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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85)" title="تقدير دراسي (التعليم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقدير دراسي (التعليم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikace_(%C5%A1kolstv%C3%AD)" title="Klasifikace (školství) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klasifikace (školství)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradd_(addysg)" title="Gradd (addysg) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gradd (addysg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakter_(bed%C3%B8mmelse)" title="Karakter (bedømmelse) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karakter (bedømmelse)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulnote" title="Schulnote – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schulnote" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calificaci%C3%B3n_escolar" title="Calificación escolar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calificación escolar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifikazio_(hezkuntza)" title="Kalifikazio (hezkuntza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kalifikazio (hezkuntza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87" title="نمره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_scolaire" title="Note scolaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Note scolaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%81_(%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1)" title="성적 (교육) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성적 (교육)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeks_prestasi" title="Indeks prestasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Indeks prestasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valutazione_scolastica" title="Valutazione scolastica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valutazione scolastica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94)" title="ציון (הערכה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציון (הערכה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ჩათვლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩათვლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Баалоо (педагогика) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Баалоо (педагогика)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszt%C3%A1lyzat" title="Osztályzat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Osztályzat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggredan_(pendidikan)" title="Penggredan (pendidikan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penggredan (pendidikan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolcijfer" title="Schoolcijfer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schoolcijfer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E7%B8%BE%E8%A9%95%E4%BE%A1" title="成績評価 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="成績評価" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakter" title="Karakter – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karakter" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baholash_tizimi_(GPA)" title="Baholash tizimi (GPA) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baholash tizimi (GPA)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkolna_skala_ocen" title="Szkolna skala ocen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkolna skala ocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nota_escolar" title="Nota escolar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nota escolar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Система оценивания знаний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система оценивания знаний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(education)" title="Grade (education) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grade (education)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvosana" title="Arvosana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arvosana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betyg" title="Betyg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betyg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="மதிப்பெண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதிப்பெண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF)" title="గ్రేడింగ్ (విద్య) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రేడింగ్ (విద్య)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="การให้ระดับผลการเรียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การให้ระดับผลการเรียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Системи оцінювання знань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Системи оцінювання знань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سانچہ:درجات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سانچہ:درجات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E7%B8%BE" title="成績 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="成績" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E7%BB%A9" title="成绩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="成绩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grade-point_average&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade-point average">Grade-point average</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standardized measurement of academic performance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the measuring of academic achievement. For grade levels, see <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">Educational stage</a>. 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/></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grading_in_education&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Grading_in_education" title="Talk:Grading in education">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this 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href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Nigeria" title="Academic grading in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_South_Africa" title="Academic grading in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Tunisia" title="Academic grading in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> North America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Canada" title="Academic grading in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Costa_Rica" title="Academic grading in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Mexico" title="Academic grading in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic grading in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the_United_States" title="Academic grading in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> South America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Chile" title="Academic grading in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Venezuela" title="Academic grading in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Bangladesh" title="Academic grading in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_China" title="Academic grading in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Hong_Kong" title="Academic grading in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_India" title="Academic grading in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Indonesia" title="Academic grading in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Iran" title="Academic grading in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Israel" title="Academic grading in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Japan" title="Academic grading in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Academic grading in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Nepal" title="Academic grading in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Pakistan" title="Academic grading in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the_Philippines" title="Academic grading in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Singapore" title="Academic grading in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_South_Korea" title="Academic grading in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Syria" title="Academic grading in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Vietnam" title="Academic grading in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Europe</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ECTS_grading_scale" title="ECTS grading scale">ECTS</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Baccalaureate" title="European Baccalaureate">European Baccalaureate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grading_systems_by_country#Europe" title="Grading systems by country">GPA in Europe</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_honors" title="Latin honors">Latin honours</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Austria" title="Academic grading in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Belarus" title="Academic grading in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Belgium" title="Academic grading in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Academic grading in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic grading in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Croatia" title="Academic grading in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Academic grading in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Denmark" title="Academic grading in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Finland" title="Academic grading in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_France" title="Academic grading in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Germany" title="Academic grading in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Greece" title="Academic grading in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Hungary" title="Academic grading in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Iceland" title="Academic grading in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Academic grading in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Italy" title="Academic grading in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic grading in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic grading in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Luxembourg" title="Academic grading in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the_Netherlands" title="Academic grading in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Norway" title="Academic grading in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic grading in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Portugal" title="Academic grading in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Romania" title="Academic grading in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Russia" title="Academic grading in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Serbia" title="Academic grading in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic grading in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Slovenia" title="Academic grading in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Spain" title="Academic grading in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Sweden" title="Academic grading in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Switzerland" title="Academic grading in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Ukraine" title="Academic grading in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Academic grading in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Oceania</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Australia" title="Academic grading in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_New_Zealand" title="Academic grading in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Academic grading in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grading" title="Template:Grading"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grading" title="Template talk:Grading"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grading" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grading"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Grading in <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> is the application of standardized <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurements</a> to evaluate different levels of student achievement in a course. Grades can be expressed as letters (usually A to F), as a range (for example, 1 to 6), percentages, or as numbers out of a possible total (often out of 100). The exact system that is used varies worldwide. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grading_in_education&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some countries, grades are <a href="/wiki/Averaged" class="mw-redirect" title="Averaged">averaged</a> to create a <b>grade point average</b> (<b>GPA</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPA is calculated by using the number of grade points a student earns in a given period of time. A GPA is often calculated for <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate</a> students. A <b>cumulative grade point average</b> (<b>CGPA</b>), is the average of all the GPAs a student has achieved during their time at the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students are sometimes required to maintain a certain GPA in order to be admitted to a certain academic program or to remain in that program. Grades are also used in decisions to provide a student with financial aid or a scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grades are seen as an indicator for academic success and ability, and GPA is thought to indicate future job effectiveness and success.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, research has shown a correlation between GPA and future <a href="/wiki/Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">Job satisfaction</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have also shown that a higher GPA leads to a higher income.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grading_in_education&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Students were given assessments as far back as 500 B.C. but no methods existed to formally measure student performance or track mastery of the subject. In the mid 1600’s Harvard University started to require exit exams to evaluate students, but they were not scored with letter grades.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first record of a grading scale for students was at Yale University. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> historian <a href="/wiki/George_Wilson_Pierson" title="George Wilson Pierson">George Wilson Pierson</a> writes: "According to tradition the first grades issued at Yale (and possibly the first in the country) were given out in the year 1785, when President <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles" title="Ezra Stiles">Ezra Stiles</a>, after examining 58 Seniors, recorded in his diary that there were 'Twenty <i>Optimi</i>, sixteen second <i>Optimi</i>, twelve <i>Inferiores</i> (<i>Boni</i>), ten <i>Pejores</i>.'"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1837, Yale had converted these adjectives into numbers on a 4-point scale, and some historians say this is the origin of the standard modern American GPA scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bob Marlin argues that the concept of grading students' work quantitatively was developed by a tutor named <a href="/wiki/William_Farish_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Farish (professor)">William Farish</a> and first implemented by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in 1792. That assertion has been questioned by Christopher Stray, who finds the evidence for Farish as the inventor of the numerical mark to be unpersuasive.<sup id="cite_ref-chris_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stray's article also explains the complex relationship between the mode of examination (oral or written) and the varying philosophies of education these modes imply to both the teacher and the student.<sup id="cite_ref-chris_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The A-D/F system was first adopted by <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a> in 1897. However, this system did not become widespread until the 1940s, and was still only used by 67% of primary and secondary schools in the United States in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grading_in_education&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been criticized that grades are only short-term snapshots of how much a student has learned in a given period of time, which only partially reflect the actual performance and does not take sufficient account of the individual development of students.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, poor grades over a longer period of time would give students the impression that they would learn very little or nothing, which jeopardizes the innate intrinsic motivation of every child to learn.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children who have already lost their desire to learn and only study for their grades have no reason to continue learning after they have achieved the best possible grade.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, poor grades represent destructive feedback for students, since they do not provide any constructive assistance, but only absolute key figures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also criticized that the way of thinking, which can often be traced back to the grading system, that bad grades lead to poor future prospects, leads to perplexity, pressure, stress and depression among parents and children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is criticized that students often do not learn for their future life or out of interest in the material, but only for the grades and the associated status, which promotes <a href="/wiki/Bulimic_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulimic learning">bulimic learning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German philosopher and publicist <a href="/wiki/Richard_David_Precht" title="Richard David Precht">Richard David Precht</a> criticizes the system of school grades in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Anna,_die_Schule_und_der_liebe_Gott" title="Anna, die Schule und der liebe Gott">Anna, die Schule und der liebe Gott: Der Verrat des Bildungssystems an unseren Kindern</a></i>. He believes that numbers from 1 to 6 (the school grading system used in Germany) do not do justice to the personalities of the children.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his opinion, grades are neither meaningful nor differentiated and therefore not helpful.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the questions whether a student has become more motivated, is more interested in a topic, has learned to deal better with failure and whether he has developed new ideas cannot be answered with grades.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Precht suggests a differentiated written assessment of the students' learning and development path.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his opinion, the grading system comes from a psychologically and <a href="/wiki/Pedagogically" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedagogically">pedagogically</a> uninformed era and does not belong in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German educational innovator <a href="/wiki/Margret_Rasfeld" title="Margret Rasfeld">Margret Rasfeld</a> criticizes the system of grades as unhelpful and, in her opinion, the resulting competitive thinking in schools and says: "School is there to organize success and not to document failure."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German neuroscientist <a href="/wiki/Gerald_H%C3%BCther" title="Gerald Hüther">Gerald Hüther</a> criticizes grades for being responsible for ensuring that students cannot specialize in any topic that they are enthusiastic about and have a talent for, since otherwise their grades in other areas would deteriorate.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also believes that "our society will not develop further...if we force all children to conform to the same evaluation standards".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grading may also <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education#Teacher_bias_in_grading" title="Discrimination in education">reflect the bias</a> of the instructor thereby reinforcing systematic bias.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As educators have begun to recognize the potential drawbacks, alternative grading methods, including competency-based assessment, specifications grading, and "ungrading" have become more popular. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grading_systems_by_country">Grading systems by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grading_in_education&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grading systems by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grading_systems_by_country" title="Grading systems by country">Grading systems by country</a></div> <p>Most nations have their own grading system, and different institutions in a single nation can vary in their grading systems as well. However, several international standards for grading have arisen recently, such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Baccalaureate" title="European Baccalaureate">European Baccalaureate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grading_in_education&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grading_on_a_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading on a curve">Grading on a curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a>, a school model for ages 4 through 18 with schools internationally with no grading or <a href="/wiki/Grade_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade levels">grade levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a>, an alternative to the traditional letter grade system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastery_Transcript_Consortium" title="Mastery Transcript Consortium">Mastery Transcript Consortium</a>, a group working to create alternatives to the traditional grading system in secondary schools</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_card" title="Report card">Report card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_score" title="Test score">Test score</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grading_in_education&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Die Zeit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prinzipien+f%C3%BCr+eine+Bildungsreform%3A+Der+Besuch+des+Kindergartens+sollte+Pflicht+sein.&rft.pub=Die+Zeit&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Precht&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrading+in+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJebsen2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jebsen, Ken (18 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811085254/https://kenfm.de/positionen-18/">"Positionen 18: "Akadämlich" – Freies Denken unerwünscht!"</a>. <i>KenFM.de</i> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>Schule ist dazu da, das Gelingen zu organisieren und nicht das Misslingen zu dokumentieren</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KenFM.de&rft.atitle=Positionen+18%3A+%22Akad%C3%A4mlich%22+%E2%80%93+Freies+Denken+unerw%C3%BCnscht%21&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft.aulast=Jebsen&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkenfm.de%2Fpositionen-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrading+in+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinas2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rinas, Jutta (5 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haz.de/Thema/Specials/HAZ-Themenwoche-Schule/Wie-wichtig-sind-gute-Noten">"Wie wichtig sind gute Noten?"</a>. <i>HAZ – Hannoversche Allgemeine</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>...sich unsere Gesellschaft nicht weiter [entwickele]... Wenn wir alle Kinder [dazu] zwingen, sich an dieselben Bewertungsmaßstäbe anzupassen...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HAZ+%E2%80%93+Hannoversche+Allgemeine&rft.atitle=Wie+wichtig+sind+gute+Noten%3F&rft.date=2012-09-05&rft.aulast=Rinas&rft.aufirst=Jutta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haz.de%2FThema%2FSpecials%2FHAZ-Themenwoche-Schule%2FWie-wichtig-sind-gute-Noten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrading+in+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnellThorpeHoskinsChevalier2008" class="citation journal cs1">Snell, Martin; Thorpe, Andy; Hoskins, Sherria; Chevalier, Arnaud (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03054980701682140">"Teachers' perceptions and A-level performance: is there any evidence of systematic bias?"</a>. <i>Oxford Review of Education</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 403–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03054980701682140">10.1080/03054980701682140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4985">0305-4985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144851201">144851201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Review+of+Education&rft.atitle=Teachers%27+perceptions+and+A-level+performance%3A+is+there+any+evidence+of+systematic+bias%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403-423&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144851201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0305-4985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03054980701682140&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Thorpe%2C+Andy&rft.au=Hoskins%2C+Sherria&rft.au=Chevalier%2C+Arnaud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03054980701682140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrading+in+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkTalbert2023" class="citation cs2">Clark, David; Talbert, Robert (27 June 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003445043-8">"Specifications Grading"</a>, <i>Grading for Growth</i>, New York: Routledge, pp. 65–81, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003445043-8">10.4324/9781003445043-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-44504-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-44504-3"><bdi>978-1-003-44504-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grading+for+Growth&rft.atitle=Specifications+Grading&rft.pages=65-81&rft.date=2023-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003445043-8&rft.isbn=978-1-003-44504-3&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Talbert%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781003445043-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrading+in+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Standards-based_education_reform" title="Template:Standards-based education reform"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Standards-based_education_reform" title="Template talk:Standards-based education reform"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Standards-based_education_reform" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Standards-based education reform"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Standards-based_education_reform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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Spady">William Spady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Tucker" title="Marc Tucker">Marc Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Lev Vygotsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_scheduling" title="Block scheduling">Block scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">Cognitive load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_education)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of education)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmentally_appropriate_practice" title="Developmentally appropriate practice">Developmentally appropriate practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_learning" title="Discovery learning">Discovery learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry-based_learning" title="Inquiry-based learning">Inquiry-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-space_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-space school">Open-space school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcome-based_education" title="Outcome-based education">Outcome-based education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">Problem-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_schools_movement" title="Small schools movement">Small schools movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Values</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Achievement gap in the United States">Achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_equity" title="Educational equity">Educational equity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Learning_standards" title="Learning standards">Learning standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adequate_Yearly_Progress" title="Adequate Yearly Progress">Adequate Yearly Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Initial_Mastery" title="Certificate of Initial Mastery">Certificate of Initial Mastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goals_2000" title="Goals 2000">Goals 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reading_Panel" title="National Reading Panel">National Reading Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Education_Standards" title="National Science Education Standards">National Science Education Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Skill_Standards_Board" title="National Skill Standards Board">National Skill Standards Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_and_Standards_for_School_Mathematics" title="Principles and Standards for School Mathematics">Principles and Standards for School Mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standards-based_assessment" title="Standards-based assessment">Standards-based<br />assessment</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentic_assessment" title="Authentic assessment">Authentic assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion-referenced_test" title="Criterion-referenced test">Criterion-referenced test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm-referenced_test" title="Norm-referenced test">Norm-referenced test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_school_graduation_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="High school graduation examination">High school graduation examination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Standardized tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_standardized_tests_in_the_United_States" title="List of standardized tests in the United States">List of standardized tests in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_testing_and_public_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized testing and public policy">Standardized testing and public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standardized<br />curriculum</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decodable_text" title="Decodable text">Decodable text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_instruction" title="Direct instruction">Direct instruction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_reading" title="Guided reading">Guided reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture">Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonics" title="Phonics">Phonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">Rote learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_algorithms" title="Standard algorithms">Standard algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(education)" title="Tracking (education)">Tracking (education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_education" title="Traditional education">Traditional education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_mathematics" title="Traditional mathematics">Traditional mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_language" title="Whole language">Whole language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18185#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18185#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18185#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Notengebung"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075504-6">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grading and marking (Students)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85056170">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535905805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grading"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637554">NARA</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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