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height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Icon_tools.svg/53px-Icon_tools.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Icon_tools.svg/70px-Icon_tools.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This page's <a href="/wiki/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">infobox</a> may require expansion, verification, or otherwise need cleanup.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please make sure that the infobox meets <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Wikipedia's guidelines for infoboxes</a>. There might be relevant comments on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Talk:Telecommunications in Turkey">the talk page</a>. You may also want to view the infobox template page to view the full parameter list and read guidance on usage of that infobox.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width:300px; border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:90%; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Communications of Turkey </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/200px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/300px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/400px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Telephones main lines in use:</b> </td> <td>16.5 million, 18th in world (2009),<sup id="cite_ref-cia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12.3 million (Q3 2020) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Telephones mobile cellular:</b> </td> <td>62.8 million, 17th in world (2009),<sup id="cite_ref-cia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 80 million (2018),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 82.2 million (Q3 2020) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Telephone system:</b> </td> <td> <ul><li>Urban Areas: both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay</li> <li>Remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>International service:</b> </td> <td> <ul><li>Three submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia</li> <li>Overland fiber-optic cables connecting Turkey to Greece, Bulgaria, and now also Syria and Iraq</li> <li>12 <a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a> earth stations, and 328 mobile satellite terminals in the <a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a> systems (2002)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (July 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Country calling code:</b> </td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Radio broadcast stations:</b> </td> <td>AM 1, FM 102, shortwave 1 (2014) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Radios:</b> </td> <td>11.3 million (1997)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (July 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Television broadcast stations:</b> </td> <td>635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (July 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Televisions:</b> </td> <td>20.9 million (1997)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (July 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Internet country code:</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.tr" title=".tr">.tr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Internet hosts:</b> </td> <td>3.4 million (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-cia_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Internet Service Providers ISPs:</b> </td> <td>50 (2001) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Internet users:</b> </td> <td>27.2 million (2009),<sup id="cite_ref-cia_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 46 million (2016),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 80.9 million (Q3 2020) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Telecommunications in Turkey</b> provides information about television, radio, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TV_tower,_Istanbul_(_1100239).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TV_tower%2C_Istanbul_%28_1100239%29.jpg/220px-TV_tower%2C_Istanbul_%28_1100239%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TV_tower%2C_Istanbul_%28_1100239%29.jpg/330px-TV_tower%2C_Istanbul_%28_1100239%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TV_tower%2C_Istanbul_%28_1100239%29.jpg/440px-TV_tower%2C_Istanbul_%28_1100239%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2347" data-file-height="3219" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_%C3%87aml%C4%B1ca_TV_Radio_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Küçük Çamlıca TV Radio Tower">Küçük Çamlıca TV Radio Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telecommunications_liberalisation">Telecommunications liberalisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Telecommunications liberalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalisation</a> process started in Turkey in 2004 after the creation of the Telecommunication Authority, and is still ongoing as of May 2013. <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">Private sector</a> companies operate in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">mobile telephony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_distance_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Long distance telephony">long distance telephony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a>. There were 12.3 million (12.300.390) fixed <a href="/wiki/Phone_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone lines">phone lines</a>, 82.2 million (82.795.432) <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> subscribers, and 80.9 million <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> subscribers (10.6 million xDSL, 3.8 million Fibre, 1.2 million Cable, 65 million Mobile) by Q3 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telecommunications liberalisation in Turkey is progressing, but at a slow pace. The Telecommunication Authority (now renamed Bilgi İletişim ve Teknolojileri Kurumu or <a href="/wiki/Bilgi_Teknolojileri_ve_%C4%B0leti%C5%9Fim_Kurumu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu">BTK</a>), while technically an independent organization, is still controlled by the Ministry of Transport and Communications.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While progress is being made (for example, local as well as <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_calling" title="Long-distance calling">long distance</a> calls are now open to competition), the <a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a> has so far managed in many areas to restrict access and protect its <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">wholesale</a> line rental is still not available to alternative operators, making it necessary for <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscribers</a> to pay two bills (one for line rental to the incumbent, and one to the chosen operator). The incumbent has so far managed to prevent any operator from connecting its own <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fiber cable">fiber optic cable</a> at local loop unbundling exchanges, though it is technically required to allow this. Recently, the incumbent announced it is acquiring <a href="/wiki/Invitel" title="Invitel">Invitel</a>, one of only two other players in the inter-city capacity business, raising questions as to how the Turkish Competition Board will treat the acquisition. </p><p>The lack of progress by the BTK in ensuring a competitive playing field can be evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> the incumbent still holds. In broadband, the incumbent's <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">provider</a> still occupies roughly 95% <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">share</a> of the market. The Governmental Audit Office of the President (T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Denetleme Kurulu) issued a highly critical report of the BTK in February 2010, listing 115 findings to be addressed. For example, the report found #20 points out that the BTK has completed only 50% to 78% of its stated work plans in each of the years from 2005-2008.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternative operators are rapidly growing, yet much progress needs to be made by the BTK to improve the competitive landscape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorities">Authorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_regulation_in_Turkey" title="Internet regulation in Turkey">Internet regulation in Turkey</a></div> <p>The political authority is <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport,_Maritime_and_Communication_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport, Maritime and Communication (Turkey)">Ministry of Transport, Maritime and Communication (Turkey)</a> . But there are also two supreme councils; <a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_Supreme_Council" title="Radio and Television Supreme Council">Radio and Television Supreme Council</a> (abbreviated RTÜK) and <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Communication_Technologies_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Communication Technologies Authority">Information and Communication Technologies Authority</a> (abbreviated BTK). While internet and point to point telecommunication is controlled by BTK, radio and television broadcast is controlled by RTÜK. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Made_in_Turkey_mobile_devices">Made in Turkey mobile devices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Made in Turkey mobile devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2021 <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a></i> reported that <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> had started local manufacture a line of mobile phones in Turkey. Samsung is the leader of the Turkish mobile market with 40% market share.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese firm <a href="/wiki/Oppo" title="Oppo">Oppo</a> released their first Made in Turkey smartphone in March 2021 with a retail price around $346. The phone has 64 GB storage, microSD support, 6.5" display and a MediaTek Helio P35 chipset.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registration_and_fees_for_foreign_mobile_devices">Registration and fees for foreign mobile devices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Registration and fees for foreign mobile devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, the Turkish government introduced a requirement for all mobile phones to be registered in order to access Turkish mobile networks; both the user's details as well as the phone's <a href="/wiki/IMEI" class="mw-redirect" title="IMEI">IMEI</a> must be provided.<sup id="cite_ref-vartur_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vartur-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ticaret_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ticaret-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phones that are used in the country for less than 120 days cumulatively are exempted from the registration requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-vartur_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vartur-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This registration requirement "allows the government to track users’ calls, messages, and other phone activities to prevent illegal or dangerous content."<sup id="cite_ref-vartur_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vartur-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Registering a mobile phone purchased abroad also requires the payment of a fee, which is <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkish_lira" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Turkish lira">₺</a>31,692 as of January 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> (about US$930).<sup id="cite_ref-ikamet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikamet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Turkish citizens living abroad are allowed to use foreign-purchases phones for up to 180 days in-country without paying the fee, although registration within 120 days is still required.<sup id="cite_ref-ikamet_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikamet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The registration fees for foreign mobile phones have increased very rapidly since 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-7enews_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7enews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to high fees and taxes, as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> some smartphones cost nearly twice as much as they do in North America and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-residentturkey_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-residentturkey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Foreign mobile device registration fees in Turkey </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date of introduction</th> <th>Fee </th></tr> <tr> <td>2017<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> - November 2018<sup id="cite_ref-3fold_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3fold-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>TL 150 (about US$41) </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 2018<sup id="cite_ref-3fold_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3fold-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>TL 500 (about US$103.55) </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 July 2019<sup id="cite_ref-3fold_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3fold-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>TL 1500 (about US$88.12) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7enews_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7enews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>TL 2,732 (about US$165.09) </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 2023<sup id="cite_ref-turkeytravelplanner_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkeytravelplanner-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7enews_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7enews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>TL 6091 (about US$256.85) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prior to January 2024<sup id="cite_ref-ikamet_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikamet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>TL 20,000 (about US$843.36) </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 2024<sup id="cite_ref-ikamet_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikamet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>TL 31,692 (about US$930) </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 2025<sup id="cite_ref-turkeytravelplanner_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkeytravelplanner-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>TL 45,614 (about US$1,327.98) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Turkey">Media in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Turkey" title="Internet in Turkey">Internet in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">List of radio stations in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_and_television_technology_in_Turkey" title="Radio and television technology in Turkey">Radio and television technology in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Turkey" title="Telephone numbers in Turkey">Telephone numbers in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">Television in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_broadcasting_in_Turkey" title="Timeline of broadcasting in Turkey">Timeline of broadcasting in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_use" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of mobile phones in use">List of countries by number of mobile phones in use</a> Turkey, 19th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_smartphone_penetration" title="List of countries by smartphone penetration">List of countries by smartphone penetration</a> Turkey, 11st</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_telephone_lines_in_use" title="List of countries by number of telephone lines in use">List of countries by number of telephone lines in use</a> Turkey, 17th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile network operators of Europe">List of mobile network operators of Europe</a> Turkey, 5th</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey">"CIA - The World Factbook"</a>. 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href="https://turkeytravelplanner.com/details/communications/registering_mobile_phones_in_turkey.html">"Register Mobile Phones in Turkey"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Register+Mobile+Phones+in+Turkey&rft.date=2024-11-04&rft.au=Tom+Brosnahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkeytravelplanner.com%2Fdetails%2Fcommunications%2Fregistering_mobile_phones_in_turkey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey">CIA World Factbook - Turkey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btk.gov.tr">The BTK - The Turkish Telecoms Authority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telkoder.org.tr/">TELKODER - the Turkish Alternative Operators Association </a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communications in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Communications in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Communications in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Template:Telecommunications in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Telecommunications in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Europe">Telecommunications in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Andorra" title="Telecommunications in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bulgaria" title="Telecommunications in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Denmark" title="Telecommunications in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Poland" title="Telecommunications in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_San_Marino" title="Telecommunications in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Transnistria" title="Telecommunications in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guernsey" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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