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mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Mixe–Zoque</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also <b>Mixe–Zoquean</b>, <b>Mije–Soke</b>, <b>Mije–Sokean</b>) languages are a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> whose living members are spoken in and around the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The Mexican government recognizes three distinct Mixe–Zoquean languages as official: <a href="/wiki/Mixe_languages" title="Mixe languages">Mixe</a> or <i>ayook</i> with 188,000 speakers, <a href="/wiki/Zoque_languages" title="Zoque languages">Zoque</a> or <i>o'de püt</i> with 88,000 speakers, and the <a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a> languages of which some are Mixean and some Zoquean with 69,000 speakers. However, the internal diversity in each of these groups is great. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> counts 19 different languages, whereas the current classification of Mixe–Zoquean languages by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Wichmann" title="Søren Wichmann">Wichmann</a> (1995) counts 12 languages and 11 dialects. <a href="/wiki/Extinct_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct languages">Extinct languages</a> classified as Mixe–Zoquean include <a href="/wiki/Tapachultec_language" title="Tapachultec language">Tapachultec</a>, formerly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tapachula" title="Tapachula">Tapachula</a>, along the southeast coast of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>. </p><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Mixe–Zoque</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Mije–Soke</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br>distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> ?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Mixe–Zoque</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mixe%E2%80%93Zoquean" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Mixe–Zoquean">Proto-Mixe–Zoquean</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixean_languages" title="Mixean languages">Mixean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_languages" title="Zoque languages">Zoquean</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mixe1284">mixe1284</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixezoquemap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mixezoquemap.png/300px-Mixezoquemap.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mixezoquemap.png/450px-Mixezoquemap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mixezoquemap.png/600px-Mixezoquemap.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="537"></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Locations where the Mixe–Zoque languages are spoken: Mixe (red) and Zoque (green)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Genetic_relations_with_other_families"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Genetic relations with other families</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Wichmann_(1995)"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wichmann (1995)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Kaufman_&_Justeson_(2000)"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Kaufman & Justeson (2000)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Syllables"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Syllables</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Grammatical_features"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Grammatical features</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ethnologue_classification_and_SIL_ISO-codes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnologue classification and SIL ISO-codes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Historically the Mixe–Zoquean family may have been much more widespread, reaching into the <a href="/wiki/Soconusco" title="Soconusco">Soconusco</a> region and the Guatemalan Pacific coast.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been hypothesized that Mixean speakers were present, and perhaps represented ruling classes, at the preclassic sites of <a href="/wiki/Kaminaljuyu" title="Kaminaljuyu">Kaminaljuyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takalik_Abaj" title="Takalik Abaj">Takalik Abaj</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Terrence Kaufman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a> have argued, based on a number of widespread loanwords in other <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican languages</a>, that it is likely that the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> people, generally seen as the earliest dominating culture of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, spoke a Mixe–Zoquean language.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaufman and John Justeson also claim to have deciphered a substantial part of the text written in <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian script</a> (called also by them and some others 'Epi-Olmec') which appears on <a href="/wiki/La_Mojarra_Stela_1" title="La Mojarra Stela 1">La Mojarra Stela 1</a>, based upon their deciphering of the text as representing an archaic Mixe–Zoquean language. </p><p>Both of these claims have been criticized: <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Michael D. Coe</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Stuart_(Mayanist)" title="David Stuart (Mayanist)">David Stuart</a> argue that the surviving corpus of the few known examples of Isthmian inscriptions is insufficient to securely ground any proposed decipherment. Their attempt to apply Kaufman's and Justeson's decipherments to other extant Isthmian material failed to produce any meaningful results. Wichmann (1995) criticizes certain proposed Mixe–Zoquean loans into other Mesoamerican languages as being only Zoquean, not Mixean, which would put the period of borrowing much later than the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mixe%E2%80%93Zoquean_language" title="Proto-Mixe–Zoquean language">Proto-Mixe–Zoquean</a> time-frame in which the Olmec culture was at its height. The date of the Mixe–Zoque split has however since been pushed back, and the argument is therefore much weaker than it once was thought to be.<sup id="cite_ref-Wichmann,_Beliaev_2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wichmann,_Beliaev_2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Kaufman (2001), again on the basis of putative loans from Mixe–Zoque into other Mesoamerican languages, argued a Mixe–Zoquean presence at <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>, and he ascribed to Mixe–Zoquean an important role in spreading a number of the linguistic features that later became some of the principal commonalities used in defining the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Linguistic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican Linguistic Area">Mesoamerican Linguistic Area</a>. </p><p>The so-called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuyu%C3%A1_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuyuá language (page does not exist)">language of Zuyua</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_de_Zuyu%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="es:Idioma de Zuyuá">es</a>]</span>", which was used by some of the nobility and priesthood of the postclassic Yucatan region, may have been a Mixean language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_relations_with_other_families">Genetic relations with other families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genetic relations with other families" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Mixe–Zoque languages have been included in several long-range classification proposals, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>'s "Mexican Penutian" branch of his proposed <a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> linguistic superfamily, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESapir1929_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESapir1929-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as part of the <a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a> proposal by Norman McQuown which groups together the Mixe–Zoque languages with the <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuown1942_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuown1942-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the last century, <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a> dismissed most earlier comparisons as methodologically flawed, but considered the Macro-Mayan proposal the most promising, but yet unproven hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997323–324_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997323%E2%80%93324-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In two more recently published articles, evidence is presented for linking the Mixe–Zoque languages either with the <a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan languages</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownBeckKondrakWatters2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownBeckKondrakWatters2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with the <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMora-Marín2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMora-Mar%C3%ADn2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wichmann_(1995)"><span id="Wichmann_.281995.29"></span>Wichmann (1995)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wichmann (1995)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The following internal classification of the Mixe–Zoquean languages is by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Wichmann" title="Søren Wichmann">Søren Wichmann</a> (1995). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixezoqueantree.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mixezoqueantree.png/400px-Mixezoqueantree.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="343" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 343px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mixezoqueantree.png/400px-Mixezoqueantree.png" data-width="400" data-height="343" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mixezoqueantree.png/600px-Mixezoqueantree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Mixezoqueantree.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Mixe–Zoquean classification by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Wichmann" title="Søren Wichmann">Søren Wichmann</a> (1995)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Proto-Mixe-Zoquean</b> <ul><li>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Mixe_languages" title="Mixe languages">Mixean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapachultec" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapachultec">Tapachultec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayula_Popoluca" title="Sayula Popoluca">Sayula Popoluca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayultec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayultec">Sayultec</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluta_Popoluca" title="Oluta Popoluca">Oluta Popoluca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olutec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olutec">Olutec</a>)</li> <li>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_Mixean" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaxaca Mixean">Oaxaca Mixean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Highland_Mixe" class="mw-redirect" title="North Highland Mixe">North Highland Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Highland_Mixe" class="mw-redirect" title="South Highland Mixe">South Highland Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Mixe" title="Midland Mixe">Midland Mixe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Mixe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland Mixe">Lowland Mixe</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Zoque_languages" title="Zoque languages">Zoquean</a> <ul><li>Proto-Gulf Zoquean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimalapa_Zoque" title="Chimalapa Zoque">Chimalapa Zoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_Zoque" title="Chiapas Zoque">Chiapas Zoque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaufman_&_Justeson_(2000)"><span id="Kaufman_.26_Justeson_.282000.29"></span>Kaufman & Justeson (2000)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kaufman & Justeson (2000)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The following internal classification of the Mixe–Zoquean languages is by Kaufman & Justeson (2000), cited in Zavala (2000).<sup id="cite_ref-Zavala2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zavala2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual languages are marked by <i>italics</i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Mixe-Zoque</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_languages" title="Mixe languages">Mixe</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tapachultec_language" title="Tapachultec language">Tapachultec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oluta_Popoluca" title="Oluta Popoluca">Olutec</a></i></li> <li>Mixe Proper <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayula_Popoluca" title="Sayula Popoluca">Sayultec</a></i></li> <li>(branch) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_Mixe" title="Isthmus Mixe">Lowland Mixe</a></i></li> <li><i>Highland Mixe</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_languages" title="Zoque languages">Zoque</a> <ul><li>Gulf Zoquean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Soteapan_Zoque" class="mw-redirect" title="Soteapan Zoque">Soteapan Zoque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sierra_Popoluca" title="Sierra Popoluca">Sierra Popoluca</a>)</i></li> <li>(branch) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Texistepec_Zoque" class="mw-redirect" title="Texistepec Zoque">Texistepec Zoque</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayapanec_Zoque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayapanec Zoque">Ayapanec Zoque</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Zoque <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_Zoque" title="Chiapas Zoque">Chiapas Zoque</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_Zoque" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaxaca Zoque">Oaxaca Zoque</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Justeson and Kaufman also classify the language represented in the <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Epi-Olmec script</a> as an early <a href="/wiki/Zoque_languages" title="Zoque languages">Zoquean language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The phoneme inventory of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mixe%E2%80%93Zoquean" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Mixe–Zoquean">Proto-Mixe–Zoquean</a> as <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">reconstructed</a> by Wichmann (1995) can be seen to be relatively simple, but many of the modern languages have been innovative; some have become quite vowel rich, and some also have introduced a <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis–lenis</a> contrast in the stop series. Although the lateral phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> is found in a few words in some of the languages, these are probably of <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> origin. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*i</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*iː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɨ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɨː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*u</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*e</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*eː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*o</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*oː</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*a</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*aː</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɨ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɨː</span> has also been reconstructed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ə</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*əː</span>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*p</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*t</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*t͡s</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*k</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ʔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*s</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*h</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*m</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*n</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*w</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*j</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllables">Syllables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syllables" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Mixe–Zoquean languages are characterized by complex syllabic nuclei made up of combinations of vowels together with the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> in the proto-language. Complex syllable-final consonant clusters are also typical in the daughter languages and can be reconstructed for the proto-language. </p><p>Proto-Mixe–Zoquean syllable nuclei could be either: </p> <dl><dd>V – short vowel</dd> <dd>V' – short vowel with glottal stop</dd> <dd>VV – long vowel</dd> <dd>V'V – long vowel with medial glottal stop</dd> <dd>VV' – long vowel with final glottal stop</dd> <dd>Vh – short vowel with h</dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Grammatical_features">Grammatical features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammatical features" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The Mixe–Zoquean languages are <a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">head-marking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a>, with morphologically complex verbs and simple nouns. Grammatical subjects as well as objects are marked in the verb. <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">Ergative</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">alignment</a> is used, as well as <a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct–inverse language">direct–inverse systems</a> triggered by <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic (linguistics)">topicality</a>. In Mixe–Zoquean verbs, a morphological distinction is made between two basic <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>-types, independent and dependent; verbs take different aspectual and personal affixes, depending on the type of clause in which they appear. There are two different sets of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>-markers, one used in dependent clauses and another used in independent clauses. Three aspects are distinguished within each clause-type: incompletive, completive, and irrealis. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ethnologue_classification_and_SIL_ISO-codes">Ethnologue classification and SIL ISO-codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethnologue classification and SIL ISO-codes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> still uses the earlier pre-Wichmann classification, based on surveys of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> and comparative work by William Wonderly, as a basis for their work. This classification is not used by historical linguists, and <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a>'s authoritative 1997 presentation uses Wichmann's classification. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mixean_languages" title="Mixean languages">Mixe languages</a> — an estimated 90,000 native speakers <ul><li>Eastern Mixe — An estimated 72,000 native speakers</li></ul> <dl><dd>Dialects: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mco">Coatlán</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mco" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mco">mco</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mir">Istmo</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mir" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mir">mir</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pxm">Quetzaltepec</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:pxm" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:pxm">pxm</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zoq">Juquila</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mxq" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mxq">mxq</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zoq">Mazatlán</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mzl" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mzl">mzl</a>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Veracruz Mixe — An estimated 4,000 native speakers</li></ul> <dl><dd>Dialects: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=plo">Oluta</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:plo" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:plo">plo</a>) nearly extinct – only 100 speakers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pos">Sayula</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:pos" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:pos">pos</a>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Western Mixe</li></ul> <dl><dd>An estimated 10,000 native speakers</dd> <dd>Dialects: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mto">Totontepec</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mto" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mto">mto</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mxp">Tlahuitoltepec</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:zoc" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:zoc">mxp</a>)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_languages" title="Zoque languages">Zoque languages</a> — an estimated 60,000 native speakers <ul><li>Chiapas Zoque — An estimated 22,000 native speakers</li></ul> <dl><dd>Dialects: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zoq">Copainalá</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:zoc" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:zoc">zoc</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zor">Rayón</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:zor" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:zor">zor</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zos">Francisco León</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:zos" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:zos">zos</a>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Oaxaca Zoque – An estimated 4,500 native speakers</li></ul> <dl><dd>Dialect: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zoh">Chimalapa</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:zoh" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:zoh">zoh</a>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Veracruz Zoque — An estimated 30,000 native speakers</li></ul> <dl><dd>Dialects: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=poi">Highland</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:poi" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:poi">poi</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=poq">Texistepec</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:poq" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:poq">poq</a>) nearly extinct – only 450 speakers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zoq">Tabasco</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639:zoq" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:zoq">zoq</a>) nearly extinct – only 40 speakers</dd></dl></li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Zoque-Mixe" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Zoque-Mixe">"Zoque-Mixe"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zoque-Mixe&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DZoque-Mixe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixe%E2%80%93Zoque+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Lyle, et al. The linguistics of Southeast Chiapas, Mexico. United States, New World Archaeological Foundation, Brigham Young University, 1988. pg. 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marín, David Mora. "Differential Mixean and Zoquean Interaction with the Greater Lowland Mayan Languages and the Late Preclassic Origins of Classic Mayan Scribal Practices."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell and Kaufman (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wichmann,_Beliaev_2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wichmann,_Beliaev_2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wichmann, Beliaev & Davletshin, in press (Sept 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stross, Brian. the language of Zuyua. University of Texas, Austin, February 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESapir1929-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESapir1929_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSapir1929">Sapir 1929</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuown1942-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuown1942_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcQuown1942">McQuown 1942</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997323–324-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997323%E2%80%93324_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1997">Campbell 1997</a>, p. 323–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownBeckKondrakWatters2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownBeckKondrakWatters2011_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownBeckKondrakWatters2011">Brown et al. 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMora-Marín2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMora-Mar%C3%ADn2016_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMora-Mar%C3%ADn2016">Mora-Marín 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zavala2000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zavala2000_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zavala Maldonado, Roberto. 2000. <i>Inversion and other topics in the grammar of Olutec (Mixe)</i>. Ph.D. Dissertation: University of Oregon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justeson, John S., and Terrence Kaufman (1993), "A Decipherment of Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing" in <i>Science</i>, Vol. 259, 19 March 1993, pp. 1703–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justeson, John S., and Terrence Kaufman (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/justeson.dtl">"A Newly Discovered Column in the Hieroglyphic Text on La Mojarra Stela 1: a Test of the Epi-Olmec Decipherment"</a>, <i>Science</i>, Vol. 277, 11 July 1997, pp. 207–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justeson, John S., and Terrence Kaufman (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/EOTEXTS.pdf"><i>Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing and Texts</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525014933/http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/EOTEXTS.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownBeckKondrakWatters2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Cecil H.; Beck, David; Kondrak, Grzegorz; Watters, James K.; Wichmann, S. (2011). "Totozoquean". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>77</b> (3): 323–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F660972">10.1086/660972</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/660972">10.1086/660972</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224807468">224807468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Totozoquean&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-372&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224807468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F660972%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F660972&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cecil+H.&rft.au=Beck%2C+David&rft.au=Kondrak%2C+Grzegorz&rft.au=Watters%2C+James+K.&rft.au=Wichmann%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixe%E2%80%93Zoque+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle (1997). <i>American Indian Languages</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixe%E2%80%93Zoque+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Campbell, L., and T. Kaufman (1976), "A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs", <i>American Antiquity</i>, 41 pp. 80–89.</li> <li>Justeson, John S., and Kaufman, Terrence, (1997),<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/justeson.dtl">"A Newly Discovered Column in the Hieroglyphic Text on La Mojarra Stela 1: a Test of the Epi-Olmec Decipherment"</a>, <i>Science</i>, 07/11/97, Vol. 277 Issue 5323, p. 207.</li> <li>Justeson, John S., and Kaufman, Terrence (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525014933/http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/EOTEXTS.pdf"><i>Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing and Texts</i></a>.</li> <li>Kaufman, Terrence, (2001) Nawa linguistic prehistory, published at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/papers.htm">website of the Mesoamerican Language Documentation Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175905/http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/papers.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuown1942" class="citation book cs1">McQuown, Norman (1942). "Una posible síntesis lingüística Macro-Mayance". <i>Mayas y Olmecas</i>. Vol. 2. México: Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología. pp. 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Una+posible+s%C3%ADntesis+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Macro-Mayance&rft.btitle=Mayas+y+Olmecas&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Sociedad+Mexicana+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=McQuown&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixe%E2%80%93Zoque+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMora-Marín2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mora-Marín, David F. (2016). "Testing the Proto-Mayan-Mije-Sokean hypothesis". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>82</b> (2): 125–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F685900">10.1086/685900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147269181">147269181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Testing+the+Proto-Mayan-Mije-Sokean+hypothesis&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-180&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F685900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147269181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mora-Mar%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixe%E2%80%93Zoque+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1929" class="citation book cs1">Sapir, Edward (1929). "Central and North American languages". <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. Vol. 5 (14th ed.). pp. 138–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+and+North+American+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.pages=138-141&rft.edition=14th&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixe%E2%80%93Zoque+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichmann,_Søren1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Wichmann" title="Søren Wichmann">Wichmann, Søren</a> (1995). <i>The Relationship Among the Mixe–Zoquean Languages of Mexico</i>. Salt Lake City: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-487-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-487-4"><bdi>978-0-87480-487-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Relationship+Among+the+Mixe%E2%80%93Zoquean+Languages+of+Mexico&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-487-4&rft.au=Wichmann%2C+S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixe%E2%80%93Zoque+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichmann,_Søren1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Wichmann" title="Søren Wichmann">Wichmann, Søren</a> (1998). "A conservative look at diffusion involving Mixe–Zoquean languages". In Roger Blench; Matthew Spriggs (eds.). <i>Archaeology and Language, vol. II: Correlating archaeological and linguistic hypotheses</i>. One World Archaeology series, no. 29. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11761-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11761-6"><bdi>978-0-415-11761-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35673530">35673530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+conservative+look+at+diffusion+involving+Mixe%E2%80%93Zoquean+languages&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language%2C+vol.+II%3A+Correlating+archaeological+and+linguistic+hypotheses&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=One+World+Archaeology+series%2C+no.+29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35673530&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11761-6&rft.au=Wichmann%2C+S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixe%E2%80%93Zoque+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040202232712/http://byunews.byu.edu/release.aspx?story=archive04%2FJan%2FIsthmian">Brigham Young University press release</a> on behalf of Brigham Young University archaeologist Stephen Houston and Yale University professor emeritus Michael Coe disputing Justeson/Kaufman findings.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Mixe-Zoquean_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Mixe-Zoquean reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-Mixe-Zoquean reconstructions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/fammix.htm">Mixe–Zoque language family</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixe–Zoque_languages&oldid=1251620134">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixe–Zoque_languages&oldid=1251620134</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Last edited by:" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729132388"> <span>Last edited on 17 October 2024, at 02:33</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_mixezoqueanas" title="Llingües mixezoqueanas – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües mixezoqueanas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_mixezoque" title="Llengües mixezoque – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües mixezoque" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe-Zoque-Sprachen" title="Mixe-Zoque-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mixe-Zoque-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_mixezoqueanas" title="Lenguas mixezoqueanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas mixezoqueanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_mixe-zoque" title="Langues mixe-zoque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues mixe-zoque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Mixeagh-Zoqueagh" title="Çhengaghyn Mixeagh-Zoqueagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Mixeagh-Zoqueagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%97%A4%EC%86%8C%EC%BC%80%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="미헤소케어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미헤소케어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe-Zoque_(jezi%C4%8Dna_porodica)" title="Mixe-Zoque (jezična porodica) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mixe-Zoque (jezična porodica)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Mixe-Zoque" title="Rumpun bahasa Mixe-Zoque – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Mixe-Zoque" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_mixe-zoque" title="Lingue mixe-zoque – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue mixe-zoque" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michi%C5%B3-soki%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Michių-sokių kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Michių-sokių kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_mixe-zoce" title="Linguas mixe-zoce – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas mixe-zoce" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe-Zoquetalen" title="Mixe-Zoquetalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mixe-Zoquetalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%98%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B1%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="ミヘ・ソケ語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミヘ・ソケ語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe-zoqueanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Mixe-zoqueanske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mixe-zoqueanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe-zoqueanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Mixe-zoqueanske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mixe-zoqueanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_mixe-zoque" title="Lenghe mixe-zoque – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe mixe-zoque" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_mixe-zoque" title="Języki mixe-zoque – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki mixe-zoque" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_mixe-zoqueanas" title="Línguas mixe-zoqueanas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas mixe-zoqueanas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishisuki_rimaykuna" title="Mishisuki rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mishisuki rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Языки михе-соке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Языки михе-соке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe-Zoque_languages" title="Mixe-Zoque languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mixe-Zoque languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe-Zoquean" title="Mixe-Zoquean – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mixe-Zoquean" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Мови міхе-соке – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мови міхе-соке" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque" title="Ngữ hệ Mixe–Zoque – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Mixe–Zoque" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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