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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Indo-European_linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Indo-European_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History of Indo-European linguistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Indo-European_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tree_versus_wave_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tree_versus_wave_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Tree versus wave model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tree_versus_wave_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_subgroupings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_subgroupings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Proposed subgroupings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_subgroupings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satem_and_centum_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satem_and_centum_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Satem and centum languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satem_and_centum_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_external_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_external_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Proposed external relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_external_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Evolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Evolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-Indo-European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Indo-European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Proto-Indo-European </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Indo-European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Diversification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_languages_for_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_languages_for_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Important languages for reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_languages_for_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Sound changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_conjugations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_conjugations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Comparison of conjugations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_conjugations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_cognates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_cognates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Comparison of cognates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_cognates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Present distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Databases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Lexica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Indo-European languages</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 194 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-194" aria-hidden="true" > 194 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Europese_tale" title="Indo-Europese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Indo-Europese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermanische_Sprachfamilie" title="Indogermanische Sprachfamilie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Indogermanische Sprachfamilie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%8A-%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%8D%93%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD_%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0%E1%88%A0%E1%89%A5" title="ህንዳዊ-አውሮፓዊ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህንዳዊ-አውሮፓዊ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="भारोपीय भाषासमूह – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भारोपीय भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Europisc_spr%C7%A3ch%C4%ABred" title="Indo-Europisc sprǣchīred – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Indo-Europisc sprǣchīred" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Индоевропатәи абызшәақәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Индоевропатәи абызшәақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات هندية أوروبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات هندية أوروبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_indoeuropeas" title="Luengas indoeuropeas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas indoeuropeas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հնդեւրոպական Լեզուներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հնդեւրոպական Լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbe_indoeuropeane" title="Limbe indoeuropeane – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limbe indoeuropeane" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoues_endo-erop%C3%A8%C3%A8nes" title="Lengoues endo-eropèènes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengoues endo-eropèènes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষা পৰিয়াল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষা পৰিয়াল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_indoeuropees" title="Llingües indoeuropees – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües indoeuropees" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeur%C3%B3pa_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BDngu%C3%A9ra" title="Indoeurópa ñe'ẽnguéra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Indoeurópa ñe'ẽnguéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Индо-европиял мацӀал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Индо-европиял мацӀал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind-Avropa_dill%C9%99ri" title="Hind-Avropa dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hind-Avropa dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هیند اوروپا دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیند اوروپا دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroh_basa_Indo-%C3%89ropa" title="Soroh basa Indo-Éropa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Soroh basa Indo-Éropa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-Au_g%C3%AD-h%C4%93" title="Ìn-Au gí-hē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-Au gí-hē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Һинд-Аурупа телдәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һинд-Аурупа телдәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Індаеўрапейскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індаеўрапейскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Індаэўрапейскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Індаэўрапейскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_tataramon_na_Indo-Europeo" title="Mga tataramon na Indo-Europeo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga tataramon na Indo-Europeo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Индоевропейски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индоевропейски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermanische_Sprochn" title="Indogermanische Sprochn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Indogermanische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧིན་རྡུ་དང་ཡོ་རོབ་ཀྱི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧིན་རྡུ་དང་ཡོ་རོབ་ཀྱི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoevropski_jezici" title="Indoevropski jezici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Indoevropski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_indezeuropek" title="Yezhoù indezeuropek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù indezeuropek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_indoeuropees" title="Llengües indoeuropees – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües indoeuropees" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Инди-европа чĕлхисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Инди-европа чĕлхисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoevropsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Indoevropské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indoevropské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitauro_ye_Chiindo-Yuropu" title="Mitauro ye Chiindo-Yuropu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mitauro ye Chiindo-Yuropu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingui_indoauropei" title="Lingui indoauropei – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingui indoauropei" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Indo-Ewropeaidd" title="Ieithoedd Indo-Ewropeaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Indo-Ewropeaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeurop%C3%A6iske_sprog" title="Indoeuropæiske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indoeuropæiske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeurohp%C3%A1la%C5%A1_gielat" title="Indoeurohpálaš gielat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Indoeurohpálaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Yuropee%27enisch" title="Indo-Yuropee'enisch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Indo-Yuropee'enisch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermanische_Sprachen" title="Indogermanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indogermanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuropske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Indoeuropske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Indoeuropske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भारोपेली भाषा परिवार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भारोपेली भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuroopa_keeled" title="Indoeuroopa keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Indoeuroopa keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ινδοευρωπαϊκές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδοευρωπαϊκές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_indoeuropeas" title="Lenguas indoeuropeas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas indoeuropeas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinde%C5%ADropa_lingvaro" title="Hindeŭropa lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindeŭropa lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_induropeas" title="Lenguas induropeas – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lenguas induropeas" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuropar_hizkuntzak" title="Indoeuropar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indoeuropar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های هندواروپایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های هندواروپایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_bhasa" title="Indo-European bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Indo-European bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-evropeisk_m%C3%A1l" title="Indo-evropeisk mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Indo-evropeisk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes" title="Langues indo-européennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues indo-européennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yndo-Jeropeeske_talen" title="Yndo-Jeropeeske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yndo-Jeropeeske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_indoeuropean" title="Lenghe indoeuropean – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe indoeuropean" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_teangacha_Ind-Eorpacha" title="Na teangacha Ind-Eorpacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na teangacha Ind-Eorpacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Ind-Oarpagh" title="Çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nanan_Innd-E%C3%B2rpach" title="Cànanan Innd-Eòrpach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànanan Innd-Eòrpach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_indoeuropeas" title="Linguas indoeuropeas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas indoeuropeas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ХӀинде-европай метташ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀинде-европай метташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="印歐語系 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="印歐語系" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8A%D8%A7%DB%8A%D8%B1%DB%8A%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هيندۊاۊرۊپايي زوانان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="هيندۊاۊرۊپايي زوانان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF-%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B9" title="ભારતીય-યુરોપીય ભાષાસમૂહ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભારતીય-યુરોપીય ભાષાસમૂહ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1" title="इंडो-युरोपियन भाशा पंगड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इंडो-युरोपियन भाशा पंगड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-%C3%8Au_Ng%C3%AE-ne" title="Yin-Êu Ngî-ne – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yin-Êu Ngî-ne" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="인도유럽어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도유럽어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հնդեվրոպական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդեվրոպական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="हिन्द-यूरोपीय भाषा-परिवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्द-यूरोपीय भाषा-परिवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuropske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Indoeuropske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Indoeuropske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuropski_jezici" title="Indoeuropski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indoeuropski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Europana_linguaro" title="Indo-Europana linguaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Indo-Europana linguaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_nga_Indo-Europeano" title="Sasao nga Indo-Europeano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao nga Indo-Europeano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Indo-Eropa" title="Rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_indoeuropee" title="Linguas indoeuropee – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas indoeuropee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Europan_lingues" title="Indo-Europan lingues – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Indo-Europan lingues" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Индоевропæйаг æвзæгтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Индоевропæйаг æвзæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%B3evr%C3%B3psk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Indóevrópsk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Indóevrópsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_indoeuropee" title="Lingue indoeuropee – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue indoeuropee" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות הודו-אירופיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות הודו-אירופיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawarga_basa_Indo-%C3%89ropa" title="Kulawarga basa Indo-Éropa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kulawarga basa Indo-Éropa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B-%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಇಂಡೋ-ಯುರೋಪಿಯನ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಡೋ-ಯುರೋಪಿಯನ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ინდოევროპული ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდოევროპული ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96-%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Үнді-Еуропа тілдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үнді-Еуропа тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yethow_Eyndo-Europek" title="Yethow Eyndo-Europek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yethow Eyndo-Europek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kihindi-Kiulaya" title="Lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_endo-ewopeyen" title="Lang endo-ewopeyen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang endo-ewopeyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanng_endo-%C3%A9rop%C3%A9enn" title="Lanng endo-éropéenn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanng endo-éropéenn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_hind_%C3%BB_ewrop%C3%AE" title="Zimanên hind û ewropî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên hind û ewropî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Инди-европа тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инди-европа тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingac_indoeuropeics" title="Lingac indoeuropeics – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingac indoeuropeics" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_indoevropeas" title="Linguas indoevropeas – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Linguas indoevropeas" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Indoeuropaeae" title="Linguae Indoeuropaeae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Indoeuropaeae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeiropie%C5%A1u_valodas" title="Indoeiropiešu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indoeiropiešu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeurop%C3%A4esch_Sproochen" title="Indoeuropäesch Sproochen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Indoeuropäesch Sproochen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuropie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Indoeuropiečių kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indoeuropiečių kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoe_indoeuropee" title="Lengoe indoeuropee – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengoe indoeuropee" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermaanse_taole" title="Indogermaanse taole – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Indogermaanse taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_indoeuropean" title="Linguas indoeuropean – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas indoeuropean" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xindo_ropno_bangu" title="xindo ropno bangu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xindo ropno bangu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengue_indoeuropee" title="Lengue indoeuropee – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengue indoeuropee" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeur%C3%B3pai_nyelvcsal%C3%A1d" title="Indoeurópai nyelvcsalád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indoeurópai nyelvcsalád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भारोपेली भाषा परिवार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भारोपेली भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Индоевропски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индоевропски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_ind%C3%B4-eor%C3%B4peanina" title="Fiteny indô-eorôpeanina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny indô-eorôpeanina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B-%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇന്തോ-യുറോപ്യൻ ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്തോ-യുറോപ്യൻ ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoewropew" title="Indoewropew – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Indoewropew" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_%C4%AAnia-%C5%AAropi" title="Reo Īnia-Ūropi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Īnia-Ūropi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="इंडो-युरोपीय भाषासमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंडो-युरोपीय भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ინდოევროპული ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინდოევროპული ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغات اندواوروبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغات اندواوروبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="آریایی زوونون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آریایی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Indo-Eropah" title="Bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3-%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Энэтхэг-Европын хэлний язгуур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Энэтхэг-Европын хэлний язгуур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF-%E1%80%A5%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အင်ဒို-ဥရောပနွယ် ဘာသာစကားများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်ဒို-ဥရောပနွယ် ဘာသာစကားများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Europese_talen" title="Indo-Europese talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indo-Europese talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Uropese_taolen" title="Indo-Uropese taolen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Indo-Uropese taolen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भारोपेली भाषा परिवार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारोपेली भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF" title="भारोपेली भाय् माचाछि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भारोपेली भाय् माचाछि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="インド・ヨーロッパ語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド・ヨーロッパ語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengue_innoeuropee" title="Lengue innoeuropee – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengue innoeuropee" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ХӀинди-Европин меттанаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀинди-Европин меттанаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermaans_spriaken" title="Indogermaans spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Indogermaans spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuropeiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indoeuropeiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuropeiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indoeuropeiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeurop%C3%A8u" title="Indoeuropèu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Indoeuropèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Индоевропысо йылме-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Индоевропысо йылме-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind-yevropa_tillari" title="Hind-yevropa tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hind-yevropa tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6-%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਹਿੰਦ-ਯੂਰਪੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦ-ਯੂਰਪੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="ہند یورپی بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہند یورپی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_indo-oropeo" title="Idioma indo-oropeo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Idioma indo-oropeo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="اندو-اروپايي ژبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اندو-اروپايي ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Yuropiyan_languij" title="Indo-Yuropiyan languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Indo-Yuropiyan languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_indo-urop%C3%A9y%C3%A8nes" title="Langues indo-uropéyènes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Langues indo-uropéyènes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_indoeuropenghe" title="Lenghe indoeuropenghe – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe indoeuropenghe" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Yuropien_famili_bilong_tokples" title="Indo-Yuropien famili bilong tokples – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Indo-Yuropien famili bilong tokples" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeurop%C3%A4%C3%A4sche_Spraken" title="Indoeuropääsche Spraken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Indoeuropääsche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_indoeuropejskie" title="Języki indoeuropejskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki indoeuropejskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_indo-europeias" title="Línguas indo-europeias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas indo-europeias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind-evropa_tilleri" title="Hind-evropa tilleri – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Hind-evropa tilleri" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nd-Avropa_tilleri" title="İnd-Avropa tilleri – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İnd-Avropa tilleri" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indojermanesche_Sprooche" title="Indojermanesche Sprooche – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Indojermanesche Sprooche" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_indo-europene" title="Limbi indo-europene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi indo-europene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Europikane_chhiba" title="Indo-Europikane chhiba – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Indo-Europikane chhiba" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inru-iwrupiyu_simikuna" title="Inru-iwrupiyu simikuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inru-iwrupiyu simikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Индоевропскы языкы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Индоевропскы языкы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Индоевропейские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индоевропейские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="हिन्द-यूरोपीयभाषाः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिन्द-यूरोपीयभाषाः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B3-%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88-%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="انڈو-یورپی ٻولیاں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="انڈو-یورپی ٻولیاں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas_indo-europeas" title="Limbas indo-europeas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas indo-europeas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_leids" title="Indo-European leids – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Indo-European leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermaniske_Sproaken" title="Indogermaniske Sproaken – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Indogermaniske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_indo-evropiane" title="Gjuhët indo-evropiane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët indo-evropiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingui_innu-europei" title="Lingui innu-europei – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingui innu-europei" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94-%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD" title="ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indo-European languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%94%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="هند۔يورپي ٻوليون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هند۔يورپي ٻوليون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeur%C3%B3pske_jazyky" title="Indoeurópske jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Indoeurópske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoevropski_jeziki" title="Indoevropski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indoevropski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%94%D1%B5%D1%80%D1%A1%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Їндоєѵрѡпьсци ѩꙁꙑци – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їндоєѵрѡпьсци ѩꙁꙑци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqada_Hindo_Yurub" title="Luqada Hindo Yurub – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luqada Hindo Yurub" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمانە ھیندی و ئەورووپییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانە ھیندی و ئەورووپییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Индоевропски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индоевропски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoevropski_jezici" title="Indoevropski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indoevropski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeurooppalaiset_kielet" title="Indoeurooppalaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indoeurooppalaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuropeiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indoeuropeiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_wikang_Indo-Europeo" title="Mga wikang Indo-Europeo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga wikang Indo-Europeo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்திய-ஐரோப்பிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய-ஐரோப்பிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_Tihindurupiyin" title="Tutlayin Tihindurupiyin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayin Tihindurupiyin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Һинд-аурупа телләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һинд-аурупа телләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B-%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఇండో-యూరోపియన్ భాషలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇండో-యూరోపియన్ భాషలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94-%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ตระกูลภาษาอินโด-ยูโรเปียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตระกูลภาษาอินโด-ยูโรเปียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Забонҳои ҳиндуаврупоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забонҳои ҳиндуаврупоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%9E%E1%8F%8A%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏔᏞᏊᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏔᏞᏊᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B-%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಇಂಡೋ-ಯುರೋಪಿಯನ್ ಬಾಸೆಲು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಇಂಡೋ-ಯುರೋಪಿಯನ್ ಬಾಸೆಲು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hint-Avrupa_dil_ailesi" title="Hint-Avrupa dil ailesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hint-Avrupa dil ailesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Індоєвропейські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індоєвропейські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="ہند یورپی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہند یورپی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84_%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ھىندى-ياۋروپا تىل سېستىمىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىندى-ياۋروپا تىل سېستىمىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngue_indoeoropee" title="Léngue indoeoropee – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Léngue indoeoropee" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoevropi%C5%BEed_keled" title="Indoevropižed keled – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Indoevropižed keled" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_%E1%BA%A4n-%C3%82u" title="Ngữ hệ Ấn-Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Ấn-Âu" 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id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language family native to Eurasia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Indo-European" redirects here. For Eurasian people living in or connected with Indonesia, see <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo people</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Indo-European (disambiguation)">Indo-European (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Indo-European</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a>(?) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a>? (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a>? (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>Unclassified or poorly attested:</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Elymian_language" title="Elymian language">Elymian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a> (Albanoid?) <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ine" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ine">ine</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1319">indo1319</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png/300px-Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png/450px-Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png/600px-Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Present-day distribution of Indo-European languages in Eurasia: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Non-Indo-European languages</div> Dotted/striped areas indicate where <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a> is common (more visible upon full enlargement of the map).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notes</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> indicates this branch of the language family is extinct</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/300px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/450px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/600px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Indo-European languages are a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">overwhelming majority of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>, and the northern <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Some European languages of this family—<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>—have expanded through <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> in the modern period and are now spoken across several continents. The Indo-European family is divided into several branches or sub-families, of which there are eight groups with languages still alive today: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>; another nine subdivisions are now <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>. Today, the individual Indo-European languages with the most native speakers are English, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, French and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> each with over 100 million native speakers; many others are small and in danger of extinction. In total, 46% of the world's population (3.2 billion people) speaks an Indo-European language as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>—by far the highest of any language family. There are about 445 living Indo-European languages, according to an estimate by <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, with over two-thirds (313) of them belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> All Indo-European languages are descended from a single prehistoric language, <a href="/wiki/Linguistically_reconstructed" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistically reconstructed">linguistically reconstructed</a> as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>, spoken sometime during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> or early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The geographical location where it was spoken, the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Proto-Indo-European homeland</a>, has been the object of many competing hypotheses; the academic consensus supports the <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a>, which posits the homeland to be the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">southern Russia</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> and other related archaeological cultures during the 4th millennium BC to early 3rd millennium BC. By the time the first written records appeared, Indo-European had already evolved into numerous languages spoken across much of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, and part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>. Written evidence of Indo-European appeared during the Bronze Age in the form of <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>. The oldest records are isolated Hittite words and names—interspersed in texts that are otherwise in the unrelated <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic language</a>—found in texts of the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> dating to the 20th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Although no older written records of the original <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-European population</a> remain, some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">their culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">their religion</a> can be reconstructed from later evidence in the daughter cultures.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The Indo-European family is significant to the field of <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a> as it possesses the second-longest <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a> of any known family, after the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>. The analysis of the family relationships between the Indo-European languages, and the reconstruction of their common source, was central to the development of the methodology of historical linguistics as an academic discipline in the 19th century. The Indo-European language family is not considered by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics to have any <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relationships</a> with other language families, although several <a href="#Proposed_external_relations">disputed hypotheses</a> propose such relations. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Indo-European_linguistics">History of Indo-European linguistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of Indo-European linguistics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies#History" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies § History</a></div> During the 16th century, European visitors to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> began to notice similarities among <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a> languages. In 1583, English <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionary and <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stephens_(Jesuit)" title="Thomas Stephens (Jesuit)">Thomas Stephens</a> wrote a letter from <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> to his brother (not published until the 20th century)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuroux20001156-4">[4]</a> in which he noted similarities between Indian languages and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Another account was made by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Sassetti" title="Filippo Sassetti">Filippo Sassetti</a>, a merchant born in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in 1540, who travelled to the Indian subcontinent. Writing in 1585, he noted some word similarities between <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and Italian (these included devaḥ/dio "God", sarpaḥ/serpe "serpent", sapta/sette "seven", aṣṭa/otto "eight", and nava/nove "nine").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuroux20001156-4">[4]</a> However, neither Stephens' nor Sassetti's observations led to further scholarly inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuroux20001156-4">[4]</a> In 1647, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> linguist and scholar <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Zuerius_van_Boxhorn" title="Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn">Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn</a> noted the similarity among certain Asian and European languages and theorized that they were derived from a primitive common language that he called Scythian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA12_p._12]-5">[5]</a> He included in his hypothesis <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, later adding <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>. However, Van Boxhorn's suggestions did not become widely known and did not stimulate further research. Ottoman Turkish traveler <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> visited Vienna in 1665–1666 as part of a diplomatic mission and noted a few similarities between words in German and in Persian. <a href="/wiki/Gaston-Laurent_Coeurdoux" title="Gaston-Laurent Coeurdoux">Gaston Coeurdoux</a> and others made observations of the same type. Coeurdoux made a thorough comparison of Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugations</a> in the late 1760s to suggest a relationship among them. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a> compared different language groups, including Slavic, Baltic ("<a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Kurlandic</a>"), Iranian ("<a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Medic</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, "Hottentot" (<a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a>), and others, noting that related languages (including Latin, Greek, German, and Russian) must have separated in antiquity from common ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-Lomonosov-6">[6]</a> The hypothesis reappeared in 1786 when <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">Sir William Jones</a> first lectured on the striking similarities among three of the oldest languages known in his time: <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, to which he tentatively added <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> though his classification contained some inaccuracies and omissions.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In one of the most famous quotations in linguistics, Jones made the following prescient statement in a lecture to the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society of Bengal">Asiatic Society of Bengal</a> in 1786, conjecturing the existence of an earlier ancestor language, which he called "a common source" but did not name: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Sanscrit [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologer</a> could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists.<a href="#cite_note-9">[note 1]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sir William Jones, Third Anniversary Discourse delivered 2 February 1786, ELIOHS<a href="#cite_note-Jones-1807-10">[9]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> first used the term Indo-European in 1813, deriving it from the geographical extremes of the language family: from <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> A synonym is Indo-Germanic (Idg. or IdG.), specifying the family's southeasternmost and northwesternmost branches. This first appeared in French (indo-germanique) in 1810 in the work of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Malte-Brun" title="Conrad Malte-Brun">Conrad Malte-Brun</a>; in most languages this term is now dated or less common than Indo-European, although in German indogermanisch remains the standard scientific term. A <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies#Naming" title="Indo-European studies">number of other synonymous terms</a> have also been used. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Bopp_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Franz_Bopp_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/170px-Franz_Bopp_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Franz_Bopp_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/255px-Franz_Bopp_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Franz_Bopp_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/340px-Franz_Bopp_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bopp" title="Franz Bopp">Franz Bopp</a> was a pioneer in the field of comparative linguistic studies.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bopp" title="Franz Bopp">Franz Bopp</a> wrote in 1816 On the conjugational system of the Sanskrit language compared with that of Greek, Latin, Persian and Germanic<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> and between 1833 and 1852 he wrote Comparative Grammar. This marks the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a> as an academic discipline. The classical phase of Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a> leads from this work to <a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a>'s 1861 Compendium and up to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Brugmann" title="Karl Brugmann">Karl Brugmann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grundriss_der_vergleichenden_Grammatik_der_indogermanischen_Sprachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen">Grundriss</a>, published in the 1880s. Brugmann's <a href="/wiki/Neogrammarian" title="Neogrammarian">neogrammarian</a> reevaluation of the field and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>'s development of the <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">laryngeal theory</a> may be considered the beginning of "modern" Indo-European studies. The generation of Indo-Europeanists active in the last third of the 20th century (such as <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Calvert Watkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jochem_Schindler" title="Jochem Schindler">Jochem Schindler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Rix" title="Helmut Rix">Helmut Rix</a>) developed a better understanding of morphology and of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">ablaut</a> in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kury%C5%82owicz" title="Jerzy Kuryłowicz">Kuryłowicz</a>'s 1956 Apophony in Indo-European, who in 1927 pointed out the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_phonology" title="Hittite phonology">Hittite consonant</a> ḫ.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Kuryłowicz's discovery supported Ferdinand de Saussure's 1879 proposal of the existence of coefficients sonantiques, elements de Saussure reconstructed to account for vowel length alternations in Indo-European languages. This led to the so-called <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">laryngeal theory</a>, a major step forward in Indo-European linguistics and a confirmation of de Saussure's theory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></div> The various subgroups of the Indo-European language family include ten major branches, listed below in alphabetical order: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, attested from the 13th century AD;<a href="#cite_note-dictalit-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a> evolved from an ancient <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan language</a>, traditionally thought to be <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian languages">Illyrian</a>, or otherwise a totally unattested Balkan <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a> that was closely related to Illyrian and <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-De_Vaan-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a>, extinct by <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, attested in isolated terms in <a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> mentioned in Semitic <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Old Assyrian</a> texts from the 20th and 19th centuries BC, <a href="/wiki/Hittite_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite texts">Hittite texts</a> from about 1650 BC.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, attested from the early 5th century AD. It evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian language</a> which, according to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a>, developed in situ from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> of the 3rd millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a>, believed by most Indo-Europeanists<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> to form a phylogenetic unit, while a minority ascribes similarities to prolonged language-contact. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>), attested from the 9th century AD (<a href="/wiki/Pre-Christian_Slavic_writing" title="Pre-Christian Slavic writing">possibly earlier</a>), earliest texts in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>. Slavic languages include <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbian language">Sorbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a>, attested from the 14th century AD; although attested relatively recently, they retain many archaic features attributed to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE). Living examples are <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a>), attested since the 6th century BC; <a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a> inscriptions date as early as the 6th century BC; <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a> from the 2nd century BC; Primitive Irish <a href="/wiki/Ogham_inscription" title="Ogham inscription">Ogham inscriptions</a> from the 4th or 5th century AD, earliest inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> from the 7th century AD. Modern Celtic languages include <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a>), earliest attestations in <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runic</a> inscriptions from around the 2nd century AD, earliest coherent texts in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, 4th century AD. <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> manuscript tradition from about the 8th century AD. Includes <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a>, see also <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">History of Greek</a>); fragmentary records in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean language">Mycenaean</a> Greek from between 1450 and 1350 BC have been found.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> texts date to the 8th century BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a>, attested <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BC, descended from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (dated to the late 3rd millennium BC). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>, attested from around 1400 BC in <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> texts from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">traces of Indo-Aryan</a> words.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Epigraphically from the 3rd century BC in the form of <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> is assumed to preserve intact records <a href="/wiki/Patha" class="mw-redirect" title="Patha">via oral tradition</a> dating from about the mid-<a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">second millennium BC</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>. Includes a wide range of modern languages from <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a>, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minicoy" title="Minicoy">Minicoy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> or Iranic, attested from roughly 1000 BC in the form of <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>. Epigraphically from 520 BC in the form of <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Behistun_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun inscription">Behistun inscription</a>). Includes <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Kamkata-vari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamkata-vari language">Kamkata-vari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasi-wari" title="Wasi-wari">Vasi-vari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Askunu_language" title="Askunu language">Askunu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waigali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waigali language">Waigali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tregami_language" title="Tregami language">Tregami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zemiaki_language" title="Zemiaki language">Zemiaki</a>).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>), attested from the 7th century BC. Includes the ancient <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faliscan_language" title="Faliscan language">Faliscan</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and its descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a>, with proposed links to the <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo culture</a> of Southern Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Extant in two dialects (Turfanian and Kuchean, or Tocharian A and B), attested from roughly the 6th to the 9th century AD. Marginalized by the Old Turkic <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> and probably extinct by the 10th century.</li></ul> In addition to the classical ten branches listed above, several extinct and little-known languages and language-groups have existed or are proposed to have existed: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a>: hypothetical language associated with the proposed <a href="/wiki/Nordwestblock" title="Nordwestblock">Nordwestblock</a> cultural area. Speculated to be connected to Italic or Venetic, and to have certain phonological features in common with Lusitanian.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bernard-29">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian language">Cimmerian</a>: possibly Iranic, Thracian, or Celtic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a>: possibly very close to Thracian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymian_language" title="Elymian language">Elymian</a>: Poorly-attested language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Elymians" title="Elymians">Elymians</a>, one of the three indigenous (i.e. pre-Greek and pre-Punic) tribes of Sicily. Indo-European affiliation widely accepted, possibly related to Italic or Anatolian.<a href="#cite_note-Olga-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian languages">Illyrian</a>: possibly related to Albanian, Messapian, or both</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a>: evidence too scant and uncertain to determine anything with certainty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language_(ancient)" title="Ligurian language (ancient)">Ligurian</a>: possibly close to or part of Celtic.<a href="#cite_note-kruta1-32">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a>: possibly related to (or part of) Celtic, Ligurian, or Italic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian</a>: proposed relationship to Greek.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a>: not conclusively deciphered, often considered to be related to Albanian as the available fragmentary linguistic evidence shows common characteristic innovations and a number of significant lexical correspondences between the two languages<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paionian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paionian language">Paionian</a>: extinct language once spoken north of Macedon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a>: language of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a>. Very likely, but not certainly, a sister group to Hellenic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicel language">Sicel</a>: an ancient language spoken by the Sicels (Greek Sikeloi, Latin Siculi), one of the three indigenous (i.e. pre-Greek and pre-Punic) tribes of Sicily. Proposed relationship to Latin or proto-Illyrian (Pre-Indo-European) at an earlier stage.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorothaptic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorothaptic language">Sorothaptic</a>: proposed, pre-Celtic, Iberian language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a>: possibly including Dacian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic</a>: shares several similarities with Latin and the Italic languages, but also has some affinities with other IE languages, especially Germanic and Celtic.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_language_tree_(with_major_international_languages_highlighted).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Indo-European_language_tree_%28with_major_international_languages_highlighted%29.svg/400px-Indo-European_language_tree_%28with_major_international_languages_highlighted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Indo-European_language_tree_%28with_major_international_languages_highlighted%29.svg/600px-Indo-European_language_tree_%28with_major_international_languages_highlighted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Indo-European_language_tree_%28with_major_international_languages_highlighted%29.svg/800px-Indo-European_language_tree_%28with_major_international_languages_highlighted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Indo-European family tree in order of first attestation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg/400px-IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg/600px-IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg/800px-IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Indo-European language family tree based on "Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages" by Chang et al.<a href="#cite_note-chang-39">[38]</a></figcaption></figure> Membership of languages in the Indo-European language family is determined by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic (linguistics)">genealogical</a> relationships, meaning that all members are presumed descendants of a common ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. Membership in the various branches, groups, and subgroups of Indo-European is also genealogical, but here the defining factors are shared innovations among various languages, suggesting a common ancestor that split off from other Indo-European groups. For example, what makes the Germanic languages a branch of Indo-European is that much of their structure and phonology can be stated in rules that apply to all of them. Many of their common features are presumed innovations that took place in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>, the source of all the Germanic languages. In the 21st century, several attempts have been made to model the phylogeny of Indo-European languages using Bayesian methodologies similar to those applied to problems in biological phylogeny.<a href="#cite_note-remco-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-drinka-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-chang-39">[38]</a> Although there are differences in absolute timing between the various analyses, there is much commonality between them, including the result that the first known language groups to diverge were the Anatolian and Tocharian language families, in that order. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tree_versus_wave_model">Tree versus wave model</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tree versus wave model">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">Language change</a></div> The "<a href="/wiki/Tree_model" title="Tree model">tree model</a>" is considered an appropriate representation of the genealogical history of a language family if communities do not remain in contact after their languages have started to diverge. In this case, subgroups defined by shared innovations form a nested pattern. The tree model is not appropriate in cases where languages remain in contact as they diversify; in such cases subgroups may overlap, and the "<a href="/wiki/Wave_model_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave model (linguistics)">wave model</a>" is a more accurate representation.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Most approaches to Indo-European subgrouping to date have assumed that the tree model is by-and-large valid for Indo-European;<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> however, there is also a long tradition of wave-model approaches.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorzig1954-46">[45]</a> In addition to genealogical changes, many of the early changes in Indo-European languages can be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a>. It has been asserted, for example, that many of the more striking features shared by Italic languages (Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, etc.) might well be <a href="/wiki/Areal_feature_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal feature (linguistics)">areal features</a>. More certainly, very similar-looking alterations in the systems of <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a> in the West Germanic languages greatly postdate any possible notion of a <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a> innovation (and cannot readily be regarded as "areal", either, because English and continental West Germanic were not a linguistic area). In a similar vein, there are many similar innovations in Germanic and Balto-Slavic that are far more likely areal features than traceable to a common proto-language, such as the uniform development of a <a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">high vowel</a> (*u in the case of Germanic, *i/u in the case of Baltic and Slavic) before the PIE syllabic resonants *ṛ, *ḷ, *ṃ, *ṇ, unique to these two groups among IE languages, which is in agreement with the wave model. The <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a> even features areal convergence among members of very different branches. An extension to the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Ringe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tandy_Warnow" title="Tandy Warnow">Warnow</a> model of language evolution suggests that early IE had featured limited contact between distinct lineages, with only the Germanic subfamily exhibiting a less treelike behaviour as it acquired some characteristics from neighbours early in its evolution. The internal diversification of especially West Germanic is cited to have been radically non-treelike.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_subgroupings">Proposed subgroupings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proposed subgroupings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 1.25em;">Hypothetical <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-European</a> phylogenetic clades</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Balkan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Phrygian_languages" title="Armeno-Phrygian languages">Armeno-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypothetical_Indo-European_subfamilies" title="Template:Hypothetical Indo-European subfamilies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypothetical_Indo-European_subfamilies" title="Template talk:Hypothetical Indo-European subfamilies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypothetical_Indo-European_subfamilies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypothetical Indo-European subfamilies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Specialists have postulated the existence of higher-order subgroups such as <a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a> or Graeco-Armeno-Aryan, and Balto-Slavo-Germanic. However, unlike the ten traditional branches, these are all controversial to a greater or lesser degree.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The Italo-Celtic subgroup was at one point uncontroversial, considered by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">Antoine Meillet</a> to be even better established than Balto-Slavic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorzig195439-49">[48]</a> The main lines of evidence included the genitive suffix -ī; the superlative suffix -m̥mo; the change of /p/ to /kʷ/ before another /kʷ/ in the same word (as in penkʷe > *kʷenkʷe > Latin quīnque, Old Irish cóic); and the subjunctive morpheme -ā-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson2004247-50">[49]</a> This evidence was prominently challenged by <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Calvert Watkins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> while Michael Weiss has argued for the subgroup.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Evidence for a relationship between Greek and Armenian includes the regular change of the <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">second laryngeal</a> to a at the beginnings of words, as well as terms for "woman" and "sheep".<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Greek and Indo-Iranian share innovations mainly in verbal morphology and patterns of nominal derivation.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Relations have also been proposed between Phrygian and Greek,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubotsky1988-55">[54]</a> and between Thracian and Armenian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1988-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Some fundamental shared features, like the <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a> (a verb form denoting action without reference to duration or completion) having the perfect active particle -s fixed to the stem, link this group closer to Anatolian languages<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981593-58">[57]</a> and Tocharian. Shared features with Balto-Slavic languages, on the other hand (especially present and preterit formations), might be due to later contacts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981p._667_George_S._Lane,_Douglas_Q._Adams,_''The_Tocharian_problem''-59">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a> hypothesis proposes that the Indo-European language family consists of two main branches: one represented by the Anatolian languages and another branch encompassing all other Indo-European languages. Features that separate Anatolian from all other branches of Indo-European (such as the gender or the verb system) have been interpreted alternately as archaic debris or as innovations due to prolonged isolation. Points proffered in favour of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis are the (non-universal) Indo-European agricultural terminology in Anatolia<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> and the preservation of laryngeals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981Houwink_ten_Cate,_H.J.;_Melchert,_H._Craig_&_van_den_Hout,_Theo_P.J._p._586_''The_parent_language,_Laryngeal_theory'';_pp._589,_593_''Anatolian_languages''_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981Houwink_ten_Cate,_H.J.;_Melchert,_H._Craig_&_van_den_Hout,_Theo_P.J._p._586_''The_parent_language,_Laryngeal_theory'';_pp._589,_593_''Anatolian_languages''-61">[60]</a> However, in general this hypothesis is considered to attribute too much weight to the Anatolian evidence. According to another view, the Anatolian subgroup left the Indo-European parent language comparatively late, approximately at the same time as Indo-Iranian and later than the Greek or Armenian divisions. A third view, especially prevalent in the so-called French school of Indo-European studies, holds that extant similarities in non-<a href="/wiki/Satem" class="mw-redirect" title="Satem">satem</a> languages in general—including Anatolian—might be due to their peripheral location in the Indo-European language-area and to early separation, rather than indicating a special ancestral relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981p._594,_''Indo-Hittite_hypothesis''-62">[61]</a> Hans J. Holm, based on lexical calculations, arrives at a picture roughly replicating the general scholarly opinion and refuting the Indo-Hittite hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satem_and_centum_languages">Satem and centum languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Satem and centum languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">Centum and satem languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_isoglosses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Indo-European_isoglosses.png/350px-Indo-European_isoglosses.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Indo-European_isoglosses.png/525px-Indo-European_isoglosses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Indo-European_isoglosses.png/700px-Indo-European_isoglosses.png 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Some significant isoglosses in Indo-European daughter languages at around 500 BC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Blue: centum languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Red: satem languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Orange: languages with <a href="/wiki/Augment_(Indo-European)" title="Augment (Indo-European)">augment</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Green: languages with PIE *-tt- > -ss-</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Tan: languages with PIE *-tt- > -st-</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Pink: languages with instrumental, dative and ablative plural endings (and some others) in *-m- rather than *-bh-</div></figcaption></figure> The division of the Indo-European languages into satem and centum groups was put forward by Peter von Bradke in 1890, although <a href="/wiki/Karl_Brugmann" title="Karl Brugmann">Karl Brugmann</a> did propose a similar type of division in 1886. In the satem languages, which include the Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian branches, as well as (in most respects) Albanian and Armenian, the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology#Consonants" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European palatovelars</a> remained distinct and were fricativized, while the labiovelars merged with the 'plain velars'. In the centum languages, the palatovelars merged with the plain velars, while the labiovelars remained distinct. The results of these alternative developments are exemplified by the words for "hundred" in Avestan (satem) and Latin (centum)—the initial palatovelar developed into a fricative [s] in the former, but became an ordinary velar [k] in the latter. Rather than being a genealogical separation, the centum–satem division is commonly seen as resulting from innovative changes that spread across PIE dialect-branches over a particular geographical area; the centum–satem <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a> intersects a number of other isoglosses that mark distinctions between features in the early IE branches. It may be that the centum branches in fact reflect the original state of affairs in PIE, and only the satem branches shared a set of innovations, which affected all but the peripheral areas of the PIE dialect continuum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981588,_594-64">[63]</a> Kortlandt proposes that the ancestors of Balts and Slavs took part in satemization before being drawn later into the western Indo-European sphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1990-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_external_relations">Proposed external relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proposed external relations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Indo-European_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Indo-European languages">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> From the very beginning of Indo-European studies, there have been attempts to link the Indo-European languages genealogically to other languages and language families. However, these theories remain highly controversial, and most specialists in Indo-European linguistics are skeptical or agnostic about such proposals.<a href="#cite_note-Kallio2018-66">[65]</a> Proposals linking the Indo-European languages with a single language family include:<a href="#cite_note-Kallio2018-66">[65]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a>, joining Indo-European with <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a>, postulated by <a href="/wiki/John_Colarusso" title="John Colarusso">John Colarusso</a>, which joins Indo-European with <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul> Other proposed families include:<a href="#cite_note-Kallio2018-66">[65]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a>, comprising all or some of the Eurasiatic languages and the <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> (or wider, <a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> language families</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a>, a theory championed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a>, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a> and various '<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>' families (<a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo–Aleut languages">Eskimo–Aleut</a>) and possibly others</li></ul> Nostratic and Eurasiatic, in turn, have been included in even wider groupings, such as <a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a>, a language family separately proposed by <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Fleming" title="Harold C. Fleming">Harold C. Fleming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Starostin" title="Sergei Starostin">Sergei Starostin</a> that encompasses almost all of the world's natural languages with the exception of those native to <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proto-Indo-European">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_expansions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indo-European_expansions.jpg/300px-Indo-European_expansions.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indo-European_expansions.jpg/450px-Indo-European_expansions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indo-European_expansions.jpg/600px-Indo-European_expansions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption> Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the widely held <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a>. – Center: Steppe cultures 1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE) 2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE) 3 (black) Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe, Danube Valley) (late PIE) 4A (black): Western Corded Ware 4B-C (blue & dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers 5A-B (red): Eastern Corded ware 5C (red): Sintashta (proto-Indo-Iranian) 6 (magenta): Andronovo 7A (purple): Indo-Aryans (Mittani) 7B (purple): Indo-Aryans (India) [NN] (dark yellow): proto-Balto-Slavic 8 (grey): Greek 9 (yellow):Iranians – [not drawn]: Armenian, expanding from western steppe</figcaption></figure> The proposed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">reconstructed</a> common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>. From the 1960s, knowledge of Anatolian became certain enough to establish its relationship to PIE. Using the method of <a href="/wiki/Internal_reconstruction" title="Internal reconstruction">internal reconstruction</a>, an earlier stage, called Pre-Proto-Indo-European, has been proposed. PIE is an <a href="/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflected language</a>, in which the grammatical relationships between words were signaled through inflectional morphemes (usually endings). The <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a> of PIE are basic <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> carrying a <a href="/wiki/Lexical_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical (semiotics)">lexical</a> meaning. By addition of <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, they form <a href="/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem (linguistics)">stems</a>, and by addition of <a href="/wiki/Ending_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ending (linguistics)">endings</a>, these form grammatically inflected words (<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European noun">nouns</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European verb">verbs</a>). The reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European verb">Indo-European verb</a> system is complex and, like the noun, exhibits a system of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">ablaut</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversification">Diversification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diversification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></div> The diversification of the parent language into the attested branches of daughter languages is historically unattested. The timeline of the evolution of the various daughter languages, on the other hand, is mostly undisputed, quite regardless of the question of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_origins" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European origins">Indo-European origins</a>. Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Donald Ringe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tandy_Warnow" title="Tandy Warnow">Tandy Warnow</a> propose the following evolutionary tree of Indo-European branches:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony200756–58-67">[66]</a> <ul><li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a> (before 3500 BC)</li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li>Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (before 2500 BC)</li> <li>Pre-Armenian and Pre-Greek (after 2500 BC)</li> <li>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> (2000 BC)</li> <li>Pre-Germanic and Pre-Balto-Slavic;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony200756–58-67">[66]</a> proto-Germanic <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinge200667-68">[67]</a></li></ul> David Anthony proposes the following sequence:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007100-69">[68]</a> <ul><li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a> (4200 BC)</li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a> (3700 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Pre-Germanic</a> (3300 BC)</li> <li>Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (3000 BC)</li> <li>Pre-Armenian (2800 BC)</li> <li>Pre-Balto-Slavic (2800 BC)</li> <li>Pre-Greek (2500 BC)</li> <li>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> (2200 BC); split between Iranian and Old Indic 1800 BC</li></ul> From 1500 BC the following sequence may be given:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>1500–1000 BC: The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> develops <a href="/wiki/Pre-Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Proto-Germanic">pre-Proto-Germanic</a>, and the (pre-) Proto-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Urnfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Urnfield">Urnfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> cultures emerge in Central Europe, introducing the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. Migration of the Proto-<a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> speakers into the Italian peninsula (<a href="/wiki/Bagnolo_stele" title="Bagnolo stele">Bagnolo stele</a>). <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrations" title="Indo-Aryan migrations">Migration of Aryans to India</a> followed by the redaction of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>; rise of the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic civilization">Vedic civilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">beginning of Iron Age</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilization">Mycenaean civilization</a> gives way to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>. Hittite goes extinct. <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian speakers</a> start migrating southwards to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a>. <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Balto-Slavic">Balto-Slavic</a> splits into ancestors of modern <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>.</li> <li>1000–500 BC: The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> spread over Central and Western Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> are spoken in a huge area from present-day Poland to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Pre-Proto-Germanic</a> gives rise to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> in southern Scandinavia. <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a>. The Vedic civilization gives way to the <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a> as the Indo-Aryan tongue reaches eastwards, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a> cultural sphere, where <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> preaches <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a> preaches <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> composes the <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a>, rise of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Elamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamites">Elamites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>. Separation of Proto-Italic into <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin-Faliscan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-Faliscan languages">Latin-Faliscan</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siculian" title="Siculian">Siculian</a>. A variety of <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a> besides Greek are spoken in Southern Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a>). Development of <a href="/wiki/Prakrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakrits">Prakrits</a> across the northern Indian subcontinent, as well as migration of Indo-Aryan speakers to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>.</li> <li>500 BC – 1 BC/AD: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a>: spread of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> throughout the Mediterranean and, during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a>), to Central Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Hindukush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindukush">Hindukush</a>. The Magadhan power and influence rises in ancient India, especially with the conquests of the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nandan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan empire">Mauryan empires</a>. Germanic speakers start migrating southwards to occupy formerly Celtic territories. <a href="/wiki/Scythian_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian cultures">Scythian cultures</a> extend from Eastern Europe (<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Pontic Scythians</a>) to Northwest China (<a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a>).</li> <li>1 BC – AD 500: <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta period">Gupta period</a>; attestation of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Germanic migrations</a> marginalize the Celtic languages to the British Isles. <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian language">eastern Iranian language</a>, becomes the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> in Central Asia leading to China, due to the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> merchants there. Greek settlements and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> rule make the last Anatolian languages <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> start replacing <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian languages</a>.</li> <li>500–1000: <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> forms an Old Norse <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koine</a> spanning Scandinavia, the British Isles and Iceland. Phrygian becomes extinct. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic expansion">Turkic expansion</a> result in the <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of significant areas where Indo-European languages were spoken, but <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> still develops under Islamic rule and extends into <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. Due to further <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic migrations">Turkic migrations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a> becomes fully extinct while Scythian languages are overwhelmingly replaced. Slavic languages spread over wide areas in central, eastern and southeastern Europe, largely replacing Romance in the Balkans (with the exception of Romanian) and whatever was left of the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a> with the exception of Albanian. Pannonian Basin is taken by the <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> from the western <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>.</li> <li>1000–1500: <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>: Attestation of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a>. Modern dialects of Indo-European languages start emerging.</li> <li>1500–2000: <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early Modern period</a> to present: <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> results in the spread of Indo-European languages to every habitable continent, most notably <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance</a> (North, Central and South America, North and Sub-Saharan Africa, West Asia), <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in North America, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and Australia; to a lesser extent Dutch and German), and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> to Central Asia and North Asia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Important_languages_for_reconstruction">Important languages for reconstruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Important languages for reconstruction">edit</a>]</div> In reconstructing the history of the Indo-European languages and the form of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>, some languages have been of particular importance. These generally include the ancient Indo-European languages that are both well-attested and documented at an early date, although some languages from later periods are important if they are particularly <a href="/wiki/Conservative_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative (language)">linguistically conservative</a> (most notably, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>). Early poetry is of special significance because of the rigid <a href="/wiki/Poetic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetic meter">poetic meter</a> normally employed, which makes it possible to reconstruct a number of features (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>) that were either unwritten or corrupted in the process of transmission down to the earliest extant written <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>. Most noticeable of all:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA30_p._30],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA13_Skt:_13],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA20_Hitt:_20],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA24_Gk:_24]_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA30_p._30],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA13_Skt:_13],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA20_Hitt:_20],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA24_Gk:_24]-71">[70]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–500 BC). This language is unique in that its source documents were all composed orally, and were passed down through <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">shakha</a> schools) for c. 2,000 years before ever being written down. The oldest documents are all in poetic form; oldest and most important of all is the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 BC).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 750–400 BC). <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450 BC) is the oldest recorded form, but its value is lessened by the limited material, restricted subject matter, and highly ambiguous writing system. More important is Ancient Greek, documented extensively beginning with the two <a href="/wiki/Homeric_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric poems">Homeric poems</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 750 BC).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700–1200 BC). This is the earliest-recorded of all Indo-European languages, and highly divergent from the others due to the early separation of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> from the remainder. It possesses some highly archaic features found only fragmentarily, if at all, in other languages. At the same time, however, it appears to have undergone many early phonological and grammatical changes which, combined with the ambiguities of its writing system, hinder its usefulness somewhat.</li></ul> Other primary sources: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, attested in a huge amount of poetic and prose material in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a> period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 BC – AD 100) and limited <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">older material</a> from as early as <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> (the most archaic well-documented <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a>, AD <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350), along with the combined witness of the other old Germanic languages: most importantly, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–1000), <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 750–1000) and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100–1300 AD, with limited earlier sources dating to AD <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Avestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Avestan">Old Avestan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700–1200 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Younger Avestan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 900 BC). Documentation is sparse, but nonetheless quite important due to its highly archaic nature.</li> <li>Modern <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, with limited records in <a href="/wiki/Old_Lithuanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lithuanian">Old Lithuanian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1700).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 900–1000).</li></ul> Other secondary sources, of lesser value due to poor attestation: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400–400 BC).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscan">Oscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrian">Umbrian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Old Italic</a> languages (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600–200 BC).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BC).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Prussian">Old Prussian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350–1600); even more archaic than Lithuanian.</li></ul> Other secondary sources, of lesser value due to extensive phonological changes and relatively limited attestation:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011p._30,_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA19_Toch:_19],_Arm:_20,_Alb:_25_&_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA124_124],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA27_OIr:27]_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011p._30,_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA19_Toch:_19],_Arm:_20,_Alb:_25_&_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA124_124],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA27_OIr:27]-72">[71]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> (AD<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700–850).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian language">Tocharian</a> (AD <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500–800 ), underwent large phonetic shifts and mergers in the proto-language, and has an almost entirely reworked declension system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a> (AD <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400–1000).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450–current time).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_changes">Sound changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sound changes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Indo-European sound laws</a></div> As the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language broke up, its sound system diverged as well, changing according to various <a href="/wiki/Sound_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound law">sound laws</a> evidenced in the <a href="/wiki/Daughter_language" title="Daughter language">daughter languages</a>. PIE is normally reconstructed with a complex system of 15 <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a>, including an unusual three-way <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voicing</a>) distinction between <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Voiced_aspirated" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced aspirated">voiced aspirated</a>" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathy voiced">breathy voiced</a>) stops, and a three-way distinction among <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a> (k-type sounds) between "palatal" ḱ ǵ ǵh, "plain velar" k g gh and <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labiovelar</a> kʷ gʷ gʷh. (The correctness of the terms palatal and plain velar is disputed; see <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European phonology</a>.) All daughter languages have reduced the number of distinctions among these sounds, often in divergent ways. As an example, in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic languages</a>, the following are some of the major changes that happened: <div><ol><li>As in other <a href="/wiki/Centum" class="mw-redirect" title="Centum">centum</a> languages, the "plain velar" and "palatal" stops merged, reducing the number of stops from 15 to 12.</li><li>As in the other Germanic languages, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_sound_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic sound shift">Germanic sound shift</a> changed the realization of all stop consonants, with each consonant shifting to a different one: <dl><dd>bʰ → b → p → f</dd> <dd>dʰ → d → t → θ</dd> <dd>gʰ → g → k → x (Later initial x →h)</dd> <dd>gʷʰ → gʷ → kʷ → xʷ (Later initial xʷ →hʷ)</dd></dl> Each original consonant shifted one position to the right. For example, original dʰ became d, while original d became t and original t became θ (written th in English). This is the original source of the English sounds written f, th, h and wh. Examples, comparing English with Latin, where the sounds largely remain unshifted: <dl><dd>For PIE p: piscis vs. fish; pēs, pēdis vs. foot; pluvium "rain" vs. flow; pater vs. father</dd> <dd>For PIE t: trēs vs. three; māter vs. mother</dd> <dd>For PIE d: decem vs. ten; pēdis vs. foot; quid vs. what</dd> <dd>For PIE k: centum vs. hund(red); capere "to take" vs. have</dd> <dd>For PIE kʷ: quid vs. what; quandō vs. when</dd></dl></li><li>Various further changes affected consonants in the middle or end of a word: <ul><li>The voiced stops resulting from the sound shift were softened to voiced <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> (or perhaps the sound shift directly generated fricatives in these positions).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a> also turned some of the voiceless fricatives resulting from the sound shift into voiced fricatives or stops. This is why the t in Latin centum ends up as d in hund(red) rather than the expected th.</li> <li>Most remaining h sounds disappeared, while remaining f and th became voiced. For example, Latin decem ends up as ten with no h in the middle (but note taíhun "ten" in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, an archaic Germanic language). Similarly, the words seven and have have a voiced v (compare Latin septem, capere), while father and mother have a voiced th, although not spelled differently (compare Latin pater, māter).</li></ul></li></ol></div> None of the daughter-language families (except possibly <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Luvian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luvian language">Luvian</a>) reflect the plain velar stops differently from the other two series, and there is even a certain amount of dispute whether this series existed at all in PIE. The major distinction between <a href="/wiki/Centum-satem_isogloss" class="mw-redirect" title="Centum-satem isogloss">centum and satem</a> languages corresponds to the outcome of the PIE plain velars: <ul><li>The "central" satem languages (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>) reflect both "plain velar" and labiovelar stops as plain velars, often with secondary <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> before a <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a> (e i ē ī). The "palatal" stops are palatalized and often appear as <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a> (usually but not always distinct from the secondarily palatalized stops).</li> <li>The "peripheral" centum languages (<a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian language">Tocharian</a>) reflect both "palatal" and "plain velar" stops as plain velars, while the labiovelars continue unchanged, often with later reduction into plain <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a>.</li></ul> The three-way PIE distinction between voiceless, voiced and voiced aspirated stops is considered extremely unusual from the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">linguistic typology</a>—particularly in the existence of voiced aspirated stops without a corresponding series of voiceless aspirated stops. None of the various daughter-language families continue it unchanged, with numerous "solutions" to the apparently unstable PIE situation: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan languages</a> preserve the three series unchanged but have evolved a fourth series of voiceless aspirated consonants.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian language">Iranian languages</a> probably passed through the same stage, subsequently changing the aspirated stops into fricatives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> converted the voiced aspirates into voiceless aspirates.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> probably passed through the same stage, but reflects the voiced aspirates as voiceless fricatives, especially f (or sometimes plain voiced stops in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> merge the voiced aspirated into plain voiced stops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> change all three series in a <a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">chain shift</a> (e.g. with bh b p becoming b p f (known as <a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a> in Germanic)).</li></ul> Among the other notable changes affecting consonants are: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a> (s becomes /ʃ/ before r, u, k, i) in the <a href="/wiki/Satem" class="mw-redirect" title="Satem">satem</a> languages.</li> <li>Loss of prevocalic p in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a>.</li> <li>Development of prevocalic s to h in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Greek">Proto-Greek</a>, with later loss of h between vowels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law" title="Grassmann's law">Grassmann's law</a> (dissimilation of aspirates) independently in Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian.</li></ul> The following table shows the basic outcomes of PIE consonants in some of the most important daughter languages for the purposes of reconstruction. For a fuller table, see <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Indo-European sound laws</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="white-space: nowrap;"> <caption>Proto-Indo-European consonants and their <a href="/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex (linguistics)">reflexes</a> in selected Indo-European daughter languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">PIE</th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Skr.</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">O.C.S.</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lith.</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></th> <th rowspan="2">English</th> <th colspan="6">Examples </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>PIE</th> <th>Eng.</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Skr.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Gk.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Lat.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lith.</a> etc. </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Prs</a>. </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*p </th> <td>p; phH </td> <td colspan="4">p </td> <td>Ø; chT [x] </td> <td>f; `-b- [β] </td> <td>f; -v/f- </td> <td>*pṓds ~ *ped-</td> <td>foot</td> <td>pád-</td> <td>poús (podós)</td> <td>pēs (pedis)</td> <td>pãdas </td> <td>Piáde </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*t </th> <td>t; thH </td> <td colspan="4">t </td> <td>t; -th- [θ] </td> <td>þ [θ]; `-d- [ð]; tT- </td> <td>th; `-d-; tT- </td> <td>*tréyes</td> <td>three</td> <td>tráyas</td> <td>treĩs</td> <td>trēs</td> <td>trỹs </td> <td>thri (old Persian) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*ḱ </th> <td>ś [ɕ] </td> <td>s </td> <td>š [ʃ] </td> <td rowspan="2">k </td> <td rowspan="2">c [k] </td> <td rowspan="4">c [k]; -ch- [x] </td> <td rowspan="2">h; `-g- [ɣ] </td> <td rowspan="2">h; -Ø-; `-y- </td> <td>*ḱm̥tóm</td> <td>hund(red)</td> <td>śatám</td> <td>he-katón</td> <td>centum</td> <td>šimtas </td> <td>sad </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*k </th> <td rowspan="3">k; cE [tʃ]; khH </td> <td rowspan="3">k; čE [tʃ]; cE' [ts] </td> <td rowspan="3">k </td> <td>*kreuh₂ "raw meat"</td> <td>OE hrēaw raw</td> <td>kravíṣ-</td> <td>kréas</td> <td>cruor</td> <td>kraûjas </td> <td>xoreš </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2">*kʷ </th> <td rowspan="2">p; tE; k(u) </td> <td rowspan="2">qu [kʷ]; c(O) [k] </td> <td rowspan="2">ƕ [ʍ]; `-gw/w- </td> <td rowspan="2">wh; `-w- </td> <td>*kʷid, kʷod</td> <td>what</td> <td>kím</td> <td>tí</td> <td>quid, quod</td> <td>kas, kad </td> <td>ce, ci </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>*kʷekʷlom</td> <td>wheel</td> <td>cakrá-</td> <td>kúklos</td> <td></td> <td>kãklas </td> <td>carx </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*b </th> <td>b; bhH </td> <td colspan="4">b </td> <td>b [b]; -[β]- </td> <td colspan="2">p </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*d </th> <td>d; dhH </td> <td colspan="4">d </td> <td>d [d]; -[ð]- </td> <td colspan="2">t </td> <td>*déḱm̥(t)</td> <td>ten, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Goth.</a> taíhun</td> <td>dáśa</td> <td>déka</td> <td>decem</td> <td>dẽšimt </td> <td>dah </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*ǵ </th> <td>j [dʒ]; hH [ɦ] </td> <td>z </td> <td>ž [ʒ] </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="2">g [ɡ]; -[ɣ]- </td> <td rowspan="2">k </td> <td rowspan="2">c / k; chE' </td> <td>*ǵénu, *ǵnéu-</td> <td>OE cnēo knee</td> <td>jā́nu</td> <td>gónu</td> <td>genu</td> <td> </td> <td>zánu </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*g </th> <td rowspan="2">g; jE [dʒ]; ghH; hH,E [ɦ] </td> <td rowspan="2">g; žE [ʒ]; dzE' </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td>*yugóm</td> <td>yoke</td> <td>yugám</td> <td>zugón</td> <td>iugum</td> <td>jùngas </td> <td>yugh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*gʷ </th> <td>b; de; g(u) </td> <td>u [w > v]; gun− [ɡʷ] </td> <td rowspan="2">b [b]; -[β]- </td> <td>q [kʷ] </td> <td>qu </td> <td>*gʷīw-</td> <td>quick "alive"</td> <td>jīvá-</td> <td>bíos, bíotos</td> <td>vīvus</td> <td>gývas </td> <td>ze- </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*bʰ </th> <td>bh; b..Ch </td> <td colspan="2">b </td> <td>ph; p..Ch </td> <td>f-; b </td> <td>b [b]; -[β]-; -f </td> <td>b; -v/f-(rl) </td> <td>*bʰéroh₂</td> <td>bear "carry"</td> <td>bhar-</td> <td>phérō</td> <td>ferō</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">OCS</a> berǫ </td> <td>bar- </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*dʰ </th> <td>dh; d..Ch </td> <td colspan="2">d </td> <td>th; t..Ch </td> <td>f-; d; b(r),l,u- </td> <td>d [d]; -[ð]- </td> <td>d [d]; -[ð]-; -þ </td> <td>d </td> <td>*dʰwer-, dʰur-</td> <td>door</td> <td>dvā́raḥ</td> <td>thurā́</td> <td>forēs</td> <td>dùrys </td> <td>dar </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*ǵʰ </th> <td>h [ɦ]; j..Ch </td> <td>z </td> <td>ž [ʒ] </td> <td rowspan="2">kh; k..Ch </td> <td rowspan="2">h; h/gR </td> <td rowspan="4">g [ɡ]; -[ɣ]- </td> <td rowspan="2">g; -g- [ɣ]; -g [x] </td> <td rowspan="2">g; -y/w-(rl) </td> <td>*ǵʰans-</td> <td>goose, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">OHG</a> gans</td> <td>haṁsáḥ</td> <td>khḗn</td> <td>(h)ānser</td> <td>žąsìs </td> <td>gház </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*gʰ </th> <td rowspan="3">gh; hE [ɦ]; g..Ch; jE..Ch </td> <td rowspan="3">g; žE [ʒ]; dzE' </td> <td rowspan="3">g </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2">*gʷʰ </th> <td rowspan="2">ph; thE; kh(u); p..Ch; tE..Ch; k(u)..Ch </td> <td rowspan="2">f-; g / -u- [w]; ngu [ɡʷ] </td> <td rowspan="2">g; b-; -w-; ngw </td> <td rowspan="2">g; b-; -w- </td> <td>*sneigʷʰ-</td> <td>snow</td> <td>sneha-</td> <td>nípha</td> <td>nivis</td> <td>sniẽgas </td> <td>barf </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>*gʷʰerm-</td> <td>??warm</td> <td>gharmáḥ</td> <td>thermós</td> <td>formus</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latv.</a> gar̂me </td> <td>garm </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2">*s </th> <td colspan="3">s </td> <td rowspan="2">h-; -s; s(T); -Ø-; [¯](R) </td> <td rowspan="2">s; -r- </td> <td rowspan="2">s [s]; -[h]- </td> <td rowspan="2">s; `-z- </td> <td rowspan="2">s; `-r- </td> <td>*septḿ̥</td> <td>seven</td> <td>saptá</td> <td>heptá</td> <td>septem</td> <td>septynì </td> <td>haft </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ṣruki- [ʂ] </td> <td>xruki- [x] </td> <td>šruki- [ʃ] </td> <td>*h₂eusōs "dawn"</td> <td>east</td> <td>uṣā́ḥ</td> <td>āṓs</td> <td>aurōra</td> <td>aušra </td> <td>báxtar </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*m </th> <td colspan="5">m </td> <td>m [m]; -[w̃]- </td> <td colspan="2">m </td> <td>*mūs</td> <td>mouse</td> <td>mū́ṣ-</td> <td>mũs</td> <td>mūs</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">OCS</a> myšĭ </td> <td>muš </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*-m </th> <td>-m </td> <td>-˛ [˜] </td> <td colspan="2">-n </td> <td>-m </td> <td>-n </td> <td colspan="2">-Ø </td> <td>*ḱm̥tóm</td> <td>hund(red)</td> <td>śatám</td> <td>(he)katón</td> <td>centum</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Prussian">OPrus</a> simtan </td> <td>sad </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*n </th> <td>n </td> <td>n; -˛ [˜] </td> <td colspan="6">n </td> <td>*nokʷt-</td> <td>night</td> <td>nákt-</td> <td>núkt-</td> <td>noct-</td> <td>naktis </td> <td>náštá </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*l </th> <td>r (dial. l) </td> <td colspan="7">l </td> <td>*leuk-</td> <td>light</td> <td>ruc-</td> <td>leukós</td> <td>lūx</td> <td>laũkas </td> <td>ruz </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*r </th> <td colspan="8">r </td> <td>*h₁reudʰ-</td> <td>red</td> <td>rudhirá-</td> <td>eruthrós</td> <td>ruber</td> <td>raũdas </td> <td>sorx </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*i̯ </th> <td>y [j] </td> <td colspan="2">j [j] </td> <td>z [dz > zd, z] / h; -Ø- </td> <td>i [j]; -Ø- </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>j </td> <td>y </td> <td>*yugóm</td> <td>yoke</td> <td>yugám</td> <td>zugón</td> <td>iugum</td> <td>jùngas </td> <td>yugh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>*u̯ </th> <td>v [ʋ] </td> <td>v </td> <td>v [ʋ] </td> <td>w > h / Ø </td> <td>u [w > v] </td> <td>f; -Ø- </td> <td colspan="2">w </td> <td>*h₂weh₁n̥to-</td> <td>wind</td> <td>vā́taḥ</td> <td>áenta</td> <td>ventus</td> <td>vėtra </td> <td>bád </td></tr> <tr> <th>PIE</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Skr.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">O.C.S.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lith.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></th> <th>English </th></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>Notes:</dd></dl> <ul><li>C- At the beginning of a word.</li> <li>-C- Between vowels.</li> <li>-C At the end of a word.</li> <li>`-C- Following an unstressed vowel (<a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a>).</li> <li>-C-(rl) Between vowels, or between a vowel and r, l (on either side).</li> <li>CT Before a (PIE) stop (p, t, k).</li> <li>CT− After a (PIE) obstruent (p, t, k, etc.; s).</li> <li>C(T) Before or after an obstruent (p, t, k, etc.; s).</li> <li>CH Before an original laryngeal.</li> <li>CE Before a (PIE) front vowel (i, e).</li> <li>CE' Before secondary (post-PIE) front-vowels.</li> <li>Ce Before e.</li> <li>C(u) Before or after a (PIE) u (<a href="/wiki/Bouk%C3%B3los_rule" title="Boukólos rule">boukólos rule</a>).</li> <li>C(O) Before or after a (PIE) o, u (<a href="/wiki/Bouk%C3%B3los_rule" title="Boukólos rule">boukólos rule</a>).</li> <li>Cn− After n.</li> <li>CR Before a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> (r, l, m, n).</li> <li>C(R) Before or after a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> (r, l, m, n).</li> <li>C(r),l,u− Before r, l or after r, u.</li> <li>Cruki− After r, u, k, i (<a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a>).</li> <li>C..Ch Before an aspirated consonant in the next syllable (<a href="/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law" title="Grassmann's law">Grassmann's law</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation_of_aspirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissimilation of aspirates">dissimilation of aspirates</a>).</li> <li>CE..Ch Before a (PIE) front vowel (i, e) as well as before an aspirated consonant in the next syllable (<a href="/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law" title="Grassmann's law">Grassmann's law</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation_of_aspirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissimilation of aspirates">dissimilation of aspirates</a>).</li> <li>C(u)..Ch Before or after a (PIE) u as well as before an aspirated consonant in the next syllable (<a href="/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law" title="Grassmann's law">Grassmann's law</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation_of_aspirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissimilation of aspirates">dissimilation of aspirates</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_conjugations">Comparison of conjugations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Comparison of conjugations">edit</a>]</div> The following table presents a comparison of conjugations of the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_stems" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel stems">thematic</a> <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present indicative</a> of the verbal root *bʰer- of the English verb <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bear" class="extiw" title="wikt:bear">to bear</a> and its reflexes in various early attested IE languages and their modern descendants or relatives, showing that all languages had in the early stage an inflectional verb system. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (*<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/b%CA%B0er-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/bʰer-">bʰer-</a> 'to carry, to bear') </th></tr> <tr> <th>I (1st sg.) </th> <td>*bʰéroh₂ </td></tr> <tr> <th>You (2nd sg.) </th> <td>*bʰéresi </td></tr> <tr> <th>He/She/It (3rd sg.) </th> <td>*bʰéreti </td></tr> <tr> <th>We two (1st <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>) </th> <td>*bʰérowos </td></tr> <tr> <th>You two (2nd dual) </th> <td>*bʰéreth₁es </td></tr> <tr> <th>They two (3rd dual) </th> <td>*bʰéretes </td></tr> <tr> <th>We (1st pl.) </th> <td>*bʰéromos </td></tr> <tr> <th>You (2nd pl.) </th> <td>*bʰérete </td></tr> <tr> <th>They (3rd pl.) </th> <td>*bʰéronti </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Major subgroup </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian languages">Armenian</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian languages">Albanian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ancient representative </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Church Slavic">Old Church Sl.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Albanian">Old Albanian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>I (1st sg.) </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:φέρω">phérō</a> </td> <td>bʰárāmi </td> <td>barāmi </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fero#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:fero">ferō</a> </td> <td>biru; berim </td> <td>berem </td> <td>baíra /bɛra/ </td> <td>*bera </td> <td>berǫ </td> <td>*berja </td></tr> <tr> <th>You (2nd sg.) </th> <td>phéreis </td> <td>bʰárasi </td> <td>barahi </td> <td>fers </td> <td>biri; berir </td> <td>beres </td> <td>baíris </td> <td>*bera </td> <td>bereši </td> <td>*berje </td></tr> <tr> <th>He/She/It (3rd sg.) </th> <td>phérei </td> <td>bʰárati </td> <td>baraiti </td> <td>fert </td> <td>berid </td> <td>berē </td> <td>baíriþ </td> <td>*bera </td> <td>beretъ </td> <td>*berjet </td></tr> <tr> <th>We two (1st dual) </th> <td>— </td> <td>bʰárāvas </td> <td>barāvahi </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>baíros </td> <td>— </td> <td>berevě </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>You two (2nd dual) </th> <td>phéreton </td> <td>bʰárathas </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>baírats </td> <td>— </td> <td>bereta </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>They two (3rd dual) </th> <td>phéreton </td> <td>bʰáratas </td> <td>baratō </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>berete </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>We (1st pl.) </th> <td>phéromen </td> <td>bʰárāmas </td> <td>barāmahi </td> <td>ferimus </td> <td>bermai </td> <td>beremkʿ </td> <td>baíram </td> <td>*beramai </td> <td>beremъ </td> <td>*berjame </td></tr> <tr> <th>You (2nd pl.) </th> <td>phérete </td> <td>bʰáratha </td> <td>baraθa </td> <td>fertis </td> <td>beirthe </td> <td>berēkʿ </td> <td>baíriþ </td> <td>*beratei </td> <td>berete </td> <td>*berjeju </td></tr> <tr> <th>They (3rd pl.) </th> <td>phérousi </td> <td>bʰáranti </td> <td>barəṇti </td> <td>ferunt </td> <td>berait </td> <td>beren </td> <td>baírand </td> <td>*bera </td> <td>berǫtъ </td> <td>*berjanti </td></tr> <tr> <th>Modern representative </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian (Eastern; Western)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>I (1st sg.) </th> <td>férno </td> <td>(ma͠i) bʰarūm̥ </td> <td>(man) {mi}baram </td> <td>{con}firo </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beir#Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:beir">beirim</a> </td> <td>berum em; g'perem </td> <td>(ich) {ge}bäre </td> <td>beriu </td> <td>bérem </td> <td>(unë) bie </td></tr> <tr> <th>You (2nd sg.) </th> <td>férnis </td> <td>(tū) bʰarē </td> <td>(tu) {mi}bari </td> <td>{con}feres </td> <td>beirir </td> <td>berum es; g'peres </td> <td>(du) {ge}bierst </td> <td>beri </td> <td>béreš </td> <td>(ti) bie </td></tr> <tr> <th>He/She/It (3rd sg.) </th> <td>férni </td> <td>(ye/vo) bʰarē </td> <td>(ān) {mi}barad </td> <td>{con}fere </td> <td>beiridh </td> <td>berum ē; g'perē </td> <td>(er/sie/es) {ge}biert </td> <td>beria </td> <td>bére </td> <td>(ai/ajo) bie </td></tr> <tr> <th>We two (1st dual) </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>beriava </td> <td>béreva </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>You two (2nd dual) </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>beriata </td> <td>béreta </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>They two (3rd dual) </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>beria </td> <td>béreta </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>We (1st pl.) </th> <td>férnume </td> <td>(ham) bʰarēm̥ </td> <td>(mā) {mi}barim </td> <td>{con}ferimos </td> <td>beirimid; beiream </td> <td>berum enkʿ; g'perenkʿ </td> <td>(wir) {ge}bären </td> <td>beriame </td> <td>béremo </td> <td>(ne) biem </td></tr> <tr> <th>You (2nd pl.) </th> <td>férnete </td> <td>(tum) bʰaro </td> <td>(šomā) {mi}barid </td> <td>{con}feris </td> <td>beirthidh </td> <td>berum ekʿ; g'perekʿ </td> <td>(ihr) {ge}bärt </td> <td>beriate </td> <td>bérete </td> <td>(ju) bini </td></tr> <tr> <th>They (3rd pl.) </th> <td>férnun </td> <td>(ye/vo) bʰarēm̥ </td> <td>(ānān) {mi}barand </td> <td>{con}ferem </td> <td>beirid </td> <td>berum en; g'peren </td> <td>(sie) {ge}bären </td> <td>beria </td> <td>bérejo; berọ́ </td> <td>(ata/ato) bien </td></tr></tbody></table> While similarities are still visible between the modern descendants and relatives of these ancient languages, the differences have increased over time. Some IE languages have moved from <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a> verb systems to largely <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrastic</a> systems. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> of periphrastic forms are in parentheses when they appear. Some of these verbs have undergone a change in meaning as well. <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Modern Irish</a> beir usually only carries the meaning to bear in the sense of bearing a child; its common meanings are to catch, grab. Apart from the first person, the forms given in the table above are dialectical or obsolete. The second and third person forms are typically instead conjugated <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrastically</a> by adding a pronoun after the verb: beireann tú, beireann sé/sí, beireann sibh, beireann siad.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>) verb bʰarnā, the continuation of the Sanskrit verb, can have a variety of meanings, but the most common is "to fill". The forms given in the table, although etymologically derived from the <a href="/wiki/Present_indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Present indicative">present indicative</a>, now have the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">future subjunctive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-73">[72]</a> The loss of the <a href="/wiki/Present_indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Present indicative">present indicative</a> in Hindustani is roughly compensated by the periphrastic <a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">habitual indicative</a> construction, using the <a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">habitual participle</a> (etymologically from the Sanskrit present participle bʰarant-) and an auxiliary: ma͠i bʰartā hū̃, tū bʰartā hai, vah bʰartā hai, ham bʰarte ha͠i, tum bʰarte ho, ve bʰarte ha͠i (masculine forms).</li> <li>German is not directly descended from Gothic, but the Gothic forms are a close approximation of what the early West Germanic forms of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 AD would have looked like. The descendant of Proto-Germanic *beraną (English bear) survives in German only in the compound gebären, meaning "bear (a child)".</li> <li>The Latin verb ferre is irregular, and not a good representative of a normal thematic verb. In most Romance languages such as Portuguese, other verbs now mean "to carry" (e.g. Pt. portar < Lat. portare) and ferre was borrowed and nativized only in compounds such as sofrer "to suffer" (from Latin sub- and ferre) and conferir "to confer" (from Latin "con-" and "ferre").</li> <li>In Modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, phero φέρω (modern transliteration fero) "to bear" is still used but only in specific contexts and is most common in such compounds as αναφέρω, διαφέρω, εισφέρω, εκφέρω, καταφέρω, προφέρω, προαναφέρω, προσφέρω etc. The form that is (very) common today is pherno φέρνω (modern transliteration ferno) meaning "to bring". Additionally, the perfective form of pherno (used for the subjunctive voice and also for the future tense) is also phero.</li> <li>The dual forms are archaic in standard Lithuanian, and are only presently used in some dialects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Samogitian dialect">Samogitian</a>).</li> <li>Among modern Slavic languages, only Slovene continues to have a dual number in the standard variety.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_cognates">Comparison of cognates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comparison of cognates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Indo-European vocabulary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Proto-Indo-European numerals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_distribution">Present distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Present distribution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Indo-European_distribution.png/340px-Indo-European_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Indo-European_distribution.png/510px-Indo-European_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Indo-European_distribution.png/680px-Indo-European_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries where Indo-European language family is majority native</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries where Indo-European language family is official but not majority native</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries where Indo-European language family is not official</div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americaslanguages_(orthographic_projection)-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Americaslanguages_%28orthographic_projection%29-2.png/280px-Americaslanguages_%28orthographic_projection%29-2.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Americaslanguages_%28orthographic_projection%29-2.png/420px-Americaslanguages_%28orthographic_projection%29-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Americaslanguages_%28orthographic_projection%29-2.png/560px-Americaslanguages_%28orthographic_projection%29-2.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Indo-European languages in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></div> </figcaption></figure> Today, Indo-European languages are spoken by billions of <a href="/wiki/Native_speaker#Defining_"native_speaker"" class="mw-redirect" title="Native speaker">native speakers</a> across all inhabited continents,<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> the largest number by far for any recognised language family. Of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">20 languages with the largest numbers of speakers</a> according to Ethnologue, 10 are Indo-European: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, each with 100 million speakers or more.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Additionally, hundreds of millions of persons worldwide study Indo-European languages as secondary or tertiary languages, including in cultures which have completely different language families and historical backgrounds—there are around 600 million<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> learners of English alone. The success of the language family, including the large number of speakers and the vast portions of the Earth that they inhabit, is due to several factors. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> and widespread dissemination of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European culture">Indo-European culture</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, including that of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a> themselves, and that of their daughter cultures including the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Indo-Aryans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, led to these peoples' branches of the language family already taking a dominant foothold in virtually all of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> except for swathes of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, replacing many (but not all) of the previously-spoken <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">pre-Indo-European languages</a> of this extensive area. However <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> remain dominant in much of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian languages</a> in much of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region. Similarly in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> (such as Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian etc.) remain, as does <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, a pre-Indo-European isolate. Despite being unaware of their common linguistic origin, diverse groups of Indo-European speakers continued to culturally dominate and often replace the indigenous languages of the western two-thirds of Eurasia. By the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, Indo-European peoples controlled almost the entirety of this area: the Celts western and central Europe, the Romans southern Europe, the Germanic peoples northern Europe, the Slavs eastern Europe, the Iranian peoples most of western and central Asia and parts of eastern Europe, and the Indo-Aryan peoples in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a> inhabiting the Indo-European frontier in western China. By the medieval period, only the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, and the language isolate <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> remained of the (relatively) <a href="/wiki/Paleo-European_languages" title="Paleo-European languages">indigenous languages of Europe</a> and the western half of Asia. Despite medieval invasions by <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a>, a group to which the Proto-Indo-Europeans had once belonged, Indo-European expansion reached another peak in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> with the dramatic increase in the population of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and European expansionism throughout the globe during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, as well as the continued replacement and assimilation of surrounding non-Indo-European languages and peoples due to increased state centralization and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. These trends compounded throughout the modern period due to the general global <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> and the results of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization">European colonization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, leading to an explosion in the number of Indo-European speakers as well as the territories inhabited by them. Due to colonization and the modern dominance of Indo-European languages in the fields of politics, global science, technology, education, finance, and sports, even many modern countries whose populations largely speak non-Indo-European languages have Indo-European languages as official languages, and the majority of the global population speaks at least one Indo-European language. The overwhelming majority of <a href="/wiki/Languages_used_on_the_Internet" title="Languages used on the Internet">languages used on the Internet</a> are Indo-European, with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> continuing to lead the group; English in general has in many respects <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">become the lingua franca</a> of global communication. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Grammatical conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_copula" title="Indo-European copula">Indo-European copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Indo-European sound laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Languages of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Proto-Indo-European root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The sentence goes on to say, equally correctly as it turned out: "...here is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2-16">"Ethnologue report for Indo-European"</a>. Ethnologue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+Indo-European&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_family.asp%3Fsubid%3D2-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2005" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2005). Kingdom of the Hittites (new ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928132-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928132-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928132-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+the+Hittites&rft.pages=37&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928132-9&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory2006" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford University Press. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928791-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928791-8&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuroux20001156-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuroux20001156_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuroux20001156_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuroux20001156_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuroux2000">Auroux 2000</a>, p. 1156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA12_p._12]-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA12_p._12]_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HXnIG75PYC&pg=PA12">p. 12</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lomonosov-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Lomonosov_6-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feb-web.ru/feb/lomonos/texts/lo0/lo7/lo7-5952.htm">M.V. Lomonosov (drafts for Russian Grammar, published 1755). In: Complete Edition, Moscow, 1952, vol. 7, pp. 652–59</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801211720/http://feb-web.ru/feb/lomonos/texts/lo0/lo7/lo7-5952.htm">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Представимъ долготу времени, которою сіи языки раздѣлились. ... Польской и россійской языкъ коль давно раздѣлились! Подумай же, когда курляндской! Подумай же, когда латинской, греч., нѣм., росс. О глубокая древность! [Imagine the depth of time when these languages separated! ... Polish and Russian separated so long ago! Now think how long ago [this happened to] Kurlandic! Think when [this happened to] Latin, Greek, German, and Russian! Oh, great antiquity!] </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoserCampbell1992" class="citation book cs1">Poser, William J.; Campbell, Lyle (1992). "Indo-European Practice and Historical Methodology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/view/1574">Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar</a>. Vol. 18. Berkeley Linguistics Society. pp. 227–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v18i1.1574">10.3765/bls.v18i1.1574</a>. Retrieved 7 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-European+Practice+and+Historical+Methodology&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Eighteenth+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Berkeley+Linguistics+Society%3A+General+Session+and+Parasession+on+The+Place+of+Morphology+in+a+Grammar&rft.pages=227-8&rft.pub=Berkeley+Linguistics+Society&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3765%2Fbls.v18i1.1574&rft.aulast=Poser&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Lyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.linguisticsociety.org%2Fproceedings%2Findex.php%2FBLS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Blench2004" class="citation book cs1">Roger Blench (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517091902/http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology%20data/CH4-BLENCH.pdf">"Archaeology and Language: methods and issues"</a> (PDF). In John Bintliff (ed.). A Companion To Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 52–74. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology%20data/CH4-BLENCH.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+Language%3A+methods+and+issues&rft.btitle=A+Companion+To+Archaeology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=52-74&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Roger+Blench&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FArchaeology%2520data%2FCH4-BLENCH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> Blench erroneously included <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> in the Indo-European languages, while omitting <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-1807-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones-1807_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1786" class="citation web cs1">Jones, William (2 February 1786). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eliohs.unifi.it/testi/700/jones/Jones_Discourse_3.html">"The Third Anniversary Discourse"</a>. Electronic Library of Historiography. Universita degli Studi Firenze,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Library+of+Historiography&rft.atitle=The+Third+Anniversary+Discourse&rft.date=1786-02-02&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eliohs.unifi.it%2Ftesti%2F700%2Fjones%2FJones_Discourse_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> taken from: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShore_(Lord_Teignmouth)1807" class="citation book cs1">Shore (Lord Teignmouth), John (1807). The Works of Sir William Jones. With a Life of the Author. Vol. III. John Stockdale and John Walker. pp. 24–46. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/899731310">899731310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Sir+William+Jones.+With+a+Life+of+the+Author&rft.pages=24-46&rft.pub=John+Stockdale+and+John+Walker&rft.date=1807&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F899731310&rft.aulast=Shore+%28Lord+Teignmouth%29&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Andrew2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastmanwhoknewev00robi">The Last Man Who Knew Everything: Thomas Young, the Anonymous Genius who Proved Newton Wrong and Deciphered the Rosetta Stone, among Other Surprising Feats</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-134304-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-134304-7"><bdi>978-0-13-134304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Man+Who+Knew+Everything%3A+Thomas+Young%2C+the+Anonymous+Genius+who+Proved+Newton+Wrong+and+Deciphered+the+Rosetta+Stone%2C+among+Other+Surprising+Feats&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-13-134304-7&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastmanwhoknewev00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> In London Quarterly Review X/2 1813.; cf. <a href="#CITEREFSzemerényiJonesJones1999">Szemerényi, Jones & Jones 1999</a>, p. 12 footnote 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranz_Bopp2010" class="citation book cs1">Franz Bopp (2010) [1816]. Über das Conjugationssystem der Sanskritsprache : in Vergleichung mit jenem der griechischen, lateinischen, persischen und germanischen Sprache. Documenta Semiotica : Serie 1, Linguistik (2 ed.). Hildesheim: Olms.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+das+Conjugationssystem+der+Sanskritsprache+%3A+in+Vergleichung+mit+jenem+der+griechischen%2C+lateinischen%2C+persischen+und+germanischen+Sprache&rft.place=Hildesheim&rft.series=Documenta+Semiotica+%3A+Serie+1%2C+Linguistik&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Olms&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Franz+Bopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurylowicz1927" class="citation book cs1">Kurylowicz, Jerzy (1927). "ə indo-européen et ḫ hittite". In Taszycki, W.; Doroszewski, W. (eds.). Symbolae grammaticae in honorem Ioannis Rozwadowski. Vol. 1. pp. 95–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C9%99+indo-europ%C3%A9en+et+%E1%B8%AB+hittite&rft.btitle=Symbolae+grammaticae+in+honorem+Ioannis+Rozwadowski&rft.pages=95-104&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kurylowicz&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictalit-15"><a href="#cite_ref-dictalit_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a> (2005). "Theodor of Shkodra (1210) and Other Early Texts". Albanian Literature: A Short History. New York/Westport/London: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodor+of+Shkodra+%281210%29+and+Other+Early+Texts&rft.btitle=Albanian+Literature%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=New+York%2FWestport%2FLondon&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> In his latest book, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Hamp">Eric Hamp</a> supports the thesis that the Illyrian language belongs to the Northwestern group, that the Albanian language is descended from Illyrian, and that Albanian is related to Messapic which is an earlier Illyrian dialect (<a href="#CITEREFHamp2007">Hamp 2007</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Vaan-17"><a href="#cite_ref-De_Vaan_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Vaan2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michiel_de_Vaan" title="Michiel de Vaan">De Vaan, Michiel</a> (11 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuR8DwAAQBAJ&q=Ylli+Proto-Albanian&pg=PA1732">"The phonology of Albanian"</a>. In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1732–1749. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054243-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054243-1"><bdi>978-3-11-054243-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+phonology+of+Albanian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=1732-1749&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft.isbn=978-3-11-054243-1&rft.aulast=De+Vaan&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuR8DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DYlli%2BProto-Albanian%26pg%3DPA1732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2011" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Matthew Cowan (30 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED546136">Slavic–Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence</a>. ProQuest LLC. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-267-58033-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-267-58033-7"><bdi>978-1-267-58033-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 March 2017. <q>So while linguists may debate about the ties between Albanian and older languages of the Balkans, and while most Albanians may take the genealogical connection to Illyrian as incontrovertible, the fact remains that there is simply insufficient evidence to connect Illyrian, Thracian, or Dacian with any language, including Albanian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavic%E2%80%93Albanian+Language+Contact%2C+Convergence%2C+and+Coexistence&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=ProQuest+LLC&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.isbn=978-1-267-58033-7&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Cowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED546136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203061604/http://www.leidenuniv.nl/en/researcharchive/index.php3-c=178.htm">"The peaks and troughs of Hittite"</a>. www.leidenuniv.nl. 2 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leidenuniv.nl/en/researcharchive/index.php3-c=178.htm">the original</a> on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.leidenuniv.nl&rft.atitle=The+peaks+and+troughs+of+Hittite&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leidenuniv.nl%2Fen%2Fresearcharchive%2Findex.php3-c%3D178.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüterbock" class="citation web cs1">Güterbock, Hans G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224845/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/ar/61-70/65-66/65-66_CHD.pdf">"The Hittite Computer Analysis Project"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/ar/61-70/65-66/65-66_CHD.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hittite+Computer+Analysis+Project&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCterbock&rft.aufirst=Hans+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fpdf%2Far%2F61-70%2F65-66%2F65-66_CHD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamaz_V._Gamkrelidze" title="Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze">Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Ivanov, Vyacheslav</a> (1995). Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081503-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081503-0"><bdi>978-3-11-081503-0</bdi></a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Xue, Yali; Comas, David; Gasparini, Paolo; Zalloua, Pierre; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2015). "Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 24 (6): 931–6. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> 10.1101/015396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:10.1038/ejhg.2015.206. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> 4820045. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> 26486470. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Such as <a href="#CITEREFSchleicher1874–1877">Schleicher 1874–1877</a>, p. 8, <a href="#CITEREFSzemerényi1957">Szemerényi 1957</a>, <a href="#CITEREFCollinge1985">Collinge 1985</a>, and <a href="#CITEREFBeekes1995">Beekes 1995</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science20.com/news_articles/tablet_discovery_pushes_earliest_european_writing_back_150_years-77650">"Tablet Discovery Pushes Earliest European Writing Back 150 Years"</a>. Science 2.0. 30 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+2.0&rft.atitle=Tablet+Discovery+Pushes+Earliest+European+Writing+Back+150+Years&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science20.com%2Fnews_articles%2Ftablet_discovery_pushes_earliest_european_writing_back_150_years-77650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA114">Indian History</a>. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4"><bdi>978-81-8424-568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-8424-568-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26pg%3DSL1-PA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2011" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (28 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Mitanni/">"Mitanni"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Mitanni&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FMitanni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2013" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, David W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2013-090105">"Two IE phylogenies, three PIE migrations, and four kinds of steppe pastoralism"</a>. Journal of Language Relationship. 9: 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2013-090105">10.31826/jlr-2013-090105</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132712913">132712913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=Two+IE+phylogenies%2C+three+PIE+migrations%2C+and+four+kinds+of+steppe+pastoralism&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2013-090105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132712913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fjlr-2013-090105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> F. Ribezzo, Revue Internationale d'Onomastique, II, 1948 p. 43 sq. et III 1949, p. 45 sq., M.Almagro dans RSLig, XVI, 1950, p. 42 sq, P.Laviosa Zambotti, l.c. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernard-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1995" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, Sergent (1995). Les Indo-Européens: Histoire, langues, mythes. Paris: Bibliothèques scientifiques Payot. pp. 84–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Indo-Europ%C3%A9ens%3A+Histoire%2C+langues%2C+mythes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8ques+scientifiques+Payot&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Sergent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olga-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Olga_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribulato2012" class="citation book cs1">Tribulato, Olga (December 2012). Language and Linguistic Contact in Ancient Sicily. 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P.; Adams, D. Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+D.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorzig195439-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorzig195439_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorzig1954">Porzig 1954</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson2004247-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson2004247_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortson2004">Fortson 2004</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1966" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Watkins, Calvert (1966). "Italo-Celtic revisited". In Birnbaum, Henrik; Puhvel, Jaan (eds.). Ancient Indo-European dialects. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 29–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italo-Celtic+revisited&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indo-European+dialects&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=29-50&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Calvert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2012" class="citation conference cs1">Weiss, Michael (2012). Jamison, Stephanie W.; Melchert, H. Craig; Vine, Brent (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3249855">Italo-Celtica: linguistic and cultural points of contact between Italic and Celtic</a>. Proceedings of the 23rd annual UCLA Indo-European Conference. Bremen: Hempen. pp. 151–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-934106-99-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-934106-99-4"><bdi>978-3-934106-99-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Italo-Celtica%3A+linguistic+and+cultural+points+of+contact+between+Italic+and+Celtic&rft.place=Bremen&rft.pages=151-73&rft.pub=Hempen&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-934106-99-4&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3249855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreppin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Greppin, James (1996). "Review of The linguistic relationship between Armenian and Greek by James Clackson". <a href="/wiki/Language_(journal)" title="Language (journal)">Language</a>. 72 (4): 804–07. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F416105">10.2307/416105</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/416105">416105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+linguistic+relationship+between+Armenian+and+Greek+by+James+Clackson&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=804-07&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F416105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F416105%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Greppin&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuler1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Euler" title="Wolfram Euler">Euler, Wolfram</a> (1979). Indoiranisch-griechische Gemeinsamkeiten der Nominalbildung und deren indogermanische Grundlagen [Indo-Iranian-Greek similarities in nominal formation and their Indo-European foundations] (in German). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indoiranisch-griechische+Gemeinsamkeiten+der+Nominalbildung+und+deren+indogermanische+Grundlagen&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachwissenschaft+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Innsbruck&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Euler&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubotsky1988-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubotsky1988_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLubotsky1988">Lubotsky 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1988-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1988_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1988">Kortlandt 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Renfrew, Colin</a> (1987). Archaeology & Language. The Puzzle of the Indo-European Origins. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0224024952" title="Special:BookSources/978-0224024952"><bdi>978-0224024952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+%26+Language.+The+Puzzle+of+the+Indo-European+Origins&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0224024952&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981593-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981593_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1981">Encyclopædia Britannica 1981</a>, p. 593. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981p._667_George_S._Lane,_Douglas_Q._Adams,_''The_Tocharian_problem''-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981p._667_George_S._Lane,_Douglas_Q._Adams,_''The_Tocharian_problem''_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1981">Encyclopædia Britannica 1981</a>, p. 667 George S. Lane, Douglas Q. Adams, The Tocharian problem. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> The supposed autochthony of Hittites, the Indo-Hittite hypothesis and migration of agricultural "Indo-European" societies became intrinsically linked together by Colin Renfrew (<a href="#CITEREFRenfrew2001">Renfrew 2001</a>, pp. 36–73). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981Houwink_ten_Cate,_H.J.;_Melchert,_H._Craig_&_van_den_Hout,_Theo_P.J._p._586_''The_parent_language,_Laryngeal_theory'';_pp._589,_593_''Anatolian_languages''-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981Houwink_ten_Cate,_H.J.;_Melchert,_H._Craig_&_van_den_Hout,_Theo_P.J._p._586_''The_parent_language,_Laryngeal_theory'';_pp._589,_593_''Anatolian_languages''_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1981">Encyclopædia Britannica 1981</a>, Houwink ten Cate, H.J.; Melchert, H. Craig & van den Hout, Theo P.J. p. 586 The parent language, Laryngeal theory; pp. 589, 593 Anatolian languages. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981p._594,_''Indo-Hittite_hypothesis''-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981p._594,_''Indo-Hittite_hypothesis''_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1981">Encyclopædia Britannica 1981</a>, p. 594, Indo-Hittite hypothesis. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolm2008">Holm 2008</a>, pp. 629–36. The result is a partly new chain of separation for the main Indo-European branches, which fits well to the grammatical facts, as well as to the geographical distribution of these branches. In particular it clearly demonstrates that the Anatolian languages did not part as first ones and thereby refutes the Indo-Hittite hypothesis. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981588,_594-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica1981588,_594_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1981">Encyclopædia Britannica 1981</a>, pp. 588, 594. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1990-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1990_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1990">Kortlandt 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kallio2018-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kallio2018_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kallio2018_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kallio2018_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallioKoivulehto2018" class="citation book cs1">Kallio, Petri; Koivulehto, Jorma (2018). "More remote relationships of Proto-Indo-European". In Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. pp. 2280–2291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=More+remote+relationships+of+Proto-Indo-European&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=2280-2291&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Kallio&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft.au=Koivulehto%2C+Jorma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony200756–58-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony200756–58_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony200756–58_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. 56–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinge200667-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinge200667_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRinge2006">Ringe 2006</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007100-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007100_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijaySlocum2008" class="citation web cs1">Vijay, John; Slocum, Jonathan (10 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604200234/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/iedocctr/ie-lg/Balto-Slavic.html">"Indo-European Languages: Balto-Slavic Family"</a>. Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/iedocctr/ie-lg/Balto-Slavic.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Languages%3A+Balto-Slavic+Family&rft.pub=Linguistics+Research+Center%2C+University+of+Texas&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft.aulast=Vijay&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Slocum%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utexas.edu%2Fcola%2Fcenters%2Flrc%2Fiedocctr%2Fie-lg%2FBalto-Slavic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA30_p._30],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA13_Skt:_13],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA20_Hitt:_20],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA24_Gk:_24]-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA30_p._30],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA13_Skt:_13],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA20_Hitt:_20],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA24_Gk:_24]_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HXnIG75PYC&pg=PA30">p. 30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HXnIG75PYC&pg=PA13">Skt: 13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HXnIG75PYC&pg=PA20">Hitt: 20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HXnIG75PYC&pg=PA24">Gk: 24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011p._30,_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA19_Toch:_19],_Arm:_20,_Alb:_25_&_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA124_124],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA27_OIr:27]-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011p._30,_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA19_Toch:_19],_Arm:_20,_Alb:_25_&_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA124_124],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW-HXnIG75PYCpgPA27_OIr:27]_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 30, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HXnIG75PYC&pg=PA19">Toch: 19</a>, Arm: 20, Alb: 25 & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HXnIG75PYC&pg=PA124">124</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HXnIG75PYC&pg=PA27">OIr:27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-73"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Olphen1975" class="citation journal cs1">van Olphen, Herman (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24651488">"Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb"</a>. Indo-Iranian Journal. 16 (4): 284–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000075791615397">10.1163/000000075791615397</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7246">0019-7246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24651488">24651488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161530848">161530848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Aspect%2C+Tense%2C+and+Mood+in+the+Hindi+Verb&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=284-301&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0019-7246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161530848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24651488%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F000000075791615397&rft.aulast=van+Olphen&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24651488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=family">"Ethnologue list of language families"</a> (22nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. 25 May 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+list+of+language+families&rft.edition=22nd&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft.date=2019-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fethno_docs%2Fdistribution.asp%3Fby%3Dfamily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size">"Ethnologue list of languages by number of speakers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+list+of+languages+by+number+of+speakers&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fethno_docs%2Fdistribution.asp%3Fby%3Dsize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/eng">"English"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1981" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">AA.VV. (1981). "Indo-European languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (15th ed.). Chicago: Helen Hemingway Benton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-European+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Helen+Hemingway+Benton&rft.date=1981&rft.au=AA.VV.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05887-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05887-0"><bdi>978-0-691-05887-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05887-0&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuroux2000" class="citation book cs1">Auroux, Sylvain (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yasNy365EywC&q=3110167352&pg=PA1156">History of the Language Sciences</a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016735-1"><bdi>978-3-11-016735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Language+Sciences&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016735-1&rft.aulast=Auroux&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyasNy365EywC%26q%3D3110167352%26pg%3DPA1156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (1995). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Translated by Vertalers, Uva; Gabriner, Paul (1st ed.). Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027221510" title="Special:BookSources/9027221510"><bdi>9027221510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Amsterdam+%2F+Philadelphia&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9027221510&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HXnIG75PYC">Comparative Indo-European linguistics : An Introduction</a>. Revised and corrected by <a href="/wiki/Michiel_de_Vaan" title="Michiel de Vaan">Michiel de Vaan</a> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027285003" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027285003"><bdi>978-9027285003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Indo-European+linguistics+%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Amsterdam+%2F+Philadelphia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9027285003&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-HXnIG75PYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> Paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027211866" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027211866">978-9027211866</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrugmann1886" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brugmann" title="Karl Brugmann">Brugmann, Karl</a> (1886). Grundriss der Vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German). Vol. Erster Band. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundriss+der+Vergleichenden+Grammatik+der+indogermanischen+Sprachen&rft.place=Strassburg&rft.pub=Karl+J.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Brugmann&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinge1985" class="citation book cs1">Collinge, N.E. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawsofindoeurope0000coll">The Laws of Indo-European</a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027235305" title="Special:BookSources/9789027235305"><bdi>9789027235305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Indo-European&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9789027235305&rft.aulast=Collinge&rft.aufirst=N.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawsofindoeurope0000coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0315-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0315-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-0315-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0315-2&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamp2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamp, Eric (2007). Rexhep Ismajli (ed.). Studime krahasuese për shqipen [Comparative studies on Albanian] (in Albanian). Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Prishtinë.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studime+krahasuese+p%C3%ABr+shqipen&rft.pub=Akademia+e+Shkencave+dhe+e+Arteve+e+Kosov%C3%ABs%2C+Prishtin%C3%AB&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hamp&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm2008" class="citation book cs1">Holm, Hans J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hjholm.de/">"The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages"</a>. In Preisach, Christine; Burkhardt, Hans; Schmidt-Thieme, Lars; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-540-78246-9">Data analysis, machine learning and applications</a>. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl), University of Freiburg, 7–9 March 2007. Heidelberg / Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78239-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78239-1"><bdi>978-3-540-78239-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Distribution+of+Data+in+Word+Lists+and+its+Impact+on+the+Subgrouping+of+Languages&rft.btitle=Data+analysis%2C+machine+learning+and+applications&rft.place=Heidelberg+%2F+Berlin&rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+31st+Annual+Conference+of+the+German+Classification+Society+%28GfKl%29%2C+University+of+Freiburg%2C+7%E2%80%939+March+2007&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-540-78239-1&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hjholm.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortlandt1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kortlandt, Frederik (1988). 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Kadmos. 27: 9–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fkadmos-1988-0103">10.1515/kadmos-1988-0103</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F2660">1887/2660</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162944161">162944161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kadmos&rft.atitle=The+Old+Phrygian+Areyastis-inscription&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=9-26&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F2660&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162944161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fkadmos-1988-0103&rft.aulast=Lubotsky&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F2660%2F299_011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorzig1954" class="citation book cs1">Porzig, Walter (1954). Die Gliederung des indogermanischen Sprachgebiets. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Gliederung+des+indogermanischen+Sprachgebiets&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Carl+Winter+Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Porzig&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Renfrew, C.</a> (2001). "The Anatolian origins of Proto-Indo-European and the autochthony of the Hittites". In <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews, R.</a> (ed.). Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite language family. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0941694773" title="Special:BookSources/978-0941694773"><bdi>978-0941694773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anatolian+origins+of+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+autochthony+of+the+Hittites&rft.btitle=Greater+Anatolia+and+the+Indo-Hittite+language+family&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Man&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0941694773&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinge2006" class="citation book cs1">Ringe, Don (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anglosaxondictionary_202001/From%20Proto-Indo-European%20to%20Proto-Germanic/mode/2up">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-928413-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-928413-X"><bdi>0-19-928413-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Proto-Indo-European+to+Proto-Germanic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-928413-X&rft.aulast=Ringe&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanglosaxondictionary_202001%2FFrom%2520Proto-Indo-European%2520to%2520Proto-Germanic%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchleicher1861" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">Schleicher, August</a> (1861). Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German). Weimar: Böhlau (reprinted by Minerva GmbH, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8102-1071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8102-1071-5"><bdi>978-3-8102-1071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+der+vergleichenden+Grammatik+der+indogermanischen+Sprachen&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+%28reprinted+by+Minerva+GmbH%2C+Wissenschaftlicher+Verlag%29&rft.date=1861&rft.isbn=978-3-8102-1071-5&rft.aulast=Schleicher&rft.aufirst=August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchleicher1874–1877" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">Schleicher, August</a> (1874–1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13063/page/n2">A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European, Sanskrit, Greek and Latin languages</a>. Part I and Part II. Translated by Bendall, Herbert. London: Trübner & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Compendium+of+the+Comparative+Grammar+of+the+Indo-European%2C+Sanskrit%2C+Greek+and+Latin+languages&rft.place=London&rft.series=Part+I+and+Part+II&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1874%2F1877&rft.aulast=Schleicher&rft.aufirst=August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.13063%2Fpage%2Fn2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acompendiumcomp00schlgoog/page/n8">Part II via Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzemerényi1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Szemer%C3%A9nyi" title="Oswald Szemerényi">Szemerényi, Oswald John Louis</a> (1957). "The Problem of Balto-Slav Unity: A Critical Survey". Kratylos. 2. O. Harrassowitz: 97–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kratylos&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Balto-Slav+Unity%3A+A+Critical+Survey&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=97-123&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Szemer%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Oswald+John+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzemerényi1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Szemerényi, Oswald John Louis (1991). Considine, P.; Hooker, James T. (eds.). Scripta Minora: Selected Essays in Indo-European, Greek, and Latin. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft. Vol. IV: Indo-European Languages other than Latin and Greek. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. pp. 2145–2171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783851246117" title="Special:BookSources/9783851246117"><bdi>9783851246117</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1816-3920">1816-3920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripta+Minora%3A+Selected+Essays+in+Indo-European%2C+Greek%2C+and+Latin&rft.series=Innsbrucker+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Sprachwissenschaft&rft.pages=2145-2171&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachwissenschaft+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Innsbruck&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=1816-3920&rft.isbn=9783851246117&rft.aulast=Szemer%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Oswald+John+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzemerényiJonesJones1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Szemer%C3%A9nyi" title="Oswald Szemerényi">Szemerényi, Oswald John Louis</a>; Jones, David; Jones, Irene (1999). Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823870-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823870-6"><bdi>978-0-19-823870-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823870-6&rft.aulast=Szemer%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Oswald+John+Louis&rft.au=Jones%2C+David&rft.au=Jones%2C+Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Bradke1890" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Bradke, Peter (1890). Über Methode und Ergebnisse der arischen (indogermanischen) Alterthumswissenshaft (in German). Giessen: J. Ricker'che Buchhandlung.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+Methode+und+Ergebnisse+der+arischen+%28indogermanischen%29+Alterthumswissenshaft&rft.place=Giessen&rft.pub=J.+Ricker%27che+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=von+Bradke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjørn2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bjørn, Rasmus G. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10432883">"Indo-European Loanwords and Exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia"</a>. Evolutionary Human Sciences. 4: e23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2022.16">10.1017/ehs.2022.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10432883">10432883</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37599704">37599704</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248358873">248358873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Indo-European+Loanwords+and+Exchange+in+Bronze+Age+Central+and+East+Asia&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=e23&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10432883%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248358873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37599704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2022.16&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rn&rft.aufirst=Rasmus+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10432883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Byomkes_Chakrabarti" title="Byomkes Chakrabarti">Chakrabarti, Byomkes</a> (1994). A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali. Calcutta: K. P. Bagchi & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7074-128-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7074-128-2"><bdi>978-81-7074-128-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Santali+and+Bengali&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=K.+P.+Bagchi+%26+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7074-128-2&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Byomkes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChantraine1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chantraine" title="Pierre Chantraine">Chantraine, Pierre</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Dictionnaire-Etymologique-Grec">Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque</a>. Paris: Klincksieck – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+%C3%A9tymologique+de+la+langue+grecque&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Klincksieck&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Chantraine&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDictionnaire-Etymologique-Grec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Gimbutas, Marija</a> (1997). Robbins Dexter, Miriam; Jones-Bley, Karlene (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jies.org/DOCS/monojpgs/Mon18.html">The Kurgan Culture and The Indo-Europeanization of Europe</a>. JIES Monograph. Vol. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941694-56-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-941694-56-9"><bdi>0-941694-56-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurgan+Culture+and+The+Indo-Europeanization+of+Europe&rft.series=JIES+Monograph&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-941694-56-9&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jies.org%2FDOCS%2Fmonojpgs%2FMon18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonenMalloryComrie2018" class="citation book cs1">Kroonen, Guus; Mallory, James P.; Comrie, Bernard, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jies.org/DOCS/monojpgs/Mon65.html">Talking Neolithic: Proceedings of the Workshop on Indo-European Origins held at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, December 2–3, 2013</a>. JIES Monograph. Vol. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9983669-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9983669-2-0"><bdi>978-0-9983669-2-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+Neolithic%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+Indo-European+Origins+held+at+the+Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology%2C+Leipzig%2C+December+2%E2%80%933%2C+2013&rft.series=JIES+Monograph&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-9983669-2-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jies.org%2FDOCS%2Fmonojpgs%2FMon65.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J.P.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma">In Search of the Indo-Europeans</a>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7"><bdi>978-0-500-27616-7</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27616-7&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofindoeu00jpma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkeyRepanšek2020" class="citation book cs1">Markey, T. L.; Repanšek, Luka, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jies.org/DOCS/monojpgs/Mon67.html">Revisiting Dispersions Celtic and Germanic ca. 400 BC – ca. 400 AD Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference held at Dolenjski muzej, Novo mesto, Slovenia; October 12th – 14th, 2018</a>. JIES Monograph. Vol. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9845353-7-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9845353-7-8"><bdi>978-0-9845353-7-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisiting+Dispersions+Celtic+and+Germanic+ca.+400+BC+%E2%80%93+ca.+400+AD+Proceedings+of+the+International+Interdisciplinary+Conference+held+at+Dolenjski+muzej%2C+Novo+mesto%2C+Slovenia%3B+October+12th+%E2%80%93+14th%2C+2018&rft.series=JIES+Monograph&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-9845353-7-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jies.org%2FDOCS%2Fmonojpgs%2FMon67.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeillet1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">Meillet, Antoine</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/esquissedunegram0000meil">Esquisse d'une grammaire comparée de l'arménien classique</a> (2nd ed.). Vienna: <a href="/wiki/Mekhitarist_Monastery,_Vienna" title="Mekhitarist Monastery, Vienna">Mekhitarist Monastery</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esquisse+d%27une+grammaire+compar%C3%A9e+de+l%27arm%C3%A9nien+classique&rft.place=Vienna&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mekhitarist+Monastery&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Meillet&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fesquissedunegram0000meil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlander2022" class="citation book cs1">Olander, Thomas, ed. (September 2022). The Indo-European Language Family : A Phylogenetic Perspective. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108758666">10.1017/9781108758666</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108758666" title="Special:BookSources/9781108758666"><bdi>9781108758666</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161016819">161016819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Language+Family+%3A+A+Phylogenetic+Perspective&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161016819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108758666&rft.isbn=9781108758666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamatGiacalone_Ramat1998" class="citation book cs1">Ramat, Paolo; Giacalone Ramat, Anna, eds. (1998). The Indo-European Languages. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041506449X" title="Special:BookSources/041506449X"><bdi>041506449X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=041506449X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemys2007" class="citation journal cs1">Remys, Edmund (17 December 2007). "General distinguishing features of various Indo-European languages and their relationship to Lithuanian". Indogermanische Forschungen. 112 (2007): 244–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110192858.1.244">10.1515/9783110192858.1.244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110192858" title="Special:BookSources/9783110192858"><bdi>9783110192858</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7262">0019-7262</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169996117">169996117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indogermanische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=General+distinguishing+features+of+various+Indo-European+languages+and+their+relationship+to+Lithuanian&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=2007&rft.pages=244-276&rft.date=2007-12-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110192858.1.244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169996117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-7262&rft.isbn=9783110192858&rft.aulast=Remys&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraznyTrask2000" class="citation book cs1">Strazny, Philip; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Trask" title="Larry Trask">Trask, R. L.</a>, eds. (2000). Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics (1 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-218-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-218-0"><bdi>978-1-57958-218-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Historical+and+Comparative+Linguistics&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-218-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Watkins, Calvert</a> (2000). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-08250-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-08250-6"><bdi>978-0-618-08250-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+Indo-European+Roots&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-618-08250-6&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Calvert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Asadpour, Hiwa, and Thomas Jügel, eds. Word Order Variation: Semitic, Turkic and Indo-European Languages in Contact. Vol. 31. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2022.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indo-European_languages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Indo-European_Languages" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Indo-European Languages">Indo-European Languages</a>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Indo-European languages <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Indo-European+languages&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Indo-European+languages">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Indo-European+languages&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfIndoEuropeanCulture/mode/2up">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Databases">Databases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Databases">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyenKruskalBlack1997" class="citation web cs1">Dyen, Isidore; Kruskal, Joseph; Black, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordgumbo.com/ie/cmp/">"Comparative Indo-European"</a>. wordgumbo. Retrieved 13 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparative+Indo-European&rft.pub=wordgumbo&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Dyen&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rft.au=Kruskal%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Black%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordgumbo.com%2Fie%2Fcmp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010183735/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/group?id=4">"Indo-European"</a>. LLOW Languages of the World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/group?id=4">the original</a> on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-European&rft.pub=LLOW+Languages+of+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguageserver.uni-graz.at%2Fls%2Fgroup%3Fid%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903062241/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/iedocctr/ie.html">"Indo-European Documentation Center"</a>. Linguistics Research Center, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/iedocctr/ie.html">the original</a> on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Documentation+Center&rft.pub=Linguistics+Research+Center%2C+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utexas.edu%2Fcola%2Fcenters%2Flrc%2Fiedocctr%2Fie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). "Language Family Trees: Indo-European". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2-16">Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Online version</a> (Sixteenth ed.). Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+Family+Trees%3A+Indo-European&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World%2C+Online+version&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Tex.&rft.edition=Sixteenth&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_family.asp%3Fsubid%3D2-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm">"Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien: TITUS"</a> (in German). TITUS, University of Frankfurt. 2003. Retrieved 13 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thesaurus+Indogermanischer+Text-+und+Sprachmaterialien%3A+TITUS&rft.pub=TITUS%2C+University+of+Frankfurt&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftitus.uni-frankfurt.de%2Findexe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/evotext/ielex-data-and-tree">"Indo-European Lexical Cognacy Database (IELex)"</a>. Uppsala University, Uppsala. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Lexical+Cognacy+Database+%28IELex%29&rft.pub=Uppsala+University%2C+Uppsala&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fevotext%2Fielex-data-and-tree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spw.uni-goettingen.de/projects/aig/index.html">glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammars online</a>, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexica">Lexica</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lexica">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207135952/http://www.indoeuropean.nl/">"Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (IEED)"</a>. Leiden, Netherlands: Department of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics, Leiden University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indoeuropean.nl">the original</a> on 7 February 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Etymological+Dictionary+%28IEED%29&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Department+of+Comparative+Indo-European+Linguistics%2C+Leiden+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indoeuropean.nl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217023123/http://bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html">"Indo-European Roots Index"</a>. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth ed.). Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. 22 August 2008 [2000]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html">the original</a> on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-European+Roots+Index&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Internet+Archive%3A+Wayback+Machine&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2FIEroots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöbler2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Köbler, Gerhard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koeblergerhard.de/idgwbhin.html">Indogermanisches Wörterbuch</a> (in German) (5th ed.). Gerhard Köbler. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indogermanisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Gerhard+K%C3%B6bler&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6bler&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koeblergerhard.de%2Fidgwbhin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchalin2009" class="citation web cs1">Schalin, Johan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iki.fi/jschalin/?cat=10">"Lexicon of Early Indo-European Loanwords Preserved in Finnish"</a>. Johan Schalin. Retrieved 9 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+Early+Indo-European+Loanwords+Preserved+in+Finnish&rft.pub=Johan+Schalin&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Schalin&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iki.fi%2Fjschalin%2F%3Fcat%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-European+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-European languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages#Luwic_branch" title="Anatolian languages">Luwic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Balts" title="Dnieper Balts">Dnieper Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tocharian A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchean_language" title="Kuchean language">Kuchean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates (extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in italics have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in italics have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19860#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114006-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85065703">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932222t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932222t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564144">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117207&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527449">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000050643&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810543500205606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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173.039 17 Template:Cite_web"," 5.64% 135.624 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"," 5.56% 133.637 21 Template:Sfn"," 5.29% 127.089 6 Template:Lang"," 5.27% 126.752 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.500","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21963925,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnthony2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthony2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuroux2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjørn2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlažek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonfante1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBouckaertLemey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrugmann1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryce2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarti1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangChundra2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChantraine1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinge1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Vaan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrinka2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyenKruskalBlack1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuler1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranz_Bopp2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutas1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreppin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGüterbock\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamp2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolm2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1786\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallioKoivulehto2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKortlandt1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKortlandt1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroonenMalloryComrie2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKruta1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurylowicz1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöbler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLejeune1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubotsky1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkeyRepanšek2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeillet1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeillet1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakhlehRingeWarnow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlander2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPokorny1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorzig1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoserCampbell1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamatGiacalone_Ramat1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemys2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrew1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrew2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinge2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson,_Andrew2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_Blench2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchalin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchleicher1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchleicher1874–1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShore_(Lord_Teignmouth)1807\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraznyTrask2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzemerényi1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzemerényi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzemerényiJonesJones1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTribulato2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrumper2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijaySlocum2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Olphen1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Bradke1890\"] = 1,\n [\"francois\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 28,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 17,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Col div\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Indo-European Languages\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Eurasian languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Extinct\"] = 12,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 8,\n [\"Hypothetical Indo-European subfamilies\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 70,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-European languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-European topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language family\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Language families\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 26,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"Notetag\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordered list\"] = 1,\n [\"P.\"] = 3,\n [\"PIE\"] = 273,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 21,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","24.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","7.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","4.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap","40","2.3"],["[others]","500","29.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-szrlp","timestamp":"20241124101848","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Indo-European languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-European_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19860","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19860","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-17T03:38:42Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T10:18:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ee\/Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png","headline":"language family native to western and southern Eurasia\u2014 Europe, Iran and India"}</script> </body> </html>