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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="fr-FR" xml:lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8">  <title>Biographie de PAVEL BORISSOVITCH AXELROD (1850-1928) - Encyclopædia Universalis</title> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" /> <meta name="generator" content="TYPO3 CMS" /> <meta name="description" content="Biographie de PAVEL BORISSOVITCH AXELROD (1850-1928). Né à Chklov dans une famille de paysans juifs, Axelrod suit les cours de l'école secondaire tout en..." /> <meta name="robots" content="index, all, follow" /> <meta name="viewport" content="viewport-fit=cover, width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="author" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Biographie de PAVEL BORISSOVITCH AXELROD (1850-1928)" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Biographie de PAVEL BORISSOVITCH AXELROD (1850-1928). Né à Chklov dans une famille de paysans juifs, Axelrod suit les cours de l'école secondaire tout en organisant une école pour enfants de Juifs pauvres. À dix-huit ans il découvre Lassalle et s'engage dans le mouvement révolutionnaire...." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/pavel-borissovitch-axelrod/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universalis.fr/_web/static/icons/favicon.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="256" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="252" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Biographie de PAVEL BORISSOVITCH AXELROD (1850-1928)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Biographie de PAVEL BORISSOVITCH AXELROD (1850-1928). Né à Chklov dans une famille de paysans juifs, Axelrod suit les cours de l'école secondaire tout en organisant une école pour enfants de Juifs pauvres. À dix-huit ans il découvre Lassalle et s'engage dans le mouvement révolutionnaire...." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@universalisfr" /> <meta name="location" content="France" /> <meta name="rating" content="General" /> <meta name="distribution" content="Global" /> <meta name="resource-type" content="document" /> <meta name="copyright" content="© Copyright 2024 - Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default" /> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no,date=no,address=no,email=no,url=no" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_shared/pub/pub.css?1730108805" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/home.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/classification.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/pavel-borissovitch-axelrod/" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biographie de PAVEL BORISSOVITCH AXELROD (1850-1928)","headline":"Biographie de PAVEL BORISSOVITCH AXELROD (1850-1928)","description":"Biographie de PAVEL BORISSOVITCH AXELROD (1850-1928). N\u00e9 \u00e0 Chklov dans une famille de paysans juifs, Axelrod suit les cours de l'\u00e9cole secondaire tout en organisant une \u00e9cole pour enfants de Juifs pauvres. \u00c0 dix-huit ans il d\u00e9couvre Lassalle et s'engage dans le mouvement r\u00e9volutionnaire. Populiste, il tente d'organiser \u00e0 Kiev des cercles d'\u00e9tudiants r\u00e9volutionnaires. En 1872-1874, il participe \u00e0 la croisade populiste des jeunes intellectuels vers le peuple. Apr\u00e8s l'\u00e9chec du mouvement, il se rapproche des positions de Bakounine. Mais alors qu'il est r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 en Allemagne (1874), il d\u00e9couvre la social-d\u00e9mocratie et admire un mouvement ouvrier de masse disciplin\u00e9. 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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="ad_topslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_4de68c3a6b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>AXELROD </strong><span class="pc">PAVEL BORISSOVITCH </span><span class="label-sub"> (1850-1928)</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT318019_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT318019_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH996344" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Axelrod" href="/media/axelrod-ph996344/"><img id="PH996344" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/4/csm_ph996344_a6ff5546e9.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Axelrod - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Pavel Borissovitch Axelrod (1850-1928), père de la social-démocratie russe." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="730" height="1024" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Axelrod </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Né à Chklov dans une famille de paysans juifs, Axelrod suit les cours de l'école secondaire tout en organisant une école pour enfants de Juifs pauvres. À dix-huit ans il découvre Lassalle et s'engage dans le mouvement révolutionnaire. Populiste, il tente d'organiser à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de l'Ukraine indépendante depuis 1991, Kiev (en ukrainien Kyiv) se situe dans le centre-nord rural du pays, près de la Biélorussie , aux confins des riches Terres noires céréalières, au sud, et des régions plus boisées et plus humides de la Polésie, au nord. La ville, qui fut longtemps l'une des portes d'entrée du monde slave oriental, a profité de la présence du Dniepr ..." title="Article : KIEV" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/">Kiev</a> des cercles d'étudiants révolutionnaires. En 1872-1874, il participe à la croisade populiste des jeunes intellectuels vers le peuple. Après l'échec du mouvement, il se rapproche des positions de Bakounine. Mais alors qu'il est réfugié en Allemagne (1874), il découvre la social-démocratie et admire un mouvement ouvrier de masse discipliné. Mandaté par ses camarades exilés pour organiser la solidarité avec les insurgés bosniaques, il rentre clandestinement en Russie (1875). À <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Deuxième ville de la Fédération de Russie par la taille (plus de 4,5 millions d’habitants en 2010), Saint-Pétersbourg (en russe Sankt Petersburg , Petrograd de 1914 à 1924 et Leningrad de 1924 à 1991) a joué un rôle essentiel dans l'histoire nationale. Pendant deux siècles, elle a été la capitale de l'Empire russe. Après avoir été le théâtre des révolutions de Février et d'..." title="Article : SAINT-PÉTERSBOURG" href="/encyclopedie/saint-petersbourg/">Saint-Pétersbourg</a>, il se cache chez un jeune étudiant qu'il convertit à la cause révolutionnaire : c'est Plekhanov. Critiquant le mouvement populiste et découvrant le marxisme, les deux hommes fondent le Groupe pour la libération du travail, ébauche de la future social-démocratie russe. Ils émigrent à Genève, où ils poursuivent leur action de propagande en direction de la Russie. En 1897, Axelrod publie <em>Le Privilège historique de la social-démocratie russe</em>, ouvrage dans lequel il développe une conception de la révolution par étapes et assigne au parti révolutionnaire la mission de préparer la révolution démocratique bourgeoise, condition préalable à une révolution socialiste ultérieure.</p><p>En 1900, il fonde l'<em>Iskra</em> (<em>L'Étincelle</em>) avec Martov et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Fondateur et bâtisseur de l'État soviétique, qui affiche d'emblée sa forte spécificité par rapport aux États existants, Lénine est l'un des hommes politiques qui a le plus profondément marqué le xx e siècle. Véritable icône pour des centaines de millions de nouveaux croyants en une religion inédite, le communisme, Lénine apparaît aujourd'hui, avec le recul du temps et la f..." title="Article : LÉNINE (1870-1924)" href="/encyclopedie/lenine/">Lénine</a>. En 1903, à Londres, au congrès de fondation du parti, il mène la bataille contre Lénine au nom des mencheviks et critique les tendances à la dictature bonapartiste qu'il estime contenues dans l'orientation bolchevique. En 1914, il adopte, contrairement à Plekhanov, une position internationaliste et participe aux conférences de Zimmerwald et de Kienthal.</p><p>Octobre le surprend à Stockholm, où il est délégué à la Conférence socialiste pour la paix. Condamnant le coup de force bolchevique, Axelrod n'en dénonce pas moins le blocus et l'intervention des armées bourgeoises en Russie. Malade et réfugié à Genève, il passe les dernières années de sa vie à rédiger ses mémoires.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Paul CLAUDEL</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" 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media-reference-copy " title="Média : Axelrod" href="/media/axelrod-ph996344/"> <img id="PH996344" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/4/csm_ph996344_a6ff5546e9.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Axelrod - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Pavel Borissovitch Axelrod (1850-1928), père de la social-démocratie russe." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="730" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Axelrod </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT318019_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/iskra/"> <span class="rg">ISKRA</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Vladimir Claude FISERA</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 018 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Journal du Parti social-démocrate ouvrier russe (P.O.S.D.R.), l'<em>Iskra </em>(<em>L'Étincelle</em>) paraît du 11 décembre 1900 au 8 octobre 1905. En tout 112 numéros seront publiés à un rythme mensuel puis bimensuel à partir de 1902. Son histoire se confond avec celle de la social-démocratie russe,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/menchevisme/"> <span class="rg">MENCHEVISME</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Georges HAUPT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 713 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : MENCHEVISME" href="/encyclopedie/menchevisme/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Axelrod - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/4/csm_ph996344_b85570a2fa.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Tout comme la dénomination de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme de bolchevisme, dérivé du substantif abstrait bolchinstvo (majorité), désigne la théorie révolutionnaire de Lénine et la praxis du Parti bolchevique dont celui-ci fut le fondateur, le dirigeant et le stratège. Les origines et l'évolution sémantique de ce mot, lointain souvenir d'un jargon d'exilés qui n'est entré dans le langage politique qu'à partir de la révolution..." title="Article : BOLCHEVISME" href="/encyclopedie/bolchevisme/">bolchevisme</a>, celle de menchevisme est issue du II<sup>e</sup> congrès du Parti ouvrier social-démocrate de Russie ( P.O.S.D.R.) qui siégea pendant un mois à Bruxelles puis à Londres en août 1903 et établit un nouveau clivage fondamental à l'intérieur du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mouvement ouvrier est devenu une des données fondamentales du monde contemporain. Ne serait-ce d'abord qu'au point de vue quantitatif. On peut à l'heure présente évaluer à environ deux cents millions les effectifs des ouvriers qui adhèrent aux principales centrales syndicales internationales. Ces chiffres sont au total impressionnants quand on songe que ces centrales sont relativement ré..." title="Article : MOUVEMENT OUVRIER" href="/encyclopedie/mouvement-ouvrier/">mouvement ouvrier...</a></p> </div> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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