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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="I7AJ169MZEGN2qmyaAgABa941mpe03l9uslSgqTsjBOQVvHc4gwI3he/RtRSJFzgCOINUro5Gl80ny7+tQOR/g==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="A Guide to Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Africa Using Egg Parasitoids" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2019/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Book" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Muluken Goftishu" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/41390526/A_Guide_to_Biological_Control_of_Fall_Armyworm_in_Africa_Using_Egg_Parasitoids" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="A Guide to Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Africa Using Egg Parasitoids" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a voracious agricultural pest native to North and South America, was first detected on the African continent in 2016 and has subsequently spread throughout the continent and" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/1104916/384639/3565983/s200_muluken.goftishu.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="book" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/41390526/A_Guide_to_Biological_Control_of_Fall_Armyworm_in_Africa_Using_Egg_Parasitoids" /> <meta property="og:title" content="A Guide to Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Africa Using Egg Parasitoids" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-book.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a voracious agricultural pest native to North and South America, was first detected on the African continent in 2016 and has subsequently spread throughout the continent and" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://haramaya.academia.edu/MulukenGoftishu" /> <meta name="description" content="Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a voracious agricultural pest native to North and South America, was first detected on the African continent in 2016 and has subsequently spread throughout the continent and" /> <title>(PDF) A Guide to Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Africa Using Egg Parasitoids | Muluken Goftishu - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/41390526/A_Guide_to_Biological_Control_of_Fall_Armyworm_in_Africa_Using_Egg_Parasitoids" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732432796000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732432796000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a voracious agricultural pest native to North and South America, was first detected on the African continent in 2016 and has subsequently spread throughout the continent and across Asia. Fall armyworm (FAW) is known to feed on over 350 plant species and it has been predicted to cause up to $US 13 billion per annum in crop losses throughout sub-Saharan Africa, thereby threatening the livelihoods of millions of poor farmers. Since the occurrence of FAW in Africa, synthetic chemical insecticides have been widely used as emergency responses to halt distribution of the pest and minimize damage in maize fields. Most smallholder farmers in Africa and Asia, however, cannot afford frequent insecticide applications. Furthermore, dependence on chemical insecticides results in the development of resistance to major classes of insecticides, effects on nontarget organisms, as well as other adverse effects to humans and the environment. This highlights the need for the development of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that are suitable to African smallholder farmers. Biological control using egg parasitoids particularly from the genus Trichogramma and Telenomus remus is part of the IPM approach presently underway to control FAW in North and South America. The approach involves mass rearing and release of these egg parasitoids to control FAW. These egg parasitoids are reared on factitious and natural hosts. Various species of both parasitoids are already present in Africa. After identifying the species/strain that best suit the local condition, the parasitoid wasps can be mass reared and used against FAW and other lepidopteran pests. Therefore, the purpose of this book is to provide guidelines on mass rearing systems for both the egg parasitoids and their hosts. The book describes the methods used to mass produce FAW (S. frugiperda), rice meal moth (Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), egg parasitoids - (Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and (Telenomus remus Nixon, Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in the facilities at icipe- Kenya and ICRISAT-Niger. This guide is primarily intended for biological control practitioners at universities, research institutes and commercial laboratories particularly involved in managing FAW and other lepidopteran pests. The information in this document is also intended to assist those who are relatively new at rearing FAW, rice meal moth, and the parasitoid wasps and to those who wish to improve existing rearing systems. The document covers virtually all aspects of information on the rearing techniques of each species such as colony establishment, stock culture maintenance, diet preparation, mass rearing, storage, quality control and field release. Each section is interrelated, contains step-by-step procedures, and is supported by colour pictures. The guide produced jointly by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Haramaya University, and Virginia Tech through support provided by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Integrated Pest Management, funded by the of the US Agency for International Development (USAID) under the Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Muluken Goftishu"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2019-12-22","dateModified":"2019-12-22","datePublished":"2019-01-01","headline":"A Guide to Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Africa Using Egg 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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":41390526,"created_at":"2019-12-22T08:41:59.404-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-16T17:54:36.823-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a voracious agricultural pest native to North and South America, was first detected on the African continent in 2016 and has subsequently spread throughout the continent and across Asia. Fall armyworm (FAW) is known to feed on over 350 plant species and it has been predicted to cause up to $US 13 billion per annum in crop losses throughout sub-Saharan Africa, thereby threatening the livelihoods of millions of poor farmers.\n\nSince the occurrence of FAW in Africa, synthetic chemical insecticides have been widely used as emergency responses to halt distribution of the pest and minimize damage in maize fields. Most smallholder farmers in Africa and Asia, however, cannot afford frequent insecticide applications. Furthermore, dependence on chemical insecticides results in the development of resistance to major classes of insecticides, effects on nontarget organisms, as well as other adverse effects to humans and the environment. This highlights the need for the development of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that are suitable to African smallholder farmers.\n\nBiological control using egg parasitoids particularly from the genus Trichogramma and Telenomus remus is part of the IPM approach presently underway to control FAW in North and South America. The approach involves mass rearing and release of these egg parasitoids to control FAW. These egg parasitoids are reared on factitious and natural hosts. Various species of both parasitoids are already present in Africa. After identifying the species/strain that best suit the local condition, the parasitoid wasps can be mass reared and used against FAW and other lepidopteran pests. Therefore, the purpose of this book is to provide guidelines on mass rearing systems for both the egg parasitoids and their hosts. The book describes the methods used to mass produce FAW (S. frugiperda), rice meal moth (Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), egg parasitoids - (Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and (Telenomus remus Nixon, Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in the facilities at icipe- Kenya and ICRISAT-Niger. \n\nThis guide is primarily intended for biological control practitioners at universities, research institutes and commercial laboratories particularly involved in managing FAW and other lepidopteran pests. The information in this document is also intended to assist those who are relatively new at rearing FAW, rice meal moth, and the parasitoid wasps and to those who wish to improve existing rearing systems. The document covers virtually all aspects of information on the rearing techniques of each species such as colony establishment, stock culture maintenance, diet preparation, mass rearing, storage, quality control and field release. Each section is interrelated, contains step-by-step procedures, and is supported by colour pictures.\n\nThe guide produced jointly by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Haramaya University, and Virginia Tech through support provided by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Integrated Pest Management, funded by the of the US Agency for International Development (USAID) under the Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001.\n","publication_date":"2019,,","publication_name":"Book"},"document_type":"book","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"A Guide to Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Africa Using Egg Parasitoids","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1104916]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":61582565,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “A Guide to Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Africa Using Egg Parasitoids”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/61582565/mini_magick20191222-23262-1lzlbi.png?1577033087" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">A Guide to Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Africa Using Egg Parasitoids</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1104916" href="https://haramaya.academia.edu/MulukenGoftishu"><img alt="Profile image of Muluken Goftishu" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1104916/384639/3565983/s65_muluken.goftishu.jpg" />Muluken Goftishu</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019, Book</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a voracious agricultural pest native to North and South America, was first detected on the African continent in 2016 and has subsequently spread throughout the continent and across Asia. Fall armyworm (FAW) is known to feed on over 350 plant species and it has been predicted to cause up to $US 13 billion per annum in crop losses throughout sub-Saharan Africa, thereby threatening the livelihoods of millions of poor farmers. Since the occurrence of FAW in Africa, synthetic chemical insecticides have been widely used as emergency responses to halt distribution of the pest and minimize damage in maize fields. Most smallholder farmers in Africa and Asia, however, cannot afford frequent insecticide applications. Furthermore, dependence on chemical insecticides results in the development of resistance to major classes of insecticides, effects on nontarget organisms, as well as other adverse effects to humans and the environment. This highlights the need for the development of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that are suitable to African smallholder farmers. Biological control using egg parasitoids particularly from the genus Trichogramma and Telenomus remus is part of the IPM approach presently underway to control FAW in North and South America. The approach involves mass rearing and release of these egg parasitoids to control FAW. These egg parasitoids are reared on factitious and natural hosts. Various species of both parasitoids are already present in Africa. After identifying the species/strain that best suit the local condition, the parasitoid wasps can be mass reared and used against FAW and other lepidopteran pests. Therefore, the purpose of this book is to provide guidelines on mass rearing systems for both the egg parasitoids and their hosts. The book describes the methods used to mass produce FAW (S. frugiperda), rice meal moth (Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), egg parasitoids - (Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and (Telenomus remus Nixon, Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in the facilities at icipe- Kenya and ICRISAT-Niger. This guide is primarily intended for biological control practitioners at universities, research institutes and commercial laboratories particularly involved in managing FAW and other lepidopteran pests. The information in this document is also intended to assist those who are relatively new at rearing FAW, rice meal moth, and the parasitoid wasps and to those who wish to improve existing rearing systems. The document covers virtually all aspects of information on the rearing techniques of each species such as colony establishment, stock culture maintenance, diet preparation, mass rearing, storage, quality control and field release. Each section is interrelated, contains step-by-step procedures, and is supported by colour pictures. The guide produced jointly by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Haramaya University, and Virginia Tech through support provided by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Integrated Pest Management, funded by the of the US Agency for International Development (USAID) under the Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":61582565,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/41390526/A_Guide_to_Biological_Control_of_Fall_Armyworm_in_Africa_Using_Egg_Parasitoids"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":61582565,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/41390526/A_Guide_to_Biological_Control_of_Fall_Armyworm_in_Africa_Using_Egg_Parasitoids"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="61582565" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/41390526/A_Guide_to_Biological_Control_of_Fall_Armyworm_in_Africa_Using_Egg_Parasitoids" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="104361453" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104361453/Parasitism_of_Locally_Recruited_Egg_Parasitoids_of_the_Fall_Armyworm_in_Africa">Parasitism of Locally Recruited Egg Parasitoids of the Fall Armyworm in Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="237292458" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RangaswamyMuniappan">Rangaswamy Muniappan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Insects, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an insect native to the tropical and subtropical Americas that has recently spread to Africa, where it predominately attacks maize, sorghum and other plant species. Biological control is an environmentally friendly way of combatting the pest and contributes to an integrated pest management approach. In Africa, several trichogrammatid parasitoids and Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) have been found parasitizing eggs of the FAW. In Niger, the egg parasitoids encountered include Trichogrammatoidea sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus remus Nixon. Parasitism of the FAW eggs by the two egg parasitoids was assessed in the laboratory, followed by field testing on sentinel eggs. In the laboratory, T. remus parasitized on average 78% of FAW eggs, compared to 25% for Trichogrammatoidea sp. Telenomus remus was able to parasitize egg masses that were fully covered with scale...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Parasitism of Locally Recruited Egg Parasitoids of the Fall Armyworm in Africa","attachmentId":104112934,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104361453/Parasitism_of_Locally_Recruited_Egg_Parasitoids_of_the_Fall_Armyworm_in_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104361453/Parasitism_of_Locally_Recruited_Egg_Parasitoids_of_the_Fall_Armyworm_in_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="35336720" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35336720/Integrated_pest_management_in_the_tropics_Current_status_and_future_prospects_A_N_Mengech_K_N_Saxena_and_H_N_B_Gopalan_United_Nations_Environmental_Programme_John_Wiley_and_Sons_Chichester_1995_171_pp_35_00_ISBN_0471960764">Integrated pest management in the tropics: Current status and future prospects: A.N. Mengech, K.N. Saxena and H.N.B. Gopalan, United Nations Environmental Programme, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1995, 171 pp., £35.00, ISBN 0471960764</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37778904" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArnoldvanHuis">Arnold van Huis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scientia Horticulturae</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Integrated pest management in the tropics: Current status and future prospects: A.N. Mengech, K.N. Saxena and H.N.B. Gopalan, United Nations Environmental Programme, John Wiley \u0026 Sons, Chichester, 1995, 171 pp., £35.00, ISBN 0471960764","attachmentId":55197711,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35336720/Integrated_pest_management_in_the_tropics_Current_status_and_future_prospects_A_N_Mengech_K_N_Saxena_and_H_N_B_Gopalan_United_Nations_Environmental_Programme_John_Wiley_and_Sons_Chichester_1995_171_pp_35_00_ISBN_0471960764","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35336720/Integrated_pest_management_in_the_tropics_Current_status_and_future_prospects_A_N_Mengech_K_N_Saxena_and_H_N_B_Gopalan_United_Nations_Environmental_Programme_John_Wiley_and_Sons_Chichester_1995_171_pp_35_00_ISBN_0471960764"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="7159238" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7159238/Biological_control_of_insect_pests_in_the_Tropics">Biological control of insect pests in the Tropics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2685332" href="https://ufu.academia.edu/MarcusViniciusSampaio">Marcus Vinicius Sampaio</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biological control of insect pests in the Tropics","attachmentId":33791703,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7159238/Biological_control_of_insect_pests_in_the_Tropics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7159238/Biological_control_of_insect_pests_in_the_Tropics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="99094927" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99094927/Integrated_pest_management_options_for_the_fall_armyworm_Spodoptera_frugiperda_in_West_Africa_Challenges_and_opportunities_A_review">Integrated pest management options for the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in West Africa: Challenges and opportunities. A review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="63474324" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IreneeSomda">Irénée Somda</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BASE, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Introduction. The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a voracious and generalist insect pest native to America. It was first detected in West Africa in 2016 and rapidly spread across the continent. The indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides poses risks to human health and threatens the few natural enemies present in these environments. Despite the existence of alternative control measures in America (e.g. genetically modified maize), efforts are needed to develop environmentally friendly approaches that are affordable for smallholder farmers and compatible with the African context. Literature. In this literature review, we describe the potential of the available alternative controls methods which include cultural, physical, biological and semiochemical strategies. The potential of their association is discussed considering their cost-benefice balance and local economic and agricultural context. Conclusions. Several affordable mitigation optio...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Integrated pest management options for the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in West Africa: Challenges and opportunities. A review","attachmentId":100272917,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99094927/Integrated_pest_management_options_for_the_fall_armyworm_Spodoptera_frugiperda_in_West_Africa_Challenges_and_opportunities_A_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99094927/Integrated_pest_management_options_for_the_fall_armyworm_Spodoptera_frugiperda_in_West_Africa_Challenges_and_opportunities_A_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="122516414" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122516414/Biological_control_of_fall_armyworm_Spodoptera_frugiperda_JE_Smith_using_egg_parasitoids_Trichogramma_species_Hymenoptera_Trichogrammatidae_a_review">Biological control of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) using egg parasitoids, Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): a review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="81891632" href="https://iisr.academia.edu/SNSushil">SN Sushil</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biological control of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) using egg parasitoids, Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): a review","attachmentId":117163488,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122516414/Biological_control_of_fall_armyworm_Spodoptera_frugiperda_JE_Smith_using_egg_parasitoids_Trichogramma_species_Hymenoptera_Trichogrammatidae_a_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122516414/Biological_control_of_fall_armyworm_Spodoptera_frugiperda_JE_Smith_using_egg_parasitoids_Trichogramma_species_Hymenoptera_Trichogrammatidae_a_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="62092786" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62092786/Parasitoid_Distribution_and_Parasitism_of_the_Fall_Armyworm_Spodoptera_frugiperda_Lepidoptera_Noctuidae_in_Different_Maize_Producing_Regions_of_Uganda">Parasitoid Distribution and Parasitism of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Different Maize Producing Regions of Uganda</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14583193" href="https://muele.academia.edu/HenryNakeletOpolot">Henry Nakelet Opolot</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Insects</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has successfully invaded Africa, where it has significantly impacted maize and sorghum production. Management of FAW in Africa predominantly relies on synthetic insecticides, which are expensive, and negatively impact the environment and beneficial insects. We, therefore, conducted field surveys in Uganda in 2017 and 2019 to identify egg and larval parasitoids of FAW for possible use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Parasitoids were identified by their mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCOI) gene sequences. We identified 13 parasitoid species belonging to three families of Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, as well as one Dipteran family (Tachinidae). Coccygidium spp. and Chelonus bifoveolatus were the most abundant and widely distributed parasitoids. Overall, parasitism averaged 9.2% and ranged from 3.1% to 50% in 2017, and 0.8% to 33% in 2019. P...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Parasitoid Distribution and Parasitism of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Different Maize Producing Regions of Uganda","attachmentId":74948271,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62092786/Parasitoid_Distribution_and_Parasitism_of_the_Fall_Armyworm_Spodoptera_frugiperda_Lepidoptera_Noctuidae_in_Different_Maize_Producing_Regions_of_Uganda","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62092786/Parasitoid_Distribution_and_Parasitism_of_the_Fall_Armyworm_Spodoptera_frugiperda_Lepidoptera_Noctuidae_in_Different_Maize_Producing_Regions_of_Uganda"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="16918791" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16918791/The_effect_of_temperature_and_humidity_on_the_bionomics_of_six_African_egg_parasitoids_Hymenoptera_Trichogrammatidae_">The effect of temperature and humidity on the bionomics of six African egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36559687" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewKalyebi">Andrew Kalyebi</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36415337" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FSchulthess">F. Schulthess</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The life table statistics of six native Kenyan species/strains of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea were established using a factitious host Corcyra cephalonica, Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), at eight different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 28, 30, 32 and 35 degrees C) and two humidity levels (40-50 and 70-80%). The objective was to select insects with superior attributes for augmentative release against lepidopteran pests in horticultural crops. Both temperature and humidity affected developmental time and life table parameters of the parasitoids but temperature played a more critical role. Developmental time was inversely related to temperature. The intrinsic and finite rates of increase increased with temperature up to 30 degrees C. Both net reproduction rate and intrinsic rate of increase were higher at the lower humidity. Temperature inversely affected generation time of parasitoid strains regardless of the relative humidity. Two strains of Trichogramma sp. nr. mwanzai collected from both low and medium altitudes and Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr. lutea from the mid-altitudes, were better adapted to both low and high temperatures than the other strains, as indicated by the high intrinsic and net reproductive rates, at both humidity levels. These three strains appear to be promising candidates for augmentation biocontrol against the African bollworm Helicoverpa armigera in Kenya.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The effect of temperature and humidity on the bionomics of six African egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)","attachmentId":42374732,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16918791/The_effect_of_temperature_and_humidity_on_the_bionomics_of_six_African_egg_parasitoids_Hymenoptera_Trichogrammatidae_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16918791/The_effect_of_temperature_and_humidity_on_the_bionomics_of_six_African_egg_parasitoids_Hymenoptera_Trichogrammatidae_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="112463163" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112463163/Inventory_of_Host_Plants_and_Parasitoids_of_the_Fall_Armyworm_FAW_and_amp_lt_i_and_amp_gt_Spodoptera_frugiperda_and_amp_lt_i_and_amp_gt_JE_Smith_in_the_Southern_Agricultural_Zone_of_Niger">Inventory of Host Plants and Parasitoids of the Fall Armyworm (FAW), &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Spodoptera frugiperda&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (JE Smith), in the Southern Agricultural Zone of Niger</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35688764" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZanguiHamissou">Zangui Hamissou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Inventory of Host Plants and Parasitoids of the Fall Armyworm (FAW), \u0026amp;lt;i\u0026amp;gt;Spodoptera frugiperda\u0026amp;lt;/i\u0026amp;gt; (JE Smith), in the Southern Agricultural Zone of Niger","attachmentId":109686133,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112463163/Inventory_of_Host_Plants_and_Parasitoids_of_the_Fall_Armyworm_FAW_and_amp_lt_i_and_amp_gt_Spodoptera_frugiperda_and_amp_lt_i_and_amp_gt_JE_Smith_in_the_Southern_Agricultural_Zone_of_Niger","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112463163/Inventory_of_Host_Plants_and_Parasitoids_of_the_Fall_Armyworm_FAW_and_amp_lt_i_and_amp_gt_Spodoptera_frugiperda_and_amp_lt_i_and_amp_gt_JE_Smith_in_the_Southern_Agricultural_Zone_of_Niger"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="101465602" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101465602/The_parasitoid_Trichogrammatoidea_armigera_Nagaraja_Hymenoptera_Trichogrammatidae_is_a_potential_candidate_for_biological_control_of_the_millet_head_miner_Heliocheilus_albipunctella_de_Joannis_Lepidoptera_Noctuidae_in_the_Sahel">The parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea armigera Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is a potential candidate for biological control of the millet head miner Heliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Sahel</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="237292458" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RangaswamyMuniappan">Rangaswamy Muniappan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biological Control, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea armigera Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is a potential candidate for biological control of the millet head miner Heliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Sahel","attachmentId":102000465,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101465602/The_parasitoid_Trichogrammatoidea_armigera_Nagaraja_Hymenoptera_Trichogrammatidae_is_a_potential_candidate_for_biological_control_of_the_millet_head_miner_Heliocheilus_albipunctella_de_Joannis_Lepidoptera_Noctuidae_in_the_Sahel","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101465602/The_parasitoid_Trichogrammatoidea_armigera_Nagaraja_Hymenoptera_Trichogrammatidae_is_a_potential_candidate_for_biological_control_of_the_millet_head_miner_Heliocheilus_albipunctella_de_Joannis_Lepidoptera_Noctuidae_in_the_Sahel"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="40492890" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40492890/performance_of_Trichogramma_pretiosum_Riley_Hymenoptera_trichogrammatidae_on_eggs_of_Helicoverpa_armigera_H%C3%BCbner_Lepidoptera_Noctuidae">performance of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="129009915" href="https://someshituniv.academia.edu/AlessandraMarieliVacari">Alessandra Marieli Vacari</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30287054" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SergioAntonioDeBortoli">Sergio Antonio De Bortoli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest with a wide geographic distribution. This pest first arrived in Brazil in 2013, and since then studies on possible control methods for it have been necessary. A possible method for the control of H. armigera is using the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae). therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of T. pretiosum on H. armigera eggs, which are known to represent suitable hosts for the development of this parasitoid species in the laboratory. parasitism and emergence rates and the duration of the egg-to-adult period of T. pretiosum were investigated following 24-and 48-h exposures of this parasitoid to H. armigera and Corcyra cephalonica (stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. The longevity of offspring after the 24-h exposure was studied, as well as the frequency of parasitism and emergence, host preference, and the emergence of offspring from eggs of different ages or oviposited by lepidopterans on different days. Parasitism was 14.4 and 34.9% more frequent on C. cephalonica than on H. armigera after 24 and 48 h of exposure, respectively. In C. cephalonica, parasitism was 27.2% higher after 48 h. Parasitism was more frequent on C. cephalonica eggs collected on the second day of oviposition (76.2%), and on H. armigera on the third day of oviposition (71.1%). Parasitism frequency was lower on 2-day-old C. cephalonica eggs (63.3%) and on 3-day-old H. armigera eggs (41.3%). When tested with a chance of choice between hosts, T. pretiosum preferred H. armigera, while in the test with no chance of choice there was no difference in preference. thus, T. pretiosum may be considered a tool for the Integrated pest Management (IpM) of H. armigera. Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important agricultural pest worldwide because it is highly polyphagous and damages several crops of economic importance, such as tomato, cotton, soybean, corn, and sunflower 1-4. This species was first reported in Brazil in 2013 at high population sizes on soybean, corn, and cotton crops 5,6. During its occurrence, farmers lost an estimated R$ 10 billion 7. The egg parasitoid Trichogramma spp. Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is used in several countries for the control of lepidopteran pests 8-10 by inundative application on millions of hectares of economically important agricultural crops 8,9,11,12. To meet demands for the biological control of pests of such crops as maize, soybean, cotton, tomato, and sugarcane some companies perform the mass-rearing of these parasitoids, and in Brazil four biofactories that</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"performance of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae","attachmentId":60761507,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40492890/performance_of_Trichogramma_pretiosum_Riley_Hymenoptera_trichogrammatidae_on_eggs_of_Helicoverpa_armigera_H%C3%BCbner_Lepidoptera_Noctuidae","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40492890/performance_of_Trichogramma_pretiosum_Riley_Hymenoptera_trichogrammatidae_on_eggs_of_Helicoverpa_armigera_H%C3%BCbner_Lepidoptera_Noctuidae"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":61582565,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":61582565,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_61582565" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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