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<li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_the_opposite_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_the_opposite_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As the opposite gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_the_opposite_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_term_actress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_term_actress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The term actress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_term_actress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Compensation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compensation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compensation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_pay_gap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_pay_gap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gender pay gap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_pay_gap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silent_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silent_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Silent films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silent_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_advent_of_sound_in_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_advent_of_sound_in_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>The advent of sound in film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_advent_of_sound_in_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>In television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>In radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Actor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akteur" title="Akteur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Akteur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauspieler" title="Schauspieler – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schauspieler" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84" title="ممثل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ممثل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Դերասան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Դերասան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="অভিনেতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অভিনেতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91oha%27%C3%A3ngah%C3%A1ra" title="Ñoha'ãngahára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñoha'ãngahára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktyor" title="Aktyor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aktyor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88" title="اویونچو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اویونچو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80" title="অভিনয়শিল্পী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভিনয়শিল্পী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A1n-o%C3%A2n" title="Ián-oân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ián-oân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%91%D1%80" title="Акцёр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акцёр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Актор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Актор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="एक्टर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एक्टर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Актьор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Актьор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glumac" title="Glumac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Glumac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktour" title="Aktour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aktour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80" title="Актёр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Актёр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herec" title="Herec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Herec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuespiller" title="Skuespiller – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skuespiller" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84" title="مومتيل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مومتيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neavtt%C3%A1r" title="Neavttár – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Neavttár" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauspieler" title="Schauspieler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schauspieler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4itleja" title="Näitleja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Näitleja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ηθοποιός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηθοποιός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktoro" title="Aktoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aktoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzezle" title="Antzezle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzezle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="بازیگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازیگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3nleikari" title="Sjónleikari – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sjónleikari" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acteur" title="Acteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akteur" title="Akteur – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Akteur" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisteoir" title="Aisteoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aisteoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghteyr" title="Aghteyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Aghteyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleasaiche" title="Cleasaiche – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cleasaiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor,_actriz" title="Actor, actriz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Actor, actriz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Актёрий исбахьале – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Актёрий исбахьале" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%93%A1" title="演員 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="演員" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE" title="અભિનેતા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અભિનેતા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AAn-y%C3%A8n" title="Yên-yèn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yên-yèn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%9A%B0" title="배우 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Aan_wasa" title="Ɗan wasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ɗan wasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Դերասան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դերասան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glumac" title="Glumac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glumac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktoro" title="Aktoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aktoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemeran" title="Pemeran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemeran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leikari" title="Leikari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leikari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attore" title="Attore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="שחקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%9F" title="ನಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მსახიობი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მსახიობი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اداکار – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اداکار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Актер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Актер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwigizaji" title="Mwigizaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwigizaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akt%C3%A8" title="Aktè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aktè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEstikvan" title="Lîstikvan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîstikvan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80" title="Актёр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Актёр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histrio" title="Histrio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Histrio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktieris" title="Aktieris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aktieris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauspiller" title="Schauspiller – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schauspiller" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktorius" title="Aktorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aktorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akt%C3%A4%C3%B6r" title="Aktäör – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aktäör" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xeldraci" title="xeldraci – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xeldraci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atur" title="Atur – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Atur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADn%C3%A9sz" title="Színész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Színész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Глумец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Глумец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="അഭിനേതാവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഭിനേതാവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="არტისტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არტისტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84" title="ممثل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ممثل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelakon" title="Pelakon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelakon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%8F" title="ꯃꯃꯤꯔꯣꯏ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯃꯤꯔꯣꯏ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palakon" title="Palakon – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Palakon" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Жүжигчин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жүжигчин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauvakaraitaki" title="Dauvakaraitaki – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Dauvakaraitaki" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acteur" title="Acteur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Acteur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akteur" title="Akteur – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Akteur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%B3%E5%84%AA" title="俳優 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="俳優" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80" title="Актёр – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Актёр" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuespiller" title="Skuespiller – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skuespiller" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skodespelar" title="Skodespelar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skodespelar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80" title="Актёр – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Актёр" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_(%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0)" title="ଅଭିନେତ୍ରୀ (ନାରୀ କଳାକାର) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଭିନେତ୍ରୀ (ନାରୀ କଳାକାର)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktyor" title="Aktyor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aktyor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਦਾਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਦਾਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اداکار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اداکار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%DA%93%DB%8C" title="لوبغاړی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوبغاړی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ator" title="Ator – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ator" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktyor" title="Aktyor – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Aktyor" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauspeller" title="Schauspeller – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Schauspeller" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranway_pukllaq" title="Aranway pukllaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aranway pukllaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Актер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Актер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80" title="Актёр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Актёр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atore" title="Atore – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Atore" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress" title="Actress – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Actress" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktori" title="Aktori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aktori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="නළුවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නළුවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اداڪار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اداڪار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herectvo" title="Herectvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Herectvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igralec_(umetnik)" title="Igralec (umetnik) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Igralec (umetnik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szauszpiler" title="Szauszpiler – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szauszpiler" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoore" title="Atoore – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Atoore" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئەکتەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەکتەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Глумац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глумац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glumci" title="Glumci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glumci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4yttelij%C3%A4" title="Näyttelijä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Näyttelijä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5despelare" title="Skådespelare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skådespelare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artista" title="Artista – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Artista" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நடிகர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நடிகர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asegbar" title="Asegbar – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asegbar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="నటులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నటులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="นักแสดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักแสดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Ҳунарпеша – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳунарпеша" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyuncu" title="Oyuncu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oyuncu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Актор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Актор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اداکار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اداکار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canghheiq" title="Canghheiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Canghheiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ator" title="Ator – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ator" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%E1%BB%85n_vi%C3%AAn" title="Diễn viên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Diễn viên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedyin" title="Comedyin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Comedyin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E4%BC%B6" title="優伶 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="優伶" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%91%98" title="演员 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="演员" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8" title="אקטיאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקטיאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%93%A1" title="演員 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="演員" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayker" title="Kayker – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kayker" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktuorios" title="Aktuorios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Actress&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Actress">Actress</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person who portrays a character in a production</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Actor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Actor (disambiguation)">Actor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Actress" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Actress_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Actress (disambiguation)">Actress (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4909" data-file-height="3727" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i> on stage</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>actor</b> or <b>actress</b> is a person who portrays a <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">character</a> in a production.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actor performs "in the flesh" in the traditional medium of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a> or in modern media such as <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>. The analogous Greek term is <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὑποκριτής">ὑποκριτής</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>hupokritḗs</i></span>), literally "one who answers".<sup id="cite_ref-hypocrite_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hypocrite-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actor's interpretation of a role—the art of <a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a>—pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. This can also be considered an "actor's role", which was called this due to <a href="/wiki/Scrolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrolls">scrolls</a> being used in the theaters. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is "playing themselves", as in some forms of experimental <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a>. </p><p>Formerly, in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval world</a>, and in England at the time of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, only men could become actors, and women's roles were generally played by men or boys.<sup id="cite_ref-Neziroski_2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neziroski_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Ancient Rome did allow female stage performers, only a small minority of them were given speaking parts. The <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a> of Italy, however, allowed professional women to perform early on; <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Di_Siena" title="Lucrezia Di Siena">Lucrezia Di Siena</a>, whose name is on a contract of actors from 10 October 1564, has been referred to as the first Italian actress known by name, with <a href="/wiki/Vincenza_Armani" title="Vincenza Armani">Vincenza Armani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Flaminia" title="Barbara Flaminia">Barbara Flaminia</a> as the first primadonnas and the first well-documented actresses in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (and in Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a> of 1660, women began to appear onstage in England. In modern times, particularly in pantomime and some operas, women occasionally play the roles of boys or young men.<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The first recorded case of a performing actor occurred in 534 BC (though the changes in the calendar over the years make it hard to determine exactly) when the Greek performer <a href="/wiki/Thespis" title="Thespis">Thespis</a> stepped onto the stage at the <i>Theatre Dionysus</i> to become the first known person to speak words as a character in a play or story. Before Thespis' act, Grecian stories were only expressed in <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a>, dance, and in <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(storytelling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (storytelling)">third person</a> narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called <i>Thespians</i>. The exclusively male actors in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theatre of ancient Greece</a> performed in three types of <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">comedy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr play</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This developed and expanded considerably under the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">theatre of ancient Rome</a> was a thriving and diverse art form, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Roman_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman festival">festival</a> performances of <a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">street theatre</a>, nude dancing, and acrobatics, to the staging of situation <a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">comedies</a>, to <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high-style</a>, verbally elaborate <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedies</a>. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power was moved eastward to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a>. Records show that <a href="/wiki/Mime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime">mime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a>, scenes or recitations from <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dances</a>, and other entertainments were very popular. From the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder. Small nomadic bands of actors traveled around Europe throughout the period, performing wherever they could find an audience; there is no evidence that they produced anything but crude scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, actors were not of high status; therefore, in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, traveling acting troupes were often viewed with distrust. Early Middle Ages actors were denounced by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a>, as they were viewed as dangerous, immoral, and <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a>. In many parts of Europe, traditional beliefs of the region and time meant actors could not receive a Christian burial. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, churches in Europe began staging dramatized versions of biblical events. By the middle of the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">liturgical drama</a> had spread from Russia to Scandinavia to Italy. The <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Fools" title="Feast of Fools">Feast of Fools</a> encouraged the development of comedy. In the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, plays were produced in 127 towns. These vernacular <a href="/wiki/Mystery_plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery plays">Mystery plays</a> often contained <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>, with actors playing <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">clowns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of actors in these plays were drawn from the local population. Amateur performers in England were exclusively male, but other countries had female performers. </p><p>There were several secular plays staged in the Middle Ages, the earliest of which is <i>The Play of the Greenwood</i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a> in 1276. It contains satirical scenes and <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk</a> material such as <a href="/wiki/Faeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Faeries">faeries</a> and other supernatural occurrences. <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farces</a> also rose in popularity after the 13th century. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, professional actors began to appear in England and Europe. <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> both maintained small companies of professional actors. Beginning in the mid-16th century, <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a> troupes performed lively improvisational playlets across Europe for centuries. Commedia dell'arte was an actor-centred theatre, requiring little scenery and very few props. Plays were loose frameworks that provided situations, complications, and the outcome of the action, around which the actors improvised. The plays used <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock characters</a>. A troupe typically consisted of 13 to 14 members. Most actors were paid a share of the play's profits roughly equivalent to the sizes of their roles. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Swan_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Swan_cropped.png/170px-The_Swan_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Swan_cropped.png/255px-The_Swan_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Swan_cropped.png/340px-The_Swan_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption>A 1596 sketch of a performance in progress on the <a href="/wiki/Thrust_stage" title="Thrust stage">thrust stage</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Swan_(theatre)" title="The Swan (theatre)">The Swan</a>, a typical <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">Elizabethan</a> open-roof playhouse</figcaption></figure> <p>Renaissance theatre derived from several medieval theatre traditions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mystery_plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery plays">mystery plays</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">morality plays</a>", and the "university drama" that attempted to recreate Athenian tragedy. The Italian tradition of <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a>, as well as the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masques</a> frequently presented at court, also contributed to the shaping of public theatre. Since before the reign of Elizabeth I, <a href="/wiki/Playing_company" title="Playing company">companies of players</a> were attached to the households of leading aristocrats and performed seasonally in various locations. These became the foundation for the professional players that performed on the <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">Elizabethan stage</a>. </p><p>The development of the theatre and opportunities for acting ceased when <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> opposition to the stage banned the performance of all plays within London. Puritans viewed the theatre as immoral. The re-opening of the theatres in 1660 signalled a renaissance of English drama. English <a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">comedies</a> written and performed in the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> period from 1660 to 1710 are collectively called "Restoration comedy". Restoration comedy is notorious for its <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sexual behavior">sexual</a> explicitness. At this point, women were allowed for the first time to appear on the English stage, exclusively in female roles. This period saw the introduction of the first professional actresses and the rise of the first celebrity actors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg/170px-Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg/255px-Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg/340px-Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Henry Irving in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bells_(play)" title="The Bells (play)">The Bells</a></i>, 1874</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, the negative reputation of actors was largely reversed, and acting became an honored, popular profession and art.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of the actor as celebrity provided the transition, as audiences flocked to their favorite "stars". A new role emerged for the <a href="/wiki/Actor-manager" title="Actor-manager">actor-managers</a>, who formed their own companies and controlled the actors, the productions, and the financing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When successful, they built up a permanent clientele that flocked to their productions. They could enlarge their audience by going on tour across the country, performing a repertoire of well-known plays, such as those by Shakespeare. The newspapers, private clubs, pubs, and coffee shops rang with lively debates evaluating the relative merits of the stars and the productions. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a> (1838–1905) was the most successful of the British actor-managers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving was renowned for his Shakespearean roles, and for such innovations as turning out the house lights so that attention could focus more on the stage and less on the audience. His company toured across Britain, as well as Europe and the United States, demonstrating the power of star actors and celebrated roles to attract enthusiastic audiences. His knighthood in 1895 indicated full acceptance into the higher circles of British society.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg/170px-The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg/255px-The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg/340px-The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Playbill cover for the <a href="/wiki/The_Shubert_Organization" title="The Shubert Organization">Shubert Theatre</a> presentation of John Hudson's Wife</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 20th century, the economics of large-scale productions displaced the actor-manager model. It was too hard to find people who combined a genius at acting as well as management, so specialization divided the roles as <a href="/wiki/Stage_management" title="Stage management">stage managers</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Theatre_director" title="Theatre director">theatre directors</a> emerged. Financially, much larger capital was required to operate out of a major city. The solution was corporate ownership of chains of theatres, such as by the <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_Syndicate" title="Theatrical Syndicate">Theatrical Syndicate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Laurillard" title="Edward Laurillard">Edward Laurillard</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/The_Shubert_Organization" title="The Shubert Organization">The Shubert Organization</a>. By catering to tourists, theaters in large cities increasingly favored long runs of highly popular plays, especially musicals. Big name stars became even more essential.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_acting_techniques" title="List of acting techniques">List of acting techniques</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_acting" title="Classical acting">Classical acting</a> is a philosophy of acting that integrates the expression of the body, voice, imagination, personalizing, improvisation, external stimuli, and script analysis. It is based on the theories and systems of select classical actors and directors including <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski" title="Konstantin Stanislavski">Konstantin Stanislavski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Saint-Denis" title="Michel Saint-Denis">Michel Saint-Denis</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Stanislavski%27s_system" title="Stanislavski's system">Stanislavski's system</a>, also known as Stanislavski's method, actors draw upon their own feelings and experiences to convey the "truth" of the character they portray. Actors puts themselves in the mindset of the character, finding things in common to give a more genuine portrayal of the character.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">Method acting</a> is a range of techniques based on for training actors to achieve better characterizations of the characters they play, as formulated by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strasberg" title="Lee Strasberg">Lee Strasberg</a>. Strasberg's method is based upon the idea that to develop an emotional and cognitive understanding of their roles, actors should use their own experiences to identify personally with their characters. It is based on aspects of Stanislavski's system. Other acting techniques are also based on Stanislavski's ideas, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler">Stella Adler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Meisner" title="Sanford Meisner">Sanford Meisner</a>, but these are not considered "method acting".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meisner_technique" title="Meisner technique">Meisner technique</a> requires the actor to focus totally on the other actor as though they are real and they only exist in that moment. This is a method that makes the actors in the scene seem more authentic to the audience. It is based on the principle that acting finds its expression in people's response to other people and circumstances. Is it based on Stanislavski's system.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_the_opposite_gender">As the opposite gender</h2></div> <p>Formerly, in some societies, only men could become actors. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval world</a>, it was considered disgraceful for a woman to go on stage; nevertheless, women did perform in Ancient Rome, and again entered the stage in the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a> in Italy in the 16th century; <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Di_Siena" title="Lucrezia Di Siena">Lucrezia Di Siena</a> became the perhaps first professional actress since Ancient Rome. France and Spain, too, also had female actors in the 16th century. In <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shakespeare's">William Shakespeare's</a> England, however, women's roles were generally played by men or boys.<sup id="cite_ref-Neziroski_2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neziroski_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When an eighteen-year <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Restoration_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration drama">drama</a> was lifted after the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a> of 1660, women began to appear on stage in England. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hughes" title="Margaret Hughes">Margaret Hughes</a> is often credited as the first professional actress on the English stage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Martinelli" title="Angelica Martinelli">Angelica Martinelli</a>, a member of a visiting Italian Commedia dell'arte company, did perform in England as early as 1578,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but such foreign guest appearances had been rare exceptions and there had been no professional English actresses in England. This prohibition ended during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> in part because he enjoyed watching actresses on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, Charles II issued <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Killigrew" title="Thomas Killigrew">Thomas Killigrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Davenant" title="William Davenant">William Davenant</a>, granting them the <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> right to form two London theatre companies to perform "serious" drama, and the letters patent were reissued in 1662 with revisions allowing actresses to perform for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>, the first occurrence of the term <i>actress</i> was in 1608 and is ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Middleton</a>. In the 19th century, many viewed women in acting negatively, as actresses were often <a href="/wiki/Courtesans" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtesans">courtesans</a> and associated with promiscuity. Despite these prejudices, the 19th century also saw the first female acting "stars", most notably <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, <i><a href="/wiki/Onnagata" title="Onnagata">onnagata</a></i>, or men taking on female roles, were used in <i><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a></i> theatre when women were banned from performing on stage during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>; this convention continues. In some forms of Chinese drama such as <a href="/wiki/Beijing_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing opera">Beijing opera</a>, men traditionally performed all the roles, including female roles, while in <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaoxing opera">Shaoxing opera</a> women often play all roles, including male ones.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, women occasionally played the roles of boys or young men. For example, the stage role of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a> is traditionally played by a woman, as are most <a href="/wiki/Principal_boy" title="Principal boy">principal boys</a> in British <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a>. <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> has several "<a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">breeches roles</a>" traditionally sung by women, usually <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-sopranos</a>. Examples are Hansel in <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4nsel_und_Gretel_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hänsel und Gretel (opera)">Hänsel und Gretel</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro#Roles" title="The Marriage of Figaro">Cherubino</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i> and Octavian in <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></i>. </p><p>Women playing male roles are uncommon in film, with notable exceptions. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Stina_Ekblad" title="Stina Ekblad">Stina Ekblad</a> played the mysterious Ismael Retzinsky in <i><a href="/wiki/Fanny_and_Alexander" title="Fanny and Alexander">Fanny and Alexander</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hunt" title="Linda Hunt">Linda Hunt</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress</a> for playing Billy Kwan in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Year_of_Living_Dangerously_(film)" title="The Year of Living Dangerously (film)">The Year of Living Dangerously</a></i>. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress</a> for playing Jude Quinn, a fictionalized representation of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> in the 1960s, in <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_There" title="I'm Not There">I'm Not There</a></i>. </p><p>In the 2000s, women playing men in live theatre is particularly common in presentations of older plays, such as Shakespearean works with large numbers of male characters in roles where gender is inconsequential.<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having an actor dress as the opposite sex for comic effect is also a long-standing tradition in <a href="/wiki/Comic_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic theatre">comic theatre</a> and film. Most of Shakespeare's comedies include instances of overt <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Flute" title="Francis Flute">Francis Flute</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i>. The movie <i><a href="/wiki/A_Funny_Thing_Happened_on_the_Way_to_the_Forum" title="A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum">A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum</a></i> stars <a href="/wiki/Jack_Gilford" title="Jack Gilford">Jack Gilford</a> dressing as a young bride. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis" title="Tony Curtis">Tony Curtis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> famously posed as women to escape gangsters in the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot" title="Some Like It Hot">Some Like It Hot</a></i>. Cross-dressing for comic effect was a frequently used device in most of the <a href="/wiki/Carry_On_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Carry On films">Carry On films</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> have each appeared in a hit comedy film (<i><a href="/wiki/Tootsie" title="Tootsie">Tootsie</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Doubtfire" title="Mrs. Doubtfire">Mrs. Doubtfire</a></i>, respectively) in which they played most scenes dressed as a woman. </p><p>Occasionally, the issue is further complicated, for example, by a woman playing a woman acting as a man—who then pretends to be a woman, such as <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Victor/Victoria" title="Victor/Victoria">Victor/Victoria</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow" title="Gwyneth Paltrow">Gwyneth Paltrow</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Love" title="Shakespeare in Love">Shakespeare in Love</a></i>. In <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Pat:_The_Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="It's Pat: The Movie">It's Pat: The Movie</a></i>, film-watchers never learn the gender of the androgynous main characters <a href="/wiki/Pat_(Saturday_Night_Live)" title="Pat (Saturday Night Live)">Pat</a> and Chris (played by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Sweeney" title="Julia Sweeney">Julia Sweeney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Foley" title="Dave Foley">Dave Foley</a>). Similarly, in the aforementioned example of <i>The Marriage of Figaro</i>, there is a scene in which Cherubino (a male character portrayed by a woman) dresses up and acts like a woman; the other characters in the scene are aware of a single level of gender role obfuscation, while the audience is aware of two levels. </p><p>A few modern roles are played by a member of the opposite sex to emphasize the gender fluidity of the role. Edna Turnblad in <i>Hairspray</i> was played by <a href="/wiki/Divine_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine (actor)">Divine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hairspray_(1988_film)" title="Hairspray (1988 film)">1988 original film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fierstein" title="Harvey Fierstein">Harvey Fierstein</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hairspray_(musical)" title="Hairspray (musical)">Broadway musical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Travolta" title="John Travolta">John Travolta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hairspray_(2007_film)" title="Hairspray (2007 film)">2007 movie musical</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne" title="Eddie Redmayne">Eddie Redmayne</a> was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> for playing <a href="/wiki/Lili_Elbe" title="Lili Elbe">Lili Elbe</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">trans woman</a>) in 2015's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Danish_Girl_(film)" title="The Danish Girl (film)">The Danish Girl</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_term_actress">The term actress</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tadeusz_Ajdukiewicz_-_Portrait_of_Helena_Modrzejewska_-_MNK_II-a-20_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tadeusz_Ajdukiewicz_-_Portrait_of_Helena_Modrzejewska_-_MNK_II-a-20_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/170px-Tadeusz_Ajdukiewicz_-_Portrait_of_Helena_Modrzejewska_-_MNK_II-a-20_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tadeusz_Ajdukiewicz_-_Portrait_of_Helena_Modrzejewska_-_MNK_II-a-20_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/255px-Tadeusz_Ajdukiewicz_-_Portrait_of_Helena_Modrzejewska_-_MNK_II-a-20_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tadeusz_Ajdukiewicz_-_Portrait_of_Helena_Modrzejewska_-_MNK_II-a-20_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/340px-Tadeusz_Ajdukiewicz_-_Portrait_of_Helena_Modrzejewska_-_MNK_II-a-20_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helena_Modrzejewska" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena Modrzejewska">Helena Modrzejewska</a>, a Polish-American actress, by <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ajdukiewicz" title="Tadeusz Ajdukiewicz">Tadeusz Ajdukiewicz</a>, 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to Ancient Greek theatre, Ancient Roman theatre did allow female performers. While the majority of them were seldom employed in speaking roles but rather for dancing, there was a minority of actresses in Rome employed in speaking roles, and also those who achieved wealth, fame and recognition for their art, such as <a href="/wiki/Eucharis_(actress)" title="Eucharis (actress)">Eucharis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysia_(stage_artist)" title="Dionysia (stage artist)">Dionysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Copiola" title="Galeria Copiola">Galeria Copiola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fabia_Arete" title="Fabia Arete">Fabia Arete</a>, and they also formed their own acting guild, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sociae_Mimae" title="Sociae Mimae">Sociae Mimae</a></i>, which was evidently quite wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The profession seemingly died out in late antiquity. </p><p>While women did not begin to perform onstage in England until the second half of the 17th century, they did appear in Italy, Spain and France from the late 16th-century onward. <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Di_Siena" title="Lucrezia Di Siena">Lucrezia Di Siena</a>, whose name is on an acting contract in Rome from 10 October 1564, has been referred to as the first Italian actress known by name, with <a href="/wiki/Vincenza_Armani" title="Vincenza Armani">Vincenza Armani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Flaminia" title="Barbara Flaminia">Barbara Flaminia</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">primadonnas</a> and the first well-documented actresses in Italy (and Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1660 in England, when women first started to appear on stage, the terms <i>actor</i> or <i>actress</i> were initially used interchangeably for female performers, but later, influenced by the French <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/actrice#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:actrice">actrice</a></i>, <i>actress</i> became the commonly used term for women in theater and film. The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> is a simple derivation from <i>actor</i> with <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ess#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ess">-ess</a></i> added.<sup id="cite_ref-OED2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When referring to groups of performers of both sexes, <i>actors</i> is preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laila_Fawzi_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Laila_Fawzi_1959.jpg/170px-Laila_Fawzi_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Laila_Fawzi_1959.jpg/255px-Laila_Fawzi_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Laila_Fawzi_1959.jpg/340px-Laila_Fawzi_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption>The actress <a href="/wiki/Laila_Fawzi" title="Laila Fawzi">Laila Fawzi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Within the profession, the re-adoption of the neutral term dates to the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> period of the 1950s and '60s, when the contributions of women to cultural life in general were being reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-De_GayGoodman1998_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_GayGoodman1998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <i>The Observer</i> and <i>The Guardian</i> published their new joint style guide in 2010, it stated "Use ['actor'] for both male and female actors; do not use actress except when in name of award, e.g. Oscar for best actress".<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guide's authors stated that "actress comes into the same category as authoress, comedienne, manageress, 'lady doctor', 'male nurse' and similar obsolete terms that date from a time when professions were largely the preserve of one sex (usually men)." (See <i><a href="/wiki/Male_as_norm" title="Male as norm">male as norm</a></i>.) "As <a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> put it in an interview with the paper: 'An actress can only play a woman. I'm an actor – I can play anything.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK performers' union <a href="/wiki/Equity_(British_trade_union)" title="Equity (British trade union)">Equity</a> has no policy on the use of "actor" or "actress". An Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the "...subject divides the profession".<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> stated that "Actress" remains the common term used in major <a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a> awards given to female recipients<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</a>). </p><p>With regard to the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">cinema of the United States</a>, the gender-neutral term "player" was common in film in the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> era and the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Production Code">Motion Picture Production Code</a>, but in the 2000s in a film context, it is generally deemed <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, "player" remains in use in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, often incorporated into the name of a theatre group or company, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Players_Theatre" title="American Players Theatre">American Players</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_West_Players" title="East West Players">East West Players</a>, etc. Also, actors in <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improvisational theatre</a> may be referred to as "players".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg/170px-KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg/255px-KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg/340px-KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1327" /></a><figcaption>The actress <a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compensation">Compensation</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AActor&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+4+December+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Actor">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actor&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_pay_gap">Gender pay gap</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actor&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Actor" title="Talk:Actor">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> reported that "...just 21 of the 100 top-grossing films of 2014 featured a female lead or co-lead, while only 28.1 percent of characters in 100 top-grossing films were female...".<sup id="cite_ref-forbes1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In the U.S., there is an "industry-wide [gap] in salaries of all scales. On average, white women earn 78 cents to every dollar a white man makes, while Hispanic women earn 56 cents to a white male's dollar, black women 64 cents and Native American women just 59 cents to that."<sup id="cite_ref-forbes1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Forbes'</i> analysis of US acting salaries in 2013 determined that the "...men on Forbes' list of top-paid actors for that year made <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span> times as much money as the top-paid actresses. That means that Hollywood's best-compensated actresses made just 40 cents for every dollar that the best-compensated men made."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <p>Actors working in <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> have to learn specific skills. Techniques that work well in one type of acting may not work well in another type of acting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_theatre">In theatre</h3></div> <p>To act on stage, actors need to learn the stage directions that appear in the script, such as "Stage Left" and "Stage Right". These directions are based on the actor's point of view as they stand on the stage facing the audience. Actors also have to learn the meaning of the stage directions "Upstage" (away from the audience) and "Downstage" (towards the audience).<sup id="cite_ref-sft.edu_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sft.edu-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theatre actors need to learn blocking, which is "...where and how an actor moves on the stage during a play". Most scripts specify some blocking. The Director also gives instructions on blocking, such as crossing the stage or picking up and using a prop.<sup id="cite_ref-sft.edu_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sft.edu-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some theater actors need to learn <a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">stage combat</a>, which is simulated fighting on stage. Actors may have to simulate hand-to-hand fighting or sword-fighting. Actors are coached by <a href="/wiki/Fight_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight director">fight directors</a>, who help them learn the <a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">choreographed sequence</a> of fight actions.<sup id="cite_ref-sft.edu_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sft.edu-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film">In film</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silent_films">Silent films</h4></div> <p>From 1894 to the late 1920s, movies were <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a>. Silent film actors emphasized <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial expression</a>, so that the audience could better understand what an actor was feeling and portraying on screen. Much silent film acting is apt to strike modern-day audiences as simplistic or <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">campy</a>. The melodramatic acting style was in some cases a habit actors transferred from their former stage experience. <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a> theatre was an especially popular origin for many American silent film actors.<sup id="cite_ref-textbook_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textbook-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pervading presence of <a href="/wiki/Stage_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage actor">stage actors</a> in film was the cause of this outburst from director <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Neilan" title="Marshall Neilan">Marshall Neilan</a> in 1917: "The sooner the stage people who have come into pictures get out, the better for the pictures". In other cases, directors such as John Griffith Wray required their actors to deliver larger-than-life expressions for emphasis. As early as 1914, American viewers had begun to make known their preference for greater naturalness on screen.<sup id="cite_ref-brownlow_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brownlow-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pioneering film directors in Europe and the United States recognized the different limitations and freedoms of the mediums of stage and screen by the early 1910s. Silent films became less vaudevillian in the mid-1910s, as the differences between stage and screen became apparent. Due to the work of directors such as <a href="/wiki/D_W_Griffith" class="mw-redirect" title="D W Griffith">D W Griffith</a>, cinematography became less stage-like, and the then-revolutionary close-up shot allowed subtle and naturalistic acting. In America, D.W. Griffith's company <a href="/wiki/Biograph_Studios" title="Biograph Studios">Biograph Studios</a>, became known for its innovative direction and acting, conducted to suit the cinema rather than the stage. Griffith realized that theatrical acting did not look good on film and required his actors and actresses to go through weeks of film acting training.<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> has been called film's "first true actress" for her work in the period, as she pioneered new film performing techniques, recognizing the crucial differences between stage and screen acting. Directors such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Capellani" title="Albert Capellani">Albert Capellani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Tourneur" title="Maurice Tourneur">Maurice Tourneur</a> began to insist on naturalism in their films. By the mid-1920s many American silent films had adopted a more naturalistic acting style, though not all actors and directors accepted naturalistic, low-key acting straight away; as late as 1927, films featuring expressionistic acting styles, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i>, were still being released.<sup id="cite_ref-brownlow_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brownlow-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Anton Kaes, a silent film scholar from the University of Wisconsin, American silent cinema began to see a shift in acting techniques between 1913 and 1921, influenced by techniques found in German silent film. This is mainly attributed to the influx of emigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, "including film directors, producers, cameramen, lighting and stage technicians, as well as actors and actresses".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_advent_of_sound_in_film">The advent of sound in film</h4></div> <p>Film actors have to learn to get used to and be comfortable with a camera being in front of them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film actors need to learn to find and stay on their "mark". This is a position on the floor marked with tape. This position is where the lights and camera focus are optimized. Film actors also need to learn how to prepare well and perform well on-<a href="/wiki/Screen_test" title="Screen test">screen tests</a>. Screen tests are a filmed audition of part of the script. </p><p>Unlike theater actors, who develop characters for repeat performances, film actors lack continuity, forcing them to come to all scenes (sometimes shot in reverse of the order in which they ultimately appear) with a fully developed character already.<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease.com_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Since film captures even the smallest gesture and magnifies it..., cinema demands a less <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">flamboyant</a> and stylized bodily performance from the actor than does the theater." "The performance of emotion is the most difficult aspect of film acting to master: ...the film actor must rely on subtle facial ticks, quivers, and tiny lifts of the eyebrow to create a believable character."<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease.com_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some theatre stars "...have made the theater-to-cinema transition quite successfully (<a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a>, for instance), others have not..."<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease.com_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_television">In television</h3></div> <p>"On a television set, there are typically several cameras angled at the set. Actors who are new to on-screen acting can get confused about which camera to look into."<sup id="cite_ref-sft.edu_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sft.edu-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TV actors need to learn to use lav mics (<a href="/wiki/Lavaliere_microphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavaliere microphone">Lavaliere microphones</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sft.edu_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sft.edu-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TV actors need to understand the concept of "frame". "The term frame refers to the area that the camera's lens is capturing."<sup id="cite_ref-sft.edu_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sft.edu-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the acting industry, there are four types of television roles one could land on a show. Each type varies in prominence, frequency of appearance, and pay. The first is known as a <i>series regular</i>—the main actors on the show as part of the permanent cast. Actors in <i>recurring</i> roles are under contract to appear in multiple episodes of a series. A <i>co-star</i> role is a small speaking role that usually only appears in one episode. A <i>guest star</i> is a larger role than a <i>co-star</i> role, and the character is often the central focus of the episode or integral to the plot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_radio">In radio</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg/220px-Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg/330px-Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg/440px-Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Recording a radio play in the Netherlands (1949; <a href="/wiki/Spaarnestad_Photo" title="Spaarnestad Photo">Spaarnestad Photo</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Radio drama is a dramatized, purely acoustic <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a>, broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> or published on audio media, such as tape or CD. With no visual component, radio <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> depends on dialogue, music and sound effects to help the listener imagine the characters and story: "It is auditory in the physical dimension but equally powerful as a visual force in the psychological dimension."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radio drama achieved widespread popularity within a decade of its initial development in the 1920s. By the 1940s, it was a leading international popular entertainment. With the advent of television in the 1950s, however, radio drama lost some of its popularity, and in some countries has never regained large audiences. However, recordings of OTR (<a href="/wiki/Old-time_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-time radio">old-time radio</a>) survive today in the audio archives of collectors and museums, as well as several online sites such as <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. </p><p>As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actor&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, radio drama has a minimal presence on terrestrial radio in the United States. Much of American radio drama is restricted to rebroadcasts or <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasts</a> of programs from previous decades. However, other nations still have thriving traditions of radio drama. In the United Kingdom, for example, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> produces and broadcasts hundreds of new radio plays each year on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">Radio 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">Radio 4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4_Extra" title="BBC Radio 4 Extra">Radio 4 Extra</a>. Podcasting has also offered the means of creating new radio dramas, in addition to the distribution of vintage programs. </p><p>The terms "audio drama"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "audio theatre" are sometimes used synonymously with "radio drama" with one possible distinction: audio drama or audio theatre may not necessarily be intended specifically for broadcast on radio. Audio drama, whether newly produced or OTR classics, can be found on <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">webcasts</a>, and conventional broadcast radio. </p><p>Thanks to advances in digital recording and Internet distribution, radio drama is experiencing a revival.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_part" title="Bit part">Bit part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_double" class="mw-redirect" title="Body double">Body double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">Cameo appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_member" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast member">Cast member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_actor" title="Character actor">Character actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_actor" title="Child actor">Child actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatis_person%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatis personæ">Dramatis personæ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droll" title="Droll">Droll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_(acting)" title="Extra (acting)">Extra (acting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOTE" title="GOTE">GOTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_actor" title="Leading actor">Leading actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_actors" title="Lists of actors">Lists of actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matinee_idol" class="mw-redirect" title="Matinee idol">Matinee idol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meisner_technique" title="Meisner technique">Meisner technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_star" title="Movie star">Movie star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Pornographic film actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Aesthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Practical Aesthetics">Practical Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentational_and_representational_acting" title="Presentational and representational acting">Presentational and representational acting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_actor" title="Supporting actor">Supporting actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understudy" title="Understudy">Understudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting" title="Voice acting">Voice acting</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The dramatic world can be extended to include the 'author', the 'audience' and even the 'theatre'; but these remain 'possible' surrogates, not the 'actual' referents as such" (Elam 1980, 110).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hypocrite-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hypocrite_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116145550/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/actor?q=actor">"Definition of actor"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/actor?q=actor">the original</a> on January 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+actor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Factor%3Fq%3Dactor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span><i>Hypokrites</i> (related to our word for <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrite</a>) also means, less often, "to answer" the <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragic</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">chorus</a>. See Weimann (1978, 2); see also Csapo and Slater, who offer translations of classical source material using the term <i>hypocrisis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a>) (1994, 257, 265–267).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neziroski_2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neziroski_2003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neziroski_2003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeziroski2003" class="citation web cs1">Neziroski, Lirim (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/narrativelyricdrama.htm">"narrative, lyric, drama"</a>. <i>Theories of Media :: Keywords Glossary :: multimedia</i>. University of Chicago<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2009</span>. <q>For example, until the late 1600s, audiences were opposed to seeing women on stage, because of the belief stage performance reduced them to the status of showgirls and prostitutes. Even <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s plays were performed by boys dressed in drag.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theories+of+Media+%3A%3A+Keywords+Glossary+%3A%3A+multimedia&rft.atitle=narrative%2C+lyric%2C+drama&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Neziroski&rft.aufirst=Lirim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsmt.uchicago.edu%2Fglossary2004%2Fnarrativelyricdrama.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giacomo Oreglia (2002). Commedia dell'arte. Ordfront. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7324-602-6" title="Special:BookSources/91-7324-602-6">91-7324-602-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDF-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDF_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDF_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJULIET_DUSINBERRE" class="citation web cs1">JULIET DUSINBERRE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723174901/http://www.s-sj.org/pdfs/St-Dusinberre-web.pdf">"Boys Becoming Women in Shakespeare's Plays"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>S-sj.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s-sj.org/pdfs/St-Dusinberre-web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S-sj.org&rft.atitle=Boys+Becoming+Women+in+Shakespeare%27s+Plays&rft.au=JULIET+DUSINBERRE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.s-sj.org%2Fpdfs%2FSt-Dusinberre-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockett and Hildy (2003, 15–19).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockett and Hildy (2003, 75)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockett and Hildy (2003, 86)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmeth,_Don_B.Bigsby,_C.W.E.1998" class="citation book cs1">Wilmeth, Don B.; Bigsby, C.W.E. (1998). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00wilm_962"><i>The Cambridge history of American theatre</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00wilm_962/page/n466">449</a>–450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65179-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65179-0"><bdi>978-0-521-65179-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+American+theatre&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=449-450&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65179-0&rft.au=Wilmeth%2C+Don+B.&rft.au=Bigsby%2C+C.W.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory00wilm_962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Eli Adams, ed., <i>Encyclopedia of the Victorian era</i> (2004) 1:2-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Rowell, <i>Theatre in the Age of Irving</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 1981).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Richards2007" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Richards (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=22Xp03gBd-MC&pg=PA109"><i>Sir Henry Irving: A Victorian Actor and His World</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852855918" title="Special:BookSources/9781852855918"><bdi>9781852855918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Henry+Irving%3A+A+Victorian+Actor+and+His+World&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781852855918&rft.au=Jeffrey+Richards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D22Xp03gBd-MC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster Hirsch, <i>The Boys from Syracuse: The Shuberts' Theatrical Empire</i> (Cooper Square Press, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guerrasio, Jason. (19 December 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribecafilminstitute.org/blog/detail/what_it_means_to_be_method">What It Means To Be 'Method'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623173417/https://tribecafilminstitute.org/blog/detail/what_it_means_to_be_method">Archived</a> 2017-06-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tribecafilminstitute.org. Retrieved on 2016-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/2002_52_fri_04.shtml">"BBC - Radio 4 - Woman's Hour -Women Actors in Ancient Rome"</a>. <i>Bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+-+Radio+4+-+Woman%27s+Hour+-Women+Actors+in+Ancient+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Fwomanshour%2F2002_52_fri_04.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,,1534673,00.html">"Smallweed"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 23 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422150043/http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0%2C%2C1534673%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2009. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Whereas women's parts in plays have hitherto been acted by men in the habits of women ... we do permit and give leave for the time to come that all women's parts be acted by women," Charles II ordained in 1662. According to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, the first actress to exploit this new freedom was Margaret Hughes, as Desdemona in Othello on December 8, 1660.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Smallweed&rft.date=2005-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcomment%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1534673%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.A. Katritzky: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzVBDgAAQBAJ&q=Angelica+Martinelli+first+actress+england&pg=PT273">Women, Medicine and Theatre 1500–1750: Literary Mountebanks and Performing</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/10/18/103638994.pdf">"Women as actresses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Notes and Queries</i>. The New York Times. 18 October 1885. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511120210/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/10/18/103638994.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2009</span>. <q>There seems no doubt that actresses did not perform on the stage till the Restoration, in the earliest years of which Pepys says for the first time he saw an actress upon the stage. Charles II, must have brought the usage from the Continent, where women had long been employed instead of boys or youths in the representation of female characters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=Women+as+actresses&rft.date=1885-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1885%2F10%2F18%2F103638994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisk, Deborah Payne (2001). "The Restoration Actress". In Owen, Susan J. <i>A companion to restoration drama</i>, pg. 73, (1. publ. ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631219231" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631219231">978-0631219231</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Studies in hysteria': actress and courtesan, Sarah Bernhardt and Mrs Patrick Campbell</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Gunde, <i>Culture and Customs of China</i> (2002), page 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea Mandell, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/12/20/eddie-redmayne-oscar-journey-the-danish-girl/77263744/">Can Eddie Redmayne nab Oscar No. 2?</a></i>, 20 December 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Easterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Easterling">Pat Easterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Hall" title="Edith Hall">Edith Hall</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWzdX7Yqq7MC&q=bassilla+actress+ancient&pg=PA301">Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED2010-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED2010_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"actress, n.". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a> (3 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. November 2010. <q>Although <i>actor</i> refers to a person who acts regardless of gender, where this term "is increasingly preferred", actress remains in general use; actor is increasingly preferred for performers of both sexes as a gender-neutral term.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=actress%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2011" class="citation web cs1">Pritchard, Stephen (24 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2011/sep/25/readers-editor-actor-or-actress">"The readers' editor on... Actor or actress?"</a>. <i>Theguardian.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theguardian.com&rft.atitle=The+readers%27+editor+on...+Actor+or+actress%3F&rft.date=2011-09-24&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheobserver%2F2011%2Fsep%2F25%2Freaders-editor-actor-or-actress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_GayGoodman1998-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-De_GayGoodman1998_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanHolledge1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lizbeth_Goodman" title="Lizbeth Goodman">Goodman, Lizbeth</a>; Holledge, Julie (1998). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/routledgereaderi0000unse"><i>The Routledge reader in gender and performance</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16583-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16583-0"><bdi>0-415-16583-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+reader+in+gender+and+performance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-16583-0&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Lizbeth&rft.au=Holledge%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froutledgereaderi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimes_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinden2009" class="citation web cs1">Linden, Sheri (18 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jan-18-ca-actress18-story.html">"From actor to actress and back again"</a>. <i>Entertainment</i>. Los Angeles Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2009</span>. <q>It would be several decades before the word "actress" appeared – 1700, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, more than a century after the word "actor" was first used to denote a theatrical performer, supplanting the less professional-sounding "player."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entertainment&rft.atitle=From+actor+to+actress+and+back+again&rft.date=2009-01-18&rft.aulast=Linden&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2009-jan-18-ca-actress18-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpolin1999" class="citation book cs1">Spolin, Viola (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/improvisationfor0000spol"><i>Improvisation for the Theater: A Handbook of Teaching and Directing Techniques</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Evanston, Ill: Northwestern Univ Press. pp. Introduction to the 3rd Edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810140004" title="Special:BookSources/0810140004"><bdi>0810140004</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41176682">41176682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improvisation+for+the+Theater%3A+A+Handbook+of+Teaching+and+Directing+Techniques&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Ill&rft.pages=Introduction+to+the+3rd+Edition&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Northwestern+Univ+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41176682&rft.isbn=0810140004&rft.aulast=Spolin&rft.aufirst=Viola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimprovisationfor0000spol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forbes1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forbes1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2015/10/13/jennifer-lawrence-speaks-out-on-making-less-than-male-co-stars/">"Jennifer Lawrence Speaks Out On Making Less Than Male Co-Stars"</a>. <i>Forbes.com</i>. 13 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes.com&rft.atitle=Jennifer+Lawrence+Speaks+Out+On+Making+Less+Than+Male+Co-Stars&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fnatalierobehmed%2F2015%2F10%2F13%2Fjennifer-lawrence-speaks-out-on-making-less-than-male-co-stars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodruff, Betsy. (23 February 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2015/02/23/gender_wage_gap_in_hollywood_it_s_very_very_wide.html">Gender wage gap in Hollywood: It's very, very wide</a>. Slate.com. Retrieved on 2016-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stephenfollows.com/much-hollywood-campaigns-oscar-cost/">"How much do Hollywood campaigns for an Oscar cost?"</a>. <i>Stephenfollows.com</i>. 12 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stephenfollows.com&rft.atitle=How+much+do+Hollywood+campaigns+for+an+Oscar+cost%3F&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstephenfollows.com%2Fmuch-hollywood-campaigns-oscar-cost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2014/film/news/study-female-movie-stars-earn-significantly-less-after-age-34-1201091967/">Female Movie Stars Experience Earnings Plunge After Age 34</a>. <i>Variety</i> (7 February 2014). Retrieved on 2016-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sft.edu-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sft.edu_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sft.edu_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sft.edu_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sft.edu_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sft.edu_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sft.edu_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326100456/http://www.sft.edu/tips/stage-acting.html">"Industry Tips"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sft.edu/tips/stage-acting.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industry+Tips&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sft.edu%2Ftips%2Fstage-acting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-textbook-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-textbook_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2008" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John (2008). <i>American Film: A History</i> (First ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97922-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97922-0"><bdi>978-0-393-97922-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Film%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-97922-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brownlow-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brownlow_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brownlow_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownlow1968" class="citation book cs1">Brownlow, Kevin (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCD5EH64Qw8C&pg=PA344">"Acting"</a>. <i>The Parade's Gone By</i>. University of California Press. pp. 344–353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520030688" title="Special:BookSources/9780520030688"><bdi>9780520030688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acting&rft.btitle=The+Parade%27s+Gone+By&rft.pages=344-353&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780520030688&rft.aulast=Brownlow&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCD5EH64Qw8C%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infoplease.com-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infoplease.com_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infoplease.com_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infoplease.com_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infoplease.com_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/cig/movies-flicks-film/film-acting-vs-theater-acting.html">"Movies and Film"</a>. infoplease.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Movies+and+Film&rft.pub=infoplease.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fcig%2Fmovies-flicks-film%2Ffilm-acting-vs-theater-acting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaes1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kaes, Anton (1990). "Silent Cinema". <i>Monatshefte</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatshefte&rft.atitle=Silent+Cinema&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kaes&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ace-your-audition.com/auditions-for-film.html">"Auditions for Film: Movie Acting Tips and Techniques"</a>. <i>Ace-your-audition.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ace-your-audition.com&rft.atitle=Auditions+for+Film%3A+Movie+Acting+Tips+and+Techniques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ace-your-audition.com%2Fauditions-for-film.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Crook: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coffeetheater.com/usr/down/2_93.pdf"><i>Radio drama. Theory and practice</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701103558/http://www.coffeetheater.com/usr/down/2_93.pdf">Archived</a> 1 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London; New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare the entry to <i>Hörspiel</i> e.g. in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dict.cc/deutsch-englisch/H%C3%B6rspiel.html">dict.cc – Deutsch-Englisch-Wörterbuch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman,_Barry2010" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Barry (25 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704240004575085313479028540">"Return With Us to the Thrilling Days Of Yesteryear—Via the Internet"</a>. Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Return+With+Us+to+the+Thrilling+Days+Of+Yesteryear%E2%80%94Via+the+Internet&rft.date=2010-02-25&rft.au=Newman%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748704240004575085313479028540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li>Csapo, Eric, and William J. Slater. 1994. <i>The Context of Ancient Drama.</i> Ann Arbor: The U of Michigan P. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08275-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08275-2">0-472-08275-2</a>.</li> <li>Elam, Keir. 1980. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a> of Theatre and Drama</i>. New Accents Ser. London and New York: Methuen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-72060-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-72060-9">0-416-72060-9</a>.</li> <li>Weimann, Robert. 1978. <i>Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition in the Theater: Studies in the Social Dimension of Dramatic Form and Function.</i> Ed. Robert Schwartz. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-3506-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-3506-2">0-8018-3506-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><i>An Actor's Work</i> by <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stanislavski" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin Stanislavski">Constantin Stanislavski</a></li> <li><i>A Dream of Passion: The Development of the Method</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strasberg" title="Lee Strasberg">Lee Strasberg</a> (Plume Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-26198-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-26198-8">0-452-26198-8</a>, 1990)</li> <li><i>Sanford Meisner on Acting</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Meisner" title="Sanford Meisner">Sanford Meisner</a> (Vintage, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-75059-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-75059-4">0-394-75059-4</a>, 1987)</li> <li><i>Letters to a Young Actor</i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brustein" title="Robert Brustein">Robert Brustein</a> (Basic Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00806-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00806-2">0-465-00806-2</a>, 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Empty_Space" title="The Empty Space">The Empty Space</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a> (1st ed by Atheneum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-70558-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-70558-1">0-689-70558-1</a>, 1968)</li> <li><i>The Technique of Acting</i> by <a href="/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler">Stella Adler</a> (Bantam Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-05299-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-05299-3">0-553-05299-3</a>, 1988)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Actors" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Actors">Actors</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/actor" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:actor">actor</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/actress" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:actress">actress</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/player" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:player">player</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sag.org/">Screen Actors Guild (SAG)</a>: a union representing U. S. film and TV actors.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actorsequity.org/">Actors' Equity Association (AEA)</a>: a union representing U. S. theatre actors and stage managers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720195027/http://www.aftra.org/">American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA)</a>: a union representing U. S. television and radio actors and broadcasters (on-air journalists, etc.).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equity.org.uk/">British Actors' Equity</a>: a trade union representing UK artists, including actors, singers, dancers, choreographers, stage managers, theatre directors and designers, variety and circus artists, television and radio presenters, walk-on and supporting artists, <a href="/wiki/Stunt_performer" title="Stunt performer">stunt performers</a> and directors and theatre fight directors.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alliance.org.au">Media Entertainment & Arts Alliance</a>: an Australian/New Zealand trade union representing everyone in the media, entertainment, sports, and arts industries.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_crew" title="Template:Film crew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_crew" title="Template talk:Film crew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_crew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film crew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_crew_(filmmaking)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film_crew" title="Film crew">Film crew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Above_the_line" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Above-the-line_(filmmaking)" title="Above-the-line (filmmaking)">Above the line</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Actor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leading_actor" title="Leading actor">Leading actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_actor" title="Supporting actor">Supporting actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_cast" title="Ensemble cast">Ensemble cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_actor" title="Character actor">Character actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_actor" title="Child actor">Child actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">Cameo actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_part" title="Bit part">Bit actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-five" title="Under-five">Under-five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting" title="Voice acting">Voice actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">Film director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">Screenwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">Film producer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">Executive producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_producer" title="Line producer">Line producer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Below_the_line" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Below-the-line_(filmmaking)" title="Below-the-line (filmmaking)">Below the line</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-production/Production" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">Pre-production</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_production_manager" title="Unit production manager">Unit production manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_coordinator" title="Production coordinator">Production coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_accountant" class="mw-redirect" title="Production accountant">Production accountant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_director" title="Assistant director">Assistant director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_assistant" title="Production assistant">Production assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_supervisor" title="Script supervisor">Script supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_coordinator" title="Script coordinator">Script coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(performing_arts)" title="Casting (performing arts)">Casting director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_manager" title="Location manager">Location manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_scouting" title="Location scouting">Location scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard_artist" title="Storyboard artist">Storyboard artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">Cinematographer / director of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_operator" title="Camera operator">Camera operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_puller" title="Focus puller">Focus puller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapper_loader" title="Clapper loader">Clapper loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging_technician" title="Digital imaging technician">Digital imaging technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_unit" title="Second unit">Second unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaffer_(occupation)" title="Gaffer (occupation)">Gaffer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_boy" title="Best boy">Best boy electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_technician" title="Lighting technician">Lighting technician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_grip" title="Key grip">Key grip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_boy" title="Best boy">Best boy grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_grip" title="Dolly grip">Dolly grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grip_(occupation)" title="Grip (occupation)">Grip</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production <br /> design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Set_(film_and_TV_scenery)" title="Set (film and TV scenery)">Sets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_director#In_film" title="Art director">Art director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_decorator" title="Set decorator">Set decorator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_dresser" title="Set dresser">Set dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_gang" title="Swing gang">Swing gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensman" title="Greensman">Greensman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Props" class="mw-redirect" title="Props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_master" title="Property master">Property master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_master" title="Weapons master">Weapons master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">Wardrobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor" title="Wardrobe supervisor">Wardrobe supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special<br />effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects_supervisor" title="Special effects supervisor">Special effects supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects_supervisor" title="Visual effects supervisor">Visual effects supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hairdresser" title="Hairdresser">Hairdresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_audiography" title="Director of audiography">Director of audiography / sound director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sound_mixer" title="Production sound mixer">Production sound mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_operator_(media)" title="Boom operator (media)">Boom operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_sound_technician" title="Utility sound technician">Utility sound technician</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Rigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Layout artist">Layout artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Talent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">Acting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_coach" title="Acting coach">Acting coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_double" class="mw-redirect" title="Body double">Body double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_coach" title="Dialect coach">Dialect coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_director" title="Movement director">Movement director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_(acting)" title="Extra (acting)">Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_agent" title="Talent agent">Talent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-in" title="Stand-in">Stand-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acting_instructor" title="Acting instructor">Acting instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimacy_coordinator" title="Intimacy coordinator">Intimacy coordinator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunts">Stunts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_coordinator" title="Stunt coordinator">Stunt coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_double" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunt double">Stunt double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_performer" title="Stunt performer">Stunt performer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(profession)#Film_industry" title="Wrangler (profession)">Animal wrangler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">Post-production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture">Picture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Film editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_grading" title="Color grading">Colorist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_editor_(filmmaking)" title="Sound editor (filmmaking)">Sound editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_editor" title="Dialogue editor">Dialogue editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foley_(filmmaking)" title="Foley (filmmaking)">Foley artist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_foley" title="Voice foley">Voice foley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)#ADR/post-sync" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">ADR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)#Subtitles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Subtitles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Score</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_supervisor" title="Music supervisor">Music supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_editor_(filmmaking)" title="Music editor (filmmaking)">Music editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual<br />effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VFX_creative_director" title="VFX creative director">VFX creative director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual effects editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">Compositor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a></li> <li><a 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_culture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/21px-P_culture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/32px-P_culture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/42px-P_culture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Theatre" title="Portal:Theatre">Theatre</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/21px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/32px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/42px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="92" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Television" title="Portal:Television">Television</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/21px-Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33999#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schauspieler"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4052154-0">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schauspielerin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4153179-6">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85000744">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Acteurs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133184428">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Actrices"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930823b">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Acteurs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133184428">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Actrices"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930823b">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562827">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="herci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117199&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="herečky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120685&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524522">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007293849605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637120">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43543">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actor&oldid=1260361701">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actor&oldid=1260361701</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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