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href="#Role_in_the_Western_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role in the Western world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_the_Western_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in the Western world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_Western_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_performers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_performers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Relationship with performers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_performers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>History of employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Role of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clustering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clustering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Clustering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clustering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern training</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_training-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern training subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undergraduate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergraduate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Undergraduate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergraduate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Masters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctoral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctoral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Doctoral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctoral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Composer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81" title="Орэдус – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Орэдус" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponis" title="Komponis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Komponis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponist" title="Komponist – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Komponist" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%86" title="ملحن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملحن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositor" title="Compositor – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Compositor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composior" title="Composior – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Composior" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositor" title="Compositor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Compositor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="संगीतकार – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="संगीतकार" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99st%C9%99kar" title="Bəstəkar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bəstəkar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="بسته‌چی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بسته‌چی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সুরকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুরকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chok-khek-ka" title="Chok-khek-ka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chok-khek-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кампазітар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кампазітар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кампазытар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кампазытар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompositor" title="Kompositor – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kompositor" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Композитор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Композитор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponist" title="Komponist – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Komponist" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompozitor" title="Kompozitor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kompozitor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositor" title="Compositor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Compositor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Композитор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Композитор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompositor" title="Kompositor – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kompositor" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudebn%C3%AD_skladatel" title="Hudební skladatel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hudební skladatel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfansoddwr" title="Cyfansoddwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfansoddwr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponist" title="Komponist – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Komponist" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponist" title="Komponist – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Komponist" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helilooja" title="Helilooja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Helilooja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Συνθέτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνθέτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositor" title="Compositor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compositor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponisto" title="Komponisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komponisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikagile" title="Musikagile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Musikagile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="آهنگساز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آهنگساز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositeur" title="Compositeur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compositeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponist" title="Komponist – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Komponist" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composit%C3%B4r" title="Compositôr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Compositôr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce%C3%B2l-sgr%C3%ACobhaiche" title="Ceòl-sgrìobhaiche – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ceòl-sgrìobhaiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositor,_compositora" title="Compositor, compositora – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Compositor, compositora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%91%EA%B3%A1%EA%B0%80" title="작곡가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="작곡가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Երգահան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երգահան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="संगीत रचयिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संगीत रचयिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skladatelj" title="Skladatelj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Skladatelj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponis" title="Komponis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komponis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositor" title="Compositor – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Compositor" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umqambi" title="Umqambi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umqambi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nsk%C3%A1ld" title="Tónskáld – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tónskáld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositore" title="Compositore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compositore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מלחין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponis" title="Komponis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Komponis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კომპოზიტორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომპოზიტორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сазгер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сазгер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composydh" title="Composydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Composydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtunzi" title="Mtunzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtunzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Композитор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Композитор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicographus" title="Musicographus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musicographus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponists" title="Komponists – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Komponists" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponist" title="Komponist – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Komponist" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompozitorius" title="Kompozitorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kompozitorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%A1li-nz%C3%A9mbo" title="Mosáli-nzémbo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mosáli-nzémbo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4veld%C3%A4i" title="Säveldäi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Säveldäi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zgifi%27i" title="zgifi'i – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zgifi'i" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeneszerz%C5%91" title="Zeneszerző – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zeneszerző" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Композитор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Композитор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompo%C5%BCitur" title="Kompożitur – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kompożitur" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კომპოზიტორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კომპოზიტორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%86" title="ملحن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملحن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggubah_lagu" title="Penggubah lagu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penggubah lagu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87" title="Хөгжмийн зохиолч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөгжмийн зохиолч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="တေးရေးဆရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တေးရေးဆရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuicapixqui" title="Cuicapixqui – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuicapixqui" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunivucu" title="Daunivucu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Daunivucu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Componist" title="Componist – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Componist" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%9B%B2%E5%AE%B6" title="作曲家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="作曲家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponist" title="Komponist – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Komponist" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponist" title="Komponist – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Komponist" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponist" title="Komponist – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Komponist" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositor" title="Compositor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Compositor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Семлызе – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Семлызе" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompozitor" title="Kompozitor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kompozitor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komponist" title="Komponist – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Komponist" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompozytor" title="Kompozytor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kompozytor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositor" title="Compositor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Compositor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compozitor" title="Compozitor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Compozitor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takichaq" title="Takichaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Takichaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Композитор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Композитор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Композитор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Композитор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Componer" title="Componer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Componer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompozimi" title="Kompozimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kompozimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumpusituri" title="Cumpusituri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cumpusituri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer" title="Composer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Composer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudobn%C3%BD_skladate%C4%BE" title="Hudobný skladateľ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hudobný skladateľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skladatelj" title="Skladatelj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skladatelj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Abuur" title="Hal Abuur – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hal Abuur" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئاوازدانەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاوازدانەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Композитор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Композитор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompozitor" title="Kompozitor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kompozitor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4velt%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Säveltäjä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Säveltäjä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komposit%C3%B6r" title="Kompositör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kompositör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompositor" title="Kompositor – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kompositor" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இசையமைப்பாளர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசையமைப்பாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amseddas" title="Amseddas – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amseddas" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Композитор – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Композитор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5" title="คีตกวี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คีตกวี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Оҳангсоз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оҳангсоз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besteci" title="Besteci – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Besteci" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Композитор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Композитор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="نغمہ ساز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نغمہ ساز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_so%E1%BA%A1n_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhà soạn nhạc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà soạn nhạc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viiesepp" title="Viiesepp – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Viiesepp" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp%C3%B4zeu_d%27_muzike" title="Compôzeu d' muzike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Compôzeu d' muzike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompositor" title="Kompositor – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kompositor" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%9B%B2%E5%AE%B6" title="作曲家 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="作曲家" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nqambi_ya_Vunanga" title="Nqambi ya Vunanga – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Nqambi ya Vunanga" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8" title="קאמפאזיטאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמפאזיטאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%9B%B2%E5%AE%B6" title="作曲家 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="作曲家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%9B%B2%E5%AE%B6" title="作曲家 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="作曲家" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Композитор – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person who writes music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about composers of music. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Composer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Composer (disambiguation)">Composer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Composer" title="Special:EditPage/Composer">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Composer" title="Talk:Composer">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Composer" title="Special:EditPage/Composer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Composer%22">"Composer"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Composer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Composer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Composer%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Composer%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Composer%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Composer" title="Talk:Composer">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walentin_Alexandrowitsch_Serow_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Walentin_Alexandrowitsch_Serow_004.jpg/290px-Walentin_Alexandrowitsch_Serow_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Walentin_Alexandrowitsch_Serow_004.jpg/435px-Walentin_Alexandrowitsch_Serow_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Walentin_Alexandrowitsch_Serow_004.jpg/580px-Walentin_Alexandrowitsch_Serow_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="3159" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a> composing at his desk, by <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Serov" title="Valentin Serov">Valentin Serov</a>, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>composer</b> is a person who writes <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer3._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer3.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is especially used to indicate composers of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or those who are composers by occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAD_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many composers are, or were, also skilled performers of music. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_composers" title="Lists of composers">Lists of composers</a></div> <p>The term is descended from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compono" class="extiw" title="wikt:compono"><i>compōnō</i></a>; literally "one who puts together".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest use of the term in a musical context given by the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> is from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a>'s 1597 <i>A Plain and Easy Introduction to Practical Music</i>, where he says "Some wil  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] be good descanters [...] and yet wil be but bad composers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer3._1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer3.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Composer" is a loose term that generally refers to any person who writes music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer3._1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer3.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, it is often used to denote people who are composers by occupation,<sup id="cite_ref-NOAD_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or those who work in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Western_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western classical music">Western classical music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers of exclusively or primarily <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">songs</a> may be called composers, but since the 20th century the terms '<a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songwriter</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Singer-songwriter" title="Singer-songwriter">singer-songwriter</a>' are more often used, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> genres.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other contexts, the term 'composer' can refer to a literary writer,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer2._6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer2.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or more rarely and generally, someone who combines pieces into a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer1._7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer1.-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across cultures and traditions composers may write and transmit music in a variety of ways. In much popular music, the composer writes a <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">composition</a>, and it is then transmitted via <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>. Conversely, in some Western classical traditions music may be composed aurally—i.e. "in the mind of the musician"—and subsequently written and passed through <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">written documents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl1983192_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl1983192-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_the_Western_world">Role in the Western world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role in the Western world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_performers">Relationship with performers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship with performers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the development of European <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, the function of composing music initially did not have much greater importance than that of performing it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The preservation of individual compositions did not receive enormous attention and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. </p><p>In the Western world, before the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic period</a> of the 19th century, composition almost always went side by side with a combination of either singing, instructing and <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">theorizing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverist20112_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverist20112-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even in a conventional Western piece of instrumental music, in which all of the <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a> are written out in musical notation, the performer has a degree of latitude to add artistic interpretation to the work, by such means as by varying their articulation and <a href="/wiki/Musical_phrasing" title="Musical phrasing">phrasing</a>, choosing how long to make <a href="/wiki/Fermata" title="Fermata">fermatas</a> (held notes) or pauses, and — in the case of bowed string instruments, woodwinds or brass instruments — deciding whether to use expressive effects such as <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">portamento</a>. For a singer or instrumental performer, the process of deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated is termed "interpretation". Different performers' interpretations of the same work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen and the playing or singing style or phrasing of the melodies. Composers and songwriters who present their music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given time and a given place is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">performance practice</a>, whereas interpretation is generally used to mean the individual choices of a performer. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although a <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical composition</a> often has a single author, this is not always the case. A work of music can have multiple composers, which often occurs in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> when a band collaborates to write a song, or in <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a>, where the songs may be written by one person, the <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> of the accompaniment parts and writing of the <a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">overture</a> is done by an orchestrator, and the words may be written by a third person. </p><p>A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, in the 20th and 21st centuries, computer programs that explain or notate how the singer or musician should create musical sounds. Examples of this range from <a href="/wiki/Wind_chimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind chimes">wind chimes</a> jingling in a breeze, to avant-garde music from the 20th century that uses <a href="/wiki/Graphic_notation_(music)" title="Graphic notation (music)">graphic notation</a>, to text compositions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Aus_den_Sieben_Tagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Aus den Sieben Tagen">Aus den Sieben Tagen</a></i>, to computer programs that select sounds for musical pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">aleatoric music</a>, and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th century, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a>. </p><p>The nature and means of individual variation of the music are varied, depending on the musical culture in the country and the time period it was written. For instance, music composed in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque era</a>, particularly in slow tempos, often was written in bare outline, with the expectation that the performer would add improvised <a href="/wiki/Ornamentation_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamentation (music)">ornaments</a> to the melody line during a performance. Such freedom generally diminished in later eras, correlating with the increased use by composers of more detailed scoring in the form of dynamics, articulation et cetera; composers became uniformly more explicit in how they wished their music to be interpreted, although how strictly and minutely these are dictated varies from one composer to another. Because of this trend of composers becoming increasingly specific and detailed in their instructions to the performer, a culture eventually developed whereby faithfulness to the composer's written intention came to be highly valued (see, for example, <a href="/wiki/Urtext_edition" title="Urtext edition">Urtext edition</a>). This musical culture is almost certainly related to the high esteem (bordering on veneration) in which the leading classical composers are often held by performers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a> movement has revived to some extent the possibility of the performer elaborating seriously the music as given in the score, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a> and music from the early <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a>. The movement might be considered a way of creating <i>greater</i> faithfulness to the original in works composed at a time that expected performers to <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvise</a>. In genres other than classical music, the performer generally has more freedom; thus for instance when a performer of Western popular music creates a "cover" of an earlier song, there is little expectation of exact rendition of the original; nor is exact faithfulness necessarily highly valued (with the possible exception of "note-for-note" transcriptions of famous <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">guitar solos</a>). </p><p>In Western art music, the composer typically <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestrates</a> their compositions, but in musical theatre and pop music, songwriters may hire an <a href="/wiki/Arranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Arranger">arranger</a> to do the orchestration. In some cases, a pop songwriter may not use notation at all, and, instead, compose the song in their mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music. The study of composition has traditionally been dominated by the examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough for the creation of popular and traditional music songs and instrumental pieces and to include spontaneously improvised works like those of <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a> performers and African percussionists such as <a href="/wiki/Ewe_drumming" title="Ewe drumming">Ewe drummers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_employment">History of employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Middle Ages, most composers worked for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic church">Catholic church</a> and composed music for religious services such as <a href="/wiki/Plainchant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainchant">plainchant</a> melodies. During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a> era, composers typically worked for aristocratic employers. While aristocrats typically required composers to produce a significant amount of religious music, such as <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Masses</a>, composers also penned many non-religious songs on the topic of <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a>: the respectful, reverential love of a great woman from afar. Courtly love songs were very popular during the Renaissance era. During the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a> era, many composers were employed by aristocrats or as church employees. During the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a>, composers began to organize more public concerts for profit, which helped composers to be less dependent on aristocratic or church jobs. This trend continued in the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a> era in the 19th century. In the 20th century, composers began to seek employment as professors in universities and conservatories. In the 20th century, composers also earned money from the sales of their works, such as <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> publications of their songs or pieces or as <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recordings</a> of their works.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music#Composers" title="Women in music">Women in music § Composers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_composers_by_birth_date" class="mw-redirect" title="List of female composers by birth date">List of female composers by birth date</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_(Lithographie_1835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_%28Lithographie_1835%29.jpg/170px-Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_%28Lithographie_1835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_%28Lithographie_1835%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Nineteenth-century composer and pianist <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1993, American <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Citron" title="Marcia Citron">Marcia Citron</a> asked, "Why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?"<sup id="cite_ref-Citron,_Marcia_J_1993_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citron,_Marcia_J_1993-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received '<a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canon</a>' of performed musical works." She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote <a href="/wiki/Art_song" title="Art song">art songs</a> for performance in small recitals rather than <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a> intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers.<sup id="cite_ref-Citron,_Marcia_J_1993_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citron,_Marcia_J_1993-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Abbey Philips, "women musicians have had a very difficult time breaking through and getting the credit they deserve."<sup id="cite_ref-rvanews.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rvanews.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Medieval eras, most of the art music was created for liturgical (religious) purposes and due to the views about the roles of women that were held by religious leaders, few women composed this type of music, with the nun <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_von_Bingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildegard von Bingen">Hildegard von Bingen</a> being among the exceptions. Most university textbooks on the history of music discuss almost exclusively the role of male composers. As well, very few works by women composers are part of the standard repertoire of classical music. In <i>Concise Oxford History of Music</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Shumann</a> [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] is one of the only female composers mentioned",<sup id="cite_ref-rvanews.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rvanews.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other notable women composers of the common practice period include <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Cécile Chaminade</a>, and arguably the most influential teacher of composers during the mid-20th century was <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Nadia Boulanger</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Philips states that "[d]uring the 20th century the women who were composing/playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts."<sup id="cite_ref-rvanews.com_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rvanews.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women today are being taken more seriously in the realm of concert music, though the statistics of recognition, prizes, employment, and overall opportunities are still biased toward men.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clustering">Clustering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clustering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Famous composers have a tendency to cluster in specific cities throughout history. Based on over 12,000 prominent composers listed in <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i> and using <a href="/wiki/Word_count" title="Word count">word count</a> measurement techniques, the most important cities for classical music can be quantitatively identified.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paris has been the main hub for western classical music in all periods. It was ranked fifth in the 15th and 16th centuries but first in the 17th to 20th centuries inclusive. London was the second most meaningful city: eighth in the 15th century, seventh in the 16th, fifth in the 17th, second in the 18th and 19th centuries, and fourth in the 20th century. Rome topped the rankings in the 15th century, dropped to second in the 16th and 17th centuries, eighth in the 18th century, ninth in the 19th century but back at sixth in the 20th century. Berlin appears in the top ten rankings only in the 18th century and was ranked third most important city in both the 19th and 20th centuries. New York City entered the rankings in the 19th century (in fifth place) and stood at second rank in the 20th century. The patterns are very similar for a sample of 522 top composers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_training">Modern training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional classical composers often have a background in performing classical music during their childhood and teens, either as a <a href="/wiki/Singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Singer">singer</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a>, as a player in a <a href="/wiki/Youth_orchestra" title="Youth orchestra">youth orchestra</a>, or as a performer on a solo instrument (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>). Teens aspiring to be composers can continue their <a href="/wiki/Postsecondary" class="mw-redirect" title="Postsecondary">postsecondary</a> studies in a variety of formal training settings, including colleges, conservatories, and universities. <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Conservatories</a>, which are the standard musical training system in countries such as France and Canada, provide lessons and amateur orchestral and choral singing experience for composition students. Universities offer a range of composition programs, including bachelor's degrees, Master of Music degrees, and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a> degrees. As well, there are a variety of other training programs such as classical summer camps and festivals, which give students the opportunity to get coaching from composers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate">Undergraduate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Undergraduate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bachelor's degrees in composition (referred to as <a href="/wiki/B.Mus." class="mw-redirect" title="B.Mus.">B.Mus.</a> or B.M) are four-year programs that include individual composition lessons, amateur orchestra/choral experience, and a sequence of courses in music history, music theory, and liberal arts courses (e.g., English literature), which give the student a more well-rounded education. Usually, composition students must complete significant pieces or songs before graduating. Not all composers hold a B.Mus. in composition; composers may also hold a B.Mus. in music performance or music theory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masters">Masters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Masters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Master of Music degrees (M.mus.) in composition consists of private lessons with a composition <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a>, ensemble experience, and graduate courses in music history and music theory, along with one or two concerts featuring the composition student's pieces. A master's degree in music (referred to as an M.Mus. or M.M.) is often a required minimum credential for people who wish to teach composition at a university or conservatory. A composer with an M.Mus. could be an adjunct professor or instructor at a university, but it would be difficult in the 2010s to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Tenure_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure track">tenure track</a> professor position with this degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctoral">Doctoral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Doctoral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To become a tenure track professor, many universities require a <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral degree">doctoral degree</a>. In composition, the key doctoral degree is the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>; the PhD is awarded in music, but typically for subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a>. </p><p>Doctor of Musical Arts (referred to as D.M.A., DMA, D.Mus.A. or A.Mus.D) degrees in composition provide an opportunity for advanced study at the highest artistic and pedagogical level, requiring usually an additional 54+ credit hours beyond a master's degree (which is about 30+ credits beyond a bachelor's degree). For this reason, admission is highly selective. Students must submit examples of their compositions. If available, some schools will also accept video or audio recordings of performances of the student's pieces. Examinations in music history, music theory, ear training/dictation, and an entrance examination are required. </p><p>Students must prepare significant compositions under the guidance of faculty composition professors. Some schools require DMA composition students to present concerts of their works, which are typically performed by singers or musicians from the school. The completion of advanced coursework and a minimum B average are other typical requirements of a D.M.A program. During a D.M.A. program, a composition student may get experience teaching undergraduate music students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_routes">Other routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some composers did not complete composition programs, but focused their studies on the performance of voice or an instrument or on <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a>, and developed their compositional skills over the course of a career in another musical occupation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer3.-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer3._1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer3._1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer3._1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED:_composer"><i>OED</i>: composer</a>, 3..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/composer">"Composer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Composer&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcomposer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAD-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAD_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAD_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensonLindberg2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2015) [2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001/m_en_us1234993">"Composer"</a>. <i>New Oxford American Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539288-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539288-3"><bdi>978-0-19-539288-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Composer&rft.btitle=New+Oxford+American+Dictionary&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539288-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195392883.001.0001%2Fm_en_us1234993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/compose">"compose (v.)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=compose+%28v.%29&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fcompose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoot2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Root, Deane L. (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000026215">"Songwriter"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.26215">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Songwriter&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.26215&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Root&rft.aufirst=Deane+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000026215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer2.-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer2._6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED:_composer"><i>OED</i>: composer</a>, 2..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer1.-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED'':_composer1._7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED:_composer"><i>OED</i>: composer</a>, 1..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl1983192-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl1983192_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl1983">Nettl 1983</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverist20112-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverist20112_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverist2011">Everist 2011</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citron,_Marcia_J_1993-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Citron,_Marcia_J_1993_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citron,_Marcia_J_1993_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitron1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Citron" title="Marcia Citron">Citron, Marcia J.</a> (1993). <i>Gender and the Musical Canon</i>. <a href="/wiki/CUP_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="CUP Archive">CUP Archive</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521392921" title="Special:BookSources/9780521392921"><bdi>9780521392921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+the+Musical+Canon&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780521392921&rft.aulast=Citron&rft.aufirst=Marcia+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rvanews.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rvanews.com_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rvanews.com_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rvanews.com_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilips2011" class="citation web cs1">Philips, Abbey (1 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rvanews.com/features/spacebomb-truth-lies-somewhere-in-between/49992">"The history of women and gender roles in music"</a>. <i>Rvanews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rvanews.com&rft.atitle=The+history+of+women+and+gender+roles+in+music&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.aulast=Philips&rft.aufirst=Abbey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frvanews.com%2Ffeatures%2Fspacebomb-truth-lies-somewhere-in-between%2F49992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Ambrose2014" class="citation web cs1">Alex Ambrose (21 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wqxr.org/story/her-music-emerging-female-composer-today/">"Her Music: Today's Emerging Female Composer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WQXR-FM" title="WQXR-FM">WQXR</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Her+Music%3A+Today%27s+Emerging+Female+Composer&rft.pub=WQXR&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft.au=Alex+Ambrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wqxr.org%2Fstory%2Fher-music-emerging-female-composer-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorowieckiO'Hagan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Borowiecki, Karol; O'Hagan, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/tcd/tcduee/tep1411.html">"Historical Patterns Based on Automatically Extracted Data: The Case of Classical Composers"</a>. <i>Historical Social Research (Section 'Cliometrics')</i>. <b>37</b> (2). Association Française de Cliométrie: 298–314<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Social+Research+%28Section+%27Cliometrics%27%29&rft.atitle=Historical+Patterns+Based+on+Automatically+Extracted+Data%3A+The+Case+of+Classical+Composers&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=298-314&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Borowiecki&rft.aufirst=Karol&rft.au=O%27Hagan%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Ftcd%2Ftcduee%2Ftep1411.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'HaganBorowiecki2010" class="citation journal cs1">O'Hagan, John; Borowiecki, Karol (8 July 2010). "Birth Location, Migration, and Clustering of Important Composers". <i>Historical Methods</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 81–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01615441003729945">10.1080/01615441003729945</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128708194">128708194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Methods&rft.atitle=Birth+Location%2C+Migration%2C+and+Clustering+of+Important+Composers&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-90&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01615441003729945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128708194%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=O%27Hagan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Borowiecki%2C+Karol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverist2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Everist" title="Mark Everist">Everist, Mark</a> (2011). "Introduction". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Everist" title="Mark Everist">Everist, Mark</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Music</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-316303-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-316303-4"><bdi>978-0-19-316303-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Medieval+Music&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-316303-4&rft.aulast=Everist&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettl1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Nettl" title="Bruno Nettl">Nettl, Bruno</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rygV4McHWfcC"><i>The Study of Ethnomusicology: Twenty-nine Issues and Concepts</i></a>. Champaign: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01039-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01039-2"><bdi>978-0-252-01039-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Ethnomusicology%3A+Twenty-nine+Issues+and+Concepts&rft.place=Champaign&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01039-2&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrygV4McHWfcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOED:_composer" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/37785">"composer, n"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/OED_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="OED Online">OED Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=composer%2C+n&rft.btitle=OED+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F37785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwithKasemets1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Beckwith_(composer)" title="John Beckwith (composer)">Beckwith, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Udo_Kasemets" title="Udo Kasemets">Kasemets, Udo</a> (1961). <i>The Modern Composer and His World</i>. Heritage. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Applebaum" title="Louis Applebaum">Louis Applebaum</a>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-608-16267-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-608-16267-6"><bdi>978-0-608-16267-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt15jjfcx">10.3138/j.ctt15jjfcx</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Composer+and+His+World&rft.place=Toronto&rft.series=Heritage&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt15jjfcx%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-608-16267-6&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Kasemets%2C+Udo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMugmon2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mugmon, Matthew (November 2013). "Beyond the Composer-Conductor Dichotomy: Bernstein's Copland-Inspired Mahler Advocacy". <i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a></i>. <b>94</b> (4): 606–627. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2Fgct131">10.1093/ml/gct131</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24547378">24547378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+%26+Letters&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Composer-Conductor+Dichotomy%3A+Bernstein%27s+Copland-Inspired+Mahler+Advocacy&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=606-627&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2Fgct131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24547378%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mugmon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverist2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Everist" title="Mark Everist">Everist, Mark</a> (2013). "Master and Disciple: Teaching the Composition of Polyphony in the Thirteenth Century". <i>Musica Disciplina</i>. <b>58</b>: 51–71. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24429413">24429413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musica+Disciplina&rft.atitle=Master+and+Disciple%3A+Teaching+the+Composition+of+Polyphony+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=51-71&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24429413%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Everist&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Meyer" title="Leonard B. Meyer">Meyer, Leonard B.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8U2-_3iQb2wC"><i>Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture</i></a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-52144-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-52144-2"><bdi>978-0-226-52144-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music%2C+the+Arts%2C+and+Ideas%3A+Patterns+and+Predictions+in+Twentieth-Century+Culture&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-52144-2&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Leonard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8U2-_3iQb2wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowska2007" class="citation journal cs1">Piotrowska, Anna G. (December 2007). "Modernist Composers and the Concept of Genius / Skladatelji Moderne i pojam genija". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Review_of_the_Aesthetics_and_Sociology_of_Music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music (page does not exist)">International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music</a></i>. <b>38</b> (2): 229–242. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25487527">25487527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Aesthetics+and+Sociology+of+Music&rft.atitle=Modernist+Composers+and+the+Concept+of+Genius+%2F+Skladatelji+Moderne+i+pojam+genija&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-242&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25487527%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Piotrowska&rft.aufirst=Anna+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wegman, Rob C. (Autumn 1996). "From Maker to Composer: Improvisation and Musical Authorship in the Low Countries, 1450-1500". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Musicological_Society" title="Journal of the American Musicological Society">Journal of the American Musicological Society</a></i>. <b>49</b> (3): 409–479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F831769">10.2307/831769</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/831769">831769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Musicological+Society&rft.atitle=From+Maker+to+Composer%3A+Improvisation+and+Musical+Authorship+in+the+Low+Countries%2C+1450-1500&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-479&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F831769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F831769%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wegman&rft.aufirst=Rob+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsWilliams2016" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Justin A.; Williams, Katherine, eds. (2016). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Singer-Songwriter</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06364-8"><bdi>978-1-107-06364-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Singer-Songwriter&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06364-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiolkowski2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Jan_M._Ziolkowski" title="Jan M. Ziolkowski">Ziolkowski, Jan M.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8d5t5s.4">"1. The Composer"</a>. <i>The Juggler of Notre Dame and the Medievalizing of Modernity</i>. Vol. 4: Picture That: Making a Show of the Jongleur. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Open_Book_Publishers" title="Open Book Publishers">Open Book Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-01-329142-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-01-329142-5"><bdi>978-1-01-329142-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8d5t5s">j.ctv8d5t5s</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+The+Composer&rft.btitle=The+Juggler+of+Notre+Dame+and+the+Medievalizing+of+Modernity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv8d5t5s%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-01-329142-5&rft.aulast=Ziolkowski&rft.aufirst=Jan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv8d5t5s.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComposer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_composition" title="Template talk:Musical composition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_composition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical composition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_composition_and_song" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Musical composition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Composer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_composers" title="Lists of composers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singer-songwriter" title="Singer-songwriter">Singer-songwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnwriter" title="Hymnwriter">Hymnwriter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_(music)" title="Instrumentation (music)">Instrumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_libretto" title="Electronic libretto">Electronic libretto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Musical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Musical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_cycle" title="Song cycle">Song cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Song types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Answer_song" title="Answer song">Answer song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_song" title="Art song">Art song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_ballad" title="Execution ballad">Execution ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_ballad" title="Murder ballad">Murder ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_ballad" title="Sentimental ballad">Sentimental ballad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_song" title="Car song">Car song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_song" title="Children's song">Children's song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campfire_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Campfire song">Campfire song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_song" title="Cumulative song">Cumulative song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_song" title="Repetitive song">Repetitive song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_song" title="Advent song">Advent song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hit_song" title="Hit song">Hit song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleeper_hit" title="Sleeper hit">Sleeper hit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_hit" title="Summer hit">Summer hit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_song" title="List song">List song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_song" title="Love song">Love song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torch_song" title="Torch song">Torch song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_song" title="Breakup song">Breakup song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">Novelty song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_song" title="Nonsense song">Nonsense song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">Patter song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">Plainsong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_song" title="Revolutionary song">Political or revolutionary song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_song" title="Campaign song">Campaign song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">Protest song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_tune" title="Show tune">Show tune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%22I_Want%22_song" title=""I Want" song">"I Want" song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signature_songs" title="List of signature songs">Signature song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_song" title="Sporting song">Sporting song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fight_song" title="Fight song">Fight song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_chant" title="Football chant">Football chant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_music" title="Theme music">Theme song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_tragedy_song" title="Teenage tragedy song">Tragedy song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">Work song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">Sea shanty</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/871620/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Komponist"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4032009-1">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Komponistin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4032010-8">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85029386">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Compositeurs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931721m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Compositeurs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931721m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570055">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hudební skladatelé"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120923&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hudební skladatelky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125577&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Compositoras"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5304241">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545623605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Composers"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640499">NARA</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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