (22,899 t) on the occupied territories. According to post-war research by the Allies, bombing cut German production by 0.7 to 2.5 per cent in 1942, compared to the devotion of 33 per cent of the British war economy to the bomber offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981190,_192–193_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981190,_192–193-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the big increase in the German anti-aircraft effort, such concern for the future as existed did not prevent 150 FlaK batteries from being transferred to Italy. Only the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Generalluftzeugmeister</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Milch" title="Erhard Milch">Erhard Milch</a>, in charge of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> aircraft production, foresaw the crisis that would ensue if fighter output was not given greater emphasis. The advent of British four-engined bombers had increased by 70 per cent the bomb tonnage carried by Bomber Command. Milch predicted that the Anglo-American air fleets would swamp the German air defences and destroy the war economy. On 21 March 1942, Milch advocated to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsmarshall</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, commander in chief of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jeschonnek" title="Hans Jeschonnek">Hans Jeschonnek</a>, the chief of staff of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">Oberkommando der Luftwaffe</a></i></span> (High Command of the Air Force) the creation of an air umbrella. Milch told Goering that his target of 360 new fighters per month would be insufficient even if it were increased to 3,600, which Jeschonnek dismissed by saying that he would not know what to do with 360 new fighters a month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981192–194_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981192–194-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the spring of 1943, the Germans increased the ground anti-aircraft defences in the Ruhr; by July there were more than 1,000 large FlaK (anti-aircraft guns of <a href="/wiki/88_mm_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="88 mm gun">88 mm</a> or larger) and 1,500 lighter guns (most being <a href="/wiki/2_cm_Flak_30,_Flak_38_and_Flakvierling_38" title="2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38">20 mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/3.7_cm_Flak_18/36/37" title="3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37">37 mm</a>) about a third of the anti-aircraft guns in Germany, which needed 600,000 men, women and boys to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195641_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195641-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Bomber Command raid of the battle occurred on the night of <a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">18/19 November</a> 1943. Berlin was attacked by 440 Lancaster heavy bombers of the Main Force and four de Havilland Mosquitos but the city was under cloud and the damage was not severe. The second raid by the Main Force took place on the night of 22/23 November. This was the most effective raid on Berlin by the RAF of the war, causing extensive damage to the residential areas west of the centre, <a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_(Berlin)" title="Tiergarten (Berlin)">Tiergarten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg" title="Charlottenburg">Charlottenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg" title="Schöneberg">Schöneberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spandau" title="Spandau">Spandau</a>. Because of dry weather, several <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorms</a> ignited. The Protestant <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Memorial_Church" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church">Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church</a>, now a war memorial and the <a href="/wiki/New_Synagogue_(Berlin)" title="New Synagogue (Berlin)">New Synagogue</a> (used as a store house by the <i>Wehrmacht</i>) were badly damaged in the raid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKühneStephani198634_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKühneStephani198634-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArlt_et_al1992144_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArlt_et_al1992144-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the next nights, further attacks followed, damaging or destroying <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethlehem%27s_Church_(Friedrichstadt)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bethlehem's Church (Friedrichstadt) (page does not exist)">Bethlehem's Church</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John%27s_Church_(Berlin-Moabit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John's Church (Berlin-Moabit) (page does not exist)">John's Church</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lietzow_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lietzow Church (page does not exist)">Lietzow Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church_(Berlin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Church (Berlin)">Trinity Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Friedrich-Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche" title="Kaiser-Friedrich-Gedächtniskirche">Emperor Frederick Memorial Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirche_am_Hohenzollernplatz" title="Kirche am Hohenzollernplatz">Kirche am Hohenzollernplatz</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Hedwig%27s_Cathedral" title="St. Hedwig's Cathedral">St. Hedwig's Cathedral</a>. Several other buildings of note were either destroyed or damaged, including the British, French, Italian and Japanese embassies, <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlottenburg Palace">Charlottenburg Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Zoo" title="Berlin Zoo">Berlin Zoo</a>, the Ministry of Munitions, the <i><a href="/wiki/Waffen_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Waffen SS">Waffen SS</a></i> Administrative College, the barracks of the <a href="/wiki/Guards_Corps_(German_Empire)" title="Guards Corps (German Empire)">Imperial Guard</a> at Spandau and several arms factories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAFS2004bDecember_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAFS2004bDecember-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 December, extensive damage was done to the Berlin railway system. By this time the cumulative effect of the bombing campaign had made more than a quarter of Berlin's living accommodation unusable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAFS2004bDecember_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAFS2004bDecember-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was another Main Force raid on the night of 28/29 January 1944, when the western and southern districts were hit in the most concentrated attack of this period. On 15/16 February, important war industries were hit, including the large <a href="/wiki/Siemensstadt" title="Siemensstadt">Siemensstadt</a> area in the west, with the centre and south-western districts receiving most of the damage. This was the largest raid by the RAF on Berlin; the campaign continued until March 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAFS2004bDecember_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAFS2004bDecember-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAFS2004cJanuary_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAFS2004cJanuary-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAFS2004dFebruary_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAFS2004dFebruary-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-1108-514,_Berlin,_besch%C3%A4digte_St._Hedwigs-Kathedrale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-1108-514%2C_Berlin%2C_besch%C3%A4digte_St._Hedwigs-Kathedrale.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-1108-514%2C_Berlin%2C_besch%C3%A4digte_St._Hedwigs-Kathedrale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-1108-514%2C_Berlin%2C_besch%C3%A4digte_St._Hedwigs-Kathedrale.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-1108-514%2C_Berlin%2C_besch%C3%A4digte_St._Hedwigs-Kathedrale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-1108-514%2C_Berlin%2C_besch%C3%A4digte_St._Hedwigs-Kathedrale.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-1108-514%2C_Berlin%2C_besch%C3%A4digte_St._Hedwigs-Kathedrale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of St. Hedwig's Cathedral, 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1961, the British official historians, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_(historian)" title="Charles Webster (historian)">Charles Webster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noble_Frankland" title="Noble Frankland">Noble Frankland</a> wrote that Bomber Command sent <span class="nowrap">16 raids</span> comprising <span class="nowrap">9,111 sorties</span> against Berlin. The attacks cost <span class="nowrap">492 aircraft,</span> their crews killed or captured and <span class="nowrap">954 aircraft</span> damaged, a rate of loss of 5.8 per cent, exceeding the 5 per cent threshold that was considered by the RAF to be the maximum sustainable operational loss rate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland1961198_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland1961198-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Battle of Berlin diverted German military resources from the land war and had an economic effect in physical damage, worker fatalities and injuries, relocation and fortification of industrial buildings and other infrastructure but by 1 April 1944, the campaign had failed to force a German capitulation, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...in the operational sense the Battle of Berlin was more than a failure, it was a defeat....The Battle of Berlin compared unfavourably with the preceding Battles of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Ruhr</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II#Operation_Gomorrah" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a> and the campaign on the road to Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland1961193–194_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland1961193–194-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2004, Daniel Oakman wrote that, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bomber Command lost 2,690 men over Berlin, and nearly 1,000 more became prisoners of war. Of Bomber Command's total losses for the war, around seven per cent were incurred during the Berlin raids. In December 1943, eleven crews from <a href="/wiki/No._460_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 460 Squadron RAAF">460 Squadron</a> (RAAF) were lost in operations against Berlin; in January and February [1944], another 14 crews were killed. Having 25 aircraft destroyed meant that the full complement of aircraft and crews had lasted three months. At this rate Bomber Command would have been destroyed before Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakman2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakman2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Harris had predicted the loss of <span class="nowrap">500 aircraft</span> and Oakman wrote "...it would be wrong to say that it was, in a strategic sense, a wasted effort. Bombing brought the war to Germany at a time when it was difficult to apply pressure anywhere else".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakman2004_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakman2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Kevin Wilson wrote that, despite the devastation of Berlin, the British raids failed to achieve their objectives. The bombing prevented increases in German production and caused resources to be diverted from offensive to defensive purposes but German civilian morale did not break. The Berlin defences and essential services were maintained and war production in greater Berlin did not fall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2005441_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2005441-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a>, an economic historian, wrote that the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 appeared to vindicate the hopes of the British leaders in Bomber Command, that it had become a decisive weapon and that the theory of strategic bombing had been proved. Bomber Command was only able to emulate the Hamburg firestorm of 28 July once, at Kassel in October. In the winter of 1943, the attacks on Berlin began, which Tooze called fruitless, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Ruhr was the choke point and in 1943 it was within the RAF's grip. The failure to maintain that hold and to tighten it was a tragic operational error.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006602_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006602-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Berlin was a big manufacturing city but the Ruhr was the principal supplier of coal and steel to Germany. Isolating the Ruhr could strangle the rest of the German war economy; in the campaign against Berlin, the British caused much damage but the evolution of German anti-aircraft defences, particularly night fighters, was able to counter the Bomber Command threat on its long flights to Berlin in winter weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006601–602,_615_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006601–602,_615-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_casualties">German casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: German casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, Laurenz Demps collated loss data using the damage reports of the Berlin police commissioner (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Polizeipräsident</i></span>) issued after each air raid, descriptions of losses and damage indicated by houses and distributed to 100–150 organisations and administrations busy with rescue, repair, planning and other matters, against reports of the main bureau for air raid protection (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hauptluftschutzstelle</i></span>) of the city of Berlin, which issued more than 100 copies with variable frequency, each summarising losses and damage by the number of air raids; the war diary of the air raid warning command (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwarnkommando</i></span> – (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wako_Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wako Berlin (page does not exist)">Wako Berlin</a></i></span>), a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> and other sources. Demps wrote that 7,480 people had been killed, 2,194 people were reported missing, 17,092 were injured and 817,730 Berliners made homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemps201423_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemps201423-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, Reinhard Rürup wrote that nearly 4,000 people were killed, 10,000 injured and 450,000 made homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERürup200311_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERürup200311-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Kevin Wilson described the effects of smoke and dust in the air from the bombing and how long periods spent in shelters gave rise to symptoms that were called cellar influenza (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kellergrippe</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2005433_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2005433-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Chris Grayling wrote that the campaign caused immense loss of life and devastation in Berlin. The 22 November 1943 raid killed 2,000 Berliners and rendered 175,000 homeless. The following night, 1,000 people were killed and 100,000 bombed out. During December and January, Main Force raids killed hundreds of people and rendered between 20,000 and 80,000 homeless each night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayling2006309–310_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayling2006309–310-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The campaign comprised sixteen Main Force raids on Berlin, sixteen against other targets in Germany and raids on targets in occupied Europe. Bomber Command conducted other strategic operations such as night-fighter and intruder operations against the German night-fighter force, minelaying, nuisance raids and training sorties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985446_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985446-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_1943">November 1943</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: November 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Night of 18/19 November 1943, Bomber Command had 513 <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancasters</a>, 271 <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Handley Page Halifaxes</a>, 137 <a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Short Stirlings</a>, 23 <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellingtons</a> and 46 <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquitos</a> operational.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201326_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201326-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bomber Command sent a force of 440 Lancasters to Berlin, <a href="/wiki/1_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Group">1 Group</a> squadrons provided 153, <a href="/wiki/3_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Group">3 Group</a> 12, <a href="/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF" title="No. 5 Group RAF">5 Group</a>182, <a href="/wiki/No._6_Group_RCAF" title="No. 6 Group RCAF">6 Group (RCAF)</a> 29 and <a href="/wiki/No._8_Group_RAF" title="No. 8 Group RAF">8 (Pathfinder Force) Group</a> 64 Lancasters and four Mosquitos to drop spoof fighter flares; 26 Lancasters returned early (5.9 per cent). The raid opened at 20:56 and ended at 21:12; about 1,575 long tons (1,600 t) of bombs, approximately 792 long tons (805 t) high explosive and 783 long tons (796 t) incendiary were dropped. Losses were nine Lancasters (2.0 per cent) with 43 crew killed, 20 taken prisoner and four evading capture. The Berlin police chief reported 154 people killed, 443 injured and 7,500 people bombed out; he estimated that the raid lasted from 20:11 to 22:23 comprising 11 mines, 75 high explosive bombs, 1,600 incendiaries, 940 phosphorus bombs and 36 flares.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201356_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201356-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>A diversionary raid against <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a> was carried out by 395 bombers (248 Halifaxes, 114 Stirlings and 33 Lancasters); 23 aircraft lost, twelve Halifaxes, nine Stirlings and two Lancasters (5.8 per cent). Ten Mosquitos to Essen, 6 to Aachen, 6 to Frankfurt, 16 Wellington minelayer sorties from Texel to St Nazaire and 7 OTU sorties for no loss. RAF effort 884 sorties 32 losses (3.6 per cent).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985452_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985452-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Night of 19/20 November 1943, 266 aircraft to <a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a>, 170 Halifaxes, 86 Stirlings, 10 Mosquitos; poor weather and pathfinder failures led to one bomb on Leverkusen; many other towns were bombed and 5 aircraft lost (1.9 per cent). Six Mosquitos to Duisburg, 2 to Rheinhausen, 25 minelayer sorties off Biscay ports, 11 OTU sorties no losses. Fog over England led to 2 Halifax and 1 Stirling crashes; 4 Halifaxes of 35 Squadron made safe landings at Graveley which had its first <a href="/wiki/Fog_Investigation_and_Dispersal_Operation" title="Fog Investigation and Dispersal Operation">Fog Investigation and Dispersal Operation</a> (FIDO).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985452–453_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985452–453-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 22/23 November 1943, 764 bombers to Berlin; 469 Lancasters, 234 Halifaxes, 50 Stirlings, 11 Mosquitos; 25 aircraft lost, eleven Lancasters, ten Halifaxes and four Stirlings (3.4 per cent). Three aircraft were lost over England; five losses were attributed to FlaK over Berlin, three to <a href="/wiki/Ground-controlled_interception" title="Ground-controlled interception">ground-controlled interception</a> (GCI) by night-fighters over the city and three by GCI near Deelen during the return; 80 aircraft were hit by FlaK and one by a fighter, five were hit by incendiaries from above, two collided and seven aircraft were lost to unknown causes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201356,_65_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201356,_65-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathfinders marked at 20:00 with red and green <a href="/wiki/Target_indicator" title="Target indicator">Target indicator</a> bombs. An hour after the raid a wave of Mosquitos bombed. Most of the damage was to the residential areas west of the city centre, Tiergarten and Charlottenburg, Schöneberg and Spandau. Because of the dry weather, several 'firestorms' were caused. Several buildings of note were damaged or destroyed, including the British, French, Italian and Japanese embassies, Charlottenburg Castle and Berlin Zoo. Also the Ministry of Weapons and Munitions, the <i>Waffen-SS</i> Administrative College, the barracks of the Imperial Guard at Spandau, the <a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> factories and the Albrecht armaments works employed in the war economy were hit. A German report listed 130 mines, 900 HE bombs, 200,000 incendiaries, 20,000 phosphorus bombs and 60 flares were dropped. Casualties were 1,757 killed, 6.923 injured and about 180,000 people bombed out; 2,791 homes destroyed, 2,300 damaged; some panic and looting ensued, four million ration books were destroyed. After several months of excluding the foreign press from bombed towns, the Press Bureau of the Foreign Office called a conference on 23 November, when the streets were blocked by debris and fires were being extinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201354–65_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201354–65-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most effective raid on Berlin of the war, despite 10/10ths cloud over the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth199588_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth199588-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 23/24 November 1943: Berlin, 383 aircraft, 365 Lancasters, ten Halifaxes, six Mosquitos, 46 early returns (12 per cent); 21 bombers lost (5.49 per cent); bombing from 19:58 to 20:15, about 1,377 long tons (1,399 t) of bombs 734 long tons (746 t) high explosive, 643 long tons (653 t) incendiary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1990118–119_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1990118–119-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary blind markers each to drop red TIs and a bundle of flares of red and with green stars by <a href="/wiki/H2S_(radar)" title="H2S (radar)">H2S</a>. Other blind markers were to mark the aiming point with <a href="/wiki/Salvo" title="Salvo">salvos</a> of reds and yellows along with four bundles of flares each. Secondary blind markers would drop green TIs and one bundle of flares apiece and early backers-up greens on the reds and yellows if visible and if not the centre of the reds after a two-second overshoot. The Main Force was to bomb on the centre of the greens also with a two-second overshoot or to bomb on H2S of if they were unserviceable, aim at the centre of the flares. The FlaK was as effective as before but the fighter controller commanded a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zahme_Sau" title="Zahme Sau">Zahme Sau</a></i></span> (Tame Boar) interception from 18:12, ordered them to Berlin at 19:30 and Brandenburg at 20:00, the time for the raid to begin. Fighter interceptions began at 20:08.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201369–76_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201369–76-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corona" title="Operation Corona">Operation Corona</a> (false instructions to German aircraft) broadcast from England had some effect. Two German night-fighters might have been shot down over Berlin and 21 bombers were lost, with 27 damaged, 14 to FlaK, four to fighters and nine to other causes. Four bombers crashed between the Netherlands coast and Leeuwarden, four were shot down by fighters between Groningen and Hanover, one to Flak near Texel. Three aircraft were shot down by FlaK over Berlin, early in the raid, five by fighters during it. Six of the damaged aircraft were write-offs, one by FlaK and the rest in landing accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A German report had the raid beginning at 19:26 and that 13,005 people were killed, 6,383 were injured and 300,000 people were rendered destitute; 120 mines, 850 HE bombs, 20,000 phosphorus bombs, 250,000 incendiaries and 70 flares were counted; 1,989 houses were destroyed and 2,443 were badly damaged and 20,000 slightly damaged; a military installation was destroyed, 22 severely and 22 slightly damaged; the Spandau power station was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201369–76_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201369–76-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Night of 24/25 November 1943: Berlin was attacked by six Mosquitos (one lost); nine <a href="/wiki/Operational_Training_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Training Unit">Operational Training Unit</a> (OTU) <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellingtons</a> dropping leaflets over France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1990124_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1990124-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985454_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985454-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 25/26 November 1943: <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> was the main target for 236 Halifaxes and 26 Lancasters (262 aircraft). Three Mosquitos were sent to Berlin and other targets were bombed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985454–456_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985454–456-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 26/27 November 1943: Berlin, the main target, was attacked by 443 Lancasters and seven Mosquitos. The Mosquitos were used to lay <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">Window</a> ahead of the Pathfinder aircraft to draw <a href="/wiki/Flak" class="mw-redirect" title="Flak">flak</a> away from them but due to a temporarily clear sky, 21 aircraft were lost to AA guns over Berlin. Most of the damage was in the semi-industrial suburb of <a href="/wiki/Reinickendorf" title="Reinickendorf">Reinickendorf</a> but the city centre and <i>Siemensstadt</i> (with its many electrical equipment factories), was also hit. <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> was raided by 157 Halifaxes and 21 Lancasters as a diversion. Both forces flew the same route almost as far as Frankfurt which <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> fighter controllers identified as the RAF target. The total sorties for the night, including minelaying operations, was 666 with 34 aircraft (5.1 per cent) lost. Losses over Berlin were high and combined with landing accidents in fog in England, reached 9.3 per cent. The <a href="/wiki/Alkett" title="Alkett">Alkett factory</a>, a big producer of <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured fighting vehicles">armoured fighting vehicles</a>, was badly hit and Goebbels described it as "almost completely destroyed" and referred to "virtually irreplaceable tools and machines" being out of action in his diary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2005411–412_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2005411–412-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 28/29 November 1943: <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> was attacked by ten Mosquitos, Duisburg by one; ten aircraft laid mines off Brest and Cherbourg; seven OTU sorties, no losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985455_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985455-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 29/30 November 1943: <a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, attacked by 21 Mosquitos for no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 30 November/1 December 1943: <a href="/wiki/No._100_Group_RAF" title="No. 100 Group RAF">100 (Bomber Support) Group</a> debuts with four 192 Squadron Wellington <a href="/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception" title="Radar jamming and deception">Radio Counter Measures</a> (RCM) sorties. Essen attacked by four Mosquitos, 29 Stirling and 15 Wellington minelaying sorties from Brest to Bayonne, seven OTU sorties, no losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 1/2 December 1943: 19 Stirlings and 12 Halifaxes minelaying off <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Islands" title="Frisian Islands">Frisian Islands</a> and east coast of Denmark, 2 Stirlings lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_1943">December 1943</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: December 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Night of 2/3 December 1943: Berlin, the main target, was attacked by 425 Lancasters, 18 Mosquitos and 15 Halifaxes. The Germans identified Berlin as the target. Unexpected cross winds scattered the bomber stream and German fighters shot down forty bombers, 37 Lancasters, two Halifaxes and a Mosquito (8.7 per cent of the force). The bombing was inaccurate and to the south of the city but two more of the <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> factories, a ball-bearing factory and several railway installations were damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456–457_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456–457-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 3/4 December 1943: <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, the main target, was attacked by 307 Lancasters, 220 Halifaxes (527 aircraft). The main force took a direct heading to Berlin, then turned south for Leipzig, leaving 9 Mosquitos to carry on, decoying many German night fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth199588_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth199588-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 4/5 December 1943: <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a> attacked by nine Mosquitos, 48 aircraft minelaying off the Frisians, 9 OTU sorties, one Stirling minelayer and an OTU <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Whitley</a> lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985457_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985457-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 5/6 December 1943: 3 Wellington RCM sorties, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 9/10 December 1943: 3 Wellington RCM sorties, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 10/11 December 1943: Leverkusen attacked by 25 Mosquitos, Krefeld by two, 4 OTU sorties no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 11/12 December 1943: Duisburg attacked by 18 Mosquitos, 1 Wellington RCM sortie, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 12/13 December 1943: 18 Mosquitos to Essen, 9 to Düsseldorf, 1 to Osnabrück, 4 RCM and 4 OTU sorties, 1 Mosquito lost at Essen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 13/14 December 1943: 16 Mosquitos to Düsseldorf, 1 to Bonn, 25 OTU sorties, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 15/16 December 1943: 4 Mosquitos to Bochum, 4 to Leverkusen and 3 RCM sorties, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 16/17 December 1943: Berlin was the main target. It was attacked by 483 Lancasters and 15 Mosquitos. German night fighters were directed to intercept the bombers; 25 Lancasters, 5.2 per cent of the Lancaster force, were lost over enemy occupied territory and 29 aircraft were lost on landing in England due to very low cloud. The raid was unusual in that losses due to bad weather over England were greater than losses due to flak or enemy night fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth199588_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth199588-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The damage to the Berlin railway system was extensive and 1,000 wagon-loads of war material destined for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> were held up for six days. The National Theatre and the building housing Germany's military and political archives were both destroyed. The effect of the bombing campaign had made unusable more than a quarter of the living accommodation in Berlin. Two Beaufighters and two Mosquitos of <a href="/wiki/No._141_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 141 Squadron RAF">No. 141 Squadron RAF</a> using <a href="/wiki/Serrate_radar_detector" title="Serrate radar detector">Serrate radar detectors</a> managed to damage a <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a>, the first successful 'Serrate' patrol. On the same night there was other raids on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilley-le-Haut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tilley-le-Haut (page does not exist)">Tilley-le-Haut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flixecourt" title="Flixecourt">Flixecourt</a>, two flying-bomb sites near <a href="/wiki/Abbeville" title="Abbeville">Abbeville</a>. The raid failed to destroy the sites but no aircraft were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458–459_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458–459-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 19/20 December 1943: 6 OTU Wellingtons leafleted French towns, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985460_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985460-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 20/21 December 1943: Frankfurt was attacked by 390 Lancasters, 257 Halifaxes and three Mosquitos (650 aircraft). German night fighters got into the bomber stream; 27 Halifaxes and 14 Lancasters were lost, 6.3 per cent of the force. Damage was more than the RAF thought at the time because they knew that the Germans had lit decoy fires, which had some success as diversions. There was a decoy raid on Mannheim by 54 aircraft and a precision attack by eight Lancasters of <a href="/wiki/617_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="617 Squadron">617 Squadron</a> and 8 Pathfinder Mosquitos, on an armaments factory near Liege that failed to hit the target.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985460_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985460-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 21/22 December 1943: 9 Oboe Mosquitos attacked the <a href="/wiki/Mannesmann" title="Mannesmann">Mannesmann</a> factory at Düsseldorf, 4 the <a href="/wiki/Knapsack,_Germany" title="Knapsack, Germany">Knapsack</a> power station, 4 OTU sorties, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 22/23 December 1943: 51 aircraft (29 Stirlings, 11 Lancasters, 8 Mosquitos and three Halifaxes) attacked two flying-bomb sites between Abbeville and <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>. One site was destroyed but the other was not located. Nine Mosquitos to Frankfurt, two to <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, 2 RCM sorties, 16 minelaying sorties off <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Biscay</a> ports and 21 OTU sorties, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 23/24 December 1943: Berlin was attacked by 364 Lancasters, eight Mosquitos and seven Halifaxes. German night-fighters were hampered by the weather and shot down only 16 Lancasters, 4.2 per cent of the force. Little damage was caused to Berlin; several other German towns were attacked by Mosquitos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 24/25 December 1943: 35 Halifax minelaying sorties off Frisian islands, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 28/29 December 1943: 10 Mosquitos to Duisburg, 9 to Düsseldorf, 1 to Cologne, 11 OTU sorties, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 29/30 December 1943: Berlin was the target for 457 Lancasters, 252 Halifaxes and three Mosquitos (712 aircraft), RAF losses were light at 2.8 per cent of the force. Cloud cover frustrated the RAF and little damage was caused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 30/31 December 1943: 10 Lancasters of 617 Squadron and six Pathfinder Mosquitos failed to destroy a V1 site. Ten Mosquitos to Cologne, 8 to Duisburg, 3 to Bochum, 6 RCM sorties; 36 Minelayers off Texel and French ports, 28 OTU sorties, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 31 December 1943/1 January 1944: 2 Stirling minelayer sorties, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_1944">January 1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: January 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Night of 1/2 January 1944: 421 Lancasters dispatched to Berlin, the main target. German night fighters shot down 6.7 per cent of the force. A small raid on Hamburg by 15 Mosquitos and smaller raids on other towns failed to divert the night fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462–463_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462–463-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 2/3 January 1944: Berlin was the main target. 362 Lancasters, 12 Mosquitos, nine Halifaxes (383 aircraft), night fighters failed to reach the bombers until they were over the city, then shoot down 27 Lancasters, 10 per cent of the force. There were also minor raids on other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 3/4 January 1944: 6 Mosquitos to <a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a> and 2 to Essen, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 4/5 January 1944: 80 bombers to a flying bomb site in Pas de Calais and one at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bristillerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bristillerie (page does not exist)">Bristillerie</a>, Cherbourg (57 Stirlings, 12 Mosquitos, 11 Lancasters) for no loss. Berlin raided by 13 Mosquitos, 3 to Krefeld, two to Cologne; 4 RCM sorties, 40 minelayer sorties off Lorient and Brest, 8 OTU sorties no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463–464_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463–464-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 5/6 January 1944: <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> not raided in numbers since September 1941; 348 Lancasters and 10 Halifaxes. Accurate bombing on town centre, later drifting to the west; 244 people killed, 1,016 injured 504 houses and 20 industrial premises destroyed, 1,148 houses and 29 industrial buildings seriously damaged and 8 ships sunk in harbour. Diversion by 13 Mosquitos on Berlin and 25 to four other targets succeeded; 16 aircraft lost, 4.5 per cent of the force. A Mosquito flew an RCM sortie, 6 Lancasters laid mines off Swinemünde and last <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter" title="Bristol Beaufighter">Bristol Beaufighter</a> <a href="/wiki/Serrate_radar_detector" title="Serrate radar detector">Serrate</a> patrol flown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 6/7 January 1944: 16 Mosquitos to Duisburg, 2 to Bristillerie, 1 to <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> and 1 to Solingen; 57 minelayer sorties to Biscay ports and 10 OTU sorties, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 7/8 January 1944: 6 Moaquitos to <a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a>, 5 to Duisburg, 28 OTU sorties. A 138 Squadron Halifax crashed after take-off, crew and the 3 passengers killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 8/9 January 1944: 10 Moaqiutos to Frankfurt, 8 to Solingen, 3 to <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> and 2 to Dortmund; two losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 10/11 January 1944: 10 Mosquitos to Berlin, 7 to Solingen, 2 to <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>, 1 to Krefeld, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 13/14 January 1944: 12 Mosquitos to Essen, 9 to Duisburg, 2 to Aachen and 2 to Koblenz, one aircraft lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 14/15 January 1944: Raid on <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a>, the first of the war, by 496 Lancasters and two Halifaxes. 38 Lancasters were lost to night fighters. 11 of the lost aircraft were Pathfinders and the marking of the city was poor. German authorities reported only 10 houses destroyed and 14 people killed, with some damage and loss of life in villages to the south. 82 aircraft attacked flying bomb sites at <a href="/wiki/Ailly,_Eure" title="Ailly, Eure">Ailly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonneton" title="Bonneton">Bonneton</a> and Bristillerie without loss; 17 Mosquitos raided <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> and Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 20/21 January 1944: Berlin was the target; 495 Lancasters, 264 Halifaxes, 10 Mosquitos (769 aircraft) were dispatched; 22 Halifaxes and 13 Lancasters were lost, 4.6 per cent of the force. The damage could not be assessed due to low cloud the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465–466_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465–466-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 21/22 January 1944: Magdeburg was the main target for 421 Lancasters, 224 Halifaxes, 3 Mosquitos (648 aircraft); 57 were lost. The attack failed to identify the target, and little damage was done.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985466_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985466-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 27/28 January 1944: Berlin was the target for 515 Lancasters and 15 Mosquitos (530 aircraft). RAF records state that the bombing appeared to have been spread well up- and down-wind. The diversions were partially successful in diverting German night fighters but 33 Lancasters were lost, 6.4 per cent of the heavy bombers; 167 sorties were flown against other targets, one aircraft was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985467–468_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985467–468-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 28/29 January 1944: Berlin was attacked by 432 Lancasters, 241 Halifaxes and four Mosquitos (677 aircraft). Western and southern districts, partly covered cloud, were hit in what RAF records call the most concentrated attack of this period. German records mention that 77 places outside the city were hit. A deception raid and routing over Northern Denmark did not prevent the German air defences shooting down 46 aircraft, 6.8 per cent of the force. Just over 100 aircraft attacked other targets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985468–469_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985468–469-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 29/30 January 1944: 12 Mosquitos to Duisburg, 10 to Herbouville flying-bomb site, 6 OTU sorties, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985469_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985469-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 30/31 January 1944: Berlin was attacked by 440 Lancasters, 82 Halifaxes and 12 Mosquitos (534 aircraft) 33 bombers lost (6.2 per cent). A further 76 sorties were flown against other targets; no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985469_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985469-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February_1944">February 1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: February 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Night of 15/16 February 1944: 891 aircraft to Berlin; 561 Lancasters, 314 Halifaxes and 16 Mosquitos, the largest Berlin raid of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth199591_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth199591-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite cloud cover, most important war industries were hit, including Siemensstadt, the centre and south-western districts worst hit. A spoof by 24 Lancasters of 8 Group on <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-on-the-Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-on-the-Oder">Frankfurt-on-the-Oder</a> failed and the RAF lost 43 aircraft, 26 Lancasters and 17 Halifaxes, 4.8 per cent. A further 155 sorties were flown against other targets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985472–473_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985472–473-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 19/20 February 1944, 823 aircraft to Leipzig; 561 Lancasters, 255 Halifaxes and 7 Mosquitos; 78 aircraft lost, 44 Lancasters and 34 Halifaxes (9.5 per cent, 13.3 per cent of the Halifax sorties, 14.9 per cent of those reaching as far as the enemy coast). Halifax Mk II and Mk V aircraft withdrawn from Main Force raids on Germany. At <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiel Bay">Kiel Bay</a> 45 Stirlings and 4 Halifax pathfinders laid mines, 16 Oboe Mosquitos bombed night-fighter bases in the Netherlands, 15 Mosquitos flew a diversion to Berlin, 12 Mosquito Serrate sorties, one Mosquito lost from the Berlin diversion force. Three Mosquitos to Aachen, three to flying-bomb sites in France for no loss. The RAF flew 921 sorties, 79 aircraft lost (8.6 per cent) the largest loss yet (58 aircraft lost on Magdeburg raid 21/22 January 1943).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985473–474_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985473–474-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 20/21 February 1944, 598 aircraft to Stuttgart; 460 Lancasters, 126 Halifaxes and 12 Mosquitos. Early diversions successful, 9 aircraft lost, 7 Lancasters, 2 Halifaxes, (1.5 per cent). Four Lancasters and a Halifax crashed in England. Training exercise earlier across North Sea, 156 OTU aircraft, 24 from squadrons before raid got the night-fighters up two hours early; 24 Mosquitos attacked airfields in Netherlands, 7 Mosquitos to Munich, 7 Mosquito Serrate sorties no losses. Mining off French ports by 28 Stirlings and 6 Wellingtons, one Wellington lost. RAF flew 836 sorties, ten aircraft lost (1.2 per cent).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985474_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985474-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 21/22 February 1944, 17 Mosquitos to Duisburg, Stuttgart and 2 flying-bomb sites, 1 Serrate patrol, 41 aircraft laid mines off Frisian Islands and French ports; 10 OTU sorties, 1 Stirling minelayer lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985474_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985474-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 22/23 February 1944, 10 Mosquitos to Stuttgart, 8 to Duisburg, 3 to Aachen; 71 Halifax and 40 Stirling minelayer sorties to north German coast called back due to weather over their bases; 2 RCM and 2 Serrate sorties; no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985474_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985474-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 23/24 February 1944, 17 Mosquitos to Düsseldorf where first 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) bomb carried by Mosquito dropped; 2 Serrate sorties, 3 OTU flights, no loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985475_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985475-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_1944">March 1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: March 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Night of 24/25 March 1944: Berlin was the main target. The <a href="/wiki/Bomber_stream" title="Bomber stream">bomber stream</a> was scattered and those that reached the city bombed well out to the south-west of the <i>Großstadt</i>. The RAF lost 72 aircraft, 8.9 per cent of the force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985484–485_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985484–485-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 26/27 March 1944: <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> attacked by 476 Lancasters, 207 Halifaxes, 22 Mosquitos (705 aircraft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985485_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985485-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Night of 30/31 March 1944: <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> attacked by 572 Lancasters, 214 Halifaxes and nine Mosquitos (795 aircraft). Unusually clear weather, <a href="/wiki/Contrail" title="Contrail">contrails</a> formed lower than usual. Bomber stream flew straight track, no evasive routing, led the Germans quickly to decide that Nuremberg was the target. The night fighters reached the bomber stream at the Belgian border; more than 82 bombers were lost before Nuremberg and 13 bombers were shot down on the return, 11.9 per cent loss. It was the costliest RAF Bomber Command mission of the war and ended the Battle of Berlin. Pilot Officer <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Barton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Barton">Cyril Barton</a>, a Halifax pilot of <a href="/wiki/No._578_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 578 Squadron RAF">578 Squadron</a>, was awarded a posthumous <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985486–488_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985486–488-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>18/19 November 1943 to 31 March 1944; 100 night operations, five by day; 24,449 night sorties, 1,117 losses (3.8 per cent). Circa 78,447 long tons (79,706 t) bombs dropped. Averages per 24 hours, 219.8 sorties, 8.3 aircraft lost and 585.6 long tons (595.0 t) tons of bombs dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985488_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985488-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flakturm" class="mw-redirect" title="Flakturm">Flakturm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Berlin_Raids_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berlin Raids (book)">The Berlin Raids (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Bombing of Berlin in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Bombing of Tokyo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Lancaster was a redesigned Manchester with a greater wingspan and four of the excellent and tested Rolls-Royce <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rolls-Royce_Merlin_variants" title="List of Rolls-Royce Merlin variants">Merlin XX</a> engines, instead of two more powerful but unreliable <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Vulture" title="Rolls-Royce Vulture">Rolls-Royce Vulture</a> engines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd197870,_74,_116_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd197870,_74,_116-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freya</i></span> sets went to the navy (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i></span>) and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span>; the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> forwarded it to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Fleets_in_World_War_II" title="German Air Fleets in World War II">Luftflotten</a></i></span> (Air Fleets) and to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftgaue</i></span> (Air Districts, commanding the FlaK) and to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsluftfahrtministerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsluftfahrtministerium">Reichsluftfahrtministerium</a></i></span> (RLM, Air Ministry) in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981182–183_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981182–183-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlebrook recorded 20 Lancasters lost (5.2 per cent) plus six Lancasters written off in crashes and accidents; 127 crew killed and 24 captured. Six Oboe Mosquito sorties, one crashed on return, crew killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1990118–119_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1990118–119-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) sorties by <a href="/wiki/No._138_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 138 Squadron RAF">138 Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._161_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 161 Squadron RAF">161 Squadron</a> noted for the first time; 18 Halifax and 1 <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson" title="Lockheed Hudson">Lockheed Hudson</a> sorties flown plus 6 Stirling sorties by <a href="/wiki/No._214_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 214 Squadron RAF">214 Squadron</a> now that Stirlings were not bombing German targets; supplies dropped and agents landed for the Resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463–464_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463–464-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subsequent Serrate patrols flown by Mosquitos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakman2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakman2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakman2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakman2004_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakman2004">Oakman 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999262-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooton1999262_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooton1999262_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHooton1999">Hooton 1999</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1999309Grayling200662-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1999309Grayling200662_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1999">Brown 1999</a>, p. 309; <a href="#CITEREFGrayling2006">Grayling 2006</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2007216Kitchen1990136-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2007216Kitchen1990136_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBishop2007">Bishop 2007</a>, p. 216; <a href="#CITEREFKitchen1990">Kitchen 1990</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1979261-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings1979261_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHastings1979">Hastings 1979</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley1994414–415-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsley1994414–415_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinsley1994">Hinsley 1994</a>, pp. 414–415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF2004Battle_Honours-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF2004Battle_Honours_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRAF2004">RAF 2004</a>, Battle Honours.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196190–91-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196190–91_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196190–91_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebsterFrankland1961">Webster & Frankland 1961</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd197870,_74,_116-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd197870,_74,_116_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd197870,_74,_116_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd1978">Lloyd 1978</a>, pp. 70, 74, 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196192–93-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196192–93_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebsterFrankland1961">Webster & Frankland 1961</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland20064–6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland20064–6_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland20064–6_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebsterFrankland2006">Webster & Frankland 2006</a>, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland19617–8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland19617–8_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebsterFrankland1961">Webster & Frankland 1961</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland19618–10-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland19618–10_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebsterFrankland1961">Webster & Frankland 1961</a>, pp. 8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196193–95-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196193–95_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebsterFrankland1961">Webster & Frankland 1961</a>, pp. 93–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196136-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196136_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebsterFrankland1961">Webster & Frankland 1961</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196111–12-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196111–12_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebsterFrankland1961">Webster & Frankland 1961</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196112–14-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland196112–14_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebsterFrankland1961">Webster & Frankland 1961</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981182-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981182_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981182_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1981">Cooper 1981</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981182–183-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981182–183_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1981">Cooper 1981</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981183–184-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981183–184_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981183–184_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1981">Cooper 1981</a>, pp. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981186-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981186_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1981">Cooper 1981</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981187–188-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981187–188_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1981">Cooper 1981</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006596–597-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006596–597_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTooze2006">Tooze 2006</a>, pp. 596–597.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981188–190-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981188–190_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981188–190_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1981">Cooper 1981</a>, pp. 188–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981190,_192–193-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981190,_192–193_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981190,_192–193_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1981">Cooper 1981</a>, pp. 190, 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981192–194-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1981192–194_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1981">Cooper 1981</a>, pp. 192–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195641-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195641_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1956">Thompson 1956</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKühneStephani198634-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKühneStephani198634_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKühneStephani1986">Kühne & Stephani 1986</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArlt_et_al1992144-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArlt_et_al1992144_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArlt_et_al1992">Arlt et al 1992</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAFS2004bDecember-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAFS2004bDecember_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAFS2004bDecember_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAFS2004bDecember_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRAFS2004b">RAFS 2004b</a>, December.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAFS2004cJanuary-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAFS2004cJanuary_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRAFS2004c">RAFS 2004c</a>, January.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAFS2004dFebruary-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAFS2004dFebruary_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRAFS2004d">RAFS 2004d</a>, February.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland1961198-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland1961198_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebsterFrankland1961">Webster & Frankland 1961</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland1961193–194-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterFrankland1961193–194_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebsterFrankland1961">Webster & Frankland 1961</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2005441-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2005441_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2005">Wilson 2005</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006602-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006602_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTooze2006">Tooze 2006</a>, p. 602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006601–602,_615-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006601–602,_615_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTooze2006">Tooze 2006</a>, pp. 601–602, 615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemps201423-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemps201423_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemps2014">Demps 2014</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERürup200311-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERürup200311_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRürup2003">Rürup 2003</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2005433-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2005433_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2005">Wilson 2005</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayling2006309–310-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayling2006309–310_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2006">Grayling 2006</a>, pp. 309–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985446-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985446_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201326-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201326_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2013">Cooper 2013</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201356-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201356_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2013">Cooper 2013</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985452-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985452_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt1985</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985452–453-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985452–453_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 452–453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201356,_65-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201356,_65_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2013">Cooper 2013</a>, pp. 56, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201354–65-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201354–65_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2013">Cooper 2013</a>, pp. 54–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth199588-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth199588_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth199588_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth199588_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshworth1995">Ashworth 1995</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1990118–119-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1990118–119_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1990118–119_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrook1990">Middlebrook 1990</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201369–76-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201369–76_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201369–76_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2013">Cooper 2013</a>, pp. 69–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1990124-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1990124_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrook1990">Middlebrook 1990</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985454-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985454_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985454–456-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985454–456_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 454–456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2005411–412-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2005411–412_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2005">Wilson 2005</a>, pp. 411–412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985455-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985455_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456–457-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985456–457_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 456–457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985457-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985457_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458_63-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458–459-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985458–459_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 458–459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985460-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985460_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985460_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985461_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462–463-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985462–463_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 462–463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463–464-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463–464_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985463–464_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 463–464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985464_72-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465–466-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985465–466_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 465–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985466-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985466_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985467–468-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985467–468_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 467–468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985468–469-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985468–469_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 468–469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985469-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985469_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985469_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth199591-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworth199591_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshworth1995">Ashworth 1995</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985472–473-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985472–473_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 472–473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985473–474-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985473–474_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 473–474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985474-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985474_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985474_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985474_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985475-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985475_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985484–485-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985484–485_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 484–485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985485-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985485_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985486–488-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985486–488_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, pp. 486–488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985488-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1985488_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985">Middlebrook & Everitt 1985</a>, p. 488.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArlt_et_al1992" class="citation book cs1">Arlt, Klaus; Ehlers, Ingrid; Etzold, Alfred; et al. (1992). <i>Zeugnisse jüdischer Kultur. Erinnerungsstätten in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Berlin, Sachsen-Anhalt, Sachsen und Thüringen</i> [<i>Evidence of Jewish culture. Memorial sites in Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Brandenburg, Berlin, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia</i>]. Berlin: Tourist Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-350-00780-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-350-00780-6"><bdi>978-3-350-00780-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeugnisse+j%C3%BCdischer+Kultur.+Erinnerungsst%C3%A4tten+in+Mecklenburg-Vorpommern%2C+Brandenburg%2C+Berlin%2C+Sachsen-Anhalt%2C+Sachsen+und+Th%C3%BCringen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Tourist+Verlag&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-350-00780-6&rft.aulast=Arlt&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Ehlers%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Etzold%2C+Alfred&rft.au=Fahning%2C+Kerstin+Antje&rft.au=Hergt%2C+Angelika&rft.au=Madai%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshworth1995" class="citation book cs1">Ashworth, Chris (1995). <i>RAF Bomber Command 1936–1968</i>. Somerset: Haynes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-308-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85260-308-9"><bdi>1-85260-308-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RAF+Bomber+Command+1936%E2%80%931968&rft.place=Somerset&rft.pub=Haynes&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85260-308-9&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2007" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Patrick (2007). <i>Bomber Boys: Fighting Back 1940–1945</i>. Harper Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-719215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-719215-1"><bdi>978-0-00-719215-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bomber+Boys%3A+Fighting+Back+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Harper+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-00-719215-1&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1">Brown, L. (1999). <i>Technical and Military Imperatives: A Radar History of World War 2</i>. Bristol and Philadelphia, PA: Institute of Physics publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0659-1"><bdi>978-0-7503-0659-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+and+Military+Imperatives%3A+A+Radar+History+of+World+War+2&rft.place=Bristol+and+Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0659-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2013" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, A. W. (2013) [1985]. <i>Bombers over Berlin: The RAF Offensive November 1943 – March 1944</i> (pbk. repr. Pen & Sword Aviation, Barnsley ed.). London: William Kimber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-065-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-065-2"><bdi>978-1-78159-065-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombers+over+Berlin%3A+The+RAF+Offensive+November+1943+%E2%80%93+March+1944&rft.place=London&rft.edition=pbk.+repr.+Pen+%26+Sword+Aviation%2C+Barnsley&rft.pub=William+Kimber&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78159-065-2&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1981" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, M. (1981). <i>The German Air Force 1933–1945: An Anatomy of Failure</i>. London: Jane's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/07106-0071-2" title="Special:BookSources/07106-0071-2"><bdi>07106-0071-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Air+Force+1933%E2%80%931945%3A+An+Anatomy+of+Failure&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jane%27s&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=07106-0071-2&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemps2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Demps, Laurenz (2014) [1982]. "Chapter II". <i>Die Luftangriffe auf Berlin: Ein dokumentarischer Bericht 1940–1945</i> [<i>The Air Raids on Berlin: A Documentary Report 1940–1945</i>] (in German). Vol. VIII. CD ROM. Berlin: Links Verlag. pp. 7–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-706-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-706-9"><bdi>978-3-86153-706-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+II&rft.btitle=Die+Luftangriffe+auf+Berlin%3A+Ein+dokumentarischer+Bericht+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=7-44&rft.pub=Links+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-86153-706-9&rft.aulast=Demps&rft.aufirst=Laurenz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayling2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">Grayling, A. C.</a> (2006). <i>Among the Dead Cities</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7671-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7671-6"><bdi>978-0-7475-7671-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Among+the+Dead+Cities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-7671-6&rft.aulast=Grayling&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1979" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bombercommand00hast"><i>Bomber Command</i></a></span>. Dial Press/J. Wade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8037-0154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8037-0154-0"><bdi>978-0-8037-0154-0</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command&rft.pub=Dial+Press%2FJ.+Wade&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8037-0154-0&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbombercommand00hast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsley1994" class="citation book cs1">Hinsley, F. H. (1994) [1993]. <i>British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations</i>. History of the Second World War (2nd rev. abr. ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-630961-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-630961-7"><bdi>978-0-11-630961-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Intelligence+in+the+Second+World+War%3A+Its+Influence+on+Strategy+and+Operations&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.edition=2nd+rev.+abr.&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-11-630961-7&rft.aulast=Hinsley&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton1999" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, E.R. (1999). <i>Eagle in Flames: Defeat of the Luftwaffe</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-343-1"><bdi>978-1-85409-343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagle+in+Flames%3A+Defeat+of+the+Luftwaffe&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85409-343-1&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1990" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Martin (1990). <i>A World in Flames: A Short History of the Second World War in Europe and Asia: 1939–1945</i>. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-03408-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-03408-2"><bdi>978-0-582-03408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+in+Flames%3A+A+Short+History+of+the+Second+World+War+in+Europe+and+Asia%3A+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-582-03408-2&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKühneStephani1986" class="citation book cs1">Kühne, Günther; Stephani, Elisabeth (1986) [1978]. <i>Evangelische Kirchen in Berlin</i> [<i>Evangelist Churches in Berlin</i>] (2nd ed.). Berlin: Wichern-Verlag (Christlicher Zeitschriftenverlag). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7674-0158-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7674-0158-7"><bdi>978-3-7674-0158-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelische+Kirchen+in+Berlin&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wichern-Verlag+%28Christlicher+Zeitschriftenverlag%29&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-7674-0158-7&rft.aulast=K%C3%BChne&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Stephani%2C+Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1978" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Ian (1978). <i>Rolls-Royce: The Merlin at War</i> (e-book ed.). London: The Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-03908-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-03908-1"><bdi>978-1-349-03908-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rolls-Royce%3A+The+Merlin+at+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-1-349-03908-1&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Middlebrook" title="Martin Middlebrook">Middlebrook, Martin</a>; Everitt, Chris (1985). <i>The Bomber Command Diaries: An Operational Reference Book, 1939–1945</i> (1st ed.). New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-185780-033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-185780-033-3"><bdi>978-185780-033-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bomber+Command+Diaries%3A+An+Operational+Reference+Book%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-185780-033-3&rft.aulast=Middlebrook&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Everitt%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlebrook1990" class="citation book cs1">Middlebrook, Martin (1990) [1988]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlinraidsrafbo0000midd"><i>The Berlin Raids: R.A.F. Bomber Command Winter 1943–44</i></a></span> (pbk. ed.). London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-80137-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-80137-4"><bdi>978-0-670-80137-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2022</span> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berlin+Raids%3A+R.A.F.+Bomber+Command+Winter+1943%E2%80%9344&rft.place=London&rft.edition=pbk.&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-670-80137-4&rft.aulast=Middlebrook&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberlinraidsrafbo0000midd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Oakman, Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/25/article.asp">"The Battle of Berlin"</a>. <i>Wartime Magazine</i> (25). Canberra: <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/957038959">957038959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wartime+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Berlin&rft.issue=25&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F957038959&rft.aulast=Oakman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fwartime%2F25%2Farticle.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRürup2003" class="citation book cs1">Rürup, Reinhard (2003) [1995]. <i>Berlin 1945: A Documentation</i> (3rd rev. ed.). Berlin: Verlag Willmuth Arenhövel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-922912-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-922912-33-0"><bdi>978-3-922912-33-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+1945%3A+A+Documentation&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Verlag+Willmuth+Arenh%C3%B6vel&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-922912-33-0&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCrup&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRAFS2004b" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec43.html">"Campaign Diary December 1943"</a>. <i>Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary</i>. RAF. 6 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec43.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Air+Force+Bomber+Command+60th+Anniversary&rft.atitle=Campaign+Diary+December+1943&rft.date=2005-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fdec43.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRAFS2004c" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611025957/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan44.html">"January 1944"</a>. <i>Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary</i>. RAF. 6 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan44.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Air+Force+Bomber+Command+60th+Anniversary&rft.atitle=January+1944&rft.date=2005-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fjan44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRAFS2004d" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb44.html">"February 1944"</a>. <i>Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary</i>. 24 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb44.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Air+Force+Bomber+Command+60th+Anniversary&rft.atitle=February+1944&rft.date=2004-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Ffeb44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRAF2004" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061031195332/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/sqn_hons_ww2_1.html">"Royal Air Force World War II Battle Honours"</a>. RAF. 12 January 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/sqn_hons_ww2_1.html">the original</a> on 31 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Air+Force+World+War+II+Battle+Honours&rft.pub=RAF&rft.date=2004-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fhistory%2Fsqn_hons_ww2_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1956" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Henry Leopold (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2RAF-c3.html">"Chapter 3: Bomber Command and the Battle of the Ruhr"</a>. <i>New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force: European Theatre, January 1943 – May 1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Official_History_of_New_Zealand_in_the_Second_World_War_1939%E2%80%9345" title="Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45">Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45</a>. Vol. II (online scan ed.). Wellington, NZ: Historical Publications Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs. pp. 40–82. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/270208181">270208181</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span> – via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Bomber+Command+and+the+Battle+of+the+Ruhr&rft.btitle=New+Zealanders+with+the+Royal+Air+Force%3A+European+Theatre%2C+January+1943+%E2%80%93+May+1945&rft.place=Wellington%2C+NZ&rft.series=Official+History+of+New+Zealand+in+the+Second+World+War+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=40-82&rft.edition=online+scan&rft.pub=Historical+Publications+Branch%2C+Dept.+of+Internal+Affairs&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F270208181&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Henry+Leopold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-WH2-2RAF-c3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooze2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Tooze, Adam</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction" title="The Wages of Destruction"><i>The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy</i></a>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9566-4"><bdi>978-0-7139-9566-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction%3A+The+Making+and+Breaking+of+the+Nazi+Economy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterFrankland1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_(historian)" title="Charles Webster (historian)">Webster, C. K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Noble_Frankland" title="Noble Frankland">Frankland, Noble</a> (1961). <a href="/wiki/J._R._M._Butler" title="J. R. M. Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <i>The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany: 1939–1945</i>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/163349860">163349860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Air+Offensive+Against+Germany%3A+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F163349860&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=C.+K.&rft.au=Frankland%2C+Noble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterFrankland2006" class="citation book cs1">Webster, C.; Frankland, N. (2006) [1961]. Butler, James (ed.). <i>The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939–1945: Annexes and Appendices</i>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV (facs. pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-350-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-350-5"><bdi>978-1-84574-350-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Air+Offensive+against+Germany+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+Annexes+and+Appendices&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.edition=facs.+pbk.+repr.+Naval+%26+Military+Press%2C+Uckfield&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84574-350-5&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Frankland%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, K. (2005). <i>Bomber Boys: The RAF Offensive of 1943: The Ruhr, the Dambusters and Bloody Berlin</i>. Bomber War Trilogy. Vol. I. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84637-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84637-6"><bdi>978-0-297-84637-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bomber+Boys%3A+The+RAF+Offensive+of+1943%3A+The+Ruhr%2C+the+Dambusters+and+Bloody+Berlin&rft.place=London&rft.series=Bomber+War+Trilogy&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84637-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoogKrebsVogel2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horst_Boog" title="Horst Boog">Boog, Horst</a>; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2006) [2001]. <i>The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943–1944/5</i> [<i>Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien 1943 bis 1944/45</i>]. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. VII. Translated by Cooke-Radmore, Derry; Garvie, Francisca; Osers, Ewald; Smerin, Barry; Wilson, Barbara (trans. Clarendon Press, Oxford ed.). Potsdam, Germany: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822889-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822889-9"><bdi>978-0-19-822889-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Air+War+in+Europe+and+the+War+in+the+West+and+East+Asia+1943%E2%80%931944%2F5&rft.place=Potsdam%2C+Germany&rft.series=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.edition=trans.+Clarendon+Press%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=Milit%C3%A4rgeschichtliches+Forschungsamt+%28Research+Institute+for+Military+History%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822889-9&rft.aulast=Boog&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Detlef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Middlebrook" title="Martin Middlebrook">Middlebrook, Martin</a>; Everitt, Chris (1996). <i>The Bomber Command Diaries: An Operational Reference Book, 1939–1945</i> (online scan ed.). Leicester: Midland Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-185780-033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-185780-033-3"><bdi>978-185780-033-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bomber+Command+Diaries%3A+An+Operational+Reference+Book%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Leicester&rft.edition=online+scan&rft.pub=Midland+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-185780-033-3&rft.aulast=Middlebrook&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Everitt%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1985" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Williamson (1985). <i>Luftwaffe: Strategy for Defeat</i>. USA: Nautical & Aviation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933852-45-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933852-45-7"><bdi>978-0-933852-45-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe%3A+Strategy+for+Defeat&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Nautical+%26+Aviation&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-933852-45-7&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsSt_G._Saunders1975" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Denis; St G. Saunders, H. (1975) [1954]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-II/index.html"><i>Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight Avails</i></a>. History of the Second World War, Military Series. Vol. II (pbk. repr. ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-771593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-771593-6"><bdi>978-0-11-771593-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Air+Force+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Fight+Avails&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+Military+Series&rft.edition=pbk.+repr.&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-11-771593-6&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=St+G.+Saunders%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-RAF-II%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerryBoyne2006" class="citation book cs1">Terry, M. J.; Boyne, W. J., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ardhindie.com/pdf/winged-crusade-the-quest-for-american-aerospace-power"><i>Winged Crusade: The Quest for American Air and Space Power</i></a>. Military History Symposium series of the United States Air Force Academy. Vol. IX. Colorado: United States Air Force Academy. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1021867870">1021867870</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winged+Crusade%3A+The+Quest+for+American+Air+and+Space+Power&rft.place=Colorado&rft.series=Military+History+Symposium+series+of+the+United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.pub=United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1021867870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fardhindie.com%2Fpdf%2Fwinged-crusade-the-quest-for-american-aerospace-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force</i> (repr. Public Record Office War Histories ed.). Richmond, Surrey: Air Ministry. 2001 [1948]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903365-30-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903365-30-4"><bdi>978-1-903365-30-4</bdi></a>. Air 41/10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+German+Air+Force&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&rft.edition=repr.+Public+Record+Office+War+Histories&rft.pub=Air+Ministry&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-903365-30-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Berlin+%28RAF+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dresda-e-berlino-1945-colore-raro-della-storia-tedesca-della-wehrmacht">Video: "Bombing raids on Dresden and Berlin 1945"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39156">Video: Allies Pierce Siegfried Line (1945) Part 3, planes of the 8th Air Force are prepared for a raid on Berlin. Crews are briefed, planes take off, and the target is bombed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/goeb67.htm">The Battle of Berlin</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, speech on <i>Die Schlacht um Berlin</i> <a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a>, 13 February 1944, pp, 1–3</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="RAF_strategic_bombing_during_the_Second_World_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template talk:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="RAF_strategic_bombing_during_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butt_Report" title="Butt Report">Butt Report (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command#Strategic_bombing_1942-1945" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area Bombing Directive (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehousing" title="Dehousing">Dehousing paper (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_directive" title="Casablanca directive">Casablanca directive (1943)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur "Bomber" Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell" title="Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell">Frederick "Prof" Lindemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Sir Charles Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sir Archibald Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Arthur Tedder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Oil campaign of World War II">Oil targets (1940-45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing of cities (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen#The_Allied_bombing_offensive" title="Submarine pen">U-boat pens (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of the Ruhr (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Berlin (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bellicose" title="Operation Bellicose"><i>Bellicose</i> (Friedrichshafen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise"><i>Chastise</i> ("Dambusters" raid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hurricane_(1944)" title="Operation Hurricane (1944)"><i>Hurricane</i> (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II"><i>Hydra</i> (Peenemünde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Blenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">Boston (Douglas DB-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Manchester" title="Avro Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">Mosquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Whitley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">Chaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2S_(radar)" title="H2S (radar)">H2S radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee_(navigation)" title="Gee (navigation)">Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_(navigation)" title="Oboe (navigation)">"Oboe"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee-H_(navigation)" title="Gee-H (navigation)">Gee-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_(radar)" title="Monica (radar)">"Monica" radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb" title="Blockbuster bomb">Blockbuster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_bomb" title="Earthquake bomb">Earthquake bomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallboy_(bomb)" title="Tallboy (bomb)">Tallboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)" title="Grand Slam (bomb)">Grand Slam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_bomb" title="Bouncing bomb">Bouncing bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_indicator" title="Target indicator">Target indicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber_stream" title="Bomber stream">Bomber stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">Firebombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command#Invasion_of_Europe" title="RAF Fighter Command">Intruder operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)#Master_bomber" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Master Bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bombing" title="Shuttle bombing">Shuttle bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Group_RAF" title="No. 1 Group RAF">No. 1 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF" title="No. 3 Group RAF">No. 3 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._4_Group_RAF" title="No. 4 Group RAF">No. 4 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF" title="No. 5 Group RAF">No. 5 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._6_Group_RCAF" title="No. 6 Group RCAF">No. 6 Group RCAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._8_Group_RAF" title="No. 8 Group RAF">No. 8 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._100_Group_RAF" title="No. 100 Group RAF">No. 100 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Light Night Strike Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:WW2AirDefenceUK" title="Template:WW2AirDefenceUK">Aerial defence of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">Air operations during the Battle of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_by_Moonlight:_Bomber_Command" title="Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command">Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Storm_(2009_film)" title="Into the Storm (2009 film)">Into the Storm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Target_for_Tonight" title="Target for Tonight">Target for Tonight</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities#Aerial_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Aerial bombing of cities">Aerial bombing of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Innsbruck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Innsbruck in World War II">Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vienna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vienna in World War II">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wiener_Neustadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wiener Neustadt in World War II">Wiener Neustadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Air_Raid" title="Aarhus Air Raid">Aarhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Carthage" title="Operation Carthage">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nex%C3%B8#Allied_air_attacks" title="Nexø">Nexø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8nne#Allied_air_attacks" title="Rønne">Rønne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Estonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Narva_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Narva in World War II">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">Tallinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood#Preliminary_attacks" title="Operation Charnwood">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia#Allied_preparations" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan#Destruction" title="Royan">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Leu-d%27Esserent" title="Saint-Leu-d'Esserent">Saint-Leu-d'Esserent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of<br /> the Ruhr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bochum#Allied_air_attacks" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Duisburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Duisburg in World War II">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Düsseldorf in World War II">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Essen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Essen in World War II">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen#Nazi_Germany" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld#Allied_air_attacks" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wuppertal_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen#World_War_II" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Augsburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Augsburg in World War II">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschersleben#Allied_air_attacks" title="Aschersleben">Aschersleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Baden-Baden_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Baden-Baden in World War II">Baden-Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bamberg" title="Bombing of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocholt,_Germany#Allied_air_attack" title="Bocholt, Germany">Bocholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Braunschweig_(October_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Braunschweig (October 1944)">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bremen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bremen in World War II">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz#World_War_II" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crailsheim#Allied_air_attacks" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darmstadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessau#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dietzenbach_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dietzenbach in World War II">Dietzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden#Allied_air_attacks" title="Emden">Emden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frankfurt_am_Main_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Freiburg_on_10_May_1940" title="Bombing of Freiburg on 10 May 1940">Freiburg (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tigerfish" title="Operation Tigerfish">Freiburg (Allies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Friedrichshafen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Friedrichshafen in World War II">Friedrichshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giessen#Allied_air_attack" title="Giessen">Giessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Bombing of Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halberstadt#Allied_air_attacks" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanau in World War II">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanover_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanover in World War II">Hannover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hildesheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hildesheim in World War II">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena#Allied_air_attacks" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern#World_War_II" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe#Allied_air_attacks" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleve#Allied_air_attacks" title="Kleve">Kleve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Königsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCbeck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Lübeck in World War II">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ludwigshafen_and_Oppau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau in World War II">Ludwigshafen / Oppau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Bombing of Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg#Allied_air_attacks" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mannheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mannheim in World War II">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers#Allied_air_attack" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster#Allied_air_attacks" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Munich_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Munich in World War II">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nordhausen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nuremberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Obersalzberg" title="Bombing of Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck#Allied_air_attacks" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn#Allied_air_attacks" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Peenemünde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam#Allied_air_attacks" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock#Allied_air_attack" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken#World_War_II" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt#World_War_II" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen#Allied_air_attacks" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stralsund_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Stralsund in World War II">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ulm_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ulm in World War II">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wesel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wesel in World War II">Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II">Wilhelmshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany#Allied_air_attacks" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Würzburg in World War II">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest#Allied_air_strikes" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassa" title="Bombing of Kassa">Kassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessandria#Allied_air_attacks" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ancona_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ancona in World War II">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari" title="Air raid on Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento#Allied_air_attacks" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bologna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bologna in World War II">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cagliari_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cagliari in World War II">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania#Allied_air_attacks" title="Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ferrara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ferrara in World War II">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Foggia" title="Bombing of Foggia">Foggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Frascati" title="Air raid on Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Genoa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Genoa in World War II">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorla" title="Bombing of Gorla">Gorla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Grosseto_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Grosseto in World War II">Grosseto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Livorno_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Livorno in World War II">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina#Allied_air_attacks" title="Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Milan in World War II">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Naples_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Naples in World War II">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Padua_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Padua in World War II">Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Palermo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Palermo in World War II">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pescara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pescara in World War II">Pescara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pisa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pisa in World War II">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Reggio_Calabria_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Reggio Calabria in World War II">Reggio Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terni#Allied_air_attacks" title="Terni">Terni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Treviso_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Treviso in World War II">Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste#Allied_air_attacks" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Turin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Turin in World War II">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Verona#20th_century" title="History of Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vicenza_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vicenza in World War II">Vicenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo#Allied_air_attacks" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zadar_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zadar in World War II">Zadar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Amsterdam" title="Bombing of Amsterdam">Amsterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombings_of_Amsterdam-Noord" title="Allied bombings of Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Oyster" title="Operation Oyster">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enschede#World_War_II" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Enkhuizen" title="Bombing of Enkhuizen">Enkhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland#Bombing_of_Middelburg" title="Battle of Zeeland">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nijmegen" title="Bombing of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombing_of_Rotterdam_in_World_War_II" title="Allied bombing of Rotterdam in World War II">Rotterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammerfest_(town)#Destruction_in_World_War_II" title="Hammerfest (town)">Hammerfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsos_campaign#Air_attacks" title="Namsos campaign">Namsos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frampol" title="Bombing of Frampol">Frampol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Ploiești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Timi%C8%99oara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Timișoara in World War II">Timișoara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Bombardment" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Minsk_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Minsk in World War II">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad" title="Bombing of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Switzerland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Stein_am_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Stein am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Zürich_and_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Zürich and Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United<br />Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow_Blitz" title="Barrow Blitz">Barrow-in-Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Blitz" title="Bath Blitz">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Blitz" title="Bournemouth Blitz">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Blitz" title="Brighton Blitz">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blitz" title="Bristol Blitz">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Blitz" title="Exeter Blitz">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenock_Blitz" title="Greenock Blitz">Greenock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_Blitz" title="Hull Blitz">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Blitz" title="Leeds Blitz">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Blitz" title="Norwich Blitz">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Blitz" title="Nottingham Blitz">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">Swansea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Yugoslavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgrade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Belgrade_(1944)" title="Bombing of Belgrade (1944)">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Podgorica_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Podgorica in World War II">Podgorica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sarajevo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sarajevo in World War II">Sarajevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Dublin</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Helsinki in World War II">Helsinki</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Prague" title="Bombing of Prague">Prague</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sofia_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sofia in World War II">Sofia</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zagreb in World War II">Zagreb</a> (Croatia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burma" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Burma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mandalay_(1942)" title="Bombing of Mandalay (1942)">Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Allied Rangoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Hong_Kong" title="Air raids on Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sukabumi" title="Bombing of Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Transom" title="Operation Transom">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Akita_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Akita in World War II">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Aomori_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Aomori in World War II">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chiba_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Chiba in World War II">Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukui_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Fukui in World War II">Fukui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukuoka" title="Bombing of Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gifu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gifu in World War II">Gifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamamatsu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamamatsu in World War II">Hamamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiratsuka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hiratsuka in World War II">Hiratsuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kobe in World War II">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C5%8Dfu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kōfu in World War II">Kōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kumagaya" title="Bombing of Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kure" title="Bombing of Kure">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagaoka" title="Bombing of Nagaoka">Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagoya" title="Bombing of Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Numazu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Numazu in World War II">Numazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Okazaki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Okazaki in World War II">Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Rabaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cockpit" title="Operation Cockpit">Sabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sendai_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Sendai during World War II">Sendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shizuoka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Shizuoka in World War II">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">10 March 1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi_Air_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyohashi Air Raid">Toyohashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Toyokawa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Toyokawa in World War II">Toyokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Utsunomiya_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Utsunomiya during World War II">Utsunomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Yawata">Yawata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata_(June_1944)" title="Bombing of Yawata (June 1944)">June 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yokkaichi_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Yokkaichi in World War II">Yokkaichi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taihoku</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Allied Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945)">Axis Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Unalaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Bangkok</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Colombo</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kuala_Lumpur_(1945)" title="Bombing of Kuala Lumpur (1945)">Kuala Lumpur</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a> (Philippines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and<br />Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Mandatory Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_raids_on_Cyprus_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing raids on Cyprus during World War II">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li></ul> 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