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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Enlightenment thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_of_foreign_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_of_foreign_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Threats of foreign invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_of_foreign_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Popular pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_upheaval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_upheaval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Religious upheaval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_upheaval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terror_of_the_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terror_of_the_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terror of the day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terror_of_the_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermidorian_Reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermidorian_Reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Thermidorian Reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermidorian_Reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reign of Terror</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrikbewind_(Franse_Rewolusie)" title="Skrikbewind (Franse Rewolusie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skrikbewind (Franse Rewolusie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorherrschaft" title="Terrorherrschaft – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Terrorherrschaft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عهد الإرهاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عهد الإرهاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Terror" title="El Terror – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="El Terror" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Эпоха тэрору – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эпоха тэрору" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Эпоха тэрору – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эпоха тэрору" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Големият терор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Големият терор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobinska_diktatura" title="Jakobinska diktatura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jakobinska diktatura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spont_bras" title="Spont bras – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spont bras" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnat_del_Terror" title="Regnat del Terror – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regnat del Terror" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_teror" title="Jakobínský teror – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakobínský teror" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorregimet" title="Terrorregimet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Terrorregimet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorherrschaft" title="Terrorherrschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Terrorherrschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorivalitsus" title="Terrorivalitsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Terrorivalitsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7)" title="Τρομοκρατία (Γαλλική Επανάσταση) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρομοκρατία (Γαλλική Επανάσταση)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Terror" title="El Terror – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El Terror" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teroro_(franca_revolucio)" title="Teroro (franca revolucio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teroro (franca revolucio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izu_Garaia" title="Izu Garaia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izu Garaia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="حکومت وحشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکومت وحشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terreur_(R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise)" title="Terreur (Révolution française) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terreur (Révolution française)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9_an_Uaf%C3%A1is" title="Ré an Uafáis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ré an Uafáis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_(Francia)" title="Terror (Francia) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terror (Francia)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%8F%AC_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="공포 정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공포 정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Ահաբեկչության ժամանակաշրջան (Ֆրանսիական հեղափոխություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ահաբեկչության ժամանակաշրջան (Ֆրանսիական հեղափոխություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobinska_diktatura" title="Jakobinska diktatura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jakobinska diktatura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teroro_(Franca_revoluciono)" title="Teroro (Franca revoluciono) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Teroro (Franca revoluciono)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Teror" title="Pemerintahan Teror – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintahan Teror" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regime_del_Terror" title="Regime del Terror – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Regime del Terror" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93gnarstj%C3%B3rnin" title="Ógnarstjórnin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ógnarstjórnin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regime_del_Terrore" title="Regime del Terrore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regime del Terrore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8" title="שלטון הטרור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלטון הטרור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamar%C3%A9ntahan_T%C3%A9ror" title="Pamaréntahan Téror – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pamaréntahan Téror" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ტერორის მმართველობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტერორის მმართველობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroris_Regimen" title="Terroris Regimen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Terroris Regimen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob%C4%AB%C5%86u_terors" title="Jakobīņu terors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jakobīņu terors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terreur" title="Terreur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Terreur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Владеење на теророт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Владеење на теророт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A" title="ഭീകരവാഴ്ച – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭീകരവാഴ്ച" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حكم الارهاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حكم الارهاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Ganas" title="Pemerintahan Ganas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintahan Ganas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terreur_(Franse_Revolutie)" title="Terreur (Franse Revolutie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Terreur (Franse Revolutie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrekkveldet" title="Skrekkveldet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skrekkveldet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrekkveldet" title="Skrekkveldet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skrekkveldet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rz%C4%85dy_terroru" title="Rządy terroru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rządy terroru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_(Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Francesa)" title="Terror (Revolução Francesa) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terror (Revolução Francesa)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teroarea_Iacobin%C4%83" title="Teroarea Iacobină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teroarea Iacobină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Период террора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Период террора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reign of Terror" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobinska_diktatura" title="Jakobinska diktatura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jakobinska diktatura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Јакобинска диктатура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јакобинска диктатура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobinska_diktatura" title="Jakobinska diktatura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jakobinska diktatura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorin_aika" title="Terrorin aika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Terrorin aika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%C3%A4ckv%C3%A4ldet" title="Skräckväldet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skräckväldet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="பயங்கர ஆட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பயங்கர ஆட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="ความน่าสะพรึงกลัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความน่าสะพรึงกลัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%B6r_D%C3%B6nemi_(Fransa)" title="Terör Dönemi (Fransa) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Terör Dönemi (Fransa)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Епоха терору (Французька революція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Епоха терору (Французька революція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="دور ہیبت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دور ہیبت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_Kh%E1%BB%A7ng_b%E1%BB%91" title="Triều đại Khủng bố – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triều đại Khủng bố" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%AE%BE%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" title="雅各宾专政 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雅各宾专政" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB" title="恐怖統治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="恐怖統治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1793–94 killings during the French Revolution caused by Maximilian Robespierre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Reign of Terror (disambiguation)">Reign of Terror (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Terror" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Terror_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Terror (disambiguation)">The Terror (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Reign of Terror</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Octobre_1793,_supplice_de_9_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Octobre_1793%2C_supplice_de_9_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s.jpg/240px-Octobre_1793%2C_supplice_de_9_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Octobre_1793%2C_supplice_de_9_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s.jpg/360px-Octobre_1793%2C_supplice_de_9_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Octobre_1793%2C_supplice_de_9_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s.jpg/480px-Octobre_1793%2C_supplice_de_9_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="522" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Nine <i>émigrés</i> are executed by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a>, 1793</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">1792/1793 – 27 July 1794</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First French Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organised by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left;">at least 35,000–45,000<sup id="cite_ref-DG_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JCM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Reign of Terror</b> (French: <i lang="fr">la Terreur</i>) was a period of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> when, following the creation of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a>, a series of massacres and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France" title="Capital punishment in France">numerous public executions</a> took place in response to the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_revolts" title="Federalist revolts">Federalist revolts</a>, revolutionary fervour, <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anticlerical</a> sentiment, and accusations of treason by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a>. While terror was never formally instituted as a legal policy by the Convention, it was more often employed as a concept.<sup id="cite_ref-RfytDwAAQBAJ_p._200_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RfytDwAAQBAJ_p._200-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians disagree when exactly "the Terror" began. Some consider it to have begun in 1793, often giving the date as 5 September or 10 March, when the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> came into existence.<sup id="cite_ref-EncBrit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncBrit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others cite the earlier <a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> in 1792, or even July 1789 when the first killing of the revolution occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Terror concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Fall of Maximilien Robespierre">fall of Maximilien Robespierre</a> and his alleged allies in July 1794,<sup id="cite_ref-EncBrit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncBrit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a>. By then, 16,594 official death sentences had been dispensed throughout France since June 1793, of which 2,639 were in Paris alone. An additional 10,000 to 12,000 people had been executed without trial, and 10,000 had died in prison.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epouvantail_pour_les_ennemis_de_la_France_Fleisch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Epouvantail_pour_les_ennemis_de_la_France_Fleisch.jpg/170px-Epouvantail_pour_les_ennemis_de_la_France_Fleisch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Epouvantail_pour_les_ennemis_de_la_France_Fleisch.jpg/255px-Epouvantail_pour_les_ennemis_de_la_France_Fleisch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Epouvantail_pour_les_ennemis_de_la_France_Fleisch.jpg/340px-Epouvantail_pour_les_ennemis_de_la_France_Fleisch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Historical caricature of the Reign of Terror.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Barere.jpg/170px-Barere.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Barere.jpg/255px-Barere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Barere.jpg/340px-Barere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Laneuville" title="Jean-Louis Laneuville">Jean-Louis Laneuville</a>.</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_thought">Enlightenment thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Enlightenment thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thought emphasized the importance of <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational thinking</a> and began challenging legal and <a href="/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory" title="Moral foundations theory">moral foundations</a> of society, providing the leaders of the Reign of Terror with new ideas about the role and structure of government.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract"><i>Social Contract</i></a> argues that each person was born with rights, and they would come together in forming a government that would then protect those rights. Under the social contract, the government was required to act for the <a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">general will</a>, which represented the interests of everyone rather than a few factions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing from the idea of a general will, Robespierre felt that the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> could result in a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> built for the general will but only once those who fought against this ideal were expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sourcebooks.fordham.edu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcebooks.fordham.edu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who resisted the government were deemed "tyrants" fighting against the virtue and honor of the general will. The leaders felt that their ideal version of government was threatened from the inside and outside of France, and terror was the only way to preserve the dignity of the republic created from French Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-sourcebooks.fordham.edu_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcebooks.fordham.edu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writings of <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Baron de Montesquieu</a>, another Enlightenment thinker of the time, also greatly influenced Robespierre. Montesquieu's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> defines a core principle of a democratic government: <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>—described as "the love of laws and of our country."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Robespierre's speech to the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> on 5 February 1794, he regards virtue as being the "fundamental principle of popular or democratic government."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was, in fact, the same virtue defined by Montesquieu almost 50 years prior. Robespierre believed the virtue needed for any democratic government was extremely lacking in the French people. As a result, he decided to weed out those he believed could never possess this virtue. The result was a continual push towards Terror. The Convention used this as justification for the course of action to "crush the enemies of the revolution…let the laws be executed…and let liberty be saved."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats_of_foreign_invasion">Threats of foreign invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Threats of foreign invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batayedifleuru1794-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Batayedifleuru1794-1.jpg/220px-Batayedifleuru1794-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Batayedifleuru1794-1.jpg/330px-Batayedifleuru1794-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Batayedifleuru1794-1.jpg/440px-Batayedifleuru1794-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a>, won by General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jourdan</a> over the Coalition Army led by the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William of Orange</a> on 26 June 1794</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the French Revolution, the surrounding monarchies did not show great hostility towards the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin201654_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin201654-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though mostly ignored, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> was later able to find support in <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II of Austria</a> (brother of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Frederick William II of Prussia</a>. On 27 August 1791, these foreign leaders made the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Pillnitz Declaration</a>, saying they would restore the French monarch if other European rulers joined. In response to what they viewed to be the meddling of foreign powers, <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">France declared war</a> on 20 April 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at this point, the war was only <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> against France. </p><p>Massive reforms of military institutions, while very effective in the long run, presented the initial problems of inexperienced forces and leaders of questionable political loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin201655_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin201655-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the time it took for officers of merit to use their new freedoms to climb the chain of command, France suffered. Many of the early battles were definitive losses for the French.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There was the constant threat of the Austro-Prussian forces which were advancing easily toward the capital, threatening to destroy Paris if the monarch was harmed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This series of defeats, coupled with militant uprisings and protests within the borders of France, pushed the government to resort to drastic measures to ensure the loyalty of every citizen, not only to France but more importantly to the revolution. </p><p>While this series of losses was eventually broken, the reality of what might have happened if they persisted hung over France. In September 1792 the French won a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">critical victory at Valmy</a>, preventing an Austro-Prussian invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin201659_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin201659-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the French military had stabilized and was producing victories by the time the Reign of Terror officially began, the pressure to succeed in this international struggle acted as justification for the government to pursue its actions. It was not until after the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">execution of Louis XVI</a> and the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland#French_Revolution" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> that the other monarchies began to feel threatened enough to form the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a>. The coalition, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, Austria, Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> began attacking France from all directions, besieging and capturing ports and retaking ground lost to France.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With so many similarities to the first days of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Revolutionary Wars</a> for the French government, with threats on all sides, unification of the country became a top priority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin201664_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin201664-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the war continued and the Reign of Terror began, leaders saw a correlation between using terror and achieving victory. Well phrased by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Soboul" title="Albert Soboul">Albert Soboul</a>, "terror, at first an improvised response to defeat, once organized became an instrument of victory."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The threat of defeat and foreign invasion may have helped spur the origins of the Terror, but the timely coincidence of the Terror with French victories added justification to its growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_pressure">Popular pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Popular pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heads_on_pikes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/Heads_on_pikes.jpg/220px-Heads_on_pikes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/Heads_on_pikes.jpg/330px-Heads_on_pikes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/ca/Heads_on_pikes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Heads of aristocrats on <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a>.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robespierre_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Robespierre_crop.jpg/170px-Robespierre_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Robespierre_crop.jpg/255px-Robespierre_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Robespierre_crop.jpg/340px-Robespierre_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the Reign of Terror, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a>—the urban workers of France—</i>and the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a> put pressure on the National Convention delegates and contributed to the overall instability of France. The National Convention was bitterly split between the <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a>. The Girondins were more conservative leaders of the National Convention, while the Montagnards supported radical violence and pressures of the lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin201664_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin201664-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the Montagnards gained control of the National Convention, they began demanding radical measures. </p><p>Moreover, the <i>sans-culottes</i> agitated leaders to inflict punishments on those who opposed the interests of the poor. The <i>sans-culottes</i> violently demonstrated, pushing their demands and creating constant pressure for the Montagnards to enact reform.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They fed the frenzy of instability and chaos by utilizing popular pressure during the Revolution. For example, the they sent letters and petitions to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> urging them to protect their interests and rights with measures such as taxation of foodstuffs that favored workers over the rich. They advocated for arrests of those deemed to oppose reforms against those with privilege, and the more militant members would advocate pillage in order to achieve the desired equality.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting instability caused problems that made forming the new republic and achieving full political support critical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_upheaval">Religious upheaval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious upheaval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniac-Morvan_(35)_%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre_Int%C3%A9rieur_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Miniac-Morvan_%2835%29_%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre_Int%C3%A9rieur_11.jpg/220px-Miniac-Morvan_%2835%29_%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre_Int%C3%A9rieur_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Miniac-Morvan_%2835%29_%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre_Int%C3%A9rieur_11.jpg/330px-Miniac-Morvan_%2835%29_%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre_Int%C3%A9rieur_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Miniac-Morvan_%2835%29_%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre_Int%C3%A9rieur_11.jpg/440px-Miniac-Morvan_%2835%29_%C3%89glise_Saint-Pierre_Int%C3%A9rieur_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1583" /></a><figcaption>Nuns in a cart taking them to the guillotine in <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> on 26 June 1794</figcaption></figure> <p>The Reign of Terror was characterized by a dramatic rejection of long-held religious authority, its hierarchical structure, and the corrupt and intolerant influence of the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> and clergy. Religious elements that long stood as symbols of stability for the French people, were replaced by views on reason and scientific thought.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989343_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989343-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radical revolutionaries and their supporters desired a cultural revolution that would rid the French state of all Christian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_Hunt_p_3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_Hunt_p_3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process began with the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">fall of the monarchy</a>, an event that effectively defrocked the state of its sanctification by the clergy via the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">doctrine of Divine Right</a> and ushered in an era of reason.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin201672–73_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin201672–73-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many long-held rights and powers were stripped from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and given to the state. In 1789, church lands were expropriated and priests killed or forced to leave France.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_Hunt_p_3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_Hunt_p_3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1792, "refractory priests" were targeted and replaced with their secular counterpart from the <a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobin club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all religions experienced equal aggression; the Jewish community, on the contrary, received admittance into French citizenship in 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Festival of Reason</a> was held in the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre Dame Cathedral</a>, which was renamed "The Temple of Reason", and the traditional calendar was replaced with a <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">new revolutionary one</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin201672–73_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin201672–73-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders of the Terror tried to address the call for these radical, revolutionary aspirations, while at the same time trying to maintain tight control on the <a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">de-Christianization movement</a> that was threatening to the clear majority of the still devoted Catholic population of France. Robespierre used the event as a means to combat the "moral counterrevolution" taking place among his rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, he hoped to stem "the monster atheism" that was a result of the radical secularization in philosophical and social circles.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tension sparked by these conflicting objectives laid a foundation for the "justified" use of terror to achieve revolutionary ideals and rid France of the religiosity that revolutionaries believed was standing in the way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terror_of_the_day">Terror of the day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Terror of the day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1793, leading politicians in France felt a sense of emergency between the widespread civil war and counter-revolution. <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a> exclaimed on 5 September 1793 in the National Convention: "Let's make terror the order of the day!"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quote has frequently been interpreted as the beginning of a supposed "system of Terror", an interpretation no longer retained by historians today. Under the pressure of the radical <i>sans-culottes</i>, the Convention agreed to institute a revolutionary army but refused to make terror the order of the day. According to French historian <a href="/wiki/Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment_Martin" title="Jean-Clément Martin">Jean-Clément Martin</a>, there was no "system of terror" instated by the Convention between 1793 and 1794, despite the pressure from some of its members and the <i>sans-culottes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the Convention were determined to avoid street violence such as the <a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> of 1792 by taking violence into their own hands as an instrument of government.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Today_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Today-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarchist <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cazotte" title="Jacques Cazotte">Jacques Cazotte</a> who predicted the Terror was <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotined</a> at the end of the month. </p><p>What <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> called "terror" was the fear that the "justice of exception" would inspire the enemies of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>. He opposed the idea of terror as the order of the day, defending instead "justice" as the order of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1794 in a speech he explains why this "terror" was necessary as a form of exceptional justice in the context of the revolutionary government: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the basis of popular government in peacetime is virtue, the basis of popular government during a revolution is both virtue and terror; virtue, without which terror is baneful; terror, without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing more than speedy, severe and inflexible justice; it is thus an emanation of virtue; it is less a principle in itself, than a consequence of the general principle of democracy, applied to the most pressing needs of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">patrie</i></span> <small>[homeland, fatherland]</small>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_Today_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Today-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Albert_Mathiez" title="Albert Mathiez">Albert Mathiez</a> argues that such terror was a necessary reaction to the circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others suggest there were additional causes, including ideological<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and emotional.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_events">Major events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Major events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_France#Revolutionary_France_(1789–1799)" title="History of France">History of France § Revolutionary France (1789–1799)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France#Revolutionary_France_(1789–1799)" title="France">France § Revolutionary France (1789–1799)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9,_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_(Square_Battalion).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg/220px-Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg/330px-Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg/440px-Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendeans revolted</a> against the revolutionary government in 1793</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 March 1793 the National Convention set up the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those charged by the tribunal, initially, about half of those arrested were acquitted, but the number dropped to about a quarter after the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> on 10 June 1794. In March, <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">rebellion broke out</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a> in response to mass conscription, which developed into a civil war. Discontent in the Vendée lasted—according to some accounts—until after the Terror.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 April 1793 the National Convention established the Committee of Public Safety, which gradually became the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> war-time government of France.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Committee oversaw the Reign of Terror. "During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were officially executed, and perhaps 10,000 died in prison or without trial."<sup id="cite_ref-DG_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncBrit_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncBrit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 June the Parisian <i>sans-culottes</i> surrounded the National Convention,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling for administrative and political purges, a fixed low price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">franchise</a> to <i>sans-culottes</i> alone. With the backing of the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">national guard</a>, they persuaded the Convention to arrest 29 Girondist leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reaction to the imprisonment of the Girondin deputies, some 13 departments started the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_revolts" title="Federalist revolts">Federalist revolts</a> against Convention, which were ultimately crushed. </p><p>On 24 June the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1793" title="French Constitution of 1793">French Constitution of 1793</a>. It was ratified by public <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, but never put into force.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Reference only sourced to Wikipedia (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 13 July the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a>—a Jacobin leader and journalist—resulted in a further increase in Jacobin political influence. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/10_August_(French_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="10 August (French Revolution)">August 1792 uprising</a> against the king, was removed from the Committee of Public Safety on 10 July. On 27 July Robespierre became part of the Committee of Public Safety.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_fourn%C3%A9e_des_Girondins_10-11-1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/La_fourn%C3%A9e_des_Girondins_10-11-1793.jpg/220px-La_fourn%C3%A9e_des_Girondins_10-11-1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/La_fourn%C3%A9e_des_Girondins_10-11-1793.jpg/330px-La_fourn%C3%A9e_des_Girondins_10-11-1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/La_fourn%C3%A9e_des_Girondins_10-11-1793.jpg/440px-La_fourn%C3%A9e_des_Girondins_10-11-1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>The execution of the <a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 August the National Convention decreed the <i><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">levée en masse</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The young men shall fight; the married man shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall pick rags to lint [for bandages]; the old men shall betake themselves to the public square in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 5 September on the proposal of Barère, the Convention was supposed to have declared by vote that "terror is the order of the day".<sup id="cite_ref-OrderOfTheDay_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrderOfTheDay-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that day's session, the Convention, upon a proposal by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a> and supported by Billaud and Danton, decided to form a revolutionary army of 6,000 men in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barère, representing the Committee of Public Safety, introduced a decree that was promptly passed, establishing a paid armed force of 6,000 men and 1,200 gunners "tasked with crushing counter-revolutionaries, enforcing revolutionary laws and public safety measures decreed by the National Convention, and safeguarding provisions."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed the government to form "revolutionary armies" designed to force French citizens into compliance with Maximilian rule. These armies were also used to enforce "the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_General_Maximum" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the General Maximum">law of the General Maximum</a>", which controlled the distribution and pricing of food. Addressing the Convention, Robespierre claimed that the "weight and willpower" of the people loyal to the republic would be used to oppress those who would turn "political gatherings into gladiatorial arenas".<sup id="cite_ref-OrderOfTheDay_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrderOfTheDay-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy change unleashed a newfound military power in France, which was used to defend against the future coalitions formed by rival nations. The event also solidified Robespierre's rise to power as president<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the Committee of Public Safety earlier in July.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_16_10_1793_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marie_Antoinette_16_10_1793_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Marie_Antoinette_16_10_1793_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marie_Antoinette_16_10_1793_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Marie_Antoinette_16_10_1793_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marie_Antoinette_16_10_1793_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Marie_Antoinette_16_10_1793_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4593" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>'s execution by guillotine on 16 October 1793</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 September banks and exchange offices were shuttered to curb the circulation of counterfeit <a href="/wiki/Assignat" title="Assignat"><i>assignats</i></a> and the outflow of capital, with investments in foreign countries punishable by death. The following day, the extremists <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a> were elected in the Committee of Public Safety.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 9 September the convention established paramilitary forces, the "revolutionary armies",<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to force farmers to surrender grain demanded by the government. On 17 September the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> was passed, which authorized the imprisonment of vaguely defined "suspects". This created a mass overflow in the prison systems. On 29 September the Convention extended <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price fixing</a> from grain and bread to other essential goods and also fixed wages. </p><p>On 10 October the Convention decreed "the provisional government shall be revolutionary until peace." On 16 October <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> was executed. The trial of the Girondins started on the same day; they were executed on 31 October in just over half an hour by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Henri_Sanson" title="Charles-Henri Sanson">Charles-Henri Sanson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a> and Collot d'Herbois suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Lyon_against_the_National_Convention" title="Revolt of Lyon against the National Convention">revolt of Lyon against the National Convention</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Carrier" title="Jean-Baptiste Carrier">Jean-Baptiste Carrier</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Drownings_at_Nantes" title="Drownings at Nantes">drownings at Nantes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a> ensured the operation of the guillotine in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, while Barras and Fréron addressed issues in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Le_Bon" title="Joseph Le Bon">Joseph Le Bon</a> was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bienvenu23_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bienvenu23-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 November, the director of the <i>assignats</i> manufacture, and <a href="/wiki/Manon_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="Manon Roland">Manon Roland</a> were executed. On 13 November the Convention shut down the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Bourse">Paris Bourse</a> and banned all commerce in precious metals, under penalties.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-clerical sentiments increased and a campaign of dechristianization occurred at the end of 1793. Eventually, Robespierre denounced the "de-Christianisers" as foreign enemies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympe_gouges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Olympe_gouges.jpg/170px-Olympe_gouges.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Olympe_gouges.jpg/255px-Olympe_gouges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Olympe_gouges.jpg/340px-Olympe_gouges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>The execution of <a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a>, feminist writer close to the Girondins</figcaption></figure> <p>In early December, Robespierre accused Danton in the Jacobin Club of "too often showing his vices and not his virtue".<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a> defended Danton and warned Robespierre not to exaggerate the revolution. On 5 December the National Convention passed the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Frimaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Frimaire">Law of Frimaire</a>, which gave the central government more control over the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Repr%C3%A9sentant_en_mission" title="Représentant en mission">representatives on mission</a>. The Commune of Paris and the revolutionary committees in the sections had to obey the law, the two Committees, and the Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desmoulins argued that the Revolution should return to its original ideas en vogue around 10 August 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Committee of Grace had to be established. On 8 December, <a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a> was guillotined. On receiving notice that he was to appear on the next day before the Revolutionary Tribunal, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a> committed suicide. American <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> lost his seat in the Convention, was arrested, and locked up for his association with the Girondins, as well as being a foreign national. By the end of 1793, two major factions had emerged, both threatening the revolutionary government: the Hébertists, who called for an intensification of the Terror and threatened insurrection, and the Dantonists, led by Danton, who demanded moderation and clemency. The Committee of Public Safety took actions against both. </p><p>On 8 February 1794 Carrier was recalled from Nantes after a member of the Committee of Public Safety wrote to Robespierre with information about the atrocities being carried out, although Carrier was not put on trial. On 26 February and 3 March <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a> proposed decrees to confiscate the property of exiles and opponents of the revolution, known as the <a href="/wiki/Vent%C3%B4se_Decrees" title="Ventôse Decrees">Ventôse Decrees</a>. </p><p>In March the major Hébertists were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 24 March. On 30 March the two committees decided to arrest Danton and Desmoulins after Saint-Just became uncharacteristically angry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama1989816–817_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama1989816–817-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dantonists were tried on 3 to 5 April and executed on 5 April. In mid-April it was decreed to centralise the investigation of court records and to bring all the political suspects in France to the Revolutionary Tribunal to Paris. Saint-Just and <a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a> journeyed the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Rhine_(1791%E2%80%931795)" title="Army of the Rhine (1791–1795)">Rhine Army</a> to oversee the generals and punish officers for perceived treasonous timidity or lack of initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-Bienvenu23_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bienvenu23-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two committees received the power to interrogate them immediately. A special police bureau inside the Comité de salut public was created, whose task was to monitor public servants, competing with both the Committee of General Security and the Committee of Public Safety.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreigners were no longer allowed to travel through France or visit a Jacobin club; <a href="/wiki/Patriottentijd" title="Patriottentijd">Dutch patriots</a> who had fled to France before 1790 were excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 April <a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Guillaume_Thouret" title="Jacques Guillaume Thouret">Jacques Guillaume Thouret</a> were taken to the executed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint-Just and Le Bas left Paris at the end of the month for the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(France)" title="Army of the North (France)">army in the north</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinton2013235_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinton2013235-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 May the revolutionary government decided that the Terror would be centralised, with almost all the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">tribunals</a> in the provinces closed and all the trials held in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 May Robespierre signed <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Cabarrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresa Cabarrus">Theresa Cabarrus</a>'s arrest warrant, and on 23 May, following an attempted assassination on d'Herbois. <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Renault" title="Cécile Renault">Cécile Renault</a> was arrested near Robespierre's residence with two penknives and a change of underwear claiming the fresh linen was for her execution.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was executed on 17 June.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaux-Arts_de_Carcassonne_-_Appel_des_derni%C3%A8res_victimes_de_la_terreur_dans_la_prison_de_saint_Lazare.7,_9_thermidor_1794_-_Charles_Louis_MULLER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Beaux-Arts_de_Carcassonne_-_Appel_des_derni%C3%A8res_victimes_de_la_terreur_dans_la_prison_de_saint_Lazare.7%2C_9_thermidor_1794_-_Charles_Louis_MULLER.jpg/220px-Beaux-Arts_de_Carcassonne_-_Appel_des_derni%C3%A8res_victimes_de_la_terreur_dans_la_prison_de_saint_Lazare.7%2C_9_thermidor_1794_-_Charles_Louis_MULLER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Beaux-Arts_de_Carcassonne_-_Appel_des_derni%C3%A8res_victimes_de_la_terreur_dans_la_prison_de_saint_Lazare.7%2C_9_thermidor_1794_-_Charles_Louis_MULLER.jpg/330px-Beaux-Arts_de_Carcassonne_-_Appel_des_derni%C3%A8res_victimes_de_la_terreur_dans_la_prison_de_saint_Lazare.7%2C_9_thermidor_1794_-_Charles_Louis_MULLER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Beaux-Arts_de_Carcassonne_-_Appel_des_derni%C3%A8res_victimes_de_la_terreur_dans_la_prison_de_saint_Lazare.7%2C_9_thermidor_1794_-_Charles_Louis_MULLER.jpg/440px-Beaux-Arts_de_Carcassonne_-_Appel_des_derni%C3%A8res_victimes_de_la_terreur_dans_la_prison_de_saint_Lazare.7%2C_9_thermidor_1794_-_Charles_Louis_MULLER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11958" data-file-height="7558" /></a><figcaption>Calling out the last victims of the terror at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Lazare_Prison" title="Saint-Lazare Prison">Saint-Lazare Prison</a>, July 1794</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_(1723_%E2%80%93_1807);_Une_ex%C3%A9cution_capitale,_place_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_(Place_de_la_Concorde),_vers_1793._Huile_sur_papier_maroufl%C3%A9_sur_toile,_37_x_53,5_cm._Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%E2%80%93_Histoire_de_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_%281723_%E2%80%93_1807%29%3B_Une_ex%C3%A9cution_capitale%2C_place_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_%28Place_de_la_Concorde%29%2C_vers_1793._Huile_sur_papier_maroufl%C3%A9_sur_toile%2C_37_x_53%2C5_cm._Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%E2%80%93_Histoire_de_Paris.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_%281723_%E2%80%93_1807%29%3B_Une_ex%C3%A9cution_capitale%2C_place_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_%28Place_de_la_Concorde%29%2C_vers_1793._Huile_sur_papier_maroufl%C3%A9_sur_toile%2C_37_x_53%2C5_cm._Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%E2%80%93_Histoire_de_Paris.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_%281723_%E2%80%93_1807%29%3B_Une_ex%C3%A9cution_capitale%2C_place_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_%28Place_de_la_Concorde%29%2C_vers_1793._Huile_sur_papier_maroufl%C3%A9_sur_toile%2C_37_x_53%2C5_cm._Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%E2%80%93_Histoire_de_Paris.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Execution on the future <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 June the National Convention passed a law proposed by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a>, which simplified the judicial process and greatly accelerated the work of the Revolutionary Tribunal. With the enactment of the law, the number of executions greatly increased, and the period became known as "The Great Terror" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">la Grande Terreur</i>). Between 10 June and 27 July, another 1,366 were executed, causing fear among d'Herbois, Fouché and Tallien due to their past actions.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Brissot, Madame Roland, Pétion, Hébert and Danton, Tallien was accused of participating in conspicuous dinners.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 June <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pétion de Villeneuve">Pétion de Villeneuve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Buzot" title="François Buzot">François Buzot</a> committed suicide, and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Vilate" title="Joachim Vilate">Joachim Vilate</a> was arrested on 21 June. </p><p>On 26 June the French army won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a>, which marked a turning point in <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">France's military campaign</a> and undermined the necessity of wartime measures and the legitimacy of the revolutionary government.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="anonymous uncited high school study notes (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In early July about 60 individuals were arrested as "<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the people">enemies of the people</a>" and accused of conspiring against liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total of death sentences in Paris in July was more than double the number in June,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with two new mass graves dug at <a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus Cemetery</a> by mid-July.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was widespread agreement among deputies that their <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">parliamentary immunity</a>, in place since 1 April 1793, had become perilous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinton2013163_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinton2013163-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 July Robespierre had Fouché expelled. To evade arrest about 50 deputies avoided staying at home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermidorian_Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thermidorian Reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_robespierre,_saint_just....jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg/220px-Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg/330px-Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg/440px-Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg 2x" data-file-width="3490" data-file-height="2270" /></a><figcaption>The execution of <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Fall of Maximilien Robespierre">fall of Robespierre</a> was brought about by a combination of those who wanted more power for the Committee of Public Safety (and a more radical policy than he was willing to allow) and the moderates who completely opposed the revolutionary government. They had, between them, made the Law of 22 Prairial one of the charges against him, so that after his fall, to advocate terror would be seen as adopting the policy of a convicted enemy of the republic, putting the advocate's own head at risk. </p><p>Between his arrest and his execution, Robespierre may have tried to commit suicide by shooting himself, although the bullet wound he sustained, whatever its origin, only shattered his jaw. Alternatively, he may have been shot by the gendarme <a href="/wiki/Charles-Andr%C3%A9_Merda" title="Charles-André Merda">Charles-André Merda</a>. A change in orientation might explain how Robespierre, sitting in a chair, got wounded from the upper right in the lower left jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biard2015_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biard2015-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) According to Bourdon, Méda then hit Couthon's adjutant in his leg.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Couthon was found lying at the bottom of a staircase in a corner, having fallen from the back of his adjutant. Saint-Just gave himself up without a word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinton2013283_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinton2013283-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Méda, Hanriot tried to escape by a concealed staircase to the third floor and his apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great confusion that arose during the storming of the municipal Hall of Paris, where Robespierre and his friends had found refuge, makes it impossible to be sure of the wound's origin. A group of 15 to 20 conspirators were locked up in a room inside the Hôtel de Ville.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, Robespierre was guillotined the next day, together with Saint-Just, Couthon and his brother <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Robespierre" title="Augustin Robespierre">Augustin Robespierre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day following his demise, approximately half of the Paris Commune (70 members) met their fate at the guillotine.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Barère, who just like Robespierre never went on mission: "We did not deceive ourselves that Saint-Just, cut out as a more dictatorial boss, would have finished by overthrowing [Robespierre] to put himself in his place; we also knew that we who stood in the way of his projects, he would have us guillotined; we overthrew him."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bals_des_victimes" title="Bals des victimes">Bals des victimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infernal_columns" title="Infernal columns">Infernal columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Revolutionary terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_France" title="Terrorism in France">Terrorism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricoteuse" title="Tricoteuse">Tricoteuse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dates July 1789, September 1792, and March 1793 are given as alternatives in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martin, Jean-Clément (2010). <i>La Terreur, part maudite de la Révolution</i> [<i>The Terror: Cursed Period of the Revolution</i>]. Découvertes Gallimard (in French). Vol. 566. Paris: Gallimard. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Terreur%2C+part+maudite+de+la+R%C3%A9volution&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=D%C3%A9couvertes+Gallimard&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <i>Les jeunes gens iront au combat; les hommes mariés forgeront les armes et transporteront les subsistances; les femmes feront des tentes et serviront dans les hôpitaux; les enfants mettront le vieux linge en charpie; les vieillards se feront porter sur les places publiques pour exciter le courage des guerriers, prêcher la haine des rois et l’unité de la République.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DG-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DG_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DG_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer1935" class="citation book cs1">Greer, Donald (1935). <i>The Incidence of the Terror during the French Revolution : A Statistical Interpretation</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, coll. « Harvard historical monographs » (no VIII). pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incidence+of+the+Terror+during+the+French+Revolution+%3A+A+Statistical+Interpretation&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press%2C+coll.+%C2%AB+Harvard+historical+monographs+%C2%BB+%28no+VIII%29&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCM-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JCM_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Clément_Martin2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment_Martin" title="Jean-Clément Martin">Jean-Clément Martin</a> (2017). <i>La Terreur : vérités et légendes</i> (in French). Paris: Perrin. pp. <span class="nowrap">191–</span>192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Terreur+%3A+v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9s+et+l%C3%A9gendes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RfytDwAAQBAJ_p._200-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RfytDwAAQBAJ_p._200_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Mary Ashburn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfytDwAAQBAJ&dq=5+september+1793+Terror+order+of+the+day+Bar%C3%A8re&pg=PA200"><i>A Natural History of Revolution: Violence and Nature in the French Revolutionary Imagination, 1789–1794</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801460845" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801460845"><bdi>978-0801460845</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408013150/https://books.google.com/books?id=RfytDwAAQBAJ&dq=5+september+1793+Terror+order+of+the+day+Bar%C3%A8re&pg=PA200">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Revolution%3A+Violence+and+Nature+in+the+French+Revolutionary+Imagination%2C+1789%E2%80%931794&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0801460845&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ashburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfytDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D5%2Bseptember%2B1793%2BTerror%2Border%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bday%2BBar%25C3%25A8re%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncBrit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncBrit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncBrit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncBrit_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror">"Reign of Terror | History, Significance, & Facts"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620204345/https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Reign+of+Terror+%7C+History%2C+Significance%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FReign-of-Terror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinton2004" class="citation web cs1">Linton, Marisa (26 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117152123/http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter1/interviews/filetodownload%2C20545%2Cen.pdf">"The Terror in the French Revolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kingston University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter1/interviews/filetodownload,20545,en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Introduction</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017212717/https://www.academia.edu/8475802">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=French+Revolution&rft.atitle=French+Revolution+timeline+1792%E2%80%9395&rft.date=2015-03-15&rft.aulast=History&rft.aufirst=Alpha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falphahistory.com%2Ffrenchrevolution%2Ffrench-revolution-timeline-1792-95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bienvenu23-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bienvenu23_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bienvenu23_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) <i>The Ninth of Thermidor</i>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.mises.org/Fiat%20Money%20Inflation%20in%20France_2.pdf">"Fiat Money in France: How It Came, What It Brought, and How It Ended by A.D. White, p. 43"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407151512/https://cdn.mises.org/Fiat%20Money%20Inflation%20in%20France_2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+du+Nord&rft.atitle=Les+missions+de+Saint-Just+%C3%A0+l%27arm%C3%A9e+du+Nord.+Seconde+Mission+%2830+Avril+1794-28+Juin+1794%29&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frnord.1946.1872&rft.au=Herlaut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frnord_0035-2624_1946_num_28_109_1872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antoine-saint-just.fr/chrono.html">"Chronologie"</a>. <i>www.antoine-saint-just.fr</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211182946/http://www.antoine-saint-just.fr/chrono.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.antoine-saint-just.fr&rft.atitle=Chronologie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antoine-saint-just.fr%2Fchrono.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Rosendaal (2003) Bataven! Nederlandse Vluchtelingen In Frankrijk 1787 1795, pp. 420–422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Jourdan (2018) Le tribunal révolutionnaire. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fperri.boula.2018.01.0269">10.3917/perri.boula.2018.01.0269</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinton2013235-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinton2013235_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinton2013">Linton 2013</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2016" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Ian (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lWNCwAAQBAJ&dq=government+decided+that+the+Terror+would+be+centralised&pg=PR14-IA87"><i>The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny, p. xiv</i></a>. Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-936-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-936-1"><bdi>978-1-84765-936-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230043346/https://books.google.nl/books?id=9lWNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14-IA87&lpg=PR14-IA87&dq=government+decided+that+the+Terror+would+be+centralised&source=bl&ots=9mj36Ba2-K&sig=ACfU3U0dgFkTRlC3cyUqlRT1XoaBaNQLYA&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBi7eu9OTkAhUQfFAKHZ4RBYgQ6AEwDHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=government%20decided%20that%20the%20Terror%20would%20be%20centralised&f=false#v=onepage&q=government%20decided%20that%20the%20Terror%20would%20be%20centralised&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution%3A+From+Enlightenment+to+Tyranny%2C+p.+xiv&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.isbn=978-1-84765-936-1&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lWNCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dgovernment%2Bdecided%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BTerror%2Bwould%2Bbe%2Bcentralised%26pg%3DPR14-IA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houghton.hk/?p=232">A Peoples' History 1793–1844 from the newspapers.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922205654/https://www.houghton.hk/?p=232">Archived</a> 22 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Bombay Courier</i>, Sat 18 October 1794</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanson1876" class="citation web cs1">Sanson, Henri (12 March 1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iMIBAAAAYAAJ&q=PRAIRIAL&pg=RA1-PA135">"Memoirs of the Sansons: From Private Notes and Documents (1688–1847)"</a>. Chatto and Windus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017155729/https://books.google.com/books?id=iMIBAAAAYAAJ&q=PRAIRIAL&pg=RA1-PA135">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Sansons%3A+From+Private+Notes+and+Documents+%281688%E2%80%931847%29&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=1876-03-12&rft.aulast=Sanson&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiMIBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DPRAIRIAL%26pg%3DRA1-PA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaish2013" class="citation book cs1">Naish, Camille (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Y0UgN-K0C&dq=Cecile+Renault+parent+execution&pg=PA178"><i>Death Comes to the Maiden: Sex and Execution 1431–1933</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136247620" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136247620"><bdi>978-1136247620</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017155653/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Y0UgN-K0C&dq=Cecile+Renault+parent+execution&pg=PA178">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+Comes+to+the+Maiden%3A+Sex+and+Execution+1431%E2%80%931933&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136247620&rft.aulast=Naish&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFb9Y0UgN-K0C%26dq%3DCecile%2BRenault%2Bparent%2Bexecution%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RHzQAAAAMAAJ&dq=Cecile+Renault+execution+1794+May&pg=PA242">"The Edinburgh Review"</a>. A. and C. Black. 12 March 1809. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017155541/https://books.google.com/books?id=RHzQAAAAMAAJ&dq=Cecile+Renault+execution+1794+May&pg=PA242">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+Review&rft.pub=A.+and+C.+Black&rft.date=1809-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRHzQAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3DCecile%2BRenault%2Bexecution%2B1794%2BMay%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Jaurès, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/1901/history/great-terror.htm">The Law of Prairial and the Great Terror (Fall, year IV)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422234650/http://www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/1901/history/great-terror.htm">Archived</a> 22 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in <i>Socialist History of the French Revolution</i> (translated by Mitchell Abidor), Marxists.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintonHarder2015" class="citation journal cs1">Linton, Marisa; Harder, Mette (12 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/30691/1/Linton-M-30691.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Come and Dine': The Dangers of Conspicuous Consumption in French Revolutionary Politics, 1789–95"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European History Quarterly</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 615. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265691415595959">10.1177/0265691415595959</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143310428">143310428</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203061811/https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/30691/1/Linton-M-30691.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span> – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%27Come+and+Dine%27%3A+The+Dangers+of+Conspicuous+Consumption+in+French+Revolutionary+Politics%2C+1789%E2%80%9395&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=615&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265691415595959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143310428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Linton&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft.au=Harder%2C+Mette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.kingston.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F30691%2F1%2FLinton-M-30691.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/the-french-revolution/the-reign-of-terror">"The Reign of Terror: Causes, Purpose & Effects | StudySmarter"</a>. <i>StudySmarter UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131080804/https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/the-french-revolution/the-reign-of-terror/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StudySmarter+UK&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+Terror%3A+Causes%2C+Purpose+%26+Effects+%7C+StudySmarter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studysmarter.co.uk%2Fexplanations%2Fhistory%2Fthe-french-revolution%2Fthe-reign-of-terror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Républicain français, 9 juillet 1794</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407151511/http://www.justice.gouv.fr/histoire-et-patrimoine-10050/la-justice-dans-lhistoire-10288/le-tribunal-revolutionnaire-22842.html">"Le Tribunal révolutionnaire"</a> (in French). Ministère de la Justice. 23 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gouv.fr/histoire-et-patrimoine-10050/la-justice-dans-lhistoire-10288/le-tribunal-revolutionnaire-22842.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Tribunal+r%C3%A9volutionnaire&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Justice&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gouv.fr%2Fhistoire-et-patrimoine-10050%2Fla-justice-dans-lhistoire-10288%2Fle-tribunal-revolutionnaire-22842.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pariscemeteries.com/picpus-1">"Picpus (12)"</a>. <i>Paris Cemeteries</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803181406/http://www.pariscemeteries.com/picpus-1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paris+Cemeteries&rft.atitle=Picpus+%2812%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pariscemeteries.com%2Fpicpus-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Steinberg, Ronen (9 September 2008). "Spaces of Mourning:The Cemetery of Picpus and the Memory of Terror in Post-Revolutionary France". <i>Proceedings of the Western Society for French History</i>. <b>36</b>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0642292.0036.011">2027/spo.0642292.0036.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Western+Society+for+French+History&rft.atitle=Spaces+of+Mourning%3AThe+Cemetery+of+Picpus+and+the+Memory+of+Terror+in+Post-Revolutionary+France&rft.volume=36&rft.date=2008-09-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.0642292.0036.011&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Ronen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinton2013163-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinton2013163_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinton2013">Linton 2013</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuwers" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leuwers, Hervé. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25444943"><i>Robespierre (Paris, Fayard, 2014; rééd. Pluriel, 2016) – extraits</i></a> (in French). pp. <span class="nowrap">366–</span>367. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602141720/https://www.academia.edu/25444943">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robespierre+%28Paris%2C+Fayard%2C+2014%3B+r%C3%A9%C3%A9d.+Pluriel%2C+2016%29+%E2%80%93+extraits&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E366-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.aulast=Leuwers&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25444943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAulard2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aulard, Alphonse (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMhsG1Ul4JEC&pg=PA292"><i>Études et leçons sur la Révolution Française</i></a> (in French). Cambridge University Press. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-03497-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-03497-5"><bdi>978-1-108-03497-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527070956/https://books.google.com/books?id=zMhsG1Ul4JEC&pg=PA292#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tudes+et+le%C3%A7ons+sur+la+R%C3%A9volution+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-108-03497-5&rft.aulast=Aulard&rft.aufirst=Alphonse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzMhsG1Ul4JEC%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biard2015-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biard2015_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiard2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biard, Michel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7hSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119"><i>La liberté ou la mort, mourir en député, 1792–1795</i></a> (in French). Tallandier. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1-02-100844-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-1-02-100844-1"><bdi>979-1-02-100844-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527070957/https://books.google.com/books?id=S7hSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+libert%C3%A9+ou+la+mort%2C+mourir+en+d%C3%A9put%C3%A9%2C+1792%E2%80%931795&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=979-1-02-100844-1&rft.aulast=Biard&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7hSCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMéda1825" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Méda, C. A. (12 March 1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ4PAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA394">"Précis historique inédit des événemens de la soirée du 9 Thermidor An II"</a> (in French). Baudouin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527070958/https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ4PAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA394#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9cis+historique+in%C3%A9dit+des+%C3%A9v%C3%A9nemens+de+la+soir%C3%A9e+du+9+Thermidor+An+II&rft.pub=Baudouin&rft.date=1825-03-12&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9da&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZ4PAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">L. Blanc</a> (1861) Histoire de la Révolution Française, Vol. 11, book 12, ch. 7, p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSansonSansonSansonOlbreuze1876" class="citation web cs1">Sanson, Henri; Sanson, Charles Henri; Sanson, Henri; Olbreuze, d' (12 March 1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/memoirsofsansons02sansuoft">"Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688–1847 / edited by Henry Sanson"</a>. London : Chatto and Windus – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Sansons%2C+from+private+notes+and+documents%2C+1688%E2%80%931847+%2F+edited+by+Henry+Sanson&rft.pub=London+%3A+Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=1876-03-12&rft.aulast=Sanson&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.au=Sanson%2C+Charles+Henri&rft.au=Sanson%2C+Henri&rft.au=Olbreuze%2C+d%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofsansons02sansuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Hamel, pp. 337–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinton2013283-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinton2013283_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinton2013">Linton 2013</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.A. Méda, p. 385</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) The Ninth of Thermidor, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriman, John (2004). "Thermidor" (2nd ed.). <i>A history of modern Europe: from the Renaissance to the present</i>, p. 507. W.W. Norton & Company Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3939-2495-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-3939-2495-5">0-3939-2495-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2018" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Mike (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VcJWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82"><i>OCR A Level History: The French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon 1774–1815</i></a>. Hodder Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1510415829" title="Special:BookSources/978-1510415829"><bdi>978-1510415829</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017233940/https://books.google.com/books?id=VcJWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OCR+A+Level+History%3A+The+French+Revolution+and+the+rule+of+Napoleon+1774%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1510415829&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVcJWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarère1842" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barère, Bertrand (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mmoiresdebbar01bar"><i>Mémoires de B. Barère: membre de la Constituante, de la Convention, du Comité de salut public, et de la Chambre des représentants</i></a> (in French). J. Labitte. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mmoiresdebbar01bar/page/118">118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+B.+Bar%C3%A8re%3A+membre+de+la+Constituante%2C+de+la+Convention%2C+du+Comit%C3%A9+de+salut+public%2C+et+de+la+Chambre+des+repr%C3%A9sentants&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=J.+Labitte&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Bar%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmmoiresdebbar01bar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bloy, Marjorie. "The First Coalition 1793–1797." A Web of English History. Accessed 21 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/coalit1.htm">http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/coalit1.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008092049/http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/coalit1.htm">Archived</a> 8 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1989" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Emmet (1989). <i>A Cultural History of the French Revolution</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-4426-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-4426-3"><bdi>978-0-3000-4426-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-4426-3&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Emmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Leopold, II, and Frederick William. "The Declaration of Pillnitz (1791)." French Revolution. 27 February 2018. Accessed 26 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791/">https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203094908/https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791">Archived</a> 3 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinton2013" class="citation book cs1">Linton, Marisa (20 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2vu4mIOh4C"><i>Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship, and Authenticity in the French Revolution</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957630-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957630-2"><bdi>978-0-19-957630-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527071000/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sh2vu4mIOh4C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+Terror%3A+Virtue%2C+Friendship%2C+and+Authenticity+in+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957630-2&rft.aulast=Linton&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSh2vu4mIOh4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McLetchie, Scott. "Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror." Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror. Accessed 23 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://people.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm#22">http://people.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm#22</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205142542/http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm#22">Archived</a> 5 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Montesquieu. "Modern History Sourcebook: Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, 1748." Internet History Sourcebooks. Accessed 23 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp">https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005225/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp">Archived</a> 31 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin2016" class="citation book cs1">Popkin, Jeremy D. (2016). <i>A Short History of the French Revolution</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3155-0892-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3155-0892-4"><bdi>978-1-3155-0892-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-3155-0892-4&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Robespierre, "On Political Morality"," Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, accessed 19 October 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/413">http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/413</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030210617/http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/413">Archived</a> 30 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (1989). <a href="/wiki/Citizens:_A_Chronicle_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution"><i>Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. <span class="nowrap">678–</span>847. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3945-5948-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3945-5948-3"><bdi>978-0-3945-5948-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E678-%3C%2Fspan%3E847&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-3945-5948-3&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Voltaire. "Voltaire, Selections from the Philosophical Dictionary." Omeka RSS. Accessed 23 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/273/">http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/273/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129083348/http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/273">Archived</a> 29 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCléryHenry_Essex_Edgeworth1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cl%C3%A9ry" title="Jean-Baptiste Cléry">Cléry, Jean-Baptiste</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Essex_Edgeworth" title="Henry Essex Edgeworth">Henry Essex Edgeworth</a> (1961) [1798]. Sidney Scott (ed.). <i>Journal of the Terror</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3153946">3153946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Terror&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3153946&rft.aulast=Cl%C3%A9ry&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=Henry+Essex+Edgeworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndress2006" class="citation book cs1">Andress, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terror00andr"><i>The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France</i></a>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3742-7341-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3742-7341-5"><bdi>978-0-3742-7341-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terror%3A+The+Merciless+War+for+Freedom+in+Revolutionary+France&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-3742-7341-5&rft.aulast=Andress&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterror00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndressPopkin2015" class="citation book cs1">Andress, David; Popkin, Jeremy (2015). <i>Revolution and Changing Identities in France, 1789–99</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Changing+Identities+in+France%2C+1789%E2%80%9399&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Andress&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Popkin%2C+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArasse1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Arasse" title="Daniel Arasse">Arasse, Daniel</a> (1989). <i>The Guillotine and the Terror</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9008-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9008-9"><bdi>978-0-7139-9008-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guillotine+and+the+Terror&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9008-9&rft.aulast=Arasse&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Baker, Keith M. François Furet, and Colin Lucas, eds. (1987) <i>The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, vol. 4, The Terror</i> (London: Pergamon Press, 1987)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeik2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Beik" title="William Beik">Beik, William</a> (August 2005). "The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration: Review Article". <i>Past and Present</i> (188): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgti019">10.1093/pastj/gti019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=The+Absolutism+of+Louis+XIV+as+Social+Collaboration%3A+Review+Article&rft.issue=188&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgti019&rft.aulast=Beik&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Biard, Michel and Linton, Marisa, <i>Terror: The French Revolution and its Demons</i> (Polity Press, 2021).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenser,_Jack2001" class="citation book cs1">Censer, Jack, and Lynn Hunt (2001). <i>Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution</i>. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Fraternity%3A+Exploring+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=University+Park%2C+PA&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Censer%2C+Jack&rft.aufirst=and+Lynn+Hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFife2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Fife" title="Graeme Fife">Fife, Graeme</a> (2003). <i>The Terror: The Shadow of the Guillotine. France 1792–1794</i>. London: Portrait. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-5005-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-5005-7"><bdi>978-0-7499-5005-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terror%3A+The+Shadow+of+the+Guillotine.+France+1792%E2%80%931794&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Portrait&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7499-5005-7&rft.aulast=Fife&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1984" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Lynn (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsculturec0000hunt"><i>Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Class+in+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsculturec0000hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gough, Hugh. <i>The Terror in the French Revolution</i> (London: Macmillan, 1998)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1981" class="citation book cs1">Hibbert, Christopher (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daysoffrenchre00hibb"><i>The Days of the French Revolution</i></a>. New York: Quill-William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6881-6978-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6881-6978-7"><bdi>978-0-6881-6978-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Days+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Quill-William+Morrow&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-6881-6978-7&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdaysoffrenchre00hibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1985" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Wilfred Brenton (1985). <i>Reign of Terror, 1793–1794</i>. London: Porcupine Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8799-1631-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8799-1631-2"><bdi>978-0-8799-1631-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reign+of+Terror%2C+1793%E2%80%931794&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Porcupine+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8799-1631-2&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+Brenton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Linton, Marisa (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/marisa-linton/robespierre-and-terror">"Robespierre and the terror: Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history, (Maximilien Robespierre)(Biography)"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>8</b> (56): 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930160214/http://www.historytoday.com/marisa-linton/robespierre-and-terror">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Robespierre+and+the+terror%3A+Marisa+Linton+reviews+the+life+and+career+of+one+of+the+most+vilified+men+in+history%2C+%28Maximilien+Robespierre%29%28Biography%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=56&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2006-08&rft.aulast=Linton&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fmarisa-linton%2Frobespierre-and-terror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Loomis" title="Stanley Loomis">Loomis, Stanley</a> (1964). <i>Paris in the Terror</i>. New York: Dorset Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8802-9401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8802-9401-0"><bdi>978-0-8802-9401-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+in+the+Terror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dorset+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-8802-9401-0&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McLetchie, Scott. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm#22">Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror</a>." Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror. Accessed 23 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205142542/http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm#22">Archived</a> 5 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2006" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Lucy (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libertylivestime0000moor"><i>Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France</i></a></span>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0072-0601-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0072-0601-8"><bdi>978-0-0072-0601-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%3A+The+Lives+and+Times+of+Six+Women+in+Revolutionary+France&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-0072-0601-8&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibertylivestime0000moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roswell_Palmer" title="Robert Roswell Palmer">Palmer, R. R.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twelvewhoruledye00palm_0"><i>Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6911-2187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6911-2187-1"><bdi>978-0-6911-2187-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Who+Ruled%3A+The+Year+of+the+Terror+in+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-6911-2187-1&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwelvewhoruledye00palm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinbergChaouatBrewerBrewer2010" class="citation book cs1">Reinberg, M; Chaouat, Bruno; Brewer, Daniel; Brewer, Maria; Schlte-Sasse, Jochen (2010). <i>Modernity and Ethics: The Ghost of Terror in the French Thought</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+Ethics%3A+The+Ghost+of+Terror+in+the+French+Thought&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Reinberg&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Chaouat%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Brewer%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Brewer%2C+Maria&rft.au=Schlte-Sasse%2C+Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1974" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Otto (1974). <i>Robespierre, The Fool as Revolutionary – Inside the French Revolution</i>. Windsor, New York: The Reformer Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8876-9005-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8876-9005-8"><bdi>978-1-8876-9005-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robespierre%2C+The+Fool+as+Revolutionary+%E2%80%93+Inside+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Windsor%2C+New+York&rft.pub=The+Reformer+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-1-8876-9005-8&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShadow1870" class="citation news cs1">Shadow (9 February 1870). "The 'Reign of Terror'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+%27Reign+of+Terror%27&rft.date=1870-02-09&rft.au=Shadow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulim1977" class="citation journal cs1">Shulim, Joseph I. (1977). "Robespierre and the French Revolution". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>82</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1857136">10.2307/1857136</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1857136">1857136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Robespierre+and+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1857136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1857136%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shulim&rft.aufirst=Joseph+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoboul1954" class="citation journal cs1">Soboul, A. (1954). "Robespierre and the Popular Movement of 1793–4". <i>Past & Present</i> (5): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F5.1.54">10.1093/past/5.1.54</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/649823">649823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Robespierre+and+the+Popular+Movement+of+1793%E2%80%934&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F5.1.54&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F649823%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Soboul&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteel2003" class="citation book cs1">Steel, Mark (2003). <i>Vive La Revolution</i>. London: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0806-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0806-2"><bdi>978-0-7432-0806-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vive+La+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0806-2&rft.aulast=Steel&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1977666,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=10">Reviewed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626052007/http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1977666,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=10">Archived</a> 26 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Adam Thorpe in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 23 December 2006.</li></ul></li> <li>Sutherland, D.M.G. (2003) <i>The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order</i> pp 174–253</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoral2011" class="citation book cs1">Thoral, Marie-Cécile (2011). <i>From Valmy to Waterloo</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230294981">10.1057/9780230294981</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3493-2253-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3493-2253-4"><bdi>978-1-3493-2253-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Valmy+to+Waterloo&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230294981&rft.isbn=978-1-3493-2253-4&rft.aulast=Thoral&rft.aufirst=Marie-C%C3%A9cile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahnich2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Wahnich" title="Sophie Wahnich">Wahnich, Sophie</a> (2016). <i>In Defence of the Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution</i> (Reprint ed.). Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7847-8202-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7847-8202-3"><bdi>978-1-7847-8202-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+the+Terror%3A+Liberty+or+Death+in+the+French+Revolution&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-7847-8202-3&rft.aulast=Wahnich&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/aug/17/defence-terror-french-wahnich-review">Reviewed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527071000/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/aug/17/defence-terror-french-wahnich-review">Archived</a> 27 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Scurr" title="Ruth Scurr">Ruth Scurr</a> in <i>The Guardian</i>, 17 August 2012</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2003" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Caroline (2003). <i>Terror and Its Discontents: Suspect Words in Revolutionary France</i>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3887-1"><bdi>978-0-8166-3887-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+and+Its+Discontents%3A+Suspect+Words+in+Revolutionary+France&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3887-1&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafkerLauzLevy2002" class="citation book cs1">Kafker, Frank; Lauz, James M.; Levy, Darline Gay (2002). <i>The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations</i>. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution%3A+Conflicting+Interpretations&rft.place=Malabar%2C+FL&rft.pub=Krieger+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kafker&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Lauz%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Levy%2C+Darline+Gay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudé,_George1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Rud%C3%A9" title="George Rudé">Rudé, George</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robespierreportr00rude"><i>Robespierre: Portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat</i></a>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6706-0128-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6706-0128-8"><bdi>978-0-6706-0128-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robespierre%3A+Portrait+of+a+Revolutionary+Democrat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-6706-0128-8&rft.au=Rud%C3%A9%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobespierreportr00rude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign+of+Terror" class="Z3988"></span> A Marxist political portrait of Robespierre, examining his changing image among historians and the different aspects of Robespierre as an 'ideologue', as a political democrat, as a social democrat, as a practitioner of revolution, as a politician and as a popular leader/leader of revolution, it also touches on his legacy for the future revolutionary leaders <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution37757" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year5924" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns6992" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders7320" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Pierre_Augereau" title="Charles-Pierre Augereau">Charles-Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions5821" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques-R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" title="Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers636" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact1319" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Terrorism174" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism_topics" title="Template:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism_topics" title="Template talk:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Terrorism174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_terrorism" title="Economics of terrorism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_social_media" title="Terrorism and social media">Social media</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_(WTC_2)_-_B6019~11_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terrorism topics"><img alt="Terrorism topics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1830" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">Counterterrorism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and <a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism">tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_terrorism" title="Economic terrorism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_terrorism" title="Lone wolf terrorism">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated terrorist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamist_terrorist_attacks" title="List of Islamist terrorist attacks">Islamist terrorist attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Terror" title="House of Terror">House of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Terror" title="Topography of Terror">Topography of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Acts_of_Terror_Memorial" title="Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial">Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Terrorism in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_state_terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Denial of state terrorism in Argentina">denial</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kuwait <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestine</a></li> <li>Qatar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic terrorism in the United States">domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">state</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reign of Terror</a> (1792/1793–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">First White Terror</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">Second White Terror</a> (1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">White Terror</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> (1918–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Soviet Union and state-sponsored terrorism">Soviet state-sponsored terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193547#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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