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October 1918 – May 1919</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude:_October_1918_–_May_1919-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude: October 1918 – May 1919 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude:_October_1918_–_May_1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conclusion_of_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusion_of_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conclusion of World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusion_of_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armistice_of_Mudros_and_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armistice_of_Mudros_and_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Armistice of Mudros and occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armistice_of_Mudros_and_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Prelude to resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Armistice_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Armistice_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Armistice era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Armistice_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Armistice era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Armistice_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics_of_de-Ittihadification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_of_de-Ittihadification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Politics of de-Ittihadification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_of_de-Ittihadification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banditry_and_the_refugee_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banditry_and_the_refugee_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Banditry and the refugee crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banditry_and_the_refugee_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mustafa_Kemal's_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mustafa_Kemal's_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mustafa Kemal's mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mustafa_Kemal's_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations_for_Ottoman_partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations_for_Ottoman_partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Negotiations for Ottoman partition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations_for_Ottoman_partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_phase:_May_1919_–_March_1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_phase:_May_1919_–_March_1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organizational phase: May 1919 – March 1920</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizational_phase:_May_1919_–_March_1920-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organizational phase: May 1919 – March 1920 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizational_phase:_May_1919_–_March_1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_landing_at_Smyrna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Greek landing at Smyrna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_landing_at_Smyrna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizing_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizing_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Organizing resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizing_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_through_congresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_through_congresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Consolidation through congresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_through_congresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_Ottoman_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_Ottoman_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Last Ottoman parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_Ottoman_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdictional_conflict:_March_1920_–_January_1921" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdictional_conflict:_March_1920_–_January_1921"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jurisdictional conflict: March 1920 – January 1921</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jurisdictional_conflict:_March_1920_–_January_1921-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jurisdictional conflict: March 1920 – January 1921 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jurisdictional_conflict:_March_1920_–_January_1921-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decapitation_of_the_Istanbul_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decapitation_of_the_Istanbul_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Decapitation of the Istanbul government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decapitation_of_the_Istanbul_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promulgation_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promulgation_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Promulgation of the Grand National Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promulgation_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clashes_in_İzmit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clashes_in_İzmit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Clashes in İzmit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clashes_in_İzmit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Sèvres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Sèvres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Treaty of Sèvres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Sèvres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fighting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fighting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fighting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Southern Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Jazira_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Jazira_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Al-Jazira Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Jazira_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Eastern Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Revolts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Western Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace_negotiations_and_the_Great_Offensive_(1921–1922)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_negotiations_and_the_Great_Offensive_(1921–1922)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Peace negotiations and the Great Offensive (1921–1922)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_negotiations_and_the_Great_Offensive_(1921–1922)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armistice_of_Mudanya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armistice_of_Mudanya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Armistice of Mudanya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armistice_of_Mudanya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Outcome</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outcome subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_the_sultanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_the_sultanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Abolition of the sultanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_the_sultanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Lausanne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Lausanne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Treaty of Lausanne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Lausanne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Establishment of the Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_cleansing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_cleansing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Ethnic cleansing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_cleansing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Chanak_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_the_Chanak_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Aftermath of the Chanak Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Chanak_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Influence on other nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Independencia_turca" title="Guerra d'Independencia turca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra d'Independencia turca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99_%C4%B0stiqlaliyy%C9%99t_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Türkiyə İstiqlaliyyət müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkiyə İstiqlaliyyət müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="تورکیه قورتولوش ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکیه قورتولوش ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="তুরস্কের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুরস্কের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D3%99_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%A1%D2%BB%D0%BE%D2%99%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%BE_%D3%A9%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Төркиә бойондороҡһоҙлоғо өсөн һуғыш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркиә бойондороҡһоҙлоғо өсөн һуғыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Вайна за незалежнасць Турцыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна за незалежнасць Турцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Турска война за независимост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турска война за независимост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turski_rat_za_nezavisnost" title="Turski rat za nezavisnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turski rat za nezavisnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Independ%C3%A8ncia_Turca" title="Guerra d'Independència Turca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra d'Independència Turca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tureck%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_za_nez%C3%A1vislost" title="Turecká válka za nezávislost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turecká válka za nezávislost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiske_uafh%C3%A6ngighedskrig" title="Tyrkiske uafhængighedskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyrkiske uafhængighedskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkischer_Befreiungskrieg" title="Türkischer Befreiungskrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Türkischer Befreiungskrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgi_Vabaduss%C3%B5da" title="Türgi Vabadussõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türgi Vabadussõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Τουρκικός Πόλεμος της Ανεξαρτησίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκικός Πόλεμος της Ανεξαρτησίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independencia_turca" title="Guerra de Independencia turca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Independencia turca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_por_Turka_Sendependi%C4%9Do" title="Milito por Turka Sendependiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milito por Turka Sendependiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiako_Independentzia_Gerra" title="Turkiako Independentzia Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkiako Independentzia Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="جنگ استقلال ترکیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ استقلال ترکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_turque" title="Guerre d'indépendance turque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre d'indépendance turque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="튀르키예 독립 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예 독립 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Թուրքիայի անկախության պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքիայի անկախության պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="तुर्की का स्वतंत्रता संग्राम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्की का स्वतंत्रता संग्राम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turski_rat_za_nezavisnost" title="Turski rat za nezavisnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turski rat za nezavisnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kemerdekaan_Turki" title="Perang Kemerdekaan Turki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Kemerdekaan Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27indipendenza_turca" title="Guerra d'indipendenza turca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra d'indipendenza turca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת העצמאות של טורקיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת העצמאות של טורקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kamardikan_Turki" title="Perang Kamardikan Turki – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Kamardikan Turki" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1" title="თურქეთის ომი დამოუკიდებლობისთვის – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქეთის ომი დამოუკიდებლობისთვის" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Rizgariya_Tirkiyey%C3%AA" title="Şerê Rizgariya Tirkiyeyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Rizgariya Tirkiyeyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcijas_neatkar%C4%ABbas_kar%C5%A1" title="Turcijas neatkarības karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turcijas neatkarības karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_f%C3%BCggetlens%C3%A9gi_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Török függetlenségi háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Török függetlenségi háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Турска војна за независност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Турска војна за независност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ترکیه استقلال جنگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ترکیه استقلال جنگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Туркийн тусгаар тогтнолын дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Туркийн тусгаар тогтнолын дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkse_Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" title="Turkse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="トルコ革命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコ革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_tyrkiske_frigj%C3%B8ringskrigen" title="Den tyrkiske frigjøringskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den tyrkiske frigjøringskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ترک جنگ آزادی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترک جنگ آزادی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د ترکیې د خپلواکۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ترکیې د خپلواکۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_o_niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87_Turcji" title="Wojna o niepodległość Turcji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna o niepodległość Turcji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independ%C3%AAncia_da_Turquia" title="Guerra de Independência da Turquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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For the 1908 revolution, see <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Turkish_War_of_Independence##" title="Talk:Turkish War of Independence">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Turkish War of Independence</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a><br />in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%BCrk_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_-_kolaj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/T%C3%BCrk_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_-_kolaj.jpg/300px-T%C3%BCrk_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_-_kolaj.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/T%C3%BCrk_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_-_kolaj.jpg/450px-T%C3%BCrk_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_-_kolaj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/T%C3%BCrk_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_-_kolaj.jpg/600px-T%C3%BCrk_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_-_kolaj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="621" /></a></span><br /><b>Clockwise from top left</b>: Delegation gathered in <a href="/wiki/Sivas_Congress" title="Sivas Congress">Sivas Congress</a> to determine the objectives of the Turkish National Movement; Turkish civilians carrying ammunition to the front; <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a> infantry; Turkish horse cavalry in chase; Turkish Army's <a href="/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna" title="Turkish capture of Smyrna">capture of Smyrna</a>; troops in Ankara's <a href="/wiki/Ulus_Square" title="Ulus Square">Ulus Square</a> preparing to leave for the front.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" title="Greek landing at Smyrna">19 May 1919</a> – <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">11 October 1922</a> (armistice)<br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">24 July 1923</a> (peace)<br />(4 years, 2 months and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Turkish victory<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish Nationalists</a></b>:<br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara Government</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Representation" title="Committee of Representation">1919–1920</a>; 1920–1923)</span> </p> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><b>Also</b>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Azerbaijan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">1918–1920</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Aras.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Aras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Aras.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Aras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Aras.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Aras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Aras" title="Republic of Aras">Aras Republic</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1919)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Mill%C3%AE_Cumhuriyeti" class="extiw" title="tr:Iğdır Millî Cumhuriyeti">Iğdır National Republic</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1920)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="684" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Government_of_the_Southwestern_Caucasus" title="Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus">Provisional Kars Government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1919)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/23px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/35px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/45px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Seyyare" title="Kuva-yi Seyyare">Green Army</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1919–1920)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltu_%C5%9Eura_H%C3%BCk%C3%BBmeti" class="extiw" title="tr:Oltu Şura Hükûmeti">Oltu Council Government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1919–1920)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022204–206_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022204–206-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_state_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Kurdish state (1918–1919)">1919</a>; 1921–1923)</span> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><b>Supported by</b>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a><sup id="cite_ref-jelavich_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jelavich-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a><sup id="cite_ref-UDer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281920-1921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281920-1921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281920-1921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281920-1921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281920-1921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281920-1921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="1135" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan PSR</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_bbb"><a href="#endnote_bbb">[b]</a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/23px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/35px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/45px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Indian Muslims</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Afghanistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a></b>:<br /><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span><br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">until 1921</a>)</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_ccc"><a href="#endnote_ccc">[c]</a></sup></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-annualmeeting_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualmeeting-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion" title="French Armenian Legion">Armenian Legion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a><sup id="cite_ref-annualmeeting_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualmeeting-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">Morocco</a><sup id="cite_ref-annualmeeting_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualmeeting-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Tunisia">Tunisia</a><sup id="cite_ref-annualmeeting_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualmeeting-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_ddd"><a href="#endnote_ddd">[d]</a></sup></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <span data-sort-value="Armenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenia</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">in 1920</a>)</span><br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><b>Supported by</b>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia" title="Armed Forces of South Russia">Denikin's army</a></li></ul> </div><hr /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Istanbul Government</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_eee"><a href="#endnote_eee">[e]</a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Other pro-Istanbul rebels</a></li></ul> <hr /><b><span data-sort-value="Georgia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/29px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Georgia</a></span></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">in 1921</a>)</span><hr /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><b><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Separatists</a></b>:</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tr_ponto2.gif/23px-Tr_ponto2.gif" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tr_ponto2.gif/35px-Tr_ponto2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tr_ponto2.gif/45px-Tr_ponto2.gif 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="217" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greek</a> rebels</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Kurdish rebels</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_volunteers" title="Assyrian volunteers">Assyrian rebels</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/23px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/35px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/45px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Seyyare" title="Kuva-yi Seyyare">Green Army</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87erkez_Ethem_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Çerkez Ethem Ayaklanması">1920–1921</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal Pasha">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Fevzi_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Fevzi Pasha">Mustafa Fevzi Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">Mustafa İsmet Pasha</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaz%C4%B1m_Karabekir" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazım Karabekir">Kazım Karabekir Pasha</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_Altay" title="Fahrettin Altay">Fahrettin Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Refet_Bele" title="Refet Bele">Refet Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nureddin_Pasha" title="Nureddin Pasha">Nureddin Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C4%B0hsan_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali İhsan Pasha">Ali İhsan Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Topal_Osman" title="Topal Osman">Osman the Lame</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/23px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/35px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/45px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%87erkes_Ethem" title="Çerkes Ethem">Ethem the Circassian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1920)</span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Paraskevopoulos" title="Leonidas Paraskevopoulos">Leonidas Paraskevopoulos</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Gounaris" title="Dimitrios Gounaris">Dimitrios Gounaris</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Papoulas" title="Anastasios Papoulas">Anastasios Papoulas</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Hatzianestis" title="Georgios Hatzianestis">Georgios Hatzianestis</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia"><img alt="First Republic of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Drastamat_Kanayan" title="Drastamat Kanayan">Drastamat Kanayan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia"><img alt="First Republic of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Movses_Silikyan" title="Movses Silikyan">Movses Silikyan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Milne,_1st_Baron_Milne" title="George Milne, 1st Baron Milne">Sir George Milne</a><br /><hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg/23px-Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg/35px-Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg/46px-Imperial_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Damat Ferid Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_%C5%9Eefik_Pasha" title="Süleyman Şefik Pasha">Süleyman Şefik Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anzavur_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Anzavur Ahmed Pasha">Anzavur Ahmed Pasha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/23px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/35px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rectangular_green_flag.svg/45px-Rectangular_green_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%87erkes_Ethem" title="Çerkes Ethem">Ethem the Circassian</a><hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali%C5%9Fer" title="Alişer">Alişer</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> May 1919: 35,000<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />November 1920: 86,000<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(creation of <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular army</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-tgs1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tgs1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />August 1922: 271,000<sup id="cite_ref-celalridvan_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celalridvan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Dec. 1919: 80,000<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><span class="nowrap">1922: 200,000<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–250,000<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 60,000<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 30,000<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia"><img alt="First Republic of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 20,000<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 7,000 <span style="font-size:85%;">(at peak)</span><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> 13,000 killed<sup id="cite_ref-fleet_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fleet-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />22,690 died of disease<sup id="cite_ref-selek1963_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selek1963-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />5,362 died of wounds or other non-combat causes<sup id="cite_ref-selek1963_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selek1963-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />35,000 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-fleet_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fleet-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />7,000 prisoners<sup id="cite_ref-ahmet_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahmet-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_fff"><a href="#endnote_fff">[f]</a></sup><br /><b>Total:</b> 83,052 casualties</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 24,240 killed<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />18,095 missing<br />48,880 wounded<br />4,878 died outside of combat<br />13,740 prisoners<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia"><img alt="First Republic of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 1,100+ killed<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />3,000+ prisoners<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> ~7,000<br /><b>Total:</b> 116,055 casualties</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 264,000 <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek civilians killed</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />60,000–250,000 <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian civilians killed</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dad360-361_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dad360-361-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />15,000+ Turkish civilians killed in the Western Front<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />30,000+ buildings and 250+ villages burnt to the ground by the Hellenic Army and Greek/Armenian rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Notes</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_aaa"><b><a href="#ref_aaa">^</a></b></span> a. Kuva-yi Milliye came under command of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Grand National Assembly</a> after 4 September 1920.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_bbb"><b><a href="#ref_bbb">^</a></b></span> b. Italy occupied Constantinople and a part of southwestern Anatolia but never fought the Turkish army directly. During its occupation Italian troops protected Turkish civilians, who were living in the areas occupied by the Italian army, from Greek troops and accepted Turkish refugees who had to flee from the regions invaded by the Greek army.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1921 Italy began to withdraw its troops from southwestern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ccc"><b><a href="#ref_ccc">^</a></b></span> c. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara</a> was signed in 1921 and the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> thus ended. The French troops remained in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> with the other Allied troops.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ddd"><b><a href="#ref_ddd">^</a></b></span> d. The United Kingdom occupied Constantinople, then fought directly against <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Turkish irregular forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Greek Summer Offensive</a> with the Greek troops. However, after this the United Kingdom would not take part in any more major fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the British troops occupied several towns in Turkey such as <a href="/wiki/Mudanya" title="Mudanya">Mudanya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Naval landing forces</a> had tried to capture Mudanya as early as 25 June 1920, but stubborn Turkish resistance inflicted casualties on British forces and forced them to withdraw. There were many instances of successful delaying operations of small Turkish irregular forces against numerical superior enemy troops.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom, which also fought diplomatically against the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a>, came to the brink of a great war in September 1922 (<a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_eee"><b><a href="#ref_eee">^</a></b></span> e. The Ottoman controlled <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">Kuva-yi Inzibatiye</a> ("Caliphate Army") fought the Turkish revolutionaries during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Greek Summer Offensive</a> and the Ottoman government in Constantinople supported other <a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">revolts</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ahmet_Anzavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur">Anzavur</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_fff"><b><a href="#ref_fff">^</a></b></span> f. Greece took 22,071 military and civilian prisoners. Of these were 520 officers and 6,002 soldiers. During the prisoner exchange in 1923, 329 officers, 6,002 soldiers and 9,410 civilian prisoners arrived in Turkey. The remaining 6,330, mostly civilian prisoners, presumably died in Greek captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-ahmet_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahmet-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Theaters_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Theaters of the Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Theaters_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Theaters of the Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_War_ofIndependence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="padding:0.2em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish War of<br />Independence</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid" title="Şehzadebaşı raid">Şehzadebaşı</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akba%C5%9F_arms_depot_raid" title="Akbaş arms depot raid">Akbaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_clashes_(1920)" title="Samsun clashes (1920)">1920 Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">1920 Summer Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar_uprising" title="Tal Afar uprising">Tal Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" title="Greek landing at Smyrna">1st Smyrna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">Occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urla_Clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Urla Clashes">Urla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malga%C3%A7_Raid" title="Malgaç Raid">Malgaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergama" title="Battle of Bergama">Bergama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erbeyli" title="Raid on Erbeyli">Erbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erikli" title="Raid on Erikli">Erikli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tellidede" title="Battle of Tellidede">Tellidede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Battle of Aydın">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">1920 Summer Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gediz" title="Battle of the Gediz">Gediz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">1st İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">2nd İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir">Kütahya–Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Dumlupınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Liberation of Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna" title="Turkish capture of Smyrna">2nd Smyrna</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oltu" title="Battle of Oltu">Oltu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish_(1920)" title="Battle of Sarikamish (1920)">Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1920)" title="Battle of Kars (1920)">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandropol" title="Battle of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash" title="Battle of Marash">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urfa" title="Battle of Urfa">Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aintab" title="Siege of Aintab">Aintab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1_ambush" title="Karboğazı ambush">Karboğazı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kovanba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Battle of Kovanbaşı">Kovanbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kanl%C4%B1_Ge%C3%A7it" title="Battle of Kanlı Geçit">Kanlıgeçit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fad%C4%B1l" title="Battle of Fadıl">Fadıl</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ahmet_Anzavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur">Ahmet Anzavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">İzmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geyve" title="Battle of Geyve">Geyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87apano%C4%9Flu_Uprising" title="Çapanoğlu Uprising">Yozgat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_rebellion" title="Konya rebellion">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Koçgiri</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b>Naval</b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">1922 Samsun</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhairi_Black" title="Mhairi Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Campbell" title="Ronnie Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flynn_(politician)" title="Paul Flynn (politician)">Flynn (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Greer" title="Ross Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(54–51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1531)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1698)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1755)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1787–1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> The <b>Turkish War of Independence</b><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was occupied and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">partitioned</a> following its defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The conflict was between the Turkish Nationalists against <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">separatist</a> forces over the application of <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Wilsonian principles</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, in post-World War I <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">eastern Thrace</a>. The revolution concluded the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">collapse of the Ottoman Empire</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Ottoman sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Ottoman caliphate</a>, and establishing the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>. This resulted in the transfer of sovereignty from the sultan-caliph to the <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">nation</a>, setting the stage for <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">nationalist revolutionary reform</a> in Republican Turkey.</p><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Revolutions_of1917–1923" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Template:Campaignbox Revolutions of 1917–1923"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Revolutions of 1917–1923"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Revolutions of 1917–1923"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revolutions_of1917–1923" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of<br />1917–1923</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <dl><dt>1917</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistolerismo" title="Pistolerismo">Pistolerismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">French Army mutinies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Potato_riots" title="1917 Potato riots">Potato riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_disturbance_at_the_Brisbane_School_of_Arts" title="Conscription disturbance at the Brisbane School of Arts">Conscription disturbance at the Brisbane School of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Australian_general_strike" title="1917 Australian general strike">Australian general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89taples_mutiny" title="Étaples mutiny">Étaples mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917%E2%80%931919_Brazil_strike_movement" title="1917–1919 Brazil strike movement">Brazil strike movement</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1918</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_strike_of_January_1918" title="Austro-Hungarian strike of January 1918">Austro-Hungarian strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_strike_of_January_1918" title="German strike of January 1918">German strike of January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattaro_mutiny" title="Cattaro mutiny">Cattaro mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_riots_of_1918" title="Rice riots of 1918">Rice riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_British_police_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="1918–19 British police strikes">British police strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Revolt" title="Canadian Labour Revolt">Canadian Labour Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Week_(Netherlands)" title="Red Week (Netherlands)">Red Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Swiss_general_strike" title="1918 Swiss general strike">Swiss general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_protest_in_Zagreb" title="1918 protest in Zagreb">1918 protest in Zagreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_rebellion" title="Darwin rebellion">Darwin rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1919</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Uprising" title="Christmas Uprising">Christmas Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Argentina)" title="Tragic Week (Argentina)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Southampton_mutiny" title="1919 Southampton mutiny">Southampton mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Canadenca_strike" title="La Canadenca strike">La Canadenca strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmel_Park_mutiny" title="Kinmel Park mutiny">Kinmel Park mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_mutiny" title="Black Sea mutiny">Black Sea mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919" title="Alawite revolt of 1919">Alawite revolt of 1919</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sette_Giugno" title="Sette Giugno">Sette Giugno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_riot" title="Epsom riot">Epsom riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Peace_Day_Riots" title="Luton Peace Day Riots">Luton Peace Day Riots</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1920</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_uprising" title="Ruhr uprising">Ruhr uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia_Rebelde" title="Patagonia Rebelde">Patagonia Rebelde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husino_rebellion" title="Husino rebellion">Husino rebellion</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1921</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Action" title="March Action">March Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Hungary%27s_attempts_to_retake_the_throne" title="Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne">Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_West_Hungary" title="Uprising in West Hungary">Uprising in West Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1922</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenente_revolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenente revolts">Tenente revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1923</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1923_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1923 Bulgarian coup d'état">1923 Bulgarian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Uprising" title="September Uprising">September Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCstrin_Putsch" title="Küstrin Putsch">Küstrin Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_October" title="German October">German October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Uprising" title="Hamburg Uprising">Hamburg Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Krak%C3%B3w_riot" title="1923 Kraków riot">Kraków riot</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>While World War I ended for the Ottomans with the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> continued occupying land per the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a>, and to facilitate the prosecution of former members of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> and those involved in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Avedian_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avedian-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman commanders therefore refused orders from the Allies and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_late_Ottoman_Empire" title="Government of the late Ottoman Empire">Ottoman government</a> to disband their forces. In an atmosphere of turmoil, <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a> dispatched well-respected general <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk)</a>, to restore order; however, he became an enabler and leader of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish Nationalist resistance</a>. In an attempt to establish control over the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Allies agreed to launch a Greek <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> force and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">occupy Smyrna</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>), inflaming sectarian tensions and beginning the Turkish War of Independence. A nationalist <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">counter government</a> led by Mustafa Kemal was established in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> when it became clear the Ottoman government was <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasing</a> the Allies. The Allies pressured the Ottoman "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istanbul government (page does not exist)">Istanbul government</a>" to suspend the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Ottoman Empire">Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Parliament</a>, and sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, a treaty unfavorable to Turkish interests that the "<a href="/wiki/Ankara_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara government">Ankara government</a>" declared illegal. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syrian forces</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">French in the south</a>, and remobilized army units went on to <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">partition Armenia</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Bolsheviks</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a> (1921). The Western Front is known as the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet Pasha (İnönü)</a>'s organization of militia into a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">regular army</a> paid off when Ankara forces fought the Greeks in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">Second Battle of İnönü</a>. The Greeks emerged victorious in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir">Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir</a> and drove on Ankara. The Turks checked their advance in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Battle of Sakarya</a> and counter-attacked in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a>, which expelled Greek forces. The war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna" title="Turkish capture of Smyrna">recapture of İzmir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a> and another <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">armistice in Mudanya</a>. </p><p>The Grand National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as the legitimate Turkish government, which signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, a treaty more favorable to Turkey than Sèvres. The Allies evacuated Anatolia and eastern Thrace, the Ottoman government was overthrown, the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">monarchy abolished</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> on 29 October 1923. With the war, a <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">abolition of the sultanate</a>, the Ottoman era came to an end, and with <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a>, the Turks created the secular nation of Turkey. Turkey's demographics were significantly impacted by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> and deportations of Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian <a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rum people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandisAlbert2012264_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandisAlbert2012264-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish Nationalist Movement carried out massacres and deportations to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> populations—a continuation of the genocide and <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">other ethnic cleansing</a> during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian presence in Anatolia was largely destroyed; Muslims went from 80% to 98% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandisAlbert2012264_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandisAlbert2012264-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <p>Following the chaotic politics of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a>, the Ottoman Empire came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> in a <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">coup</a> in 1913, and then further consolidated its control after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha" title="Mahmud Shevket Pasha">Mahmud Shevket Pasha</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Founded as a radical revolutionary group seeking to prevent a collapse of the Ottoman Empire, by the eve of World War I it decided that the solution was to implement nationalist and centralizing policies. The CUP reacted to the losses of land and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Muslim_genocide_during_the_Balkan_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Muslim genocide during the Balkan Wars (page does not exist)">expulsion of Muslims</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> by turning even more nationalistic. Part of its effort to consolidate power was to <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscribe</a> and exile opposition politicians from the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party" title="Freedom and Accord Party">Freedom and Accord Party</a> to remote <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinop</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Unionists</a> brought the Ottoman Empire into <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on the side of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, during which a genocidal campaign was waged against Ottoman Christians, namely <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a>. It was based on <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide#Alleged_Armenian_conspiracy" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">an alleged conspiracy</a> that the three groups would rebel on the side of the Allies, so <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a> was applied. A similar suspicion and suppression from the Turkish nationalist government was directed towards the Arab and Kurdish populations, leading to localized rebellions. The <a href="/wiki/Entente_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente powers">Entente powers</a> reacted to these developments by charging the CUP leaders, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a>, with "<a href="/wiki/May_1915_Triple_Entente_declaration" title="May 1915 Triple Entente declaration">crimes against humanity</a>" and threatened accountability. They also had imperialist ambitions on Ottoman territory, with correspondence over a post-war settlement in the Ottoman Empire being leaked to the press as the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a>. Russia's <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">exit</a> from World War I and descent into <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a> was driven in part by the Ottoman closure of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_straits" title="Turkish straits">Turkish straits</a> to goods bound for <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. A new imperative was given to the Entente powers to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war and restart the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a>. </p><p>World War I would be the nail in the coffin of <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a>, an imperialist and multicultural nationalism. Mistreatment of non-Turk groups after 1913, and the general context of great socio-political upheaval that occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a>, meant many minorities now wished to divorce their future from imperialism to form futures of their own by separating into (often <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a>) <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022101_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022101-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude:_October_1918_–_May_1919"><span id="Prelude:_October_1918_.E2.80.93_May_1919"></span>Prelude: October 1918 – May 1919</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclusion_of_World_War_I">Conclusion of World War I</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0kdam,_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg/220px-%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg/330px-%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg/440px-%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>Front page of <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0kdam" title="İkdam">İkdam</a></i> on 4 November 1918, "The <a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a> Escaped"</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire in World War I</a></div><p>In the summer months of 1918, the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> realized that the <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a> was lost, including the Ottomans'. Almost simultaneously the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Palestinian Front</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian Front collapsed</a>. The sudden decision by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to sign an <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">armistice</a> cut communications from Constantinople (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">İstanbul</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and opened the undefended Ottoman capital to Entente attack. With the major fronts crumbling, Unionist <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talât Pasha</a> intended to sign an armistice, and resigned on 8 October 1918 so that a new government would receive less harsh armistice terms. The <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was signed on 30 October 1918, ending World War I for the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP)—which governed the Ottoman Empire as a one-party state since <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913</a>—held its last congress, where it was decided the party would be dissolved. Talât, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Cemal Pasha</a>, and five other high-ranking members of the CUP escaped the Ottoman Empire on a German torpedo boat later that night, plunging the country into a power vacuum. </p><p>The armistice was signed because the Ottoman Empire had been defeated in important fronts, but the military was intact and retreated in good order. Unlike other Central Powers, the Allies did not mandate an abdication of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">imperial family</a> as a condition for peace, nor did they request the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman Army</a> to dissolve its <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">general staff</a>. Though the army suffered from mass <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a> throughout the war which led to <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">banditry</a>, there was no threat of mutiny or revolutions like in <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, or <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Russia</a>. This is despite famine and economic collapse that was brought on by the extreme levels of <a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">mobilization</a>, destruction from the war, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">disease</a>, and mass murder since 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022101_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022101-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the Turkish nationalist policies pursued by the CUP against Ottoman Christians by 1918 the Ottoman Empire held control over a mostly homogeneous land of Muslims from <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">eastern Thrace</a> to the Persian border. These included mostly <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacir groups</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumeli</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Muslim Arabs</a> were now outside of the Ottoman Empire and under Allied occupation, with some "imperialists" still loyal to the Ottoman Sultanate-Caliphate, and others wishing for independence or Allied protection under a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Sizable Greek and Armenian minorities remained within its borders, and most of these communities no longer wished to remain under the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002189_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002189-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armistice_of_Mudros_and_occupation">Armistice of Mudros and occupation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg/220px-Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg/330px-Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg/440px-Occupation_of_Constantinople_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Allied occupation troops marching at the Grande Rue de Péra (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 October 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was signed between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a>, bringing hostilities in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a> to an end. The Ottoman Army was to demobilize, its <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Airforce" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Airforce">air force</a> handed to the Allies, and occupied territory in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> to be evacuated. Critically, Article VII granted the Allies the right to occupy forts controlling the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> and the vague right to occupy "in case of disorder" any territory if there were a threat to security. The clause relating to the occupation of the straits was meant to secure a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia_intervention" title="Southern Russia intervention">Southern Russian intervention force</a>, while the rest of the article was used to allow for Allied controlled <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peace-keeping</a> forces. There was also a hope to follow through punishing local actors that carried out exterminatory orders from the CUP government against <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenian Ottomans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For now, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">House of Osman</a> escaped the fates of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollerns</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanovs</a> to continue ruling their empire, though at the cost of its remaining sovereignty. </p><p>On 13 November 1918, a French brigade entered Constantinople to begin a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">occupation of the Ottoman capital</a> and its immediate dependencies. This was followed by a fleet consisting of British, French, Italian and Greek ships deploying soldiers on the ground the next day, totaling 50,000 troops in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allied Powers stated that the occupation was temporary and its purpose was to protect the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">monarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">caliphate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">minorities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Arthur_Gough-Calthorpe" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe">Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe</a>—the British signatory of the Mudros Armistice—stated the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a>'s public position that they had no intention to dismantle the Ottoman government or place it under military occupation by "occupying Constantinople".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, dismantling the government and partitioning the Ottoman Empire among the Allied nations had been an objective of the Entente since the start of WWI.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wave of seizures took place in the rest of the country in the following months. Citing Article VII, British forces demanded that Turkish troops evacuate <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, claiming that Christian civilians in Mosul and <a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a> were killed en masse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002191_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002191-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Caucasus, Britain established a presence in <a href="/wiki/Menshevik_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik Georgia">Menshevik Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lori_Province" title="Lori Province">Lori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a> valleys as <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peace-keepers</a>. On 14 November, joint Franco-Greek occupation was established in the town of <a href="/wiki/Uzunk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC" title="Uzunköprü">Uzunköprü</a> in eastern Thrace as well as the railway axis until the train station of <a href="/wiki/Had%C4%B1mk%C3%B6y_(Metrobus)" title="Hadımköy (Metrobus)">Hadımköy</a> on the outskirts of Constantinople. On 1 December, British troops based in Syria occupied <a href="/wiki/Kilis" title="Kilis">Kilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Marash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birecik" title="Birecik">Birecik</a>. Beginning in December, French troops began successive seizures of the <a href="/wiki/Adana_vilayet" title="Adana vilayet">province of Adana</a>, including the towns of <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye" title="Osmaniye">Osmaniye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2hiye" class="mw-redirect" title="İslâhiye">İslâhiye</a>, incorporating the area into the <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration North</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while French forces embarked by <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> and sent troops to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> ports of <a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karadeniz_Ere%C4%9Fli" title="Karadeniz Ereğli">Karadeniz Ereğli</a> commanding Turkey's coal mining region. These continued seizures of land prompted Ottoman commanders to refuse demobilization and prepare for the resumption of war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_to_resistance">Prelude to resistance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg/220px-Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg/330px-Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Kemal Pasha in 1918, then an Ottoman army general</figcaption></figure><p>The British similarly asked <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk)</a> to turn over the port of Alexandretta (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a>), which he reluctantly did, following which he was recalled to Constantinople. He made sure to distribute weapons to the population to prevent them from falling into the hands of Allied forces. Some of these weapons were smuggled to the east by members of <a href="/wiki/Karakol_society" title="Karakol society">Karakol</a>, a successor to the CUP's <a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a>, to be used in case resistance was necessary in Anatolia. Many Ottoman officials participated in efforts to conceal from the occupying authorities details of the burgeoning independence movement spreading throughout Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002192_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002192-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other commanders began refusing orders from the Ottoman government and the Allied powers. After Mustafa Kemal Pasha returned to Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Pasha (Cebesoy)</a> brought <a href="/wiki/XX_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)#After_Mudros" title="XX Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XX Corps</a> under his command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002207_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002207-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He marched first to <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> to organise resistance groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%87etes" class="mw-redirect" title="Çetes">çetes</a> he assembled with guerilla leader <a href="/wiki/%C3%87erkes_Ethem" title="Çerkes Ethem">Çerkes Ethem</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kazım Karabekir Pasha</a> refused to surrender his intact and powerful <a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XV Corps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002208_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002208-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evacuating from the Caucusus, puppet republics and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_uprisings_in_Kars_and_Sharur%E2%80%93Nakhichevan" title="Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan">Muslim militia groups</a> were established in the army's wake to hamper the consolidation of the new <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenian</a> state. Elsewhere in the country, regional nationalist resistance organizations known as <i>Şuras</i> –meaning "councils", not unlike <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a></i> in revolutionary Russia– were founded, most incorperating themselves into the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Defence of National Rights movement</a> which protested continued Allied occupation and appeasement by the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022128_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022128-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Armistice_era">The Armistice era</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCtareke_(d%C3%B6nem)" class="extiw" title="tr:Mütareke (dönem)">tr:Mütareke (dönem)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_of_de-Ittihadification">Politics of de-Ittihadification</h3></div> <p>Following the occupation of Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI Vahdettin</a> dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a> which was dominated by Unionists <a href="/wiki/1914_Ottoman_general_election" title="1914 Ottoman general election">elected back in 1914</a>, promising elections for the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002201_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002201-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vahdettin just ascended to the throne only months earlier with the death of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V_Re%C5%9Fad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed V Reşad">Mehmed V Reşad</a>. He was disgusted with the policies of the CUP, and wished to be a more assertive sovereign than his diseased half brother. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenian Ottomans</a> declared the termination of their relationship with the Ottoman Empire through their respective <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a>, and refused to partake in any future election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002210_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002210-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the collapse of the CUP and its censorship regime, an outpouring of condemnation against the party came from all parts of <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Media of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras202294_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras202294-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg/220px-Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg/330px-Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg/440px-Damad_Ferid_Pasha_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Ferid Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damat" title="Damat">damat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">royal family</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A general amnesty was soon issued, allowing the exiled and imprisoned dissidents persecuted by the CUP to return to Constantinople. Vahdettin invited the pro-<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Palace</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Damat Ferid Pasha</a> to form a government, whose members quickly set out to purge the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Unionists</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_late_Ottoman_Empire" title="Government of the late Ottoman Empire">Ottoman government</a>. Ferid Pasha hoped that his <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophilia</a> and an attitude of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> would induce less harsh peace terms from the Allied powers. However, his appointment was problematic for the Unionists, many being members of the liquidated committee that were surely to face trial. Years of corruption, unconstitutional acts, war profiteering, and enrichment from ethnic cleansing and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">genocide</a> by the Unionists soon became basis of <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Ottoman_war_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals">war crimes trials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_trials_of_1919%E2%80%931920" title="Istanbul trials of 1919–1920">courts martial trials held in Constantinople</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While many leading Unionists were sentenced lengthy prison sentences, many made sure to escape the country before Allied occupation or to regions that the government now had minimal control over; thus most were sentenced <i><a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a></i>. The Allies encouragement of the proceedings and the use of British <a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Malta</a> as their holding ground made the trials unpopular. The partisan nature of the trials was not lost on observers either.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras202296_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras202296-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hanging of the <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">Kaymakam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazl%C4%B1yan" title="Boğazlıyan">Boğazlıyan</a> district <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet Kemal">Mehmed Kemal</a> resulted in a demonstration against the courts martials trials. </p><p>With all the chaotic politics in the capital and uncertainty of the severity of the incoming peace treaty, many Ottomans looked to Washington with the hope that the application of <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Wilsonian principles</a> would mean Constantinople would stay Turkish, as Muslims outnumbered Christians 2:1. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> never declared war on the Ottoman Empire, so many imperial elite believed Washington could be a neutral arbiter that could fix the empire's problems. <a href="/wiki/Halide_Edib_Ad%C4%B1var" title="Halide Edib Adıvar">Halide Edip (Adıvar)</a> and her <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Prensipleri_Cemiyeti" class="extiw" title="tr:Wilson Prensipleri Cemiyeti">Wilsonian Principles Society</a> led the movement that advocated for the empire to be governed by an American <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations Mandate</a> (see <a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States during the Turkish War of Independence</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras202297_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras202297-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American diplomats attempted to ascertain a role they could play in the area with the <a href="/wiki/Harbord_Commission" title="Harbord Commission">Harbord</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commissions</a>. However, with the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s health, the United States diplomatically withdrew from the Middle East to focus on Europe, leaving the Entente powers to construct a post-Ottoman <a href="/wiki/International_order" title="International order">order</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banditry_and_the_refugee_crisis">Banditry and the refugee crisis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_G%C3%B6%C3%A7menleri_Sirkeci%27de_(1912).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balkan_G%C3%B6%C3%A7menleri_Sirkeci%27de_%281912%29.jpg/220px-Balkan_G%C3%B6%C3%A7menleri_Sirkeci%27de_%281912%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balkan_G%C3%B6%C3%A7menleri_Sirkeci%27de_%281912%29.jpg/330px-Balkan_G%C3%B6%C3%A7menleri_Sirkeci%27de_%281912%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balkan_G%C3%B6%C3%A7menleri_Sirkeci%27de_%281912%29.jpg/440px-Balkan_G%C3%B6%C3%A7menleri_Sirkeci%27de_%281912%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> waiting to cross the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosphorus</a> to Anatolia, <a href="/wiki/Sirkeci" title="Sirkeci">Sirkeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>The Entente would have arrived at Constantinople to discover an administration attempting to deal with decades of accumulated refugee crisis. The new government issued a proclamation allowing for deportees to <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">return to their homes</a>, but many Greeks and Armenians found their old homes occupied by desperate <a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Rumelian and Caucasian Muslim refugees</a> which were settled in their properties during the First World War. Ethnic conflict restarted in Anatolia; government officials responsible for resettling Christian refugees often assisted Muslim refugees in these disputes, prompting European powers to continue bringing Ottoman territory under their control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002193,_197,_210,_212,_213_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002193,_197,_210,_212,_213-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022103_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022103-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 800,000 Ottoman Christian refugees, approximately over half returned to their homes by 1920. Meanwhile 1.4 million refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> would pass through the Turkish straits and Anatolia, with 150,000 <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigrés</a> choosing to settle in Istanbul for short or long term (see <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Crimea" title="Evacuation of the Crimea">Evacuation of the Crimea</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022104_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022104-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many provinces were simply depopulated from years of fighting, conscription, and ethnic cleansing (see <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties of World War I</a>). The province of <a href="/wiki/Yozgat" title="Yozgat">Yozgat</a> lost 50% of its Muslim population from conscription, while according to the governor of <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>, almost 95% of its prewar residents were dead or <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022102–105_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022102–105-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Administration in much of the Anatolian and Thracian countryside would soon all but collapse by 1919. Army deserters who turned to <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">banditry</a> essentially controlled fiefdoms with tacit approval from bureaucrats and local elites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras201434_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras201434-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An amnesty issued in late 1918 saw these bandits strengthen their positions and fight amongst each other instead of returning to civilian life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022108_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022108-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Turkey" title="Circassians in Turkey">Circassian</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">muhacirs</a> resettled by the government in northwestern Anatolia and <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds</a> in southeastern Anatolia were engaged in <a href="/wiki/Blood_feuds" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood feuds">blood feuds</a> that intensified during the war and were hesitant to pledge allegiance to the Defence of Rights movement, and only would if officials could facilitate truces. Various Muhacir groups were suspicious of the continued <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism" title="İttihadism">Unionist</a> ideology in the Defence of Rights movement, and the potential for themselves to meet fates 'like the Armenians' especially as warlords hailing from those communities assisted the deportations of the Christians even though as many commanders in the Nationalist movement also had Caucasian and Balkan Muslim ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022148_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022148-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mustafa_Kemal's_mission"><span id="Mustafa_Kemal.27s_mission"></span>Mustafa Kemal's mission</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Mehmed_VI_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sultan_Mehmed_VI_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/220px-Sultan_Mehmed_VI_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sultan_Mehmed_VI_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/330px-Sultan_Mehmed_VI_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sultan_Mehmed_VI_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/440px-Sultan_Mehmed_VI_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3860" data-file-height="5146" /></a><figcaption>Sultan Mehmed VI after his sword girding</figcaption></figure> <p>With Anatolia in practical anarchy and the Ottoman army being questionably loyal in reaction to Allied land seizures, Mehmed VI established the military inspectorate system to reestablish authority over the remaining empire. Encouraged by Karabekir and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a>, he assigned<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk)</a> as the inspector of the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)#After_Mudros" title="Ninth Army (Ottoman Empire)">Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate</a> –based in <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>– to restore order to Ottoman military units and to improve internal security on 30 April 1919, with his first assignment to suppress a rebellion by Greek rebels around the city of <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mustafa Kemal was a well known, well respected, and well connected army commander, with much prestige coming from his status as the "Hero of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anfartalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Anfartalar">Anafartalar</a>"—for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a>—and his title of "Honorary Aide-de-camp to His Majesty Sultan" gained in the last months of WWI. This choice would seem curious, as he was a nationalist and a fierce critic of the government's accommodating policy to the Entente powers. He was also an early member of the CUP. However Kemal Pasha did not associate himself with the fanatical faction of the CUP, many knew that he frequently clashed with the radicals of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Committee_of_Union_and_Progress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Committee of the Committee of Union and Progress (page does not exist)">Central Committee</a> like Enver. He was therefore sidelined to the periphery of power throughout the Great War; after the CUP's dissolution he vocally aligned himself with moderates that formed the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Liberal_People%27s_Party" title="Ottoman Liberal People's Party">Liberal People's Party</a> instead of the rump radical faction which formed the <a href="/wiki/Renewal_Party_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Renewal Party (Ottoman Empire)">Renewal Party</a> (both parties would be banned in May 1919 for being successors of the CUP). All these reasons allowed him to be the most legitimate nationalist for the sultan to placate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002171_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002171-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this new political climate, he sought to capitalize on his war exploits to attain a better job, indeed several times he unsuccessfully lobbied for his inclusion in cabinet as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">War Minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002187,_219_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002187,_219-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His new assignment gave him effective <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> powers over all of Anatolia which was meant to accommodate him and other nationalists to keep them loyal to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002214_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002214-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mustafa Kemal had earlier declined to become the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Sixth Army (Ottoman Empire)">Sixth Army</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nusaybin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But according to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Balfour,_3rd_Baron_Kinross" title="Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross">Patrick Balfour</a>, through manipulation and the help of friends and sympathizers, he became the inspector of virtually all of the Ottoman forces in Anatolia, tasked with overseeing the disbanding process of remaining Ottoman forces.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemal had an abundance of connections and personal friends concentrated in the post-armistice War Ministry, a powerful tool that would help him accomplish his secret goal: to lead a nationalist movement to safeguard Turkish interests against the Allied powers and a collaborative Ottoman government. </p><p>The day before his departure to <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a> on the remote Black Sea coast, Kemal had one last audience with Sultan Vahdettin, where he affirmed his loyalty to the sultan-caliph. It was in this meeting that they were informed of the botched <a href="/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" title="Greek landing at Smyrna">occupation ceremony of Smyrna</a> (İzmir) by the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002218_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002218-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his carefully selected staff left Constantinople aboard the old steamer <a href="/wiki/SS_Band%C4%B1rma" title="SS Bandırma">SS <i>Bandırma</i></a> on the evening of 16 May 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations_for_Ottoman_partition">Negotiations for Ottoman partition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Img010GeneralBougrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Img010GeneralBougrain.jpg/220px-Img010GeneralBougrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Img010GeneralBougrain.jpg/330px-Img010GeneralBougrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Img010GeneralBougrain.jpg/440px-Img010GeneralBougrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha" title="Ahmet Tevfik Pasha">Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (Okday)</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Tevfik_B%C3%B6l%C3%BCkba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı">Rıza Tevfik (Bölükbaşı)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 January 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> was first held, at which Allied nations set the peace terms for the defeated <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, including the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a special body of the Paris Conference, "The Inter-Allied Commission on Mandates in Turkey", was established to pursue the secret treaties they had signed between 1915 and 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy sought control over the southern part of Anatolia under the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_St.-Jean-de-Maurienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne</a>. France expected to exercise control over <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, and a portion of southeastern Anatolia based on the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a>. </p><p>Greece justified their territorial claims of Ottoman land not least from Greece's entrance to WWI on the Allied side but also through the <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a> as well as international sympathy from the suffering of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a> in <a href="/wiki/1914_Greek_deportations" title="1914 Greek deportations">1914</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic genocide">1917–1918</a>. Privately, Greek prime minister <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> had British prime minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>'s backing because of his <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a>, and from his charisma and charming personality.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece's participation in the Allies' <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia_intervention" title="Southern Russia intervention">Southern Russian intervention</a> also earned it favors in Paris. Venizelos' demands included parts of eastern Thrace, the islands of Imbros (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7eada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gökçeada">Gökçeada</a>), Tenedos (<a href="/wiki/Bozcaada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bozcaada">Bozcaada</a>), and parts of Western Anatolia around the city of Smyrna (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>), all of which had large Greek populations. Venizelos also advocated a large Armenian state to check a post-war Ottoman Empire. Greece wanted to incorporate Constantinople, but Entente powers did not give permission. Damat Ferid Pasha went to Paris on behalf of the Ottoman Empire hoping to minimize territorial losses using <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> rhetoric, wishing for a return to <i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a></i>, on the basis that every province of the Empire holds Muslim majorities. This plea was met with ridicule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras202299_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras202299-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Paris Peace Conference, competing claims over <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Western Anatolia</a> by Greek and Italian delegations led Greece to land the flagship of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Navy">Greek Navy</a> at Smyrna, resulting in the Italian delegation walking out of the peace talks. On 30 April, Italy responded to the possible idea of Greek incorporation of Western Anatolia by sending a warship to Smyrna as a show of force against the Greek campaign. A large Italian force <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Adalia" title="Italian occupation of Adalia">also landed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>. Faced with Italian annexation of parts of Asia Minor with a significant ethnic Greek population, Venizelos secured Allied permission for Greek troops to land in Smyrna per Article VII, ostensibly as a <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> force to keep stability in the region. Venizelos's rhetoric was more directed against the CUP regime than the Turks as a whole, an attitude not always shared in the Greek military: "Greece is not making war against Islam, but against the anachronistic [<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism" title="İttihadism">Unionist</a>] Government, and its corrupt, ignominious, and bloody administration, with a view to the expelling it from those territories where the majority of the population consists of Greeks."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was decided by the Triple Entente that Greece would control a zone around Smyrna and <a href="/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k" title="Ayvalık">Ayvalık</a> in western Asia Minor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_phase:_May_1919_–_March_1920"><span id="Organizational_phase:_May_1919_.E2.80.93_March_1920"></span>Organizational phase: May 1919 – March 1920</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_landing_at_Smyrna">Greek landing at Smyrna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" title="Greek landing at Smyrna">Greek landing at Smyrna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_army_Smyrne_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_army_Smyrne_1919.jpg/220px-Greek_army_Smyrne_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_army_Smyrne_1919.jpg/330px-Greek_army_Smyrne_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_army_Smyrne_1919.jpg/440px-Greek_army_Smyrne_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Greek troops marching on <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>'s coastal street, May 1919.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most historians mark the Greek landing at Smyrna on 15 May 1919 as the start date of the Turkish War of Independence as well as the start of the "<a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a> Phase". The occupation ceremony from the outset was tense from nationalist fervor, with Ottoman Greeks greeting the soldiers with an ecstatic welcome, and Ottoman Muslims protesting the landing. A miscommunication in Greek high command led to an <a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzone</a> column marching by the municipal Turkish barracks. The nationalist journalist <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin" title="Hasan Tahsin">Hasan Tahsin</a> fired the "first bullet"<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the Greek standard bearer at the head of the troops, turning the city into a warzone. <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Fethi_Bey" class="extiw" title="tr:Süleyman Fethi Bey">Süleyman Fethi Bey</a> was murdered by bayonet for refusing to shout "Zito <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a>" (meaning "long live Venizelos"), and 300–400 unarmed Turkish soldiers and civilians and 100 Greek soldiers and civilians were killed or wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002217_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002217-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek troops moved from Smyrna outwards to towns on the <a href="/wiki/Karaburun_Peninsula,_Turkey" title="Karaburun Peninsula, Turkey">Karaburun</a> peninsula; to <a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Selçuk">Selçuk</a>, situated a hundred kilometres south of the city at a key location that commands the fertile <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Küçük Menderes River">Küçük Menderes River</a> valley; and to <a href="/wiki/Menemen" title="Menemen">Menemen</a> towards the north. <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerilla warfare</a> commenced in the countryside, as Turks began to organize themselves into irregular guerilla groups known as <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a> (national forces), which were soon joined by Ottoman soldiers, bandits, and disaffected farmers. Most Kuva-yi Milliye bands were led by rogue military commanders and members of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a>. The Greek troops based in cosmopolitan Smyrna soon found themselves conducting counterinsurgency operations in a hostile, dominantly Muslim hinterland. Groups of Ottoman Greeks also formed contingents that cooperated with the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Asia_Minor" title="Army of Asia Minor">Greek Army</a> to combat Kuva-yi Milliye within the zone of control. A <a href="/wiki/Menemen_massacre" title="Menemen massacre">massacre of Turks at Menemen</a> was followed up with a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Battle of Aydın">battle for the town of Aydın</a>, which saw intense intercommunal violence and the razing of the city. What was supposed to be a peacekeeping mission of Western Anatolia instead inflamed ethnic tensions and became a <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SultanahmetMitingi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/SultanahmetMitingi.jpg/220px-SultanahmetMitingi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/SultanahmetMitingi.jpg/330px-SultanahmetMitingi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/SultanahmetMitingi.jpg/440px-SultanahmetMitingi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultanahmet_demonstrations" title="Sultanahmet demonstrations">Sultanahmet demonstration</a>, 25 May 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>The reaction of Greek landing at Smyrna and continued Allied seizures of land served to destabilize Turkish civil society. Damat Ferid Pasha resigned as Grand Vizier, but the sultan reappointed him anyways. With the Chamber of Deputies of deputies dissolved, and the environment not looking conducive for an election, Sultan Mehmed VI called for an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate Council (page does not exist)">Sultanate Council</a> (<i>Şûrâ-yı Saltanat</i>), so the government could be consulted by representatives of civil society how the Ottoman Empire should deal with its present predicaments. On 26 May 1919, 131 representatives of Ottoman civil society gathered in the capital as a faux parliament. Discussion focused on a new election for the Chamber of Deputies or to become a British or American mandate. By and large, the assembly was unsuccessful in its goals, and the Ottoman government did not develop a strategy to navigate the crises the empire was engulfed in.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ottoman bureaucrats, military, and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> trusted the Allies to bring peace, and thought the terms offered at Mudros were considerably more lenient than they actually were.<sup id="cite_ref-fromkin_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fromkin-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pushback was potent in the capital, with 23 May 1919 being largest of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanahmet_demonstrations" title="Sultanahmet demonstrations">Sultanahmet Square demonstrations</a> organized by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hearths" title="Turkish Hearths">Turkish Hearths</a> against the Greek occupation of Smyrna, the largest act of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> in Turkish history at that point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002223_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002223-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman government condemned the landing, but could do little about it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizing_resistance">Organizing resistance</h3></div> <p>Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his colleagues stepped ashore in <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a> on 19 May<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and set up their first quarters in the Mıntıka Palace Hotel. British troops were present in Samsun,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he initially maintained cordial contact.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had assured Damat Ferid about the army's loyalty towards the new government in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, behind the government's back, Kemal made the people of Samsun aware of the Greek and Italian landings, staged discreet mass meetings, made fast connections via telegraph with the army units in Anatolia, and began to form links with various Nationalist groups. He sent telegrams of protest to foreign embassies and the War Ministry about British reinforcements in the area and about British aid to Greek brigand gangs. After a week in Samsun, Kemal and his staff moved to <a href="/wiki/Havza" title="Havza">Havza</a>. It was there that he first showed the flag of the resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Turkish_revolutionaries-Kuvva-i_Milliye.ogv/220px--Turkish_revolutionaries-Kuvva-i_Milliye.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Turkish_revolutionaries-Kuvva-i_Milliye.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Turkish_revolutionaries-Kuvva-i_Milliye.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Turkish_revolutionaries-Kuvva-i_Milliye.ogv/Turkish_revolutionaries-Kuvva-i_Milliye.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="176" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Turkish_revolutionaries-Kuvva-i_Milliye.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="240" data-height="176" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Turkish_revolutionaries-Kuvva-i_Milliye.ogv/Turkish_revolutionaries-Kuvva-i_Milliye.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="240" data-height="176" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mustafa Kemal wrote in his memoir that he needed nationwide support to justify armed resistance against the Allied occupation. His credentials and the importance of his position were not enough to inspire everyone. While officially occupied with the disarming of the army, he met with various contacts in order to build his movement's momentum. He met with <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Rauf_Orbay" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüseyin Rauf Orbay">Rauf Pasha</a>, Karabekir Pasha, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Pasha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Refet_Bele" title="Refet Bele">Refet Pasha</a> and issued the <a href="/wiki/Amasya_Circular" title="Amasya Circular">Amasya Circular</a> (22 June 1919). Ottoman provincial authorities were notified via telegraph that the unity and independence of the nation was at risk, and that the government in Constantinople was compromised. To remedy this, a congress was to take place in Erzurum between delegates of the <a href="/wiki/Six_vilayets" class="mw-redirect" title="Six vilayets">Six Vilayets</a> to decide on a response, and another congress would take place in Sivas where every <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayet</a> should send delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002230_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002230-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sympathy and an lack of coordination from the capital gave Mustafa Kemal freedom of movement and telegraph use despite his implied anti-government tone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002230,_232_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002230,_232-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 June, High Commissioner Admiral Calthorpe, realising the significance of Mustafa Kemal's discreet activities in Anatolia, sent a report about the Pasha to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign Office</a>. His remarks were downplayed by George Kidson of the Eastern Department. Captain Hurst of the British occupation force in Samsun warned Admiral Calthorpe one more time, but Hurst's units were replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas" title="Brigade of Gurkhas">Brigade of Gurkhas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002234–235_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002234–235-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the British landed in <a href="/wiki/Alexandretta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a>, Admiral Calthorpe resigned on the basis that this was against the armistice that he had signed and was assigned to another position on 5 August 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement of British units alarmed the population of the region and convinced them that Mustafa Kemal was right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_through_congresses">Consolidation through congresses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa,_Erzurum,_5_Temmuz_1919.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Erzurum%2C_5_Temmuz_1919.png/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Erzurum%2C_5_Temmuz_1919.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Erzurum%2C_5_Temmuz_1919.png/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Erzurum%2C_5_Temmuz_1919.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Erzurum%2C_5_Temmuz_1919.png/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Erzurum%2C_5_Temmuz_1919.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Kemal and his colleagues in <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Congress" title="Erzurum Congress">Erzurum</a>, 5 July 1919</figcaption></figure><p>By early July, Mustafa Kemal Pasha received telegrams from the sultan and Calthorpe, asking him and Refet to cease his activities in Anatolia and return to the capital. Kemal was in <a href="/wiki/Erzincan" title="Erzincan">Erzincan</a> and did not want to return to Constantinople, concerned that the foreign authorities might have designs for him beyond the sultan's plans. Before resigning from his position, he dispatched a circular to all nationalist organizations and military commanders to not disband or surrender unless for the latter if they could be replaced by cooperative nationalist commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002235_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002235-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now only a civilian stripped of his command, Mustafa Kemal was at the mercy of the new inspector of <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a> (renamed from Ninth Army) Karabekir Pasha, indeed the War Ministry ordered him to arrest Kemal, an order which Karabekir refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002235_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002235-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Congress" title="Erzurum Congress">Erzurum Congress</a> was a meeting of delegates and governors from the six Eastern Vilayets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002238_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002238-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They drafted the <a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE" title="Misak-ı Millî">National Pact</a> (<i>Misak-ı Millî)</i>, which envisioned new borders for the Ottoman Empire by applying principles of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">national self-determination</a> per <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> and the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">the capitulations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002239_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002239-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Erzurum Congress concluded with a circular that was effectively a declaration of independence: All regions within Ottoman borders upon the signing of the Mudros Armistice were indivisible from the Ottoman state –Greek and Armenian claims on Thrace and Anatolia were moot– and assistance from any country not coveting Ottoman territory was welcome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002240–241_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002240–241-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the government in Constantinople was not able to attain this after electing a new parliament, they insisted a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> should be promulgated to defend Turkish sovereignty. The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Representation" title="Committee of Representation">Committee of Representation</a> was established as a provisional executive body based in Anatolia, with Mustafa Kemal Pasha as its chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002239_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002239-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misak-i_milli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Misak-i_milli.png/282px-Misak-i_milli.png" decoding="async" width="282" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Misak-i_milli.png/423px-Misak-i_milli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Misak-i_milli.png/564px-Misak-i_milli.png 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Borders and plebiscites of the <a href="/wiki/National_Pact_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pact (Turkey)">National Pact</a> outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Congress" title="Erzurum Congress">Erzurum Congress</a></figcaption></figure><p>Following the congress, the Committee of Representation relocated to Sivas. As announced in the Amasya Circular, a new congress was held there in September with delegates from all Anatolian and Thracian provinces. The <a href="/wiki/Sivas_Congress" title="Sivas Congress">Sivas Congress</a> repeated the points of the National Pact agreed to in Erzurum, and united the various regional <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Defence of National Rights Associations</a> organizations, into a united political organisation: <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Anatolia and Rumeli Defence of Rights Association</a> (A-RMHC), with Mustafa Kemal as its chairman. In an effort show his movement was in fact a new and unifying movement, the delegates had to swear an oath to discontinue their relations with the CUP and to never revive the party (despite most present in Sivas being previous members).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002245_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002245-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also decided there that the Ottoman Empire should not be a League of Nations mandate under the United States, especially after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S Senate</a> failed to ratify American membership in the League.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002247–248_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002247–248-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Momentum was now on the Nationalists' side. A <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Galip_Olay%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Ali Galip Olayı">plot</a> by a <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Galip_(Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_valisi)" class="extiw" title="tr:Ali Galip (Elazığ valisi)">loyalist Ottoman governor</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Edward_Noel_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Edward Noel (Indian Army officer)">British intelligence officer</a> to arrest Kemal before the Sivas Congress led to the cutting of all ties with the Ottoman government until a new election would be held in the lower house of parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a>. In October 1919, the last Ottoman governor loyal to Constantinople fled his province. Fearing the outbreak of hostilities, all British troops stationed in the Black Sea coast and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya" title="Kütahya">Kütahya</a> were evacuated. Damat Ferid Pasha resigned, and the sultan replaced him with a general with nationalist credentials: <a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002249–252_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002249–252-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 October 1919, Ali Rıza and the Nationalists held negotiations in Amasya. They agreed in the <a href="/wiki/Amasya_Protocol" title="Amasya Protocol">Amasya Protocol</a> that an election would be called for the Ottoman Parliament to establish national unity by upholding the resolutions made in the Sivas Congress, including the National Pact. </p><p>By October 1919, the Ottoman government only held <i>de facto</i> control over Constantinople; the rest of the Ottoman Empire was loyal to Kemal's movement to resist a partition of Anatolia and Thrace. Within a few months Mustafa Kemal went from General Inspector of the Ninth Army to a renegade military commander discharged for insubordination to leading a homegrown anti-Entente movement that overthrew a government and driven it into resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002255–256_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002255–256-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_Ottoman_parliament">Last Ottoman parliament</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Turkish War of Independence">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudanya_July_1920_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mudanya_July_1920_%281%29.jpg/220px-Mudanya_July_1920_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mudanya_July_1920_%281%29.jpg/330px-Mudanya_July_1920_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mudanya_July_1920_%281%29.jpg/440px-Mudanya_July_1920_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Fire caused by the British bombardment in <a href="/wiki/Mudanya" title="Mudanya">Mudanya</a> (6 July 1920)</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1919, an <a href="/wiki/1919_Ottoman_general_election" title="1919 Ottoman general election">election was held for the Ottoman parliament</a>, with polls only open in unoccupied Anatolia and Thrace. It was boycotted by Ottoman Greeks, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party" title="Freedom and Accord Party">Freedom and Accord Party</a>, resulting in groups associated with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish Nationalist Movement</a> winning, including the A-RMHC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002253_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002253-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022138_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022138-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nationalists' obvious links to the CUP made the election especially polarizing and <a href="/wiki/Voter_intimidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter intimidation">voter intimidation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballot_box_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot box stuffing">ballot box stuffing</a> in favor of the Kemalists were regular occurrences in rural provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022138_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022138-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This controversy led to many of the nationalist MPs organizing the <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fel%C3%A2h-%C4%B1_Vatan" class="extiw" title="tr:Felâh-ı Vatan">National Salvation Group</a> separate from Kemal's movement, which risked the nationalist movement splitting in two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022168_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022168-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mustafa Kemal was elected an MP from Erzurum, but he expected the Allies neither to accept the <a href="/wiki/Harbord_Commission" title="Harbord Commission">Harbord report</a> nor to respect his parliamentary immunity if he went to the Ottoman capital, hence he remained in Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal and the Committee of Representation moved from Sivas to <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> so that he could keep in touch with as many deputies as possible as they traveled to Constantinople to attend the parliament. </p><p>Though Ali Rıza Pasha called the election as per the Amasya Protocol to keep unity between the "<a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Government">Istanbul government</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Ankara_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara government">Ankara government</a>", he was wrong to think the election could bring him any legitimacy. The Ottoman parliament was under the <i>de facto</i> control of the British battalion stationed at Constantinople and any decisions by the parliament had to have the signatures of both Ali Rıza Pasha and the battalion's commanding officer. The only laws that passed were those acceptable to, or specifically ordered by the British. </p><p>On 12 January 1920, the last session of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a> met in the capital. First the sultan's speech was presented, and then a telegram from Mustafa Kemal, manifesting the claim that the rightful government of Turkey was in Ankara in the name of the Committee of Representation. On 28 January the MPs from both sides of the isle secretly met to endorse the <a href="/wiki/National_Pact_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pact (Turkey)">National Pact</a> as a peace settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022139_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022139-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They added to the points passed in Sivas, calling for plebiscites to be held in West Thrace; Batum, Kars, and Ardahan, and Arab lands on whether to stay in the Empire or not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022141_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022141-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposals were also made to elect Kemal president of the Chamber;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> however, this was deferred in the certain knowledge that the British would prorogue the Chamber. The Chamber of Deputies would be forcefully dissolved for passing the National Pact anyway. The National Pact solidified Nationalist interests, which were in conflict with the Allied plans. </p><p>From February to April, leaders of Britain, France, and Italy <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">met in London</a> to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and the crisis in Anatolia. The British began to sense that the elected Ottoman government was under Kemalist influence and if left unchecked, the Entente could once again find themselves at war with the Empire. The Ottoman government was not doing all that it could to suppress the Nationalists. </p><p>Mustafa Kemal manufactured a crisis to pressure the Istanbul government to pick a side by deploying Kuva-yi Milliye <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Galip_Olay%C4%B1#Kuvâ-yi_Milliye'nin_Güçlenmesi" class="extiw" title="tr:Ali Galip Olayı">towards İzmit</a>. The British, concerned about the security of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus Strait</a>, demanded Ali Rıza Pasha to reassert control over the area, to which he responded with his resignation to the sultan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdictional_conflict:_March_1920_–_January_1921"><span id="Jurisdictional_conflict:_March_1920_.E2.80.93_January_1921"></span>Jurisdictional conflict: March 1920 – January 1921</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Turkish War of Independence">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decapitation_of_the_Istanbul_government">Decapitation of the Istanbul government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">Occupation of Istanbul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_occupation_troops_marching_in_Beyoglu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/British_occupation_troops_marching_in_Beyoglu.jpg/220px-British_occupation_troops_marching_in_Beyoglu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/British_occupation_troops_marching_in_Beyoglu.jpg/330px-British_occupation_troops_marching_in_Beyoglu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/British_occupation_troops_marching_in_Beyoglu.jpg/440px-British_occupation_troops_marching_in_Beyoglu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>British occupation troops marching in Istanbul's Pera (<a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu</a>) quarter</figcaption></figure> <p>As they were negotiating the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">partition of the Ottoman Empire</a>, the Allies were growing increasingly concerned about the Turkish National Movement. To this end, the Allied occupational authorities in Istanbul began to plan a raid to arrest nationalist politicians and journalists along with occupying military and police installations and government buildings. On 16 March 1920, the coup was carried out; several <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> warships were anchored in the <a href="/wiki/Galata_Bridge" title="Galata Bridge">Galata Bridge</a> to support British forces, including the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, while they carried out the arrests and occupied several government buildings in the early hours of the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Indian Army operation, the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid" title="Şehzadebaşı raid">Şehzadebaşı raid</a>, resulted in 5 Ottoman soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/10th_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="10th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)">10th Infantry Division</a> being killed when troops raided their barracks. Among those arrested were the senior leadership of the Turkish National Movement and former members of the CUP. 150 arrested Turkish politicians accused of <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> were interned in Malta and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Malta exiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mustafa Kemal was ready for this move. He warned all the Nationalist organisations that there would be misleading declarations from the capital. He warned that the only way to counter Allied movements was to organise protests. He declared "Today the Turkish nation is called to defend its capacity for civilization, its right to life and independence – its entire future". </p><p>On 18 March, the Chamber of Deputies declared that it was unacceptable to arrest five of its members, and dissolved itself. Mehmed VI confirmed this and declared the end of <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Constitutional Monarchy</a> and a return to absolutism. University students were forbidden from joining political associations inside and outside the classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022156_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022156-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the lower elected Chamber of Deputies shuttered, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Ottoman Empire">Constitution</a> terminated, and the capital occupied; Sultan Vahdettin, his cabinet, and the appointed <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a> were all that remained of the Ottoman government, and were basically a puppet regime of the Allied powers. Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Salih_Hulusi_Pasha" title="Salih Hulusi Pasha">Salih Hulusi Pasha</a> declared Mustafa Kemal's struggle legitimate, and resigned after less than a month in office. In his place, Damat Ferid Pasha returned to the premiership. The <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>'s decapitation by the Entente allowed Mustafa Kemal to consolidate his position as the sole leader of Turkish resistance against the Allies, and to that end made him the legitimate representative of the Turkish people.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promulgation_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly">Promulgation of the Grand National Assembly</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand National Assembly</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly,_23_April_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Opening_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly%2C_23_April_1920.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly%2C_23_April_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Opening_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly%2C_23_April_1920.jpg/330px-Opening_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly%2C_23_April_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Opening_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly%2C_23_April_1920.jpg/440px-Opening_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly%2C_23_April_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Opening of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The strong measures taken against the Nationalists by the Allies in March 1920 began a distinct new phase of the conflict. Mustafa Kemal sent a note to the governors and force commanders, asking them to <a href="/wiki/1920_Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly_election" title="1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election">conduct elections</a> to provide delegates for a new parliament to represent the Ottoman (Turkish) people, which would convene in Ankara. With the proclamation of the counter-government, Kemal would then ask the sultan to accept its authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022169_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022169-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mustafa Kemal appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, asking for help to make sure that everyone knew he was still fighting in the name of the sultan who was also the caliph. He stated he wanted to free the caliph from the Allies. He found an ally in the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat movement</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, where Indians protested Britain's planned dismemberment of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A committee was also started for sending funds to help the soon to be proclaimed Ankara government of Mustafa Kemal.<sup id="cite_ref-Minault_1982_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minault_1982-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A flood of supporters moved to Ankara just ahead of the Allied dragnets. Included among them were <a href="/wiki/Halide_Edib_Ad%C4%B1var" title="Halide Edib Adıvar">Halide Edip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Ad%C4%B1var" title="Adnan Adıvar">Abdülhak Adnan (Adıvar)</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">Mustafa İsmet Pasha (İnönü)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of Kemal's allies in the Ministry of War, and <a href="/wiki/Celalettin_Arif" title="Celalettin Arif">Celalettin Arif</a>, the president of the now shuttered Chamber of Deputies. Celaleddin Arif's desertion of the capital was of great significance, as he declared that the Ottoman Parliament had been dissolved illegally. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Angora_Government_and_its_Claims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Angora_Government_and_its_Claims.jpg/220px-The_Angora_Government_and_its_Claims.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Angora_Government_and_its_Claims.jpg/330px-The_Angora_Government_and_its_Claims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Angora_Government_and_its_Claims.jpg/440px-The_Angora_Government_and_its_Claims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>Zones of control held by the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara government">Ankara government</a> and the Allies. Istanbul contemptuously referred to anyone who supported the nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal as "<i>Kemalî</i>s" or "<i>Kemalci</i>s". <i>Kemalî</i> was used pejoratively as a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celalî rebels</a>. The foreign press used the term "Kemalists" interchangeably with the word "nationalists" to denote the Ankara-based movement and its armed strength.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some 100 members of the Chamber of Deputies were able to escape the Allied roundup and joined 190 deputies elected. In March 1920, Turkish revolutionaries announced the establishment of a new parliament in Ankara known as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> (GNA) that was dominated by the A-RMHC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclis-i_Meb%C3%BBsan_6._d%C3%B6nem_mebuslar%C4%B1_listesi" class="extiw" title="tr:Meclis-i Mebûsan 6. dönem mebusları listesi">parliament</a> included Turks, Circassians, Kurds, and one Jew. They met in a <a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_Museum" title="War of Independence Museum">building</a> that used to serve as the provincial headquarters of the local CUP chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022169_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022169-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of "Turkey" in its name reflected a increasing trend of new ways Ottoman citizens thought of their country, and was the first time it was formally used as the name of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022169_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022169-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 April, the assembly, assuming full governmental powers, gathered for the first time, electing Mustafa Kemal its first <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Grand National Assembly">Speaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers#Prime_Minister_of_the_Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly_(1920–1923)" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Prime Minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoping to undermine the Nationalist Movement, Mehmed VI issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> to qualify the Turkish revolutionaries as <a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">infidels</a>, calling for the death of its leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Ardic_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ardic-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fatwa stated that true believers should not go along with the Nationalist Movement as they committed <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a> of Ankara <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Rifat_B%C3%B6rek%C3%A7i" class="extiw" title="tr:Mehmet Rifat Börekçi">Rifat Börekçi</a> issued a simultaneous fatwa, declaring that the caliphate was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Ferid Pasha</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-Vahide_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahide-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this text, the Nationalist Movement's goal was stated as freeing the sultanate and the caliphate from its enemies. In reaction to the desertion of several prominent figures to the Nationalist Movement, Ferid Pasha ordered Halide Edip, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat</a> and Mustafa Kemal to be sentenced to death in absentia for treason.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clashes_in_İzmit"><span id="Clashes_in_.C4.B0zmit"></span>Clashes in İzmit</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Turkish War of Independence">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ahmet_Anzavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur">Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">Kuva-yi Inzibatiye</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_officer_inspecting_Greek_troops_(Anatolia_1919-1922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/British_officer_inspecting_Greek_troops_%28Anatolia_1919-1922%29.jpg/220px-British_officer_inspecting_Greek_troops_%28Anatolia_1919-1922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/British_officer_inspecting_Greek_troops_%28Anatolia_1919-1922%29.jpg/330px-British_officer_inspecting_Greek_troops_%28Anatolia_1919-1922%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/British_officer_inspecting_Greek_troops_%28Anatolia_1919-1922%29.jpg/440px-British_officer_inspecting_Greek_troops_%28Anatolia_1919-1922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>A British officer inspecting Greek troops and trenches in Anatolia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Istanbul government finally found an ally outside of the city walls in <a href="/wiki/Anzavur_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Anzavur Ahmed Pasha">Ahmet Anzavur</a>. Throughout late 1919 and early 1920 the warlord recruited fellow Circassian bandits, decrying Kemal's nationalists as 'wicked Unionists and freemasons'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022155_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022155-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 April the sultan raised 4,000 soldiers known as the <a href="/wiki/Kuva-i_Inzibatiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuva-i Inzibatiye">Kuva-yi İnzibatiye</a> (Caliphate Army) to combat the Nationalists. Then using money from the Allies, another force about 2,000 strong from non-Muslim inhabitants were initially deployed in <a href="/wiki/Iznik" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznik">İznik</a>. The sultan's government sent the forces under the name of the Caliphate Army to the revolutionaries to arouse counterrevolutionary sympathy.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British, being skeptical of how formidable these insurgents were, decided to use irregular power to counteract the revolutionaries. The Nationalist forces were distributed all around Turkey, so many smaller units were dispatched to face them. In İzmit there were two battalions of the British army. These units were to be used to rout the partisans under the command of Ali Fuat and Refet Pasha. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_a_Kemalist_Turk_in_Izmit_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Execution_of_a_Kemalist_Turk_in_Izmit_1920.jpg/220px-Execution_of_a_Kemalist_Turk_in_Izmit_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Execution_of_a_Kemalist_Turk_in_Izmit_1920.jpg/330px-Execution_of_a_Kemalist_Turk_in_Izmit_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Execution_of_a_Kemalist_Turk_in_Izmit_1920.jpg/440px-Execution_of_a_Kemalist_Turk_in_Izmit_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Execution of a Kemalist by the British forces in Izmit (1920)</figcaption></figure> <p>Anatolia had many competing forces on its soil: British troops, Nationalist militia (Kuva-yi Milliye), the sultan's army (Kuva-yi İnzibatiye), and Anzavur's bands. On 13 April 1920, an uprising supported by Anzavur against the GNA <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_conflict_occurred_at_D%C3%BCzce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First conflict occurred at Düzce (page does not exist)">occurred at Düzce</a> as a direct consequence of the fatwa. Within days the rebellion spread to <a href="/wiki/Bolu" title="Bolu">Bolu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerede" title="Gerede">Gerede</a>. The movement engulfed northwestern Anatolia for about a month. On 14 June, Nationalist militia fought a pitched battle near İzmit against the Kuva-yi İnzibatiye, Anzavur's bands, and British units. Yet under heavy attack some of the Kuva-yi İnzibatiye deserted and joined the Nationalist militia. Anzavur was not so lucky, as the Nationalists tasked <a href="/wiki/Ethem_the_Circassian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethem the Circassian">Ethem the Circassian</a> with crushing Anzavur's revolt. This revealed the sultan did not have the unwavering support of his own men and allies. Meanwhile, the rest of these forces withdrew behind the British lines which held their position. For now, Istanbul was out of Ankara's grasp. </p><p>The clash outside İzmit brought serious consequences. British forces conducted combat operations on the Nationalists and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> carried out aerial bombardments against the positions, which forced Nationalist forces to temporarily retreat to more secure missions. The British commander in Turkey, General <a href="/wiki/George_Milne,_1st_Baron_Milne" title="George Milne, 1st Baron Milne">George Milne</a>—, asked for reinforcements. This led to a study to determine what would be required to defeat the Turkish Nationalists. The report, signed by French Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a>, concluded that 27 divisions were necessary, but the British army did not have 27 divisions to spare. Also, a deployment of this size could have disastrous political consequences back home. World War I had just ended, and the British public would not support another lengthy and costly expedition. </p><p>The British accepted the fact that a nationalist movement could not be defeated without deployment of consistent and well-trained forces. On 25 June, the forces originating from Kuva-i İnzibatiye were dismantled under British supervision. The British realised that the best option to overcome these Turkish Nationalists was to use a force that was battle-tested and fierce enough to fight the Turks on their own soil. The British had to look no further than Turkey's neighbor already occupying its territory: Greece. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Sèvres"><span id="Treaty_of_S.C3.A8vres"></span>Treaty of Sèvres</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Turkish War of Independence">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SevresTreaty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SevresTreaty.png/275px-SevresTreaty.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SevresTreaty.png/413px-SevresTreaty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SevresTreaty.png/550px-SevresTreaty.png 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Borders (spheres of influence not shown) of the Ottoman Empire according to the unratified <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> (1920) which was annulled and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> in 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>Eleftherios Venizelos, pessimistic of the rapidly deteriorating situation in Anatolia, requested to the Allies that a peace treaty be drawn up with the hope that fighting would stop. </p><p>The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> in August 1920 confirmed the Arab <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">provinces</a> of the empire would be reorganized into new nations given to Britain and France in the form of <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandates</a> by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, while the rest of the Empire would be partitioned between Greece, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">France (via Syrian mandate)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Britain (via Iraqi mandate)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilsonian_Armenia" title="Wilsonian Armenia">Armenia (potentially under an American mandate)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Georgia</a>. Smyrna would hold a plebiscite on whether to stay with Greece or Turkey, and the Kurdistan region would hold one on the question of independence. British, French, and Italian <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of influence</a> would also extend into Anatolia beyond the land concessions. The old capital of Constantinople as well as the Dardanelles would be under international League of Nations control. </p><p>However, the treaty could never come into effect. The treaty was extremely unpopular, with protests against the final document held even before its release in Sultanahmet square. Though Mehmed VI and Ferid Pasha loathed the treaty, they did not want Istanbul to join Ankara in nationalist struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022213_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022213-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman government and Greece never ratified it. Though Ferid Pasha signed the treaty, the Ottoman Senate, the upper house with seats appointed by the sultan, refused to ratify the treaty. Greece disagreed on the borders drawn. The other allies began to fracture their support of the settlement immediately. Italy started openly supporting the Nationalists with arms by the end of 1920, and the French signed another <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">separate peace treaty</a> with Ankara only months later. </p><p>Kemal's GNA Government responded to the Treaty of Sèvres by promulgating <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">a new constitution in January 1921</a>. The resulting constitution consecrated the principle of popular sovereignty; authority not deriving from the unelected sultan, but from the Turkish people who elect governments representative of their interests. This document became the legal basis for the war of independence by the GNA, as the sultan's signature of the Treaty of Sèvres would be unconstitutional as his position was not elected. While the constitution did not specify a future role of the sultan, the document gave Kemal ever more legitimacy in the eyes of Turks for justified resistance against Istanbul. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fighting">Fighting</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Front">Southern Front</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hananu_Revolt" title="Hananu Revolt">Hananu Revolt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919" title="Alawite revolt of 1919">Alawite revolt of 1919</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria.png/220px-Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria.png/330px-Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria.png/440px-Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria.png 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>Military situation of Syria and Cilicia, January 1920</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuvva-i_Milliye_millitias,_1919.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kuvva-i_Milliye_millitias%2C_1919.png/220px-Kuvva-i_Milliye_millitias%2C_1919.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kuvva-i_Milliye_millitias%2C_1919.png/330px-Kuvva-i_Milliye_millitias%2C_1919.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kuvva-i_Milliye_millitias%2C_1919.png/440px-Kuvva-i_Milliye_millitias%2C_1919.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Turkish militias in Cilicia</figcaption></figure><p>In contrast to the Eastern and Western fronts, it was mostly unorganized Kuva-yi Milliye which were fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Southern Front</a> against France. They had help from the Syrians, who were fighting <a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">their own war</a> with the French. </p><p>The British troops which occupied coastal Syria by the end of World War I were <a href="/wiki/1918_Anglo-French_Modus_Vivendi" title="1918 Anglo-French Modus Vivendi">replaced by French troops over 1919</a>, with the Syrian interior going to <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal bin Al-Hussein</a>'s self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a>. France which wanted to take control of all of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>. There was also a desire facilitate the return of Armenian refugees in the region to their homes, and the occupation force consisted of the <a href="/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion" title="French Armenian Legion">French Armenian Legion</a> as well as various Armenian militia groups. 150,000 Armenians were repatriated to their homes within months of French occupation. On 21 January 1920, a Turkish Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash" title="Battle of Marash">uprising and siege</a> occurred against the French garrison in <a href="/wiki/Marash" class="mw-redirect" title="Marash">Marash</a>. The French position untenable they retreated to <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0slahiye" title="İslahiye">Islahiye</a>, resulting in a massacre of many Armenians by Turkish militia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022161_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022161-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A grueling siege followed in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aintab" title="Siege of Aintab">Antep</a> which featured intense sectarian violence between Turks and Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022176_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022176-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a failed uprising by the Nationalists in Adana, by 1921, the French and Turks signed an <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">armistice</a> and eventually a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">treaty</a> was brokered demarcating the border between the Ankara government and French controlled Syria. In the end, there was a mass exodus of Cilician Armenians to French controlled Syria, Previous Armenian survivors of deportation found themselves again as refugees and families which avoided the worst of the six years violence were forced from their homes, ending thousands of years of Christian presence in Southern Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022185_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022185-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With France being the first Allied power to recognize and negotiate with the Ankara government only months after signing the Treaty of Sèvres, it was the first to break from the coordinated Allied approach to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a>. In 1923 the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a> under French authority would be proclaimed in former Ottoman territory. </p><p>Some efforts to coordinate between Turkish Nationalists and the Syrian rebels persisted from 1920 to 1921, with the Nationalists supporting the Faisal's kingdom through <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hanunu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919" title="Alawite revolt of 1919">Alawite groups</a> which were also fighting the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022204–206_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022204–206-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the French conquered Syria, Cilicia had to be abandoned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Jazira_Front">Al-Jazira Front</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence#Al_Jazira_front" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence § Al Jazira front</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a></div> <p>Kuva-yi Milliye also engaged with British forces in the "<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence#Al_Jazira_front" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Al-Jazira Front</a>," primarily in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C4%B0hsan_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali İhsan Pasha">Ali İhsan Pasha (Sabis)</a> and his forces defending Mosul would surrender to the British in October 1918, but the British ignored the armistice and seized the city, following which the pasha also ignored the armistice and distributed weapons to the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022198_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022198-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before Mustafa Kemal's movement was fully organized, rogue commanders found allies in Kurdish tribes. The Kurds detested the taxes and centralization the British demanded, including <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji" title="Mahmud Barzanji">Shaykh Mahmud</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Barzani_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani Family">Barzani family</a>. Having previously supported the British invasion of Mesopotamia to become the governor of South Kurdistan, Mahmud revolted but was apprehended by 1919. Without legitimacy to govern the region, he was released from captivity to <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>, where he again declared an uprising against the British as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">King of Kurdistan</a>. Though an alliance existed with the Turks, little material support came to him from Ankara, and by 1923 there was a desire to cease hostilities between the Turks and British at Barzanji's expense. Mahmud was overthrown in 1924, and after a <a href="/wiki/Mosul_question" title="Mosul question">1926 plebiscite</a>, Mosul was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">British-controlled Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022199–202_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022199–202-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Front">Eastern Front</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Turkish War of Independence">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations#Bolshevik_support_for_Turkish_revolutionaries" title="Soviet Union–Turkey relations">Soviet Union–Turkey relations § Bolshevik support for Turkish revolutionaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_uprisings_in_Kars_and_Sharur%E2%80%93Nakhichevan" title="Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan">Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethel_Franklin_Betts,_Save_the_Survivors,_1918_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2029_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ethel_Franklin_Betts%2C_Save_the_Survivors%2C_1918_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2029_01.jpg/220px-Ethel_Franklin_Betts%2C_Save_the_Survivors%2C_1918_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2029_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ethel_Franklin_Betts%2C_Save_the_Survivors%2C_1918_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2029_01.jpg/330px-Ethel_Franklin_Betts%2C_Save_the_Survivors%2C_1918_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2029_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ethel_Franklin_Betts%2C_Save_the_Survivors%2C_1918_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2029_01.jpg/440px-Ethel_Franklin_Betts%2C_Save_the_Survivors%2C_1918_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2029_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3029" /></a><figcaption>Fundraising poster by the <a href="/wiki/American_Committee_for_Relief_in_the_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="American Committee for Relief in the Near East">American Committee for Relief in the Near East</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1917, the Caucasus was in a chaotic state. The border of newly independent <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was defined in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> (3 March 1918) after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik revolution</a>, and later by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Treaty of Batum</a> (4 June 1918). To the east, Armenia was <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">at war</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> after the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a>, and received support from <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia" title="Armed Forces of South Russia">White Russian Army</a>. It was obvious that after the Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918) the eastern border was not going to stay as it was drawn, which mandated the evacuation of the Ottoman army back to its 1914 borders. Right after the Armistice of Mudros was signed, pro-Ottoman provisional republics were proclaimed in <a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Government_of_the_Southwestern_Caucasus" title="Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus">Kars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Aras" title="Republic of Aras">Aras</a> which were subsequently invaded by Armenia. Ottoman soldiers were convinced not to demobilize lest the area become a 'second <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonia</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022181_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022181-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides of the new borders had massive refugee populations and famine, which were compounded by the renewed and more symmetric sectarian violence (See <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia_(1917%E2%80%931921)" title="Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917–1921)">Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917–1921)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_uprisings_in_Kars_and_Sharur%E2%80%93Nakhichevan" title="Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan">Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan</a>). There were talks going on with the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian Diaspora</a> and Allied Powers on reshaping the border. Woodrow Wilson agreed to transfer territories to Armenia based on the principles of national self-determination. The results of these talks were to be reflected on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> (10 August 1920). </p><p><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir Pasha</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XV corps</a>, encountered Muslim refugees fleeing from the Armenian army, but did not have the authority to cross the border. Karabekir's two reports (30 May and 4 June 1920) outlined the situation in the region. He recommended redrawing the eastern borders, especially around Erzurum. The Russian government was receptive to this and demanded that <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitlis" title="Bitlis">Bitlis</a> be transferred to Armenia. This was unacceptable to the Turkish revolutionaries. However, Soviet support was absolutely vital for the Turkish Nationalist movement, as Turkey was underdeveloped and had no domestic armaments industry. <a href="/wiki/Bekir_Sami_Kunduh" title="Bekir Sami Kunduh">Bakir Sami (Kunduh)</a> was assigned to negotiate with the Bolsheviks. </p><p>On 24 September 1920, Karabekir's <a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XV corps</a> and Kurdish militia advance on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1920)" title="Battle of Kars (1920)">Kars</a>, blowing through Armenian opposition, and then <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandropol" title="Battle of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a>. With an advance on Yerevan imminent, on 28 November 1920, the <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(RSFSR)" title="11th Army (RSFSR)">11th Red Army</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Gekker" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoliy Gekker">Anatoliy Gekker</a> crossed over into Armenia from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Azerbaijan">Soviet Azerbaijan</a>, and the Armenian government surrendered to Bolshevik forces, ending the conflict. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a> (2—3 December 1920) was the first treaty (although illegitimate) signed by the Turkish revolutionaries. The 10th article in the Treaty of Alexandropol stated that Armenia renounced the Treaty of Sèvres and its allotted partition of Anatolia. The agreement was signed with representatives of the former government of Armenia, which by that time had no <i>de jure</i> or <i>de facto</i> power in Armenia, since Soviet rule was already established in the country. On 16 March 1921, the Bolsheviks and Turkey signed a more comprehensive agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a>, which involved representatives of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Armenia">Soviet Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Azerbaijan">Soviet Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Georgia">Soviet Georgia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolts">Revolts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="extendedconfirmed-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a></span><span class="nonextendedconfirmed-show"><span class="sysop-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or </span><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ATurkish_War_of_Independence&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+23+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Turkish+War+of+Independence">making an edit request</a></span></span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Front">Western Front</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Turkish War of Independence">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ermoscharge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ermoscharge.JPG/220px-Ermoscharge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ermoscharge.JPG/330px-Ermoscharge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ermoscharge.JPG/440px-Ermoscharge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>A photograph of <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a> troops advancing on Nationalist positions during the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Greek Summer Offensive</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Greco-Turkish War—referred to as the "Western Front" by the Turks and the "Asia Minor Campaign" by the Greeks—started when Greek forces landed in <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> (now İzmir), on 15 May 1919. A perimeter around the city known as the Milne Line was established in which low-intensity guerilla war commenced. </p><p>The conflict escalated when Greece and Britain performed a joint <a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">offensive over the summer</a> of 1920, which Istanbul condemned, that took control over the Marmara coast and provided strategic depth to the İzmir occupation zone. The cities of İzmit, <a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> were taken with little Turkish resistance. </p><p>A second Greek offensive in autumn was launched with the goal to pressure Istanbul and Ankara to sign the Sèvres Treaty. This peace process was temporarily halted with the fall of Venizelos when the pro-Entente <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Greece" title="Alexander of Greece">King Alexander</a> died from sepsis after being bitten by a monkey. Much to Allied chagrin he was replaced by his anti-Entente father <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">King Constantine</a>. Greece ceased to receive much Allied support after the change in power. The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Asia_Minor" title="Army of Asia Minor">Army of Asia Minor</a> was purged of Venizelist officers, their replacements being less competent. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_at_the_end_of_the_First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mustafa_Kemal_at_the_end_of_the_First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.png/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_at_the_end_of_the_First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mustafa_Kemal_at_the_end_of_the_First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.png/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_at_the_end_of_the_First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mustafa_Kemal_at_the_end_of_the_First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.png/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_at_the_end_of_the_First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his comrades-in-arms at the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">First Battle of İnönü</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When the offensive resumed, the Turks received their first victory when the Greeks encountered stiff resistance in the battles of <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">Second İnönü</a>, due to İsmet Pasha's organization of an irregular militia into a regular army. The two victories led to Allied proposals to amend the Treaty of Sèvres where both Ankara and Istanbul were represented, but Greece refused. With the conclusion of the Southern and Eastern fronts, Ankara was able to concentrate more forces on the West against the Greeks. They also began to receive <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations#Bolshevik_support_for_Turkish_revolutionaries" title="Soviet Union–Turkey relations">support from Soviet Union</a>, as well as France and Italy, who sought to check British influence in the Near East. </p><p>June–July 1921 saw heavy fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir">Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir</a>. While it was an eventual Greek victory, the Turkish army withdrew in good order to the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya river</a>, their last line of defence. Mustafa Kemal Pasha <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkumandanl%C4%B1k_Kanunu" class="extiw" title="tr:Başkumandanlık Kanunu">replaced</a> İsmet Pasha after the defeat as commander-in-chief as well as his political duties. The decision was made in the Greek military command to march on the Nationalist capital of Ankara to force Mustafa Kemal to the negotiating table. For 21 days, the Turks and Greeks fought a pitched <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">battle at the Sakarya river</a>, which ended in Greek withdrawal. Almost of year of stalemate without much fighting followed, during which Greek morale and discipline faltered while Turkish strength increased. French and Italian forces evacuated Anatolia. The Allies offered an armistice to the Turks, which Mustafa Kemal refused. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peace_negotiations_and_the_Great_Offensive_(1921–1922)"><span id="Peace_negotiations_and_the_Great_Offensive_.281921.E2.80.931922.29"></span>Peace negotiations and the Great Offensive (1921–1922)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Conference of London of 1921–1922">Conference of London of 1921–1922</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkije_verjaagt_Griekenland_In_Klein-Azi%C3%AB_(titel_op_object),_NG-505-108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Turkije_verjaagt_Griekenland_In_Klein-Azi%C3%AB_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-505-108.jpg/220px-Turkije_verjaagt_Griekenland_In_Klein-Azi%C3%AB_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-505-108.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Turkije_verjaagt_Griekenland_In_Klein-Azi%C3%AB_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-505-108.jpg/330px-Turkije_verjaagt_Griekenland_In_Klein-Azi%C3%AB_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-505-108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Turkije_verjaagt_Griekenland_In_Klein-Azi%C3%AB_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-505-108.jpg/440px-Turkije_verjaagt_Griekenland_In_Klein-Azi%C3%AB_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-505-108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="3230" /></a><figcaption>A political cartoon: Greek king Constantine runs away from the bomb which reads "KEMAL"</figcaption></figure> <p>In salvaging the Treaty of Sèvres, The Triple Entente forced the Turkish revolutionaries to agree with the terms through a series of conferences in London. The conference of London gave the Triple Entente an opportunity to reverse some of its policies. In October, parties to the conference received a report from Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lambert_Bristol" title="Mark Lambert Bristol">Mark Lambert Bristol</a>. He organised a commission to analyse the situation, and inquire into the bloodshed during the Occupation of İzmir and the following activities in the region. The commission reported that if annexation would not follow, Greece should not be the only occupation force in this area. Admiral Bristol was not so sure how to explain this annexation to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> Woodrow Wilson as he insisted on "respect for nationalities" in the Fourteen Points. He believed that the sentiments of the Turks "will never accept this annexation".<sup id="cite_ref-Buzanski_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buzanski-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neither the Conference of London nor Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol's report changed British prime minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>'s position. On 12 February 1921, he went with the annexation of the Aegean coast which was followed by the Greek offensive. David Lloyd George acted with his sentiments, which were developed during <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/George_Milne,_1st_Baron_Milne" title="George Milne, 1st Baron Milne">General Milne</a>, who was his officer on the ground. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6,_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg/220px-Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg/330px-Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg/440px-Liberation_of_Istanbul_on_October_6%2C_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Turkish troops enter Constantinople on 6 October 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>First negotiations between the sides failed during the Conference of London. The stage for peace was set after the Triple Entente's decision to make an arrangement with the Turkish revolutionaries. Before the talks with the Entente, the Nationalists partially settled their eastern borders with the Democratic Republic of Armenia, signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a>, but changes in the Caucasus—especially the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a>—required one more round of talks. The outcome was the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a>, a successor treaty to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Treaty of Moscow</a> of March 1921. It was signed in <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> on 13 October 1921<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ratified in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> on 11 September 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the borders secured with treaties and agreements at east and south, Mustafa Kemal was now in a commanding position. On August 26, 1922, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Battle of Dumlupınar</a>, the Turks routed the Greek positions and launched the <a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a>. The Nationalists demanded that the Greek army<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> evacuate East Thrace, Imbros, and Tenedos as well as Asia Minor. Mustafa Kemal sent a telegram to his commanders: "Armies! Your first goal is the Mediterranean, onwards!" The Turks recaptured all of Greece's gains in the span of three weeks, and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna" title="Turkish capture of Smyrna">recapture of Smyrna</a> by Turkish forces right after which occurred the <a href="/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Great fire of Smyrna">great fire of Smyrna</a>. Greece's retreat from Anatolia saw its army committing scorched earth tactics and the depopulation of Muslim villages. </p><p>The British were prepared to defend the neutral zone of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the Straits and the French asked Kemal to respect it,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to which he agreed on 28 September.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and the British Dominions objected to a new war.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France, Italy and Britain called on Mustafa Kemal to enter into cease-fire negotiations. In return, on 29 September Kemal asked for the negotiations to be started at <a href="/wiki/Mudanya" title="Mudanya">Mudanya</a>. This was agreed on 11 October, two <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">hours before the British intended to engage Nationalist forces at Çanak</a>, and signed the next day. The Greeks initially refused to agree but did so on 13 October.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors persuading Turkey to sign may have included the arrival of British reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the British government and public firmly anti-war, the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a> led to the collapse of David Lloyd George's coalition government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armistice_of_Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Turkish War of Independence">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a></div> <p>The Marmara sea resort town of <a href="/wiki/Mudanya" title="Mudanya">Mudanya</a> hosted the conference to arrange the armistice on 3 October 1922. İsmet Pasha—commander of the western armies—was in front of the Allies. The scene was unlike Mudros as the British and the Greeks were on the defence. Greece was represented by the Allies. </p><p>The British still expected the GNA to make concessions. From the first speech, the British were startled as Ankara demanded fulfillment of the National Pact. During the conference, the British troops in Constantinople were preparing for a Kemalist attack. There was never any fighting in Thrace, as Greek units withdrew before the Turks crossed the straits from Asia Minor. The only concession that İsmet made to the British was an agreement that his troops would not advance any farther toward the Dardanelles, which gave a safe haven for the British troops as long as the conference continued. The conference dragged on far beyond the original expectations. In the end, it was the British who yielded to Ankara's advances. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken,_%C4%B0zmit,_18_Haziran_1922.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Kemal Pasha inspects the Turkish troops (18 June 1922)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a> was signed on 11 October. By its terms, the Greek army would move west of the <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Maritsa</a>, clearing eastern Thrace to the Allies. The famous American author <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> was in Thrace at the time, and he covered the evacuation of eastern Thrace of its Greek population. He has several short stories written about Thrace and Smyrna, which appear in his book <i><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(short_story_collection)" title="In Our Time (short story collection)">In Our Time</a></i>. The agreement came into force starting 15 October. Allied forces would stay in eastern Thrace for a month to assure law and order. In return, Ankara would recognise continued British occupation of Constantinople and the Straits zones until the final treaty was signed. </p><p>Refet Bele was assigned to seize control of eastern Thrace from the Allies. He was the first representative to reach the old capital. The British did not allow the hundred gendarmes who came with him. That resistance lasted until the next day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_of_the_sultanate">Abolition of the sultanate</h3></div> <p>Kemal had long ago made up his mind to abolish the sultanate when the moment was ripe. After facing opposition from some members of the assembly, using his influence as a war hero, he managed to prepare a draft law for the abolition of the sultanate, which was then submitted to the National Assembly for voting. In that article, it was stated that the form of the government in Constantinople, resting on the sovereignty of an individual, had already ceased to exist when the British forces occupied the city after World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinross,_p._348_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinross,_p._348-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it was argued that although the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> had belonged to the Ottoman Empire, it rested on the Turkish state by its dissolution and Turkish National Assembly would have right to choose a member of the Ottoman family in the office of caliph. On 1 November, The Turkish Grand National Assembly voted to <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">abolish the sultanate</a>. Mehmed VI fled Turkey on 17 November 1922 on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Malaya" title="HMS Malaya">HMS Malaya</a>; so ended <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">the over 600 year-old monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha" title="Ahmet Tevfik Pasha">Ahmed Tevfik Pasha</a> also resigned as Grand Vizier (Prime Minister) a couple days later, without a replacement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Turkish War of Independence">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png/329px-Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png" decoding="async" width="329" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png/494px-Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>The Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923 that guaranteed Turkey's independence, replacing the Treaty of Sèvres</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%9323" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–23">Conference of Lausanne</a> began on 21 November 1922 in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and lasted into 1923. Its purpose was the negotiation of a treaty to replace the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, which, under the new government of the Grand National Assembly, was no longer recognised by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet Pasha</a> was the leading Turkish negotiator. İsmet maintained the basic position of the Ankara government that it had to be treated as an independent and sovereign state, equal with all other states attending the conference. In accordance with the directives of Mustafa Kemal, while discussing matters regarding the control of Turkish finances and justice, the <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">Capitulations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> and the like, he refused any proposal that would compromise Turkish sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, after long debates, on 24 July 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne</a> was signed. Ten weeks after the signature the Allied forces left Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conference opened with representatives from the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Turkey. It heard speeches from <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> of Italy and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> of France. At its conclusion, Turkey assented to the political clauses and the "freedom of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">straits</a>", which was Britain's main concern. The matter of <a href="/wiki/Mosul_question" title="Mosul question">the status of Mosul was deferred</a>, since <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a> refused to be budged on the British position that the area was part of Iraq. The British Iraq Mandate's possession of Mosul was confirmed by a League of Nations brokered agreement between Turkey and Great Britain in 1926. The French delegation, however, did not achieve any of their goals and on 30 January 1923 issued a statement that they did not consider the draft treaty to be any more than a "basis of discussion". The Turks therefore refused to sign the treaty. On 4 February 1923, Curzon made a final appeal to İsmet Pasha to sign, and when he refused the Foreign Secretary broke off negotiations and left that night on the <a href="/wiki/Orient_Express" title="Orient Express">Orient Express</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, finally signed in July 1923, led to international recognition of the Grand National Assembly as the legitimate government of Turkey and sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> to the defunct <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most goals on the condition of sovereignty were granted to Turkey. In addition to Turkey's more favourable land borders compared with Treaty of Sèvres (as can be seen in the picture to the right), capitulations were abolished, the issue of Mosul would be decided by a League of Nations <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> in 1926, while the border with Greece and Bulgaria would become demilitarised. The Turkish Straits would be under an international commission which gave Turkey more of a voice (this arrangement would be replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention</a> in 1936). The <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Maritsa</a> (Meriç) River would again become the western border of Turkey, as it was before 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_Republic">Establishment of the Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="extendedconfirmed-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a></span><span class="nonextendedconfirmed-show"><span class="sysop-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or </span><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ATurkish_War_of_Independence&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+23+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Turkish+War+of+Independence">making an edit request</a></span></span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Turkey was <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Turkey)" title="Republic Day (Turkey)">proclaimed a Republic on 29 October 1923</a>, with Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected as the first President. In forming his government, he placed <a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Mustafa Fevzi (Çakmak)</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_%C3%96zalp" title="Kâzım Özalp">Köprülü Kâzım (Özalp)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet (İnönü)</a> in important positions. They helped him to establish his <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">subsequent political and social reforms</a> in Turkey, transforming the country into a modern and secular nation state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist historiography</a></div><p> The orthodox Turkish perspective on the war is based primarily on the speeches (see <a href="/wiki/Nutuk" title="Nutuk">Nutuk</a>) and narratives of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a high-ranking officer in World War I and the leader of the Nationalist Movement. Kemal was characterized as the founder and sole leader of the Nationalist Movement. Potentially negative facts were omitted in the orthodox historiography. This interpretation had a tremendous impact on the perception of Turkish history, even by foreign researchers. The more recent historiography has come to understand the Kemalist version as a nationalist framing of events and movements leading to the republic's founding. This was accomplished by sidelining unwanted elements which had links to the detested and genocidal CUP, and thus elevating Kemal and his policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Avedian_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avedian-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 805–806">: 805–806 </span></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hal%C3%A2sk%C3%A2r%C3%A2n-%C4%B1_%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_afi%C5%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hal%C3%A2sk%C3%A2r%C3%A2n-%C4%B1_%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_afi%C5%9F.jpg/220px-Hal%C3%A2sk%C3%A2r%C3%A2n-%C4%B1_%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_afi%C5%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hal%C3%A2sk%C3%A2r%C3%A2n-%C4%B1_%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_afi%C5%9F.jpg/330px-Hal%C3%A2sk%C3%A2r%C3%A2n-%C4%B1_%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_afi%C5%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hal%C3%A2sk%C3%A2r%C3%A2n-%C4%B1_%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_afi%C5%9F.jpg/440px-Hal%C3%A2sk%C3%A2r%C3%A2n-%C4%B1_%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_afi%C5%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda poster of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></figcaption></figure><p>In the orthodox Turkish version of events, the Nationalist Movement broke with its defective past and took its strength from popular support led by Kemal, consequently giving him the surname <i>Atatürk</i>, meaning "Father of Turks". According to historians such as <a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Donald Bloxham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik-Jan_Z%C3%BCrcher" title="Erik-Jan Zürcher">E.J. Zürcher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Taner Akçam</a>, this was not the case in reality, and a nationalist movement emerged through the backing of leaders of CUP, of whom many were war criminals, people who became wealthy with confiscated equities and they were not on trial for their crimes owing to the accelerating support for the National Movement. Kemalist figures, including many old members of the CUP, ended up writing the majority of the history of the war. The modern understanding in Turkey is greatly influenced by this nationalist and politically motivated history.<sup id="cite_ref-Avedian_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avedian-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 806">: 806 </span></sup> </p><p>The claim that the Nationalist Movement emerged as a continuation of the CUP is based on the fact Nationalist leaders such as: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a> had been former members of the committee. However, their conduct during and after the war shows that various movements were competing with each other. Kazım Karabekir had <a href="/wiki/Halil_Kut" title="Halil Kut">Halil Kut</a> (Enver Pasha's uncle) deported from Anatolia during the war. Suspecting that he may reorganize the CUP through <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>'s directives,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mustafa Kemal appointed <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Cebesoy</a> as a representative to Moscow after learning Enver Pasha was lobbying in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a> as he made promises to return Anatolia during <a href="/wiki/Baku_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku Congress">Baku Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1921 Enver Pasha organized a congress in <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> for former CUP members who were now <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> deputies. They intended to seize power and expected the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Kemalists</a> would lose the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Battle of the Sakarya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to Enver's leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi movement</a> and Djemal's visit to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakhri_Pasha" title="Fakhri Pasha">Fahri Pasha</a> was appointed ambassador to Afghanistan to minimize their efforts; Turkey and Afghanistan signed a friendship treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war former high-ranking CUP members were semi-active in politics until they were purged following an <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_plot" title="İzmir plot">alleged assassination attempt</a> on Mustafa Kemal's life. Former Finance minister <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Cavid" title="Mehmed Cavid">Mehmed Cavid</a> and Politician <a href="/wiki/Ziya_Hur%C5%9Fit" title="Ziya Hurşit">Ziya Hurşit</a> were found guilty and executed and former members like Kâzım Karabekir were put on trial but acquitted <sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Mesut Uyar, the Turkish War of Independence was also a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> which took place in <a href="/wiki/Marmara_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Region">Southern Marmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Western and Eastern Black Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia</a> regions. He states that its aspect as a civil war is pushed into the background in official and academic books as 'revolts'. The losers of civil war who neither supported sultan nor Ankara Government, which they considered a continuation of CUP, did not consider themselves rebels. He further emphasizes that casualties and financial losses that occurred in the civil war is at least as catastrophic as the war that was fought against the enemies in other fronts. Thus, he concludes that the war was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_(Abilene,_Tex.),_Vol._24,_No._133,_Ed._1_Friday,_October_13,_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_(page_1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="The Abilene Daily Reporter">The Abilene Daily Reporter</a></i> based in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, U.S., called Mustafa Kemal "Turkey's <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>" on 13 October 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>Preference of the term "Kurtuluş Savaşı" (lit. Liberation War) has been criticized by Corry Guttstadt as it causes Turkey to be portrayed as "a victim of imperialist forces". In this version of events, minority groups are depicted as a pawn used by these forces. Turkish Islamists, right-wing faction and also leftists regard this historical narrative to be legitimate. In fact, Ottoman Empire had joined the First World War with expansionist goals. The CUP government intended to expand the Empire into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. When they were defeated, however, they depicted themselves as the victims, even though war brought dire consequences for non-Muslim minorities. Guttstadt states that Turkish War of Independence, which was conducted against Armenian and Greek minorities, was an Islamist campaign as National Defense Committees were organizations founded with Islamist characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the embrace of the Turkish War of Independence by Islamists is not common. During the war, Islamists such as Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Sabri" title="Mustafa Sabri">Mustafa Sabri</a> accused the Ankara-based Nationalist Movement of being a rebellion against the caliphate and the monarchy. After the war, Islamists, disturbed by Mustafa Kemal's secularist <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">reforms</a> in Republican Turkey, put forward various <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey#List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">conspiracy theories</a> to try to discredit both the war and Kemal, the commander-in-chief of the Turkish side.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, from the Turkish perspective, the term "Kurtuluş Savaşı" is widely defended, as the overwhelming majority of Turks view the event as a liberation from a foreign occupation. A speech delivered by Mustafa Kemal on 24 April 1920, to the newly established Ankara government, summed up the Turkish perspective of the situation: "It is known to all that the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Caliphate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Government</a> is under temporary occupation by foreign forces and that our independence is greatly restricted. Submitting to these conditions would mean national acceptance of a slavery proposed to us by foreign powers."<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Sèvres further promoted the Turkish narrative of the need to "liberate" the country. Should no action be taken, the Turkish state would be reduced to rump state in central Anatolia under heavy foreign influence.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenian historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a> writes that the Italians were "currying favor" with Turkish Nationalist forces by allowing "clandestine sale and shipment of arms" to them.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide#Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide § Turkish War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Greco-Turkish_War" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide § Greco-Turkish War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)#Greek_massacres_of_Turks" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) § Greek massacres of Turks</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkish war crimes</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a></div> <p>Historian Erik Sjöberg concludes that "It seems, in the end, unlikely that the Turkish Nationalist leaders, though secular in name, ever had any intention of allowing any sizeable non-Muslim minority to remain."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjöberg201640_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjöberg201640-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Nur" title="Rıza Nur">Rıza Nur</a>, one of the Turkish delegates at Lausanne, wrote that "disposing of people of different races, languages and religions in our country is the most ... vital issue".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjöberg201640_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjöberg201640-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Greek men were conscripted into unarmed <a href="/wiki/Labour_Battalions_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)">labor battalions</a> where the death rate sometimes exceeded 90 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_K%C3%A9vorkian" title="Raymond Kévorkian">Raymond Kévorkian</a> states that "removing non-Turks from the sanctuary of Anatolia continued to be one of" the Turkish Nationalists' main activities after World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020149_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020149-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preventing Armenians and other Christians from returning home, and therefore allowing their properties to be retained by those who had stolen them during the war, was a key factor in securing popular support for the Turkish Nationalist Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020155_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020155-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian civilians were subjected to forced deportation to expel them from the country, a policy that continued after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020159–160_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020159–160-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deportations were similar to those employed during the Armenian Genocide and caused many deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020164_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020164-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1 million Greeks were expelled <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>as were all remaining Armenians in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbekir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpoot" title="Harpoot">Harput</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatia</a>—forced across the border into French-mandate Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020161_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020161-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vahagn Avedian argues that the Turkish War of Independence was not directed against the Allied Powers, but that its main objective was to get rid of non-Turkish minority groups. The Nationalist movement maintained the aggressive policy of the CUP against Christians. It was stated in a secret telegram from Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Muhtar_Mollao%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Muhtar Mollaoğlu">Ahmet Muhtar (Mollaoğlu)</a> to Kazım Karabekir in mid-1921 "the most important thing is to eliminate Armenia, both politically and materially". Avedian holds that the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Republic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Armenian Republic (disambiguation)">Armenian Republic</a> was considered as the "greatest threat" for the continuation of Turkish state, and that for this reason, they "fulfilled the genocidal policy of its CUP predecessor". After the Christian population was destroyed, the focus shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish</a> population. Ethnic cleansing was also carried against <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> with the collaboration with Ankara and Istanbul governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Avedian_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avedian-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memory_of_Victory,_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Memory_of_Victory%2C_1925.jpg/200px-Memory_of_Victory%2C_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Memory_of_Victory%2C_1925.jpg/300px-Memory_of_Victory%2C_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Memory_of_Victory%2C_1925.jpg/400px-Memory_of_Victory%2C_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption><i>Hatıra-i Zafer</i> (Memory of Victory) by Hasan Sabri in 1925.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> transitioned from a provisional counsel to being Turkey's primary legislative body. In 1923, A-RMHC changed its name to the People's Party. A couple years later, the name would be changed again by Mustafa Kemal to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, CHP), one of Turkey's major political parties as well as its oldest. CHP went on to rule <a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey as a one party state</a> until the <a href="/wiki/1946_Turkish_general_election" title="1946 Turkish general election">1946 general election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_the_Chanak_Crisis">Aftermath of the Chanak Crisis</h3></div> <p>In addition to toppling the British government, the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a> would have far reaching consequences on British dominion policy. As the Dominion of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> did not see itself committed to support a potential British war with Kemal's GNA, dominion foreign policy would become less committed for security for the British Empire. This attitude of no commitment to the Empire would be a defining moment in Canada's gradual movement towards independence as well as the decline of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_other_nations">Influence on other nations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: influence on nations other than Germany. You can help by <span class="extendedconfirmed-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a></span><span class="nonextendedconfirmed-show"><span class="sysop-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or </span><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ATurkish_War_of_Independence&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+23+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Turkish+War+of+Independence">making an edit request</a></span></span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The media in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Germany</a> covered the events in Anatolia extensively. Ihrig argues that Turkish War of Independence had a more definite impact on the <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> than Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>. Germans, including <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, wanted to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> just like the Treaty of Sèvres was abolished. After the failed putsch media coverage on the war ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkish_War_of_Independence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence">Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_media_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="List of media during the Turkish War of Independence">List of media during the Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Independence_(Turkey)" title="Medal of Independence (Turkey)">Medal of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers#Second_Constitutional_Monarchy_(1908–1920)" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">List of Ottoman Grand Viziers#Second Constitional Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Armistice_era_and_Independence_war_parties_(1918–1922)" title="List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire">List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire#Armistice era and Independence war parties (1918–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Tribunals_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Tribunals (Turkey)">Independence Tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Economic_Congress" title="İzmir Economic Congress">Izmir Economic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celali rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efe_(zeybek)" title="Efe (zeybek)">Efe (zeybek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miralay_Sad%C4%B1k" class="mw-redirect" title="Miralay Sadık">Miralay Sadık</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In August 1922 the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Army</a> formed 23 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> and 6 <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>. Equivalent to 24 infantry divisions and 7 cavalry divisions, if the additional 3 infantry <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a>, 5 undersized border <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a>, 1 cavalry <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> and 3 cavalry regiments are included (271,403 men total). The troops were distributed in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-celalridvan_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celalridvan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Eastern Front</a>: 2 infantry divisions, 1 cavalry division, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> fortified areas and 5 border regiments (29,514 men); El-Cezire front (southeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, eastern region of the river <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>): 1 infantry division and 2 cavalry regiments (10,447 men); <a href="/wiki/Central_Army_(Turkey)" title="Central Army (Turkey)">Central Army</a> area: 1 infantry division and 1 cavalry brigade (10,000 men); <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> command: 2 <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> (500 men); <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a> area: 1 infantry regiment and 1 cavalry regiment (1,000 men); Interior region units and institutions: 12,000 men; <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Western Front</a>: 18 infantry divisions and 5 cavalry divisions, if the independent brigade and regiments are included, 19 infantry divisions and 5.5 cavalry divisions (207,942 men).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to some Turkish estimates the casualties were at least 120,000-130,000.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> sources give 100,000 killed and wounded,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a total sum of 200,000 casualties, taking into account that 100,000 casualties were solely suffered in <a href="/wiki/Great_Smyrna_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Smyrna Offensive">August–September 1922</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stillwell_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stillwell-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Material losses, during the war, were enormous too.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kurtuluş Savaşı</i> "War of Liberation", also known figuratively as <i>İstiklâl Harbi</i> "Independence War" or <i>Millî Mücadele</i> "National Struggle"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mehmet Çavuş's fire against the French in Dörtyol was misknown until near past. But Hasan Tahsin's firing was the first bullet in Western Front.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022204–206-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022204–206_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022204–206_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, pp. 204–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jelavich-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jelavich_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela"><i>History of the Balkans: Twentieth century</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27459-3"><bdi>978-0-521-27459-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Twentieth+century&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27459-3&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbalkans0000jela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UDer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UDer_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/ukrxx/zmist.htm">"Українська державність у XX столітті: Історико-політологічний аналіз / Ред. кол.: О. Дергачов (кер. авт. кол.), Є. Бистрицький, О. Білий, І. Бураковський, Дж. Мейс, В. Полохало, М. Томенко та ін. – К.: Політ. думка, 1996. — 434 с."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809220615/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrxx/zmist.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%83+XX+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%3A+%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7+%2F+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4.+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB.%3A+%D0%9E.+%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80.+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82.+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB.%29%2C+%D0%84.+%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%9E.+%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%86.+%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%94%D0%B6.+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%2C+%D0%92.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%2C+%D0%9C.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%96%D0%BD.+%E2%80%93+%D0%9A.%3A+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82.+%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+1996.+%E2%80%94+434+%D1%81.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitopys.org.ua%2Fukrxx%2Fzmist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221125926/http://www.camilhasanli.com/files/P46P3OLay7vK.pdf">Внешняя политика Азербайджана в годы cоветской власти</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224073430/http://www.turksolu.com.tr/kitap/17.htm">"Hüseyin Adıgüzel – Atatürk, Nerimanov ve Kurtuluş Savaşımız"</a>. 24 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turksolu.com.tr/kitap/17.htm">the original</a> on 24 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H%C3%BCseyin+Ad%C4%B1g%C3%BCzel+%E2%80%93+Atat%C3%BCrk%2C+Nerimanov+ve+Kurtulu%C5%9F+Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1m%C4%B1z&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turksolu.com.tr%2Fkitap%2F17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndican2007" class="citation book cs1">Andican, A. Ahat (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dWGqMQAACAAJ"><i>Turkestan Struggle Abroad From Jadidism to Independence</i></a>. SOTA Publications. pp. 78–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-908-0-740-365" title="Special:BookSources/978-908-0-740-365"><bdi>978-908-0-740-365</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124333/https://books.google.com/books?id=dWGqMQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkestan+Struggle+Abroad+From+Jadidism+to+Independence&rft.pages=78-81&rft.pub=SOTA+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-908-0-740-365&rft.aulast=Andican&rft.aufirst=A.+Ahat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdWGqMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/44/671/8544.pdf"><i>The Place of the Turkish Independence War in the American Press (1918–1923)</i> by Bülent Bilmez</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602185231/http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/44/671/8544.pdf">Archived</a> 2 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "...the occupation of western Turkey by the Greek armies under the control of the Allied Powers, the discord among them was evident and publicly known. As the Italians were against this occupation from the beginning, and started "secretly" helping the Kemalists, this conflict among the Allied Powers, and the Italian support for the Kemalists were reported regularly by the American press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annualmeeting-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annualmeeting_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annualmeeting_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annualmeeting_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annualmeeting_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Western Society for French History. Meeting: <i>Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History</i>, New Mexico State University Press, 1996, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ8MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Gouraud+now+commanded+nearly+70000+mostly+colonial+(Senegalese,+Moroccan,+Tunisian%22">sayfa 206</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609013558/https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ8MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Gouraud+now+commanded+nearly+70000+mostly+colonial+(Senegalese,+Moroccan,+Tunisian%22">Archived</a> 9 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briton Cooper Busch: <i>Mudros to Lausanne: Britain's Frontier in West Asia, 1918–1923</i>, SUNY Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-265-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-265-0">0-87395-265-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz_OVCTNI04C&pg=PA216">sayfa 216</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124340/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz_OVCTNI04C&pg=PA216">Archived</a> 15 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E2D6143AEE32A2575BC1A9609C946195D6CF">British Indian troops attacked by Turks; thirty wounded and British officer captured – Warships' guns drive enemy back</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206094337/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E2D6143AEE32A2575BC1A9609C946195D6CF">Archived</a> 6 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i>New York Times</i> (18 June 1920).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9501E6DF173AEE32A2575BC1A9659C946195D6CF">Allies occupy Constantinople; seize ministries; Turkish and British Indian soldiers killed in a clash at the War Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204162314/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9501E6DF173AEE32A2575BC1A9659C946195D6CF">Archived</a> 4 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i>New York Times</i> (18 March 1920).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chester Neal Tate, <i>Governments of the World: a Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities</i>, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vAUWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Turkish+victory%22">p. 205.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609013604/https://books.google.com/books?id=vAUWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Turkish+victory%22">Archived</a> 9 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to John R. Ferris, "Decisive Turkish victory in Anatolia... produced Britain's gravest strategic crisis between the 1918 Armistice and Munich, plus a seismic shift in British politics..." Erik Goldstein and Brian McKerche, <i>Power and Stability: British Foreign Policy</i>, 1865–1965, 2004 p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ergün Aybars, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi I, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1984, pp 319–334 <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tgs1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tgs1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turkish General Staff, <i>Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi</i>, Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celalridvan-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-celalridvan_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-celalridvan_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: <i>Kurtuluş Savaşı tarihi</i>, Türkiye İş̧ Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9944884472" title="Special:BookSources/9944884472">9944884472</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TExAQAAIAAJ&q=%221+piyade+t%C3%BCmeni+ve+2+s%C3%BCvari+alay%C4%B1%22">p. 339</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609013604/https://books.google.com/books?id=4TExAQAAIAAJ&q=%221+piyade+t%C3%BCmeni+ve+2+s%C3%BCvari+alay%C4%B1%22">Archived</a> 9 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold J. Toynbee/Kenneth P Kirkwood, <i>Turkey</i>, Benn 1926, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of the Campaign of Minor Asia, General Staff of Army, Directorate of Army History, Athens, 1967, p. 140: on 11 June (OC) 6,159 officers, 193,994 soldiers (=200,153 men)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. A. Pallis: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PsNAAAAQAAJ&q=%22the+strength+of+the+greek+army+actually+mobilized%22"><i>Greece's Anatolian Venture - and After</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609013557/https://books.google.com/books?ei=ZWl9T82hGMLLtgfx452CDQ&id=5PsNAAAAQAAJ&q=%22the+strength+of+the+greek+army+actually+mobilized%22#v=snippet&q=%22the%20strength%20of%20the%20greek%20army%20actually%20mobilized%22">Archived</a> 9 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Taylor & Francis, p. 56 (footnote 5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/09/10/102391263.pdf">"When Greek meets Turk; How the Conflict in Asia Minor Is Regarded on the Spot – King Constantine's View"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602051630/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/09/10/102391263.pdf">Archived</a> 2 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, T. Walter Williams, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 10 September 1922.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaiah Friedman: <i>British Miscalculations: The Rise of Muslim Nationalism, 1918–1925</i>, Transaction Publishers, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412847109" title="Special:BookSources/1412847109">1412847109</a>, page 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles à Court Repington: <i>After the War</i>, Simon Publications LLC, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1931313733" title="Special:BookSources/1931313733">1931313733</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0715F9385E157A93CBA8178DD85F448285F9">"British in Turkey May Be Increased"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219113317/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0715F9385E157A93CBA8178DD85F448285F9">Archived</a> 19 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 19 June 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anahide_Ter_Minassian" title="Anahide Ter Minassian">Anahide Ter Minassian</a>: La république d'Arménie. 1918–1920 La mémoire du siècle., éditions complexe, Bruxelles 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87027-280-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-87027-280-4">2-87027-280-4</a>, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2015" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmSICwAAQBAJ&q=7000+kuva-yi+Inzibatiye&pg=PT45"><i>Armies of the Greek-Turkish War 1919–22</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472806864" title="Special:BookSources/9781472806864"><bdi>9781472806864</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124333/https://books.google.com/books?id=cmSICwAAQBAJ&q=7000+kuva-yi+Inzibatiye&pg=PT45">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Greek-Turkish+War+1919%E2%80%9322&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781472806864&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcmSICwAAQBAJ%26q%3D7000%2Bkuva-yi%2BInzibatiye%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fleet-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fleet_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fleet_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kate Fleet, Suraiya Faroqhi, Reşat Kasaba: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOoGH4GckQgC&q=%22a+small+fraction+of+the+ottoman+casualties%22">The Cambridge History of Turkey Volume 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609013600/https://books.google.com/books?ei=Vuh5T9evN4Xj4QTy8tCDDw&id=iOoGH4GckQgC&q=%22a+small+fraction+of+the+ottoman+casualties%22#v=snippet&q=%22a%20small%20fraction%20of%20the%20ottoman%20casualties%22">Archived</a> 9 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62096-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62096-1">0-521-62096-1</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-selek1963-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-selek1963_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-selek1963_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabahattin Selek: <i>Millî Mücadele – Cilt I (engl.: National Struggle – Edition I)</i>, Burçak yayınevi, 1963, p. 109. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmet-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahmet_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahmet_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmet Özdemir, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/45/783/10069.pdf"><i>Savaş esirlerinin Milli mücadeledeki yeri</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918133401/http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/45/783/10069.pdf">Archived</a> 18 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ankara University, Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, Edition 2, Number 6, 1990, pp. 328–332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Σειρά Μεγάλες Μάχες: Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή (Νο 8), συλλογική εργασία, έκδοση περιοδικού Στρατιωτική Ιστορία, Εκδόσεις Περισκόπιο, Αθήνα, Νοέμβριος 2002, σελίδα 64 <span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Στρατιωτική Ιστορία</i> journal, Issue 203, December 2013, page 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali Çimen, Göknur Göğebakan: Tarihi Değiştiren Savaşlar, Timaş Yayınevi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9752634869" title="Special:BookSources/9752634869">9752634869</a>, 2. Cilt, 2007, sayfa 321 <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Vertigans: <i>Islamic Roots and Resurgence in Turkey: Understanding and Explaining the Muslim Resurgence</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275980510" title="Special:BookSources/0275980510">0275980510</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9zEC045g0MC&q=%22greeks%20died%20or%20were%20wounded%22">page 41</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609013602/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9zEC045g0MC&printsec=frontcover&q=%22greeks%20died%20or%20were%20wounded%22">Archived</a> 9 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicole Pope, Hugh Pope: <i>Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey</i>, Overlook Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1585670960" title="Special:BookSources/1585670960">1585670960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QpNHV4jfIDAC&q=%22Greek+dead+and+wounded+were+estimated+at+around+%22">page 58</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609013557/https://books.google.com/books?id=QpNHV4jfIDAC&q=%22Greek+dead+and+wounded+were+estimated+at+around+%22&hl=de">Archived</a> 9 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stillwell-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stillwell_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Joseph Stillwell, <i>Anglo-Turkish relations in the interwar era</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston</a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773467769" title="Special:BookSources/0773467769">0773467769</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_vsWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22were+upward+of+200,000.+of+whom+at+least+half+were+lost+during+the+flight+to+Smyrna+%22">page 46</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609013602/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vsWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22were+upward+of+200,000.+of+whom+at+least+half+were+lost+during+the+flight+to+Smyrna+%22">Archived</a> 9 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, <i>The Harper encyclopedia of military history: from 3500 BC to the present</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0062700561" title="Special:BookSources/0062700561">0062700561</a>, HarperCollins, 1993, page 1087</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Revue internationale d'histoire militaire - Issues 46-48</i>, University of Michigan, 1980, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJlmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22partly+annihilated+and+partly+taken+prisoner+within+15-20+days.+The+casualties+%22">page 227</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609013601/https://books.google.com/books?id=SJlmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22partly+annihilated+and+partly+taken+prisoner+within+15-20+days.+The+casualties+%22">Archived</a> 9 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert W.D. Ball: <i>Gun Digest Books, 2011</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1440215448" title="Special:BookSources/1440215448">1440215448</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p40IsLJv80AC">237</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pars Tuğlacı: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2UMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Bu+sava%C5%9Fta+Ermenilerden+112+subay%2C+1150+er+esir+al%C4%B1nd%C4%B1%2C+1100%27den+fazla+Ermeni+de+%C3%B6ld%C3%BC%2C+bir%C3%A7ok+malzeme+ele+ge%C3%A7irildi%22"><i>Tarih boyunca Batı Ermenileri</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609013559/https://books.google.com/books?id=r2UMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Bu+sava%C5%9Fta+Ermenilerden+112+subay%2C+1150+er+esir+al%C4%B1nd%C4%B1%2C+1100%27den+fazla+Ermeni+de+%C3%B6ld%C3%BC%2C+bir%C3%A7ok+malzeme+ele+ge%C3%A7irildi%22">Archived</a> 9 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pars Yayın, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-7423-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/975-7423-06-8">975-7423-06-8</a>, p. 794.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_J._Walker" title="Christopher J. Walker">Christopher J. Walker</a>, <i>Armenia: The Survival of a Nation</i>, Croom Helm, 1980, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniasurvivalo0000walk">p. 310.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Death by Government, <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a>, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dad360-361-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dad360-361_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These are according to the figures provided by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Myasnikyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Myasnikyan">Alexander Miasnikyan</a>, the President of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Armenia, in a telegram he sent to the Soviet Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a> in 1921. Miasnikyan's figures were broken down as follows: of the approximately 60,000 Armenians who were killed by the Turkish armies, 30,000 were men, 15,000 women, 5,000 children, and 10,000 young girls. Of the 38,000 who were wounded, 20,000 were men, 10,000 women, 5,000 young girls, and 3,000 children. Instances of mass rape, murder and violence were also reported against the Armenian populace of Kars and Alexandropol: see <a href="/wiki/Vahakn_N._Dadrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahakn N. Dadrian">Vahakn N. Dadrian</a>. (2003). <i>The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus</i>. New York: Berghahn Books, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVJMAVoMM0C&q=%22total%20number%20killed%20by%20the%20Turks%20reached%2060%2C000%2C%20of%20which%2030%2C000%20were%20men%2C%2015%2C000%20women%2C%22&pg=PA360">pp. 360–361</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609013603/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVJMAVoMM0C&pg=PA360&q=%22total%20number%20killed%20by%20the%20Turks%20reached%2060,000,%20of%20which%2030,000%20were%20men,%2015,000%20women,%22">Archived</a> 9 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-666-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-666-6">1-57181-666-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armenia : The Survival of a Nation, Christopher Walker, 1980, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel" class="citation web cs1">Rummel, R.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM">"Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources"</a>. University of Hawai'i. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227164226/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Of+Turkey%27s+Democide+Estimates%2C+Calculations%2C+And+Sources&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FSOD.CHAP5.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzdalga" class="citation news cs1">Özdalga, Elizabeth. "The Last Dragoman: the Swedish Orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as Scholar, Activist and Diplomat (2006), Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, p. 63".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Last+Dragoman%3A+the+Swedish+Orientalist+Johannes+Kolmodin+as+Scholar%2C+Activist+and+Diplomat+%282006%29%2C+Swedish+Research+Institute+in+Istanbul%2C+p.+63&rft.aulast=%C3%96zdalga&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVárdy2003" class="citation book cs1">Várdy, Béla (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFKNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA190"><i>Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Social Science Monographs. p. 190</i></a>. Social Science Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880339957" title="Special:BookSources/9780880339957"><bdi>9780880339957</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+in+Twentieth-Century+Europe.+Social+Science+Monographs.+p.+190.&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780880339957&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1rdy&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFKNAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee" class="citation news cs1">Toynbee, Arnold. "Toynbee, Arnold (6 April 1922) [9 March 1922], "Letter", The Times, Turkey".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toynbee%2C+Arnold+%286+April+1922%29+%5B9+March+1922%5D%2C+%22Letter%22%2C+The+Times%2C+Turkey.&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoder_Park" class="citation news cs1">Loder Park, U.S. Vice-Consul James. "Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Smyrna%2C+11+April+1923.+US+archives+US767.68116%2F34&rft.aulast=Loder+Park&rft.aufirst=U.S.+Vice-Consul+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHG" class="citation news cs1">HG, Howell. "Report on the Nationalist Offensive in Anatolia, Istanbul: The Inter-Allied commission proceeding to Bourssa, F.O. 371-7898, no. E10383.(15 September 1922)".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Nationalist+Offensive+in+Anatolia%2C+Istanbul%3A+The+Inter-Allied+commission+proceeding+to+Bourssa%2C+F.O.+371-7898%2C+no.+E10383.%2815+September+1922%29&rft.aulast=HG&rft.aufirst=Howell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Mevlüt Çelebi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909190458/http://atam.gov.tr/milli-mucadelede-italyan-isgalleri/"><i>Millî Mücadele'de İtalyan İşgalleri</i> (English: Italian occupations during the National Struggle)</a>, <i>Journal of Atatürk Research Center</i>, issue 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/07/19/102875743.pdf">"British to defend Ismid-Black Sea line"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225165001/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/07/19/102875743.pdf">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 19 July 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/07/11/112662574.pdf">"Greeks enter Brussa; Turkish raids go on"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227083001/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/07/11/112662574.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 11 July 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/07/07/102866909.pdf">"Turk Nationalists capture Beicos"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301185438/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/07/07/102866909.pdf">Archived</a> 1 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 7 July 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/03/18/118310149.pdf">"Allies occupy Constantinople; seize ministries"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225041628/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/03/18/118310149.pdf">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 18 March 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/05/01/96886774.pdf">"British to fight rebels in Turkey"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224153827/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/05/01/96886774.pdf">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 1 May 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nurettin Türsan, Burhan Göksel: <i>Birinci Askeri Tarih Semineri: bildiriler</i>, 1983, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhdpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22t%C3%BCmenine+bir+g%C3%BCn+kaybettirmi%C5%9Fti%22">page 42</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124333/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhdpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22t%C3%BCmenine+bir+g%C3%BCn+kaybettirmi%C5%9Fti%22">Archived</a> 15 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zürcher, Erik Jan. <i>The Unionist Factor: The Role of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905-1926</i>. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avedian-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avedian_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avedian_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avedian_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avedian_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvedian2012" class="citation journal cs1">Avedian, Vahagn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/797/399905">"State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Law</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 797–820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs056">10.1093/ejil/chs056</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0938-5428">0938-5428</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507161711/https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/797/399905">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=State+Identity%2C+Continuity%2C+and+Responsibility%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+the+Republic+of+Turkey+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=797-820&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs056&rft.issn=0938-5428&rft.aulast=Avedian&rft.aufirst=Vahagn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fejil%2Farticle%2F23%2F3%2F797%2F399905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/They_Can_Live_in_the_Desert_but_Nowhere_Else" title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else"><i>"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 364–365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-6558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22They+Can+Live+in+the+Desert+but+Nowhere+Else%22%3A+A+History+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=364-365&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span> The Armenian Genocide, along with the killing of Assyrians and the expulsion of the Anatolian Greeks, laid the ground for the more homogeneous nation-state that arose from the ashes of the empire. Like many other states, including Australia, Israel, and the United States, the emergence of the Republic of Turkey involved the removal and subordination of native peoples who had lived on its territory prior to its founding. <ul><li>Lay summary in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ronald Grigor Suny (26 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/armenian_genocide">"Armenian Genocide"</a>. <i>1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=1914-1918-online.+International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.au=Ronald+Grigor+Suny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Farmenian_genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandisAlbert2012264-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandisAlbert2012264_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandisAlbert2012264_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandisAlbert2012">Landis & Albert 2012</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_Modern_Turkey" title="The Making of Modern Turkey"><i>The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965522-9"><bdi>978-0-19-965522-9</bdi></a>. <q>As such, the Greco-Turkish and Armeno-Turkish wars (1919–23) were in essence processes of state formation that represented a continuation of ethnic unmixing and exclusion of Ottoman Christians from Anatolia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Turkey%3A+Nation+and+State+in+Eastern+Anatolia%2C+1913%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965522-9&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser">Kieser, Hans-Lukas</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b53tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Turkish+war+of+independence%22+%22ethnic+cleansing%22"><i>A Quest for Belonging: Anatolia Beyond Empire and Nation (19th-21st Centuries)</i></a>. Isis Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-428-345-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-428-345-7"><bdi>978-975-428-345-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124334/https://books.google.com/books?id=b53tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Turkish+war+of+independence%22+%22ethnic+cleansing%22">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 officially recognized the " ethnic cleansing " that had gone on during the Turkish War of Independence ( 1919 - 1922 ) for the sake of undisputed Turkish rule in Asia Minor .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quest+for+Belonging%3A+Anatolia+Beyond+Empire+and+Nation+%2819th-21st+Centuries%29&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-975-428-345-7&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db53tAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Turkish%2Bwar%2Bof%2Bindependence%2522%2B%2522ethnic%2Bcleansing%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvedian2012" class="citation journal cs1">Avedian, Vahagn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/797/399905">"State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Law</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 797–820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs056">10.1093/ejil/chs056</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0938-5428">0938-5428</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507161711/https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/797/399905">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>The 'War of Independence' was not against the occupying Allies – a myth invented by Kemalists – but rather a campaign to rid Turkey of remaining non-Turkish elements. In fact, Nationalists never clashed with Entente occupying forces until the French forces with Armenian contingents and Armenian deportees began to return to Cilicia in late 1919.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=State+Identity%2C+Continuity%2C+and+Responsibility%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+the+Republic+of+Turkey+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=797-820&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs056&rft.issn=0938-5428&rft.aulast=Avedian&rft.aufirst=Vahagn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fejil%2Farticle%2F23%2F3%2F797%2F399905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKévorkian2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_K%C3%A9vorkian" title="Raymond Kévorkian">Kévorkian, Raymond</a> (2020). "The Final Phase: The Cleansing of Armenian and Greek Survivors, 1919–1922". In Astourian, Stephan; Kévorkian, Raymond (eds.). <i>Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-451-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-451-3"><bdi>978-1-78920-451-3</bdi></a>. <q>The famous 'war of national liberation', prepared by the Unionists and waged by Kemal, was a vast operation, intended to complete the genocide by finally eradicating Armenian, Greek, and Syriac survivors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Final+Phase%3A+The+Cleansing+of+Armenian+and+Greek+Survivors%2C+1919%E2%80%931922&rft.btitle=Collective+and+State+Violence+in+Turkey%3A+The+Construction+of+a+National+Identity+from+Empire+to+Nation-State&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-451-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%A9vorkian&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Gingeras" title="Ryan Gingeras">Gingeras, Ryan</a> (2016). <i>Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1922</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967607-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967607-1"><bdi>978-0-19-967607-1</bdi></a>. <q>While the number of victims in Ankara's deportations remains elusive, evidence from other locations suggest that the Nationalists were as equally disposed to collective punishment and population politics as their Young Turk antecedents... As in the First World War, the mass deportation of civilians was symptomatic of how precarious the Nationalists felt their prospects were.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+Sultanate%3A+The+Great+War+and+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1908-1922&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967607-1&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser">Kieser, Hans-Lukas</a> (2018). <i><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha:_Father_of_Modern_Turkey,_Architect_of_Genocide" title="Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide">Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide</a></i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 319–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8963-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8963-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-8963-1</bdi></a>. <q>Thus, from spring 1919, Kemal Pasha resumed, with ex- CUP forces, domestic war against Greek and Armenian rivals. These were partly backed by victors of World War I who had, however, abstained from occupying Asia Minor. The war for Asia Minor— in national diction, again a war of salvation and independence, thus in- line with what had begun in 1913— accomplished Talaat's demographic Turkification beginning on the eve of World War I. Resuming Talaat's Pontus policy of 1916– 17, this again involved collective physical annihilation, this time of the Rûm of Pontus at the Black Sea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talaat+Pasha%3A+Father+of+Modern+Turkey%2C+Architect+of+Genocide&rft.pages=319-320&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8963-1&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lay summary in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kieser, Hans-Lukas. "Pasha, Talat". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/pasha_talat"><i>1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pasha%2C+Talat&rft.btitle=1914-1918-online.+International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Fpasha_talat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Levene, Mark</a> (2020). "Through a Glass Darkly: The Resurrection of Religious Fanaticism as First Cause of Ottoman Catastrophe". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 553–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1735560">10.1080/14623528.2020.1735560</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222145177">222145177</a>. <q>Ittihadist violence was as near as near could be optimal against the Armenians (and Syriacs) and in the final Kemalist phase was quantitively entirely the greater in an increasingly asymmetric conflict where, for instance, Kemal could deport "enemies" into a deep interior in a way that his adversaries could not..., it was the hard men, self-styled saviours of the Ottoman-Turkish state, and – culminating in Kemal – unapologetic génocidaires, who were able to wrest its absolute control.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Through+a+Glass+Darkly%3A+The+Resurrection+of+Religious+Fanaticism+as+First+Cause+of+Ottoman+Catastrophe&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=553-560&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222145177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1462-3528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1735560&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZe'eviMorris2019" class="citation book cs1">Ze'evi, Dror; Morris, Benny (2019). <i>The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674916456" title="Special:BookSources/9780674916456"><bdi>9780674916456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide%3A+Turkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=672&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780674916456&rft.aulast=Ze%27evi&rft.aufirst=Dror&rft.au=Morris%2C+Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Marashlian" title="Levon Marashlian">Levon Marashlian</a>, "Finishing the Genocide: Cleansing Turkey of Armenian Survivors, 1920-1923," in Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide, ed. Richard Hovannisian (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999), pp. 113-45: "Between 1920 and 1923, as Turkish and Western diplomats were negotiating the fate of the Armenian Question at peace conferences in London, Paris, and Lausanne, thousands of Armenians of the Ottoman Empire who had survived the massacres and deportations of World War I continued to face massacres, deportations, and persecutions across the length and breadth of Anatolia. Events on the ground, diplomatic correspondence, and news reports confirmed that it was the policy of the Turkish Nationalists in Angora, who eventually founded the Republic of Turkey, to eradicate the remnants of the empire's Armenian population and finalize the expropriation of their public and private properties."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarashlian1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Levon_Marashlian" title="Levon Marashlian">Marashlian, Levon</a> (1998). "Finishing the Genocide: Cleansing Turkey of Armenian Survivors, 1920-1923". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). <i>Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 113–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2777-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2777-7"><bdi>978-0-8143-2777-7</bdi></a>. <q>Between 1920 and 1923, as Turkish and Western diplomats were negotiating the fate of the Armenian Question at peace conferences in London, Paris, and Lausanne, thousands of Armenians of the Ottoman Empire who had survived the massacres and deportations of World War I continued to face massacres, deportations, and persecutions across the length and breadth of Anatolia. Events on the ground, diplomatic correspondence, and news reports confirmed that it was the policy of the Turkish Nationalists in Angora, who eventually founded the Republic of Turkey, to eradicate the remnants of the empire's Armenian population and finalize the expropriation of their public and private properties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Finishing+the+Genocide%3A+Cleansing+Turkey+of+Armenian+Survivors%2C+1920-1923&rft.btitle=Remembrance+and+Denial%3A+The+Case+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=113-45&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2777-7&rft.aulast=Marashlian&rft.aufirst=Levon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirinian2017" class="citation book cs1">Shirinian, George N. (2017). <i>Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-433-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-433-7"><bdi>978-1-78533-433-7</bdi></a>. <q>The argument that there was a mutually signed agreement for the population exchange ignores the fact that the Ankara government had already declared its intention that no Greek should remain on Turkish soil before the exchange was even discussed. The final killing and expulsion of the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire in 1920–24 was part of a series of hostile actions that began even before Turkey's entry into World War I.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Armenians%2C+Assyrians%2C+and+Greeks%2C+1913-1923&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-433-7&rft.aulast=Shirinian&rft.aufirst=George+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdalian1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rouben_Paul_Adalian" title="Rouben Paul Adalian">Adalian, Rouben Paul</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armenian-genocide.org/kemal.html">"Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal"</a>. In Charny, Israel W. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Genocide: A-H</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-928-1"><bdi>978-0-87436-928-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516032216/https://www.armenian-genocide.org/kemal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Mustafa Kemal completed what Talaat and Enver had started in 1915, the eradication of the Armenian population of Anatolia and the termination of Armenian political aspirations in the Caucasus. With the expulsion of the Greeks, the Turkification and Islamification of Asia Minor was nearly complete.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ataturk%2C+Mustafa+Kemal&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genocide%3A+A-H&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-928-1&rft.aulast=Adalian&rft.aufirst=Rouben+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2Fkemal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dror_Ze%27evi" title="Dror Ze'evi">Ze'evi, Dror</a> (2019). <a href="/wiki/The_Thirty-Year_Genocide" title="The Thirty-Year Genocide"><i>The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6"><bdi>978-0-674-91645-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Greek seizure of Smyrna and the repeated pushes inland— almost to the outskirts of Ankara, the Nationalist capital—coupled with the largely imagined threat of a Pontine breakaway, triggered a widespread, systematic four- year campaign of ethnic cleansing in which hundreds of thousands of Ottoman Greeks were massacred and more than a million deported to Greece... throughout 1914–1924, the overarching aim was to achieve a Turkey free of Greeks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide%3A+Turkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-674-91645-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%27evi%2C+Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeichanetsidis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Meichanetsidis, Vasileios Th. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/690">"The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview"</a>. <i>Genocide Studies International</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 104–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06">10.3138/gsi.9.1.06</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154870709">154870709</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123070747/https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/690">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>The genocide was committed by two subsequent and chronologically, ideologically, and organically interrelated and interconnected dictatorial and chauvinist regimes: (1) the regime of the CUP, under the notorious triumvirate of the three pashas (Üç Paşalar), Talât, Enver, and Cemal, and (2) the rebel government at Samsun and Ankara, under the authority of the Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) and Kemal. Although the process had begun before the Balkan Wars, the final and most decisive period started immediately after WWI and ended with the almost total destruction of the Pontic Greeks ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=The+Genocide+of+the+Greeks+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1913%E2%80%931923%3A+A+Comprehensive+Overview&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-173&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154870709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meichanetsidis&rft.aufirst=Vasileios+Th.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournal%2F690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022101-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022101_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022101_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923182425/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mondros-mutarekesi">"MONDROS MÜTAREKESİ"</a> (in Turkish). TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mondros-mutarekesi">the original</a> on 23 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MONDROS+M%C3%9CTAREKES%C4%B0&rft.pub=TDV+%C4%B0slam+Ansiklopedisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fmondros-mutarekesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002189-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002189_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mango, <i>Atatürk</i>, chap. 10: Figures on a ruined landscape, pp. 157–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Erickson" title="Edward J. Erickson">Erickson, Edward J.</a>, <i>Ordered To Die</i>, chap. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jowett, S. Philip, Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Ordular 1919-22, çev. Emir Yener, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nur Bilge Criss, <i>Istanbul under Allied Occupation 1918–1923</i>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul C. Helmreich, <i>From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920</i>, Ohio University Press, 1974 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8142-0170-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8142-0170-9">0-8142-0170-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002191-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002191_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Armenian Legion and Its Destruction of the Armenian Community in Cilicia", Stanford J. Shaw, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.armenian-history.com/books/Armenian_legion_Cilicia.pdf">http://www.armenian-history.com/books/Armenian_legion_Cilicia.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021065059/https://armenian-history.com/books/Armenian_legion_Cilicia.pdf">Archived</a> 21 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002192-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002192_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002207-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002207_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002208-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002208_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022128-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022128_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002201-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002201_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002210-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002210_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras202294-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras202294_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras202296-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras202296_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras202297-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras202297_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002193,_197,_210,_212,_213-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002193,_197,_210,_212,_213_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 193, 197, 210, 212, 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022103-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022103_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022104-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022104_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022102–105-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022102–105_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 102–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras201434-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras201434_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2014">Gingeras 2014</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022108-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022108_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022148-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022148_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäschke1957" class="citation journal cs1">Jäschke, Gotthard (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570253">"Beiträge zur Geschichte des Kampfes der Türkei um ihre Unabhängigkeit"</a>. <i>Die Welt des Islams</i>. <b>5</b> (1/2): 1–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1570253">10.2307/1570253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-2539">0043-2539</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570253">1570253</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925062833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570253">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Geschichte+des+Kampfes+der+T%C3%BCrkei+um+ihre+Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=1-64&rft.date=1957&rft.issn=0043-2539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570253%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1570253&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Gotthard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Mango, <i>Atatürk</i>, John Murray, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6592-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6592-2">978-0-7195-6592-2</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002171-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002171_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002187,_219-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002187,_219_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 187, 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002214-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002214_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jäschke, Gotthard (1957), p.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Kinross. <i>The Rebirth of a Nation</i>, Chap 19. "Kinross writes that the Erkân-ı Harbiye Reis Muavini, ie the General Commander of the Ottoman Empire at the time was Fevzi Paşa, and old friend. Although he was temporarily absent, his substitute was Kâzım (İnanç) Paşa, another old friend. Neither Mehmet VI, nor the Prime Minister Damat Ferit had actually seen the actual order."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002218-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002218_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Kinross. <i>The Rebirth of a Nation</i>, chap 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmanMacpherson,_Heidi_Slettedahl2007" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl (2007). <i>Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 696. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-431-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-431-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History&rft.pages=696&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-431-8&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Macpherson%2C+Heidi+Slettedahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The activities of commission is reported in Henry Churchill King, Charles Richard Crane (<a href="/wiki/King-Crane_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="King-Crane Commission">King-Crane Commission</a>), "Report of American Section of Inter-allied Commission of Mandates in Turkey" published by American Section in 1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson, <i>Ordered To Die</i>, chap. 8, extended story at the Cost section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras202299-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras202299_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Not War Against Islam-Statement by Greek Prime Minister" in <i>The Scotsman</i>, 29 June 1920 p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002217-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002217_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakut" class="citation web cs1">Yakut, Kemal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr/bilgi/saltanat-surasi-2/">"Saltanat Şûrâsı"</a>. <i>Atatürk Ansiklopedisi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+Ansiklopedisi&rft.atitle=Saltanat+%C5%9E%C3%BBr%C3%A2s%C4%B1&rft.aulast=Yakut&rft.aufirst=Kemal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr%2Fbilgi%2Fsaltanat-surasi-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fromkin-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fromkin_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkin2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Fromkin" title="David Fromkin">Fromkin, David</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Peace_to_End_All_Peace:_The_Fall_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_and_the_Creation_of_the_Modern_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East">A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East</a></i>. Macmillan. pp. 360–373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8809-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8809-0"><bdi>978-0-8050-8809-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Peace+to+End+All+Peace%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Creation+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=360-373&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8809-0&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002223-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002223_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäschke1975" class="citation journal cs1">Jäschke, Gotthard (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569959">"Mustafa Kemal und England in Neuer Sicht"</a>. <i>Die Welt des Islams</i>. <b>16</b> (1/4): 185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1569959">10.2307/1569959</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-2539">0043-2539</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569959">1569959</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925074533/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569959">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Mustafa+Kemal+und+England+in+Neuer+Sicht&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=185&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0043-2539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1569959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1569959&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Gotthard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1569959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jäschke, Gotthard (1975), p.186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jäschke, Gotthard (1975), pp.186–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jäschke, Gotthard (1975), p.188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002230-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002230_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002230,_232-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002230,_232_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 230, 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002234–235-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002234–235_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Kinross. (1999) <i>Atatürk: The Re-birth of a Nation</i>, chap. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002235-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002235_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002235_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002238-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002238_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002239-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002239_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002239_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002240–241-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002240–241_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002245-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002245_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002247–248-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002247–248_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002249–252-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002249–252_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 249–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002255–256-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002255–256_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002253-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002253_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022138-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022138_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022138_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022168-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022168_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022139-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022139_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022141-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2022141_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksin2007" class="citation 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NN0m_c8p6fgC&pg=PA926"><i>Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science</i></a>. Routledge. p. 926. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20112-4"><bdi>978-0-415-20112-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>Khilafat movement which was primarily designed to prevent the allied dismemberment of Turkey after World War One.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Political+Science&rft.pages=926&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20112-4&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+A.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNN0m_c8p6fgC%26pg%3DPA926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliSahniSharmaSharma2019" class="citation book cs1">Ali, A.; Sahni, J.; Sharma, M.; Sharma, P.; Goel, P. 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Arihant Publications India limited. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-241-9210-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-241-9210-3"><bdi>978-93-241-9210-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IAS+Mains+Paper+1+Indian+Heritage+%26+Culture+History+%26+Geography+of+the+world+%26+Society+2020&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Arihant+Publications+India+limited&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-93-241-9210-3&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Sahni%2C+J.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+M.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+P.&rft.au=Goel%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DABvzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVipul2009" class="citation book cs1">Vipul, S. 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Pearson Education. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2042-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2042-4"><bdi>978-81-317-2042-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+History+%26+Civics+Icse+10&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-317-2042-4&rft.aulast=Vipul&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRX4OiM0MGZUC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minault_1982-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minault_1982_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinault1982" class="citation book cs1">Minault, G. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAW8GreFqjkC&pg=PA137"><i>The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51539-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51539-9"><bdi>978-0-231-51539-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Macfie">Macfie, A.L.</a> (2014). <i>Atatürk</i>. p.94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeperSayari2013" class="citation book cs1">Heper, Metin; Sayari, Sabri (7 May 2013). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey</i>. Routledge. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30964-9"><bdi>978-1-136-30964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.isbn=978-1-136-30964-9&rft.aulast=Heper&rft.aufirst=Metin&rft.au=Sayari%2C+Sabri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ardic-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ardic_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdic2012" class="citation book cs1">Ardic, Nurullah (21 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAXNxxkJKYsC&q=fatwa+of+ankara&pg=PA251"><i>Islam and the Politics of Secularism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136489846" title="Special:BookSources/9781136489846"><bdi>9781136489846</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124338/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAXNxxkJKYsC&q=fatwa+of+ankara&pg=PA251">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Politics+of+Secularism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft.isbn=9781136489846&rft.aulast=Ardic&rft.aufirst=Nurullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAXNxxkJKYsC%26q%3Dfatwa%2Bof%2Bankara%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vahide-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vahide_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahide2012" class="citation book cs1">Vahide, Sukran (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdX-iggjrxwC&q=fatwa+of+ankara&pg=PA140"><i>Islam in Modern Turkey</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791482971" title="Special:BookSources/9780791482971"><bdi>9780791482971</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124343/https://books.google.com/books?id=fdX-iggjrxwC&q=fatwa+of+ankara&pg=PA140">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of California, Berkeley. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiral+Mark+L.+Bristol+and+Turkish-American+Relations%2C+1919-1922&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Buzanski&rft.aufirst=P.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5mtKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070424044332/http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html">"ყარსის ხელშეკრულება"</a>. <i>www.amsi.ge</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html">the original</a> on 24 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.amsi.ge&rft.atitle=%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsi.ge%2Fistoria%2Fsab%2Fyarsi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groong.usc.edu/treaties/kars.html">"ANN/Groong -- Treaty of Berlin - 07/13/1878"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142658/http://groong.usc.edu/treaties/kars.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANN%2FGroong+--+Treaty+of+Berlin+-+07%2F13%2F1878&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroong.usc.edu%2Ftreaties%2Fkars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPsomiades2000" class="citation book cs1">Psomiades, Harry J. (2000). <i>The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a Study in Greek-Turkish Diplomacy</i>. 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Macfie, 'The Chanak affair (September–October 1922)' <i>Balkan Studies</i> 20(2) (1979), 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Psomiades, 27-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Psomiades, 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macfie, 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinross,_p._348-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kinross,_p._348_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinross, <i>Rebirth of a Nation</i>, p. 348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline. <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923</i>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300-1923&rft.pages=2&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i>, 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinross, Atatürk, <i>The Rebirth of a Nation</i>, 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne">"Treaty of Lausanne - World War I Document Archive"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112221242/http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Lausanne+-+World+War+I+Document+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwi.lib.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FTreaty_of_Lausanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1233106-kut-kahramani-halil-pasa-1921de-sinirdisi-edildi">"Kut kahramanı Halil Paşa 1921'de sınırdışı edildi"</a>. May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415170916/https://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1233106-kut-kahramani-halil-pasa-1921de-sinirdisi-edildi">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kut+kahraman%C4%B1+Halil+Pa%C5%9Fa+1921%27de+s%C4%B1n%C4%B1rd%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1+edildi&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberturk.com%2Fgundem%2Fhaber%2F1233106-kut-kahramani-halil-pasa-1921de-sinirdisi-edildi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.1974" class="citation journal cs1">T., Ataöv (1974). 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Gazi Paşa'ya Suikast. Uğur Mumcu Vakfı Yayınları. ISBN 9758084097.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesut_Uyar2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mesut Uyar (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indyturk.com/node/204791/t%C3%BCrkiyeden-sesler/kurtulu%C5%9F-sava%C5%9F%C4%B1-ger%C3%A7ek-bir-sava%C5%9F-m%C4%B1yd%C4%B1">"Kurtuluş Savaşı gerçek bir savaş mıydı?"</a>. <i>Independent Türkçe</i> (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522110137/https://www.indyturk.com/node/204791/t%C3%BCrkiyeden-sesler/kurtulu%C5%9F-sava%C5%9F%C4%B1-ger%C3%A7ek-bir-sava%C5%9F-m%C4%B1yd%C4%B1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e&rft.atitle=Kurtulu%C5%9F+Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1+ger%C3%A7ek+bir+sava%C5%9F+m%C4%B1yd%C4%B1%3F&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.au=Mesut+Uyar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indyturk.com%2Fnode%2F204791%2Ft%25C3%25BCrkiyeden-sesler%2Fkurtulu%25C5%259F-sava%25C5%259F%25C4%25B1-ger%25C3%25A7ek-bir-sava%25C5%259F-m%25C4%25B1yd%25C4%25B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward J. <i>The Turkish War of Independence: a Military History, 1919-1923</i>. pp. xvi, xxv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkish+War+of+Independence%3A+a+Military+History%2C+1919-1923&rft.pages=xvi%2C+xxv&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGündoğan2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gündoğan, Kazım (4 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/osmanli-ve-turkiyede-yahudiler-haber-1518332">"Osmanlı ve Türkiye'de Yahudiler"</a>. <i>gazeteduvar</i> (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608111719/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/osmanli-ve-turkiyede-yahudiler-haber-1518332">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gazeteduvar&rft.atitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+ve+T%C3%BCrkiye%27de+Yahudiler&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCndo%C4%9Fan&rft.aufirst=Kaz%C4%B1m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazeteduvar.com.tr%2Fosmanli-ve-turkiyede-yahudiler-haber-1518332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttstadt" class="citation book cs1">Guttstadt, Corry. <i>Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+the+Jews%2C+and+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Guttstadt&rft.aufirst=Corry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://t24.com.tr/haber/ingiltere-buyukelcisi-mooredan-kadir-misiroglunun-ataturk-iddiasina-yanit-sahte-tarih,431994">"İngiltere Büyükelçisi Moore'dan Kadir Mısıroğlu'nun 'Atatürk' iddiasına yanıt: Sahte tarih!"</a>. <i>T24</i> (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T24&rft.atitle=%C4%B0ngiltere+B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkel%C3%A7isi+Moore%27dan+Kadir+M%C4%B1s%C4%B1ro%C4%9Flu%27nun+%27Atat%C3%BCrk%27+iddias%C4%B1na+yan%C4%B1t%3A+Sahte+tarih%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ft24.com.tr%2Fhaber%2Fingiltere-buyukelcisi-mooredan-kadir-misiroglunun-ataturk-iddiasina-yanit-sahte-tarih%2C431994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopePope" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Nicóle; Pope, Hugh. <i>Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey</i>. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+Unveiled%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.pages=52&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Nic%C3%B3le&rft.au=Pope%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean. <i>The Ottoman Endgame</i>. p. 439.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Endgame&rft.pages=439&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01805-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01805-2"><bdi>0-520-01805-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Armenia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-520-01805-2&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESjöberg201640-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjöberg201640_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjöberg201640_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSjöberg2016">Sjöberg 2016</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasso2016" class="citation journal cs1">Basso, Andrew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol10/iss1/5/">"Towards a Theory of Displacement Atrocities: The Cherokee Trail of Tears, The Herero Genocide, and The Pontic Greek Genocide"</a>. <i>Genocide Studies and Prevention</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 5–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.10.1.1297">10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1297</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-0359">1911-0359</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619125623/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol10/iss1/5/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Theory+of+Displacement+Atrocities%3A+The+Cherokee+Trail+of+Tears%2C+The+Herero+Genocide%2C+and+The+Pontic+Greek+Genocide&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1911-9933.10.1.1297&rft.issn=1911-0359&rft.aulast=Basso&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol10%2Fiss1%2F5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020149-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020149_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKévorkian2020">Kévorkian 2020</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020155-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020155_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKévorkian2020">Kévorkian 2020</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020159–160-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020159–160_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKévorkian2020">Kévorkian 2020</a>, pp. 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020164-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020164_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKévorkian2020">Kévorkian 2020</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020161-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2020161_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKévorkian2020">Kévorkian 2020</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhrig2014" class="citation book cs1">Ihrig, Stefan (2014). <i>Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination</i>. London, England: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+in+the+Nazi+Imagination&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ihrig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Barber" title="Noel Barber">Barber, Noel</a> (1988). <i>Lords of the Golden Horn: From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kamal Ataturk</i>. London: Arrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953950-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953950-6"><bdi>978-0-09-953950-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Golden+Horn%3A+From+Suleiman+the+Magnificent+to+Kamal+Ataturk&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arrow&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-09-953950-6&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Gingeras" title="Ryan Gingeras">Gingeras, Ryan</a> (2022). <i>The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire</i>. Dublin: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-44432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-44432-0"><bdi>978-0-241-44432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-241-44432-0&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Gingeras" title="Ryan Gingeras">Gingeras, Ryan</a> (2014). <i>Heroin, Organized Crime, and the Making of Modern Turkey</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871602-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871602-0"><bdi>978-0-19-871602-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroin%2C+Organized+Crime%2C+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871602-0&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Housepian_Dobkin" title="Marjorie Housepian Dobkin">Dobkin, Marjorie Housepian</a>, <i>Smyrna: 1922 The Destruction of City</i> (Newmark Press: New York, 1988). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-966%2B7451-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-966+7451-0-8">0-966 7451-0-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinross2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Balfour,_3rd_Baron_Kinross" class="mw-redirect" title="John Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross">Kinross, Patrick</a> (2003). <i>Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation</i>. London: Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-599-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-599-1"><bdi>978-1-84212-599-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55516821">55516821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+The+Rebirth+of+a+Nation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55516821&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-599-1&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinross1979" class="citation book cs1">Kinross, Patrick (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr"><i>The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire</i></a>. New York: Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-08093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-08093-8"><bdi>978-0-688-08093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Centuries%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Turkish+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-688-08093-8&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fottomancenturies00kinr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandisAlbert2012" class="citation book cs1">Landis, Dan; Albert, Rosita, eds. (2012). <i>Handbook of Ethnic Conflict:International Perspectives</i>. Springer. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461404477" title="Special:BookSources/9781461404477"><bdi>9781461404477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ethnic+Conflict%3AInternational+Perspectives&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781461404477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengyel1962" class="citation book cs1">Lengyel, Emil (1962). <i>They Called Him Atatürk</i>. New York: The John Day Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1337444">1337444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Called+Him+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+John+Day+Co&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1337444&rft.aulast=Lengyel&rft.aufirst=Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mango" title="Andrew Mango">Mango, Andrew</a> (2002) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ataturk00andr"><i>Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey</i></a> (Paperback ed.). Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-334-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-334-X"><bdi>1-58567-334-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ataturk%3A+The+Biography+of+the+Founder+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+NY&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Overlook+Press%2C+Peter+Mayer+Publishers%2C+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58567-334-X&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fataturk00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mango, Andrew, <i>The Turks Today</i> (New York: The Overlook Press, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-615-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-615-2">1-58567-615-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giles_Milton" title="Giles Milton">Milton, Giles</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4B4NwAACAAJ"><i>Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of Islam's City of Tolerance</i></a> (Paperback ed.). London: Sceptre; Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-96234-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-96234-3"><bdi>978-0-340-96234-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Lost%3A+Smyrna+1922%3A+The+Destruction+of+Islam%27s+City+of+Tolerance&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Sceptre%3B+Hodder+%26+Stoughton+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-340-96234-3&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4B4NwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjöberg2016" class="citation book cs1">Sjöberg, Erik (2016). <i>Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785333255" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785333255"><bdi>978-1785333255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+of+the+Greek+Genocide%3A+Contested+Memories+of+the+Ottoman+Greek+Catastrophe&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1785333255&rft.aulast=Sj%C3%B6berg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pope, Nicole and Pope, Hugh, <i>Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey</i> (New York: The Overlook Press, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-581-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-581-4">1-58567-581-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapp1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Yapp" title="Malcolm Yapp">Yapp, Malcolm</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodern00yapp"><i>The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923</i></a>. London; New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49380-3"><bdi>978-0-582-49380-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Modern+Near+East%2C+1792%E2%80%931923&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49380-3&rft.aulast=Yapp&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofmodern00yapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_War_of_Independence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_War_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish War of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National<br />awakening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakol_society" title="Karakol society">Karakol society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanahmet_demonstrations" title="Sultanahmet demonstrations">Sultanahmet demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Circular" title="Amasya Circular">Amasya Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Congress" title="Erzurum Congress">Erzurum Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bal%C4%B1kesir_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balıkesir Congress (page does not exist)">Balıkesir Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir_Congress" title="Alaşehir Congress">Alaşehir Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Congress" title="Sivas Congress">Sivas Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Protocol" title="Amasya Protocol">Amasya Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Ottoman_general_election" title="1919 Ottoman general election">Ottoman Parliament (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly_election" title="1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election">Grand National Assembly (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Turkish_general_election" title="1923 Turkish general election">Grand National Assembly (1923)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_trials" title="Amasya trials">Amasya trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States during the Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">Bombardment of Samsun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Manisa" title="Fire of Manisa">Fire of Manisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Smyrna" title="Burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Malta exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_media_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="List of media during the Turkish War of Independence">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemen_massacre" title="Menemen massacre">Menemen massacre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/150_personae_non_gratae_of_Turkey" title="150 personae non gratae of Turkey">Personae non gratae</a></i></li> <li>Ankara Government and Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_deportations" title="Samsun deportations">Samsun deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Peninsula_massacres" title="Yalova Peninsula massacres">Yalova Peninsula massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts#1919_Kurdish_revolt" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ta%C5%9Fl%C4%B1ca_(1919)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Taşlıca (1919) (page does not exist)">Taşlıca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar_uprising" title="Tal Afar uprising">Tal Afar uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baba%C3%A7i%C3%A7ek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Babaçiçek (page does not exist)">Battle of Babaçiçek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zdemir_Operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Özdemir Operation (page does not exist)">Özdemir Operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_K%C3%B6ysancak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Köysancak (page does not exist)">Köysancak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Eskişehir (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_clashes_(1920)" title="Samsun clashes (1920)">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid" title="Şehzadebaşı raid">Şehzadebaşı raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akba%C5%9F_arms_depot_raid" title="Akbaş arms depot raid">Akbaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Summer Offensive of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Istanbul (page does not exist)">Liberation of Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Koçgiri rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_rebellion" title="Konya rebellion">Konya rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">Kuva-yi Inzibatiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geyve" title="Battle of Geyve">Battle of Geyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ahmet_Anzavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur">Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87apano%C4%9Flu_Uprising" title="Çapanoğlu Uprising">Yozgat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oltu" title="Battle of Oltu">Oltu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish_(1920)" title="Battle of Sarikamish (1920)">Sarıkamış</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1920)" title="Battle of Kars (1920)">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandropol" title="Battle of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash" title="Battle of Marash">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urfa" title="Battle of Urfa">Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aintab" title="Siege of Aintab">Aintab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1_ambush" title="Karboğazı ambush">Karboğazı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kovanba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Battle of Kovanbaşı">Kovanbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kanl%C4%B1_Ge%C3%A7it" title="Battle of Kanlı Geçit">Kanlıgeçit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fad%C4%B1l" title="Battle of Fadıl">Fadıl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alemdar_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alemdar Incident (page does not exist)">Alemdar Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" title="Greek landing at Smyrna">Smyrna, 1919</a> (<a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">Occupation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urla_Clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Urla Clashes">Urla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malga%C3%A7_Raid" title="Malgaç Raid">Malgaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergama" title="Battle of Bergama">Bergama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erbeyli" title="Raid on Erbeyli">Erbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erikli" title="Raid on Erikli">Erikli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tellidede" title="Battle of Tellidede">Tellidede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Battle of Aydın">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Summer Offensive of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gediz" title="Battle of the Gediz">Gediz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">1st İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">2nd İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Dumlupınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Liberation of Balıkesir">Liberation of Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna" title="Turkish capture of Smyrna">Capture of Smyrna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">U.S.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">Bombardment of Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Istanbul (page does not exist)">Liberation of Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artvin" title="Battle of Artvin">Artvin (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish-Georgian_War_(1921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish-Georgian War (1921) (page does not exist)">Artvin (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish-Georgian_War_(1921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish-Georgian War (1921) (page does not exist)">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batumi" title="Battle of Batumi">Batumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE" title="Misak-ı Millî">Misak-ı Millî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">National<br />Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Treaty of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">Cilicia Peace Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Conference of London of 1921–1922">Conference of London (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">Conference of Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence">Timeline</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Army_of_the_Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_Army_during_the_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Turkish Army during the War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_Army_during_the_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Turkish Army during the War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_Army_during_the_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish Army during the War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Army_of_the_Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Army">Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand National Assembly</a> during the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish War of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fronts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(Turkey)" title="Eastern Front (Turkey)">Eastern Font</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Cezire_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Cezire Front (page does not exist)">El Cezire Front</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Front (Turkey) (page does not exist)">Western Front</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">Greco-Turkish War</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Front_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Front (Turkey) (page does not exist)">Southern Front</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Army_(Turkey)" title="Central Army (Turkey)">Central Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Turkey)" title="First Army (Turkey)">1st Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Turkey)" title="Second Army (Turkey)">2nd Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corps/Area commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Corps_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I Corps (Turkey) (page does not exist)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Turkey)">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps (Turkey)">III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IV_Corps_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IV Corps (Turkey) (page does not exist)">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V_Corps_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V Corps (Turkey) (page does not exist)">V Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VI_Corps_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VI Corps (Turkey) (page does not exist)">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="VII Corps (Turkey)">VII</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VIII_Corps_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VIII Corps (Turkey) (page does not exist)">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IX_Corps_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IX Corps (Turkey) (page does not exist)">IX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_Corps_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X Corps (Turkey) (page does not exist)">X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XII_Corps_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XII Corps (Turkey) (page does not exist)">XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XVIII_Corps_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XVIII Corps (Turkey) (page does not exist)">XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XX_Corps_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XX Corps (Turkey) (page does not exist)">XX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kocaeli_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kocaeli Group (page does not exist)">Kocaeli Gr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana_Area_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adana Area Command (page does not exist)">Adana Area</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kastamonu_Area_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kastamonu Area Command (page does not exist)">Kastamonu Area</a></li> <li>Ankara Command, Istanbul Command</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fortified areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Fortified_Area_Command" title="Dardanelles Fortified Area Command">Dardanelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus_Fortified_Area_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosporus Fortified Area Command (page does not exist)">Bosporus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chataldja_Fortified_Area_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chataldja Fortified Area Command (page does not exist)">Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smyrna_Fortified_Area_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smyrna Fortified Area Command (page does not exist)">İzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzurum_Fortified_Area_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erzurum Fortified Area Command (page does not exist)">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kars_Fortified_Area_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kars Fortified Area Command (page does not exist)">Kars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menderes_Detachment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menderes Detachment (page does not exist)">Menderes Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zdemir_Detachment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Özdemir Detachment (page does not exist)">Özdemir Detachment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Project page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919–1920)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paris_Peace_Conference_navbox" title="Template:Paris Peace Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paris_Peace_Conference_navbox" title="Template talk:Paris Peace Conference navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paris_Peace_Conference_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paris Peace Conference navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919–1920)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Treaties" title="Minority Treaties">Minority Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Little Treaty of Versailles">Little Treaty of Versailles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">"War guilt" clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_Commission" title="Reparation Commission">Reparation Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_conference_on_reparations" title="Hague conference on reparations">Hague conference on reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Possible cause of the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Opium_Convention" title="International Opium Convention">International Opium Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsequent treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_I)" title="Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Commission_to_Negotiate_Peace" title="American Commission to Negotiate Peace">American Commission to Negotiate Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Responsibilities" title="Commission of Responsibilities">Commission of Responsibilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">The Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="List of participants in the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">List of participants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Peace_Conference_at_the_Quai_d%27Orsay" title="A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay">A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors" title="The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors">The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Unknown_British_Soldier_in_France" title="To the Unknown British Soldier in France">To the Unknown British Soldier in France</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template talk:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon starvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish War of Independence</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Adwan Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion" title="Goharshad Mosque rebellion">Goharshad Mosque rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935%E2%80%931936_Iraqi_Shia_revolts" title="1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts">1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Yazidi_revolt" title="1935 Yazidi revolt">1935 Yazidi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Italian bombing of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied invasion of Iraq">Allied invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waziri_coup" title="Al-Waziri coup">Al-Waziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Adenese_clan_violence" title="Yemeni–Adenese clan violence">Yemeni–Adenese clan violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">1958 Iraqi revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">Mar. 1963 Syrian coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Yemenite War of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Yemenite War of 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Turkey–PKK conflict</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot">1986 Egyptian conscripts riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings" title="1986 Damascus bombings">1986 Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">Mecca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization_internal_executions" title="Abu Nidal Organization internal executions">Abu Nidal's executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia"><i>Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Operation Desert Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Balochi insurgency in Iran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in Syria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Syrian War spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></b></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Beirut_clashes" title="2021 Beirut clashes">2021 Beirut clashes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><b>This list includes <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each</b><br />Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234738#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234738#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234738#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4202104-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85138830">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556037405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/milli-mucadele">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_War_of_Independence&oldid=1255294642">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_War_of_Independence&oldid=1255294642</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Category:Turkish War of 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