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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classical Greece</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_Greece-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classical Greece subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Greek_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Greek_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other Greek states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Greek_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_and_Roman_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_and_Roman_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hellenistic and Roman use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_and_Roman_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Byzantine use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Messina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Messina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Messina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Messina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Strategos</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Strategos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3" title="إستراتيجوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إستراتيجوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strateq" title="Strateq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Strateq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Стратэг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стратэг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Стратег – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стратег" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrateg" title="Estrateg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estrateg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strat%C3%A9g" title="Stratég – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stratég" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strategos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF)" title="Στρατηγός (Βυζάντιο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατηγός (Βυζάντιο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Strategos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratego" title="Stratego – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stratego" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Strategos" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="استراتیگوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استراتیگوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strat%C3%A8ge" title="Stratège – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stratège" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estratego" title="Estratego – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estratego" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8C%EA%B3%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="스트라테고스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스트라테고스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Ստրատեգոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստրատեգոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Strategos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratego" title="Stratego – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stratego" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1" title="סטרטגוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטרטגוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სტრატეგოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტრატეგოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Стратег – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стратег" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategus" title="Strategus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Strategus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztrat%C3%A9gosz" title="Sztratégosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztratégosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3" title="استراتيجوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استراتيجوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Strategos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%86%E8%BB%8D%E8%81%B7_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4)" title="将軍職 (アテナイ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="将軍職 (アテナイ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Strategos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Strategos" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strateg_(Grecja)" title="Strateg (Grecja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strateg (Grecja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estratego" title="Estratego – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estratego" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strateg" title="Strateg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Strateg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Стратег – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стратег" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strateg" title="Strateg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Strateg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Стратег – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стратег" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Strategos" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Strategos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஸ்ரடிகெஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்ரடிகெஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigos" title="Stratigos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stratigos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Стратег – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стратег" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98)" title="將軍 (古希臘) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="將軍 (古希臘)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335954#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategoi&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategoi">Strategoi</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek military leader</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the genus of beetles, see <a href="/wiki/Strategus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategus (genus)">Strategus (genus)</a>. For the board game, see <a href="/wiki/Stratego" title="Stratego">Stratego</a>. For the wargame, see <a href="/wiki/Strategos_(game)" title="Strategos (game)">Strategos (game)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_strategist_Pio-Clementino_Inv306.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greek_strategist_Pio-Clementino_Inv306.jpg/250px-Greek_strategist_Pio-Clementino_Inv306.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greek_strategist_Pio-Clementino_Inv306.jpg/330px-Greek_strategist_Pio-Clementino_Inv306.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greek_strategist_Pio-Clementino_Inv306.jpg/500px-Greek_strategist_Pio-Clementino_Inv306.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2590" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, statesman and general during the <a href="/wiki/Fifth-century_Athens" title="Fifth-century Athens">Golden Age of Athens</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrianic</a> Roman copy of a Greek sculpture of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400</span> BC</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Strategos</b></i>, plural <i><b>strategoi</b></i>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Latinisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic Latinisation">Latinized</a> <i><b>strategus</b></i>, (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">στρατηγός, pl. στρατηγοί</span>; <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a>: στραταγός, <i>stratagos</i>; meaning 'army leader') is used in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> to mean military <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic world">Hellenistic world</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> the term was also used to describe a military governor. In the modern <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a>, it is the highest officer rank. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Strategos</i> is a compound of two Greek words: <i>stratos</i> and <i>agos</i>. <i>Stratos</i> (στρατός) means 'army',<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literally 'that which is spread out',<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coming from the proto-Indo-European root *stere-, 'to spread'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Agos</i> (ἀγός)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> means 'leader', from <i>agein</i> (ἄγειν), 'to lead',<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the pelasgic root *ag-, 'to drive, draw out or forth, move'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_Greece">Classical Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athens">Athens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its most famous attestation, in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a>, the office of <i>strategos</i> existed already in the 6th century BC, but it was only with the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a> in 501 BC that it assumed its most recognizable form: Cleisthenes instituted a board of ten <i>strategoi</i> who were elected annually, one from each tribe (<i><a href="/wiki/Phyle" title="Phyle">phyle</a></i>). The ten were of equal status, and replaced the <i><a href="/wiki/Polemarchos" class="mw-redirect" title="Polemarchos">polemarchos</a></i>, who had hitherto been the senior military commander.<sup id="cite_ref-NP1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a> in 490 BC (according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>) they decided strategy by majority vote, and each held the presidency in daily rotation. At this date the <i>polemarchos</i> had a <a href="/wiki/Casting_vote" title="Casting vote">casting vote</a>, and one view among modern scholars is that he was the commander-in-chief; but from 486 onwards the <i>polemarchos</i>, like the other <i><a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archontes</a></i>, was appointed by lot. The annual election of the <i>strategoi</i> was held in the spring, and their term of office coincided with the ordinary Athenian year, from midsummer to midsummer. If a <i>strategos</i> died or was dismissed from office, a by-election might be held to replace him. </p><p>The strict adherence to the principle of a <i>strategos</i> from each tribe lasted until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 440 BC</span>, after which two <i>strategoi</i> could be selected from the same tribe and another tribe be left without its own <i>strategos</i>, perhaps because no suitable candidate might be available.<sup id="cite_ref-NP1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system continued at least until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 356/7 BC</span>, but by the time <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">Constitution of the Athenians</a></i> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330 BC</span>, the appointments were made without any reference to tribal affiliation. Hence, during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, although the number of the tribes was increased, the number of <i>strategoi</i> remained constant at ten.<sup id="cite_ref-NP1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early part of the 5th century, several <i>strategoi</i> combined their military office with a political role, with <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a> among the most notable; nevertheless their power derived not from their office, but from their own personal political charisma. As political power passed to the civilian <i>rhetores</i> in the later 5th century, the <i>strategoi</i> were limited to their military duties.<sup id="cite_ref-NP1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the <i>strategoi</i> were appointed <i>ad hoc</i> to various assignments. On campaign, several—usually up to three—<i>strategoi</i> might be placed jointly in command. Unlike other Greek states, where the <i><a href="/wiki/Nauarchos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauarchos">nauarchos</a></i> commanded the navy, the Athenian <i>strategoi</i> held command both at sea and on land.<sup id="cite_ref-NP1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the middle of the 4th century, the <i>strategoi</i> increasingly were given specific assignments, such as the <i>strategos epi ten choran</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ τὴν χώραν</span></span>) for the defence of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Attica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Attica">Attica</a>; the <i>strategos epi tous <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplitas</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ τοὺς ὁπλίτας</span></span>), in charge of expeditions abroad; the two <i>strategoi epi ton Peiraia</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στρατηγοὶ ἐπὶ τὸν Πειραιᾶ</span></span>), responsible for the war harbour of <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>; and the <i>strategos epi tas <a href="/wiki/Symmoria" title="Symmoria">symmorias</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ τὰς συμμορίας</span></span>), responsible for the equipment of the warships.<sup id="cite_ref-NP1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was generalized in Hellenistic times, when each <i>strategos</i> was given specific duties. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman Imperial period</a>, the <i>strategos epi ta hopla</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ τὰ ὅπλα</span></span>) became the most prominent magistrate in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-NP1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other generals had disappeared by the end of the first century BC. </p><p>The Athenian people kept a close eye on their <i>strategoi</i>. Like other magistrates, at the end of their term of office they were subject to <i><a href="/wiki/Euthyna" title="Euthyna">euthyna</a></i> and in addition there was a vote in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">ekklesia</a></i> during every <a href="/wiki/Prytany" class="mw-redirect" title="Prytany">prytany</a> on the question whether they were performing their duties well. If the vote went against anyone, he was deposed and as a rule tried by jury. Pericles himself in 430 was removed from office as <i>strategos</i> and fined, and in 406 six of the eight <i>strategoi</i> who commanded the fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Battle of Arginusae</a> were all removed from office and condemned to death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Greek_states">Other Greek states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other Greek states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title of <i>strategos</i> appears for a number of other Greek states in the Classical period, but it is often unclear whether this refers to an actual office, or is used as a generic term for military commander.<sup id="cite_ref-NP1_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>strategos</i> as an office is attested at least for <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> from the late 5th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Erythrae" title="Erythrae">Erythrae</a>, and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">koinon</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(region)" title="Arcadia (region)">Arcadians</a> in the 360s BC.<sup id="cite_ref-NP1_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title of <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos_autokrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategos autokrator">strategos autokrator</a></i> was also used for generals with broad powers, but the extent and nature of these powers was granted on an <i>ad hoc</i> basis.<sup id="cite_ref-NP1_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> was elected as <i>strategos autokrator</i> (commander-in-chief with full powers) of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hellenistic_and_Roman_use">Hellenistic and Roman use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hellenistic and Roman use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a>, the title of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategos</i></span> was used for commanders on detached assignments as the quasi-representatives of the king, often with a title indicating their area of responsibility, e.g. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategos tes Europes</i></span> ('general of Europe').<sup id="cite_ref-NP2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several Greek city leagues the title <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategos</i></span> was reserved for the head of state. In the <a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a>, where the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategos</i></span> was annually elected, he was the <a href="/wiki/Eponymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Eponymous">eponymous</a> chief of civil government and the supreme military commander at the same time. Two of the most prominent leaders re-elected many times to the office in the Achaean League, were <a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen of Megalopolis</a>. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Strategoi</i></span> are also reported in the <a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League </a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a>, whereas the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> had different titles, <a href="/wiki/Boeotarch" title="Boeotarch">Boeotarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a> respectively. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> empires of the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Lagid Egypt</a>, for which most details are known, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategos</i></span> became a gubernatorial office combining civil with military duties.<sup id="cite_ref-NP2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Egypt, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategoi</i></span> were originally responsible for the Greek military colonists (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Cleruchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleruchs">klerouchoi</a></i></span>) established in the country. Quickly, they assumed a role in the administration alongside the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">nomarches</i></span>, the governor of each of the country's <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nomes</a>, and the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Oikonomos" title="Oikonomos">oikonomos</a></i></span>, in charge of fiscal affairs. Already by the time of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 283–246</span> BC), the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategos</i></span> was the head of the provincial administration, while conversely his military role declined, as the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">klerouchoi</i></span> were progressively demilitarized.<sup id="cite_ref-NP2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 204–181</span> BC) established the office of <b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Epistrategos" title="Epistrategos">epistrategos</a></i></span></b> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐπιστράτηγος</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">over-general</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) to oversee the individual <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategoi</i></span>. The latter had become solely civilian officials, combining the role of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">nomarches</i></span> and the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">oikonomos</i></span>, while the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">epistrategos</i></span> retained powers of military command. In addition, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hypostrategoi</i></span> (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: <b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hypostrategos</i></span></b>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὐποστράτηγος</span></span>, 'under-general') could be appointed as subordinates.<sup id="cite_ref-NP2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ptolemaic administrative system survived into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman period</a>, where the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">epistrategos</i></span> was subdivided in three to four smaller offices, and the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">procurator ad epistrategiam</i></span> was placed in charge of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategoi</i></span>. The office largely retained its Ptolemaic functions and continued to be staffed by the Greek population of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-NP2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> was also divided into <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategiai</i></span> ('generalships'), each headed by a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategos</i></span>, based on the various <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> tribes and subtribes. At the time of the kingdom's annexation into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 46 AD, there were 50 such districts, which were initially retained in the new <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a>, and only gradually fell out of use. It was not until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 136</span> that the last of them were abolished. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and later through the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, Greek historians often used the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategos</i></span> when referring to the Roman political/military office of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a></i></span>. Such a use can be found in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>: <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> 16:20 refers to the magistrates of <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a> as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategoi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correspondingly, <b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">antistrategos</i></span></b> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀντιστράτηγος</span></span>, 'vice-general') was used to refer to the office of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Propraetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propraetor">propraetor</a></i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine_use">Byzantine use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Byzantine use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine bureaucracy">Byzantine bureaucracy</a></div> <p>The term continued in use in the Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Initially, the term was used along with <i><a href="/wiki/Stratelates" title="Stratelates">stratelates</a></i> and, less often, <i><a href="/wiki/Stratopedarches" title="Stratopedarches">stratopedarches</a></i>, to render the supreme military office of <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a></i> (the general in command of a <a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army#Army_structure" title="Late Roman army">field army</a>), but could also be employed for the regional <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">duces</a></i>. In the 7th century, with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">Theme system</a>, their role changed: as the field armies were resettled and became the basis for the territorial themes, their generals too assumed new responsibilities, combining their military duties with the civil governance of the theme.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first themes were few and very large, and in the 8th century, the provincial <i>strategoi</i> were in constant antagonism with the emperor at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, rising often in rebellion against him. In response, the themes were progressively split up and the number of <i>strategoi</i> increased, diluting their power. This process was furthered by the conquests of the 10th century, which saw the establishment of several new and smaller frontier themes: while in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 842</span> the <i><a href="/wiki/Taktikon_Uspensky" title="Taktikon Uspensky">Taktikon Uspensky</a></i> lists 18 <i>strategoi</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Escorial_Taktikon" title="Escorial Taktikon">Escorial Taktikon</a></i>, written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 971–975</span>, lists almost 90.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the middle Byzantine period (7th–12th centuries), the <i>strategos</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolic_theme" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolic theme">Anatolic theme</a> enjoyed precedence over the others and constituted one of the highest offices of the state, and one of the few from which <a href="/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuch (court official)">eunuchs</a> were specifically barred. At the same time, the Eastern (Anatolian) themes were senior to the Western (European) ones. This distinction was especially marked in the pay of their presiding <i>strategoi</i>: while those of the Eastern themes received their salary directly from the state treasury, their counterparts in the West had to raise their—markedly lower—pay from the proceeds of their provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 11th century, the <i>strategoi</i> were gradually confined to their military duties, their fiscal and administrative responsibilities being taken over by the civil <i>kritai</i> ('judges'). Senior military leadership also devolved on the hands of a new class of officers titled <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doukes</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">katepano</a></i>, who were placed in control of regional commands combining several themes. By the 13th century, the term <i>strategos</i> had reverted to the generic sense of "general", devoid of any specific technical meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Byzantines also used a number of variations of the title <i>strategos</i>: <i><b>strategetes</b></i> (στρατηγέτης, 'army leader') was an infrequently used alternative term; the term <i><b>monostrategos</b></i> (μονοστράτηγος, 'single-general') designated a general placed in command over other <i>strategoi</i> or over the forces of more than one theme; the terms <i><b>strategos autokrator</b></i>, <i><b>archistrategos</b></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀρχιστράτηγος</span></span>, 'chief-general') and <i><b>protostrategos</b></i> (πρωτοστράτηγος, 'first-general') designated commanders vested with supreme authority; and the term <i><b>hypostrategos</b></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὐποστράτηγος</span></span>, 'under-general') denoted a second-in-command, effectively a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Messina">In Messina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Messina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Strategos" title="Special:EditPage/Strategos">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, in Sicily, also had a <i>strategos</i>. In 1345 <a href="/wiki/Orlando_d%27Aragona" title="Orlando d'Aragona">Orlando d'Aragona</a>, illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick II of Sicily</a>, held that position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hellenic_Army_generals" title="List of Hellenic Army generals">List of Hellenic Army generals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Strategos" title="Special:EditPage/Strategos">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the modern <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a>, a <i><b>stratigós</b></i> (the spelling remains <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Στρατηγός">στρατηγός</a>) is the highest officer rank. The superior rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Stratarches" title="Stratarches">stratárchis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a>) existed under the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">monarchy</a>, but has not been retained by the current <a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a>. Under the monarchy, the rank of full <i>stratigós</i> in active service was reserved for the King and a few other members of the royal family, with very few retired career officers promoted to the rank as an honorary rank. Since <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1970</span>, in accordance with NATO practice for the member nations' <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_defence" title="Chief of defence">chiefs of defence</a>, the rank is held in active service by the Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_National_Defense_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic National Defense General Staff">General Staff of National Defence</a>, when he is an Army officer, and is granted to the retiring Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army_General_Staff" title="Hellenic Army General Staff">Hellenic Army General Staff</a>. </p><p>All but one of the other Greek general officer ranks are derivations of this word: <i><b>antistrátigos</b></i> (Antistrategos) and <i><b>ypostrátigos</b></i> (Hypostrategos), for <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a>, respectively. A <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> however is called <i><a href="/wiki/Taxiarch" title="Taxiarch">taxíarchos</a></i>, after a <i>táxis</i> (in modern usage <i>taxiarchía</i>), which means brigade. The ranks of <i>antistrátigos</i> and <i>ypostrátigos</i> are also used by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Hellenic Police</a> (and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Gendarmerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Gendarmerie">Greek Gendarmerie</a> before), the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Fire_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Fire Service">Greek Fire Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cypriot National Guard</a>, which lack the grade of full <i>stratigós</i>. </p> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Ground_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Ground Forces">Cypriot Ground Forces</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Cyprus_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyprus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(1964–today)</small> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antistratigos_Kypros.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Antistratigos_Kypros.png/50px-Antistratigos_Kypros.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Antistratigos_Kypros.png/75px-Antistratigos_Kypros.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Antistratigos_Kypros.png/100px-Antistratigos_Kypros.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ypostratigos_Kypros.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ypostratigos_Kypros.png/50px-Ypostratigos_Kypros.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ypostratigos_Kypros.png/75px-Ypostratigos_Kypros.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ypostratigos_Kypros.png/100px-Ypostratigos_Kypros.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Αντιστράτηγος</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Antistrátigos</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Υποστράτηγος</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Ypostrátigos</i></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/16px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/25px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/33px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Greece_ArmyOF_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greece_ArmyOF-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(1975–today)</small> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army-GRE-OF-09.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Army-GRE-OF-09.svg/50px-Army-GRE-OF-09.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Army-GRE-OF-09.svg/75px-Army-GRE-OF-09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Army-GRE-OF-09.svg/100px-Army-GRE-OF-09.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army-GRE-OF-08.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Army-GRE-OF-08.svg/50px-Army-GRE-OF-08.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Army-GRE-OF-08.svg/75px-Army-GRE-OF-08.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Army-GRE-OF-08.svg/100px-Army-GRE-OF-08.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army-GRE-OF-07.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Army-GRE-OF-07.svg/60px-Army-GRE-OF-07.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Army-GRE-OF-07.svg/75px-Army-GRE-OF-07.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Army-GRE-OF-07.svg/100px-Army-GRE-OF-07.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Στρατηγός</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Modern_use">Stratigos</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Αντιστράτηγος</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Antistratigos" class="mw-redirect" title="Antistratigos">Antistratigos</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Υποστράτηγος</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ypostratigos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ypostratigos">Ypostratigos</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/16px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/25px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg/33px-War_flag_of_the_Hellenic_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a></b><br /><small>(1909–1937)</small> </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GR-Army-OF9-1912.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GR-Army-OF9-1912.svg/60px-GR-Army-OF9-1912.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GR-Army-OF9-1912.svg/75px-GR-Army-OF9-1912.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GR-Army-OF9-1912.svg/100px-GR-Army-OF9-1912.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GR-Army-OF8-1912.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/GR-Army-OF8-1912.svg/50px-GR-Army-OF8-1912.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/GR-Army-OF8-1912.svg/75px-GR-Army-OF8-1912.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/GR-Army-OF8-1912.svg/100px-GR-Army-OF8-1912.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GR-Army-OF7-1912.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/GR-Army-OF7-1912.svg/50px-GR-Army-OF7-1912.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/GR-Army-OF7-1912.svg/75px-GR-Army-OF7-1912.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/GR-Army-OF7-1912.svg/100px-GR-Army-OF7-1912.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Στρατηγός</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Modern_use">Stratigos</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Αντιστράτηγος</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Antistratigos" class="mw-redirect" title="Antistratigos">Antistratigos</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Υποστράτηγος</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ypostratigos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ypostratigos">Ypostratigos</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Blank.svg/23px-Blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Blank.svg/35px-Blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Blank.svg/46px-Blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="120" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Hellenic Police</a></b><br /><small>(1984–today)</small> </th> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GR-Police-OF8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/GR-Police-OF8.svg/50px-GR-Police-OF8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/GR-Police-OF8.svg/75px-GR-Police-OF8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/GR-Police-OF8.svg/100px-GR-Police-OF8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="249" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GR-Police-OF7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/GR-Police-OF7.svg/60px-GR-Police-OF7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/GR-Police-OF7.svg/75px-GR-Police-OF7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/GR-Police-OF7.svg/100px-GR-Police-OF7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="249" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Αντιστράτηγος</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Antistratigos" class="mw-redirect" title="Antistratigos">Antistratigos</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Υποστράτηγος</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ypostratigos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ypostratigos">Ypostratigos</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Fire_Service" title="Hellenic Fire Service">Hellenic Fire Service</a></b> </th> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GR-Fireservice-OF8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GR-Fireservice-OF8.svg/60px-GR-Fireservice-OF8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GR-Fireservice-OF8.svg/75px-GR-Fireservice-OF8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GR-Fireservice-OF8.svg/100px-GR-Fireservice-OF8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GR-Fireservice-OF7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GR-Fireservice-OF7.svg/60px-GR-Fireservice-OF7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GR-Fireservice-OF7.svg/75px-GR-Fireservice-OF7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GR-Fireservice-OF7.svg/100px-GR-Fireservice-OF7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Αντιστράτηγος</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Antistratigos" class="mw-redirect" title="Antistratigos">Antistratigos</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Υποστράτηγος</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ypostratigos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ypostratigos">Ypostratigos</a></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" class="toccolours" style="margin:1em auto; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 80%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center;"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Greece"><img alt="Flag of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/28px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/42px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/56px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Greece</figcaption></figure> <span style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned officer</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_military_ranks" title="Greek military ranks">ranks</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO">NATO code</a></b>: </th> <th>OF-1 </th> <th>OF-2 </th> <th>OF-3 </th> <th>OF-4 </th> <th>OF-5 </th> <th>OF-6 </th> <th>OF-7 </th> <th>OF-8 </th> <th>OF-9 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a></b>: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simaioforos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simaioforos (page does not exist)">Simaioforos</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthypoploiarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthypoploiarchos (page does not exist)">Anthypoploiarchos</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypoploiarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ypoploiarchos (page does not exist)">Ypoploiarchos</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plotarchis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plotarchis (page does not exist)">Plotarchis</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiploiarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiploiarchos (page does not exist)">Antiploiarchos</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploiarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ploiarchos (page does not exist)">Ploiarchos</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archiploiarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archiploiarchos (page does not exist)">Archiploiarchos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navarch" title="Navarch">Yponavarchos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navarch" title="Navarch">Antinavarchos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navarch" title="Navarch">Navarchos</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Army</a></b>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthypolochagos" title="Anthypolochagos">Anthypolochagos</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ypolochagos" title="Ypolochagos">Ypolochagos</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ypolochagos" title="Ypolochagos">Ypilarchos</a> & <a href="/wiki/Anthypolochagos" title="Anthypolochagos">Anthypilarchos</a> (Armoured) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lochagos" title="Lochagos">Lochagos</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Lochagos" title="Lochagos">Ilarchos</a> (Armoured) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagmatarchis" title="Tagmatarchis">Tagmatarchis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antisyntagmatarchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisyntagmatarchis">Antisyntagmatarchis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syntagmatarchis" title="Syntagmatarchis">Syntagmatarchis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taxiarch" title="Taxiarch">Taxiarchos</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ypostratigos</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antistratigos</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stratigos</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Air Force</a></b>: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthyposminagos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthyposminagos (page does not exist)">Anthyposminagos</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yposminagos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yposminagos (page does not exist)">Yposminagos</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sminagos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sminagos (page does not exist)">Sminagos</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Episminagos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Episminagos (page does not exist)">Episminagos</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisminarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antisminarchos (page does not exist)">Antisminarchos</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sminarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sminarchos (page does not exist)">Sminarchos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taxiarch" title="Taxiarch">Taxiarchos Aeroporias</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypopterarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ypopterarchos (page does not exist)">Ypopterarchos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antipterarchos" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipterarchos">Antipterarchos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pterarchos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterarchos">Pterarchos</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=strato/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στρατός</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=strategy">"strategy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=strategy&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dstrategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrategos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=%2Astere-">"*stere-"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%2Astere-&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3D%252Astere-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrategos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)go/s1"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀγός</span></span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)/gw"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄγειν</span></span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=%2Aag-">"*ag-"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%2Aag-&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3D%252Aag-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrategos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NP1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NP1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP1_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP1_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP1_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP1_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rhodes, Peter J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/strategos-e1123850">"Strategos I. Classical Greece"</a>. <i>Brill's New Pauly</i>. Brill Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strategos+I.+Classical+Greece&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fbrill-s-new-pauly%2Fstrategos-e1123850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrategos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NP2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NP2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP2_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP2_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmeling2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ameling, Walther (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/strategos-e1123850">"Strategos II. Hellenistic states"</a>. <i>Brill's New Pauly</i>. Brill Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strategos+II.+Hellenistic+states&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ameling&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fbrill-s-new-pauly%2Fstrategos-e1123850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrategos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2016:20;&version=68;">1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament, ΠΡΑΞΕΙΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΩΝ 16:20</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">...καὶ προσαγαγόντες αὐτοὺς τοῖς στρατηγοῖς εἶπαν...</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). "Strategos". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1964. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strategos&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=1964&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrategos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bury_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBury1911" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, John B.</a> (1911), <i>The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos</i>, Oxford University Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Administrative+System+of+the+Ninth+Century+%E2%80%93+With+a+Revised+Text+of+the+Kletorologion+of+Philotheos&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Publishing&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrategos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyprus-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cyprus_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.gov.cy/el/vathmoi">"Βαθμοί"</a> [Ranks]. <i>army.gov.cy</i> (in Greek). Cypriot National Guard<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=army.gov.cy&rft.atitle=%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.gov.cy%2Fel%2Fvathmoi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrategos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greece_ArmyOF-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greece_ArmyOF_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.gr/el/polymesa/diakritika">"Επωμίδες Φ/Π Στολών"</a> [Shoulders for PV Uniforms]. <i>army.gr</i> (in Greek). Hellenic Army<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=army.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%95%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82+%CE%A6%2F%CE%A0+%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.gr%2Fel%2Fpolymesa%2Fdiakritika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrategos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Hamel" title="Debra Hamel">Hamel, Debra</a> (1998). <i>Athenian Generals: Military Authority in the Classical Period</i>. Leiden.</li> <li>Hansen, M. H. (1987). <i>The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes</i>. Oxford.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrsmanović2008" class="citation book cs1">Krsmanović, Bojana (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjsjAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century</i></a>. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789603710608" title="Special:BookSources/9789603710608"><bdi>9789603710608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Province+in+Change%3A+On+the+Threshold+Between+the+10th+and+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Institute+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789603710608&rft.aulast=Krsmanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Bojana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjsjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrategos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>, 2nd edition. (1996). "strategoi".</li> <li>Roberts, John (2005). <i>Dictionary of the Classical World</i>. Oxford.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:στρατηγός">στρατηγός</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell,_John_Malcolm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Strategus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Strategus">"Strategus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">985–</span>986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strategus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E985-%3C%2Fspan%3E986&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrategos" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">Autonomous Monastic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Greece" title="Regions of Greece">Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">Regional Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipal Unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Community</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor-general#Greece" title="Governor-general">General Administrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Prefecture</a> (Super-Prefecture, Prefectural Department)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Greece" title="Provinces of Greece">Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipal Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Communal Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipal Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Local Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archontia/archontaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deme" title="Deme">demos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despotaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioikesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doukaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">exarchaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">katepanikion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">kephalatikion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">kleisoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridarch" title="Meridarch">meris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naucrary" title="Naucrary">naukrareia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrapeia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">strategis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">thema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toparches" title="Toparches">toparchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turma" title="Turma">tourma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategos&oldid=1276010083">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategos&oldid=1276010083</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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