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At Northwestern, he majored in chemistry and minored in philosophy and mathematics. In 1960, Beckman received his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley. His dissertation on \"The Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic Systems: Sodium-Ammonia Solutions\" was done with Kenneth Pitzer. Beckman worked with Bryce L. Crawford, at the University of Minnesota, for an additional year as a Postdoctoral Fellow, investigating techniques of infrared reflection spectroscopy.\n\nIn 1961, Beckman became Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Harvey Mudd College, where he also worked with Arthur Campbell on the NSF-funded CHEM Study program. He was also an active participant in Richard Popkin's \"Science and Man's Goals\" seminar, which re-kindled his earlier interests in philosophy. In the summer of 1964, Beckman attended an NSF course of study on the history and philosophy of science and mathematics, at the American University; and in the summer of 1967, he attended a course of study on contemporary issues in philosophy of science, at Stanford University, sponsored by the Council for Philosophical Studies. He spent his sabbatical year (1968-9) in London, England, as a visitor to the Department of Philosophy, Logic, and Scientific Methodology, The London School of Economics. In London, Beckman worked with Imre Lakatos and John Watkins.\n\nWhile he was granted tenure and promoted to Associate Professor of Chemistry, in 1968, Beckman moved into the Humanities and Social Sciences Department, in fall 1970, as Associate Professor of Philosophy. In 1972, he was granted tenure in that department, and was promoted to Full Professor in 1979. He was voted Chair of the Faculty in 1984 but resigned after one year to become Chair of Humanities and Social Sciences, in 1985, serving as Chair until 1993. He resumed the Chair in the summer of 1998.\n\nWhile his earliest interests in philosophy were centered on the philosophy of science, Beckman's teaching at Harvey Mudd led him into all areas of the history of philosophy and his research moved toward social issues and Continental philosophy. Today, he is strongly interested in the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger. Aside from regularly teaching courses in the history of philosophy, he has developed courses on \"Ethical Issues in Science and Engineering\" and \"Environmental Philosophy.\" Throughout the last decade, he has taught a course on \"Indigenous People of the Western US,\" as a freshman seminar, and has become increasingly involved in Native American Studies. He has also been a leader, in the department, in applying the InterNet to teaching.\n\nIn 1999 Beckman helped gain college approval for two different multi-disciplinary programs, the Hixon Forum for Responsive Science and Engineering and the Center for Environmental Studies. At Commencement 2001, he received the Henry T. Mudd Prize for service to the college.","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60903947/15849066/16377528/s200_tad.beckman.jpg","thumbnailUrl":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60903947/15849066/16377528/s65_tad.beckman.jpg","primaryImageOfPage":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60903947/15849066/16377528/s200_tad.beckman.jpg","width":200},"sameAs":[],"relatedLink":"https://www.academia.edu/110446144/Chemical_systems_energetics_dynamics_structure"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-8c9ae4b5c8a2531640c354d92a1f3579c8ff103277ef74913e34c8a76d4e6c00.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" media="all" /><style 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At Northwestern, he majored in chemistry and minored in philosophy and mathematics. In 1960, Beckman received his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley. His dissertation on "The Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic Systems: Sodium-Ammonia Solutions" was done with Kenneth Pitzer. Beckman worked with Bryce L. Crawford, at the University of Minnesota, for an additional year as a Postdoctoral Fellow, investigating techniques of infrared reflection spectroscopy.<br /><br />In 1961, Beckman became Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Harvey Mudd College, where he also worked with Arthur Campbell on the NSF-funded CHEM Study program. He was also an active participant in Richard Popkin's "Science and Man's Goals" seminar, which re-kindled his earlier interests in philosophy. In the summer of 1964, Beckman attended an NSF course of study on the history and philosophy of science and mathematics, at the American University; and in the summer of 1967, he attended a course of study on contemporary issues in philosophy of science, at Stanford University, sponsored by the Council for Philosophical Studies. He spent his sabbatical year (1968-9) in London, England, as a visitor to the Department of Philosophy, Logic, and Scientific Methodology, The London School of Economics. In London, Beckman worked with Imre Lakatos and John Watkins.<br /><br />While he was granted tenure and promoted to Associate Professor of Chemistry, in 1968, Beckman moved into the Humanities and Social Sciences Department, in fall 1970, as Associate Professor of Philosophy. In 1972, he was granted tenure in that department, and was promoted to Full Professor in 1979. He was voted Chair of the Faculty in 1984 but resigned after one year to become Chair of Humanities and Social Sciences, in 1985, serving as Chair until 1993. He resumed the Chair in the summer of 1998.<br /><br />While his earliest interests in philosophy were centered on the philosophy of science, Beckman's teaching at Harvey Mudd led him into all areas of the history of philosophy and his research moved toward social issues and Continental philosophy. Today, he is strongly interested in the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger. Aside from regularly teaching courses in the history of philosophy, he has developed courses on "Ethical Issues in Science and Engineering" and "Environmental Philosophy." Throughout the last decade, he has taught a course on "Indigenous People of the Western US," as a freshman seminar, and has become increasingly involved in Native American Studies. He has also been a leader, in the department, in applying the InterNet to teaching.<br /><br />In 1999 Beckman helped gain college approval for two different multi-disciplinary programs, the Hixon Forum for Responsive Science and Engineering and the Center for Environmental Studies. At Commencement 2001, he received the Henry T. Mudd Prize for service to the college.<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><h3 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Related Authors</h3></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list" data-nosnippet="true"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://ucd.academia.edu/JosephCohen"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Joseph Cohen related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/67028/18839/14610536/s200_joseph.cohen.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ucd.academia.edu/JosephCohen">Joseph Cohen</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University College Dublin</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://ksu.academia.edu/DavidSeamon"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="David Seamon related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/93547/25922/29662134/s200_david.seamon.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ksu.academia.edu/DavidSeamon">David Seamon</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Kansas State University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://cria.academia.edu/ArmandoMarquesGuedes"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Armando Marques-Guedes related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/134181/3401094/148494125/s200_armando.marques-guedes.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://cria.academia.edu/ArmandoMarquesGuedes">Armando Marques-Guedes</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">UNL - 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class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="60903947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Continental_Philosophy"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://hmc.academia.edu/TadBeckman","location":"/TadBeckman","scheme":"https","host":"hmc.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/TadBeckman","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Contemporary Continental Philosophy"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-8328e784-4fed-4a98-a7c0-90a59b440468"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-8328e784-4fed-4a98-a7c0-90a59b440468"></div> </a><a 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</a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Tad Beckman</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="110446144"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/110446144/Chemical_systems_energetics_dynamics_structure"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Chemical systems : energetics, dynamics, structure" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Chemical systems : energetics, dynamics, structure</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>W.H. Freeman eBooks</span><span>, 1970</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An academic directory and search engine.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="110446144"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="110446144"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446144; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446144]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446144]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446144; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='110446144']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=110446144]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":110446144,"title":"Chemical systems : energetics, dynamics, structure","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An academic directory and search engine.","publisher":"W.H. 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Freeman eBooks"},"translated_abstract":"An academic directory and search engine.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110446144/Chemical_systems_energetics_dynamics_structure","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-12-03T06:53:46.024-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":60903947,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Chemical_systems_energetics_dynamics_structure","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"An academic directory and search engine.","owner":{"id":60903947,"first_name":"Tad","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Beckman","page_name":"TadBeckman","domain_name":"hmc","created_at":"2017-03-02T11:27:09.404-08:00","display_name":"Tad Beckman","url":"https://hmc.academia.edu/TadBeckman"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science"},{"id":91755,"name":"Energetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energetics"}],"urls":[{"id":36350131,"url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA13243803"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-110446144-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="110446143"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/110446143/The_Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic_Systems_Sodium_Ammonia_Solutions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic Systems: Sodium—Ammonia Solutions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108261363/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/110446143/The_Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic_Systems_Sodium_Ammonia_Solutions">The Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic Systems: Sodium—Ammonia Solutions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Physical Chemistry</span><span>, Sep 1, 1961</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The sodium-ammonia solution system permits investigation i of an array of compositions spanning t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The sodium-ammonia solution system permits investigation i of an array of compositions spanning the transition from nonoctal lie to metallic bonding-Reflection spectra in the range 1-20 u were measured for solutions of mole ratio 5.5 to 168 NH, per Na. The dilute solutions show peaks charaoteristic of the vibrations of anmonia and a strong peak near 1.5 which is assigned to the solvated Na, species. Concentrated solutions show high reflectivity over broad wavelength ranges. The results for nearly saturated solutions are fitted reasonably• by the free electron model* but in the range of mole ratio 10-15 a complex array of energy absorption processes of finite frequencies are required to fit the spectra.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6d08d40913c47b3cbe799c1d320024c3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108261363,"asset_id":110446143,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108261363/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="110446143"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="110446143"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446143; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446143]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446143]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446143; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='110446143']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6d08d40913c47b3cbe799c1d320024c3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=110446143]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":110446143,"title":"The Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic Systems: Sodium—Ammonia Solutions","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"American Chemical Society","ai_title_tag":"Infrared Spectra of Sodium-Ammonia Solutions","grobid_abstract":"The sodium-ammonia solution system permits investigation i of an array of compositions spanning the transition from nonoctal lie to metallic bonding-Reflection spectra in the range 1-20 u were measured for solutions of mole ratio 5.5 to 168 NH, per Na. The dilute solutions show peaks charaoteristic of the vibrations of anmonia and a strong peak near 1.5 which is assigned to the solvated Na, species. Concentrated solutions show high reflectivity over broad wavelength ranges. 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The dilute solutions show peaks charaoteristic of the vibrations of anmonia and a strong peak near 1.5 which is assigned to the solvated Na, species. Concentrated solutions show high reflectivity over broad wavelength ranges. The results for nearly saturated solutions are fitted reasonably• by the free electron model* but in the range of mole ratio 10-15 a complex array of energy absorption processes of finite frequencies are required to fit the spectra.","owner":{"id":60903947,"first_name":"Tad","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Beckman","page_name":"TadBeckman","domain_name":"hmc","created_at":"2017-03-02T11:27:09.404-08:00","display_name":"Tad Beckman","url":"https://hmc.academia.edu/TadBeckman"},"attachments":[{"id":108261363,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108261363/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"metadc1254654.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108261363/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metal.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/108261363/metadc1254654-libre.pdf?1701622996=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metal.pdf\u0026Expires=1743645069\u0026Signature=DMeuH-OAkUDkN2mlvLerL64fM12mY9ZF-PK6kdAyf61jflnGWEUuOxfCYDrjKep3xeDmt2OcvZ9kwlCDzxV45cUGzhT9-vDzYERaJSq9LsdPLmX6IFAWKs6k9JmID2YeHVeb1wEU5y37xRANua9aeW418hvU0rHelOQMnxcdHBPAl5ya1tOHeDrRtG9RcMEKoMO7Ctzw11IJo0eXXxTafOMXglfOw6CE7RRcg0ptvgoyD1ufemTHNYCpGGQWals40ptT-gcW8Q7zqbkLOHYtf~FLv6-I8-5qusZzylBIH3mg7zwrEaYtOttZrTOqXBoe34SB85256-2yFvB6IGVnWg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":108261366,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108261366/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"metadc1254654.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108261366/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metal.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/108261366/metadc1254654-libre.pdf?1701622868=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metal.pdf\u0026Expires=1743645069\u0026Signature=D7mp4GN-l4OSaSZ~meJf1vmqsx-HP3-p7rjoodlp7IOPOvIiQcWptABrybBRtxJvcLtpu33kMMWQ9Q02pb5cRUYNM2tuFFPhnvV9z6iWmjbU0epUPa7mMALP-~pW8uUDnGbTrS0mKvScaKUqrgKYBxR6~guEKOYhzzzSSbYuhk9vqe26k9CREsRkHt1ulkBOppr8zjEvS7FBlDpWDkw3paqvHjkI2wlGgCFUNN~sXBGtIDTfMzwnSb7Q~0KMzLTiQiOjJB83ybIKTUnfAZLy6PC-vq-KK1eQjG23gYL8I0yW8y9dRN2z4cPgO927SRynBcuivaNdnbN1iQNcBUIt0g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":78842,"name":"Infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"id":188706,"name":"Metal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metal"},{"id":199319,"name":"Citation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citation"},{"id":219724,"name":"Ammonia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ammonia"},{"id":335361,"name":"Infrared","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared"},{"id":386342,"name":"Sodium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium"},{"id":466092,"name":"Altmetrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Altmetrics"}],"urls":[{"id":36350130,"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1254654/m2/1/high_res_d/metadc1254654.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-110446143-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="110446128"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/110446128/Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic_System"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic System" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108261350/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/110446128/Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic_System">Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic System</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Solutions of sodium metal in liquid ammonia have been studied with particular reference to their ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Solutions of sodium metal in liquid ammonia have been studied with particular reference to their properties as marginally metallic systems. For this purpose, a general method of reflection spectroscopy has been developed. This method is of particular usefulness for the infrared reflection study of liquids. Sodium-ammonia solutions were prepared inside of a specially constructed reflection apparatus maintained at-40°C. The plane surface formed by a given solution and a transparent material, or wi.ndow, sealed to the side of this apparatus was used as the reflection plane. The spectra obtained were interpreted in terms of the standard reflection of a mercury surface under identical conditions. Predictions of the reflection spectra are made on the basis of classical theories of metallic reflection. Comparison of the observed spectra with these predictions discloses marked deviations from the purely classical form of metallic behavior. These deviations are given an interpretation in terms of the continuous transition of electronic states between those of a perturbed atom and those of sodium metal.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5bac378f1d1813470dddc950b32d3514" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108261350,"asset_id":110446128,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108261350/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="110446128"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="110446128"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446128; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446128]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446128; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='110446128']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5bac378f1d1813470dddc950b32d3514" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=110446128]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":110446128,"title":"Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic System","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Infrared Reflectance of Sodium in Liquid Ammonia","grobid_abstract":"Solutions of sodium metal in liquid ammonia have been studied with particular reference to their properties as marginally metallic systems. For this purpose, a general method of reflection spectroscopy has been developed. This method is of particular usefulness for the infrared reflection study of liquids. Sodium-ammonia solutions were prepared inside of a specially constructed reflection apparatus maintained at-40°C. The plane surface formed by a given solution and a transparent material, or wi.ndow, sealed to the side of this apparatus was used as the reflection plane. The spectra obtained were interpreted in terms of the standard reflection of a mercury surface under identical conditions. Predictions of the reflection spectra are made on the basis of classical theories of metallic reflection. Comparison of the observed spectra with these predictions discloses marked deviations from the purely classical form of metallic behavior. 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For this purpose, a general method of reflection spectroscopy has been developed. This method is of particular usefulness for the infrared reflection study of liquids. Sodium-ammonia solutions were prepared inside of a specially constructed reflection apparatus maintained at-40°C. The plane surface formed by a given solution and a transparent material, or wi.ndow, sealed to the side of this apparatus was used as the reflection plane. The spectra obtained were interpreted in terms of the standard reflection of a mercury surface under identical conditions. Predictions of the reflection spectra are made on the basis of classical theories of metallic reflection. Comparison of the observed spectra with these predictions discloses marked deviations from the purely classical form of metallic behavior. 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One of the essays developed along this path was "The Question Concerning Technology." (1) It is unfortunate that the essay is not widely read because it carries the critique of technology out of its usual context and form and delivers it into a new light where there is, perhaps, some progress to be made. Furthermore, the essay has special significance to environmental issues and, I believe, lays a new groundwork for an ethical approach to our relations with the environment. The tension in this essay comes into sharp focus, at the end, in Heidegger's preposterous suggestion that art may be what we need to carry us out of the dangerous epoch of technology. I say that this is "preposterous" on two grounds. First, our society thinks of technology as its distinctive talent and strength, not as a disaster. Second, our society sees art as frivolous and impotent in the "real world" of capitalistically generated technology. Heidegger himself recognized this irony and devoted the major portion of the essay to a careful analysis of the dangers that befall us in technology. His suggestion regarding art came late and remained poorly explicated. My intention, in this essay, is to interpret Heidegger's thesis about technology and art in the context of forming an ethical approach to the environment. What we shall discover along this path is that human nature, technology, and art are all intertwined in complex ways. At present, these relationships stand in great confusion and this confusion is part of the danger of our time. But this confusion can be grasped and dispensed with by thinking our way into the essence of our technological epoch. We may also ask, What is the essence of art that it might bear some relation to this epoch? And finally, What is our essence as human beings in relation to technology, art, and our natural environment? I shall begin by summarizing Heidegger's thinking in "The Question Concerning Technology," concentrating on his vision of the dangers with which technology confronts us. Next, I shall use some of Heidegger's other works to describe the nature of art. And, finally, I shall bring the thesis together by showing how art, technology, and human nature are fundamental parts of a complex puzzle that lies at the heart of most issues in environmental ethics. Wherever possible, I shall try to understand Heidegger's arguments in ordinary language rather than merely absorbing and repeating his terminology. This will not always be possible, however; some of Heidegger's invented terms are simply indispensable, attempting as they do to cut across developed habits of thinking. To Heidegger, it is the thinking that is important and the language of our thinking needs careful study and occasional reformulation. The Dangers of Technology</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="82b02b8bfd8d03c549e2345734ab9117" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":53819743,"asset_id":33837535,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53819743/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="33837535"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33837535"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33837535; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33837535]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33837535]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33837535; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='33837535']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "82b02b8bfd8d03c549e2345734ab9117" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=33837535]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":33837535,"title":"MARTIN HEIDEGGER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"After World War II, Martin Heidegger directed much of his thinking to technology and to the impact of technology on our perceptions of human life. One of the essays developed along this path was \"The Question Concerning Technology.\" (1) It is unfortunate that the essay is not widely read because it carries the critique of technology out of its usual context and form and delivers it into a new light where there is, perhaps, some progress to be made. Furthermore, the essay has special significance to environmental issues and, I believe, lays a new groundwork for an ethical approach to our relations with the environment. The tension in this essay comes into sharp focus, at the end, in Heidegger's preposterous suggestion that art may be what we need to carry us out of the dangerous epoch of technology. I say that this is \"preposterous\" on two grounds. First, our society thinks of technology as its distinctive talent and strength, not as a disaster. Second, our society sees art as frivolous and impotent in the \"real world\" of capitalistically generated technology. Heidegger himself recognized this irony and devoted the major portion of the essay to a careful analysis of the dangers that befall us in technology. His suggestion regarding art came late and remained poorly explicated. My intention, in this essay, is to interpret Heidegger's thesis about technology and art in the context of forming an ethical approach to the environment. What we shall discover along this path is that human nature, technology, and art are all intertwined in complex ways. At present, these relationships stand in great confusion and this confusion is part of the danger of our time. But this confusion can be grasped and dispensed with by thinking our way into the essence of our technological epoch. We may also ask, What is the essence of art that it might bear some relation to this epoch? And finally, What is our essence as human beings in relation to technology, art, and our natural environment? I shall begin by summarizing Heidegger's thinking in \"The Question Concerning Technology,\" concentrating on his vision of the dangers with which technology confronts us. Next, I shall use some of Heidegger's other works to describe the nature of art. And, finally, I shall bring the thesis together by showing how art, technology, and human nature are fundamental parts of a complex puzzle that lies at the heart of most issues in environmental ethics. Wherever possible, I shall try to understand Heidegger's arguments in ordinary language rather than merely absorbing and repeating his terminology. This will not always be possible, however; some of Heidegger's invented terms are simply indispensable, attempting as they do to cut across developed habits of thinking. To Heidegger, it is the thinking that is important and the language of our thinking needs careful study and occasional reformulation. 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First, our society thinks of technology as its distinctive talent and strength, not as a disaster. Second, our society sees art as frivolous and impotent in the \"real world\" of capitalistically generated technology. Heidegger himself recognized this irony and devoted the major portion of the essay to a careful analysis of the dangers that befall us in technology. His suggestion regarding art came late and remained poorly explicated. My intention, in this essay, is to interpret Heidegger's thesis about technology and art in the context of forming an ethical approach to the environment. What we shall discover along this path is that human nature, technology, and art are all intertwined in complex ways. At present, these relationships stand in great confusion and this confusion is part of the danger of our time. But this confusion can be grasped and dispensed with by thinking our way into the essence of our technological epoch. We may also ask, What is the essence of art that it might bear some relation to this epoch? And finally, What is our essence as human beings in relation to technology, art, and our natural environment? I shall begin by summarizing Heidegger's thinking in \"The Question Concerning Technology,\" concentrating on his vision of the dangers with which technology confronts us. Next, I shall use some of Heidegger's other works to describe the nature of art. And, finally, I shall bring the thesis together by showing how art, technology, and human nature are fundamental parts of a complex puzzle that lies at the heart of most issues in environmental ethics. Wherever possible, I shall try to understand Heidegger's arguments in ordinary language rather than merely absorbing and repeating his terminology. This will not always be possible, however; some of Heidegger's invented terms are simply indispensable, attempting as they do to cut across developed habits of thinking. To Heidegger, it is the thinking that is important and the language of our thinking needs careful study and occasional reformulation. 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One of the essays developed along this path was \"The Question Concerning Technology.\" (1) It is unfortunate that the essay is not widely read because it carries the critique of technology out of its usual context and form and delivers it into a new light where there is, perhaps, some progress to be made. Furthermore, the essay has special significance to environmental issues and, I believe, lays a new groundwork for an ethical approach to our relations with the environment. The tension in this essay comes into sharp focus, at the end, in Heidegger's preposterous suggestion that art may be what we need to carry us out of the dangerous epoch of technology. I say that this is \"preposterous\" on two grounds. First, our society thinks of technology as its distinctive talent and strength, not as a disaster. Second, our society sees art as frivolous and impotent in the \"real world\" of capitalistically generated technology. Heidegger himself recognized this irony and devoted the major portion of the essay to a careful analysis of the dangers that befall us in technology. His suggestion regarding art came late and remained poorly explicated. My intention, in this essay, is to interpret Heidegger's thesis about technology and art in the context of forming an ethical approach to the environment. What we shall discover along this path is that human nature, technology, and art are all intertwined in complex ways. At present, these relationships stand in great confusion and this confusion is part of the danger of our time. But this confusion can be grasped and dispensed with by thinking our way into the essence of our technological epoch. We may also ask, What is the essence of art that it might bear some relation to this epoch? And finally, What is our essence as human beings in relation to technology, art, and our natural environment? I shall begin by summarizing Heidegger's thinking in \"The Question Concerning Technology,\" concentrating on his vision of the dangers with which technology confronts us. Next, I shall use some of Heidegger's other works to describe the nature of art. And, finally, I shall bring the thesis together by showing how art, technology, and human nature are fundamental parts of a complex puzzle that lies at the heart of most issues in environmental ethics. Wherever possible, I shall try to understand Heidegger's arguments in ordinary language rather than merely absorbing and repeating his terminology. This will not always be possible, however; some of Heidegger's invented terms are simply indispensable, attempting as they do to cut across developed habits of thinking. To Heidegger, it is the thinking that is important and the language of our thinking needs careful study and occasional reformulation. 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Freeman eBooks</span><span>, 1970</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An academic directory and search engine.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="110446144"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="110446144"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446144; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446144]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446144]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446144; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='110446144']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=110446144]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":110446144,"title":"Chemical systems : energetics, dynamics, structure","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An academic directory and search engine.","publisher":"W.H. 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The dilute solutions show peaks charaoteristic of the vibrations of anmonia and a strong peak near 1.5 which is assigned to the solvated Na, species. Concentrated solutions show high reflectivity over broad wavelength ranges. The results for nearly saturated solutions are fitted reasonably• by the free electron model* but in the range of mole ratio 10-15 a complex array of energy absorption processes of finite frequencies are required to fit the spectra.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6d08d40913c47b3cbe799c1d320024c3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108261363,"asset_id":110446143,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108261363/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="110446143"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="110446143"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446143; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446143]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446143]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446143; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='110446143']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6d08d40913c47b3cbe799c1d320024c3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=110446143]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":110446143,"title":"The Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic Systems: Sodium—Ammonia Solutions","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"American Chemical Society","ai_title_tag":"Infrared Spectra of Sodium-Ammonia Solutions","grobid_abstract":"The sodium-ammonia solution system permits investigation i of an array of compositions spanning the transition from nonoctal lie to metallic bonding-Reflection spectra in the range 1-20 u were measured for solutions of mole ratio 5.5 to 168 NH, per Na. 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For this purpose, a general method of reflection spectroscopy has been developed. This method is of particular usefulness for the infrared reflection study of liquids. Sodium-ammonia solutions were prepared inside of a specially constructed reflection apparatus maintained at-40°C. The plane surface formed by a given solution and a transparent material, or wi.ndow, sealed to the side of this apparatus was used as the reflection plane. The spectra obtained were interpreted in terms of the standard reflection of a mercury surface under identical conditions. Predictions of the reflection spectra are made on the basis of classical theories of metallic reflection. Comparison of the observed spectra with these predictions discloses marked deviations from the purely classical form of metallic behavior. These deviations are given an interpretation in terms of the continuous transition of electronic states between those of a perturbed atom and those of sodium metal.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5bac378f1d1813470dddc950b32d3514" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108261350,"asset_id":110446128,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108261350/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="110446128"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="110446128"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446128; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110446128]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110446128; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='110446128']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5bac378f1d1813470dddc950b32d3514" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=110446128]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":110446128,"title":"Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic System","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Infrared Reflectance of Sodium in Liquid Ammonia","grobid_abstract":"Solutions of sodium metal in liquid ammonia have been studied with particular reference to their properties as marginally metallic systems. 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These deviations are given an interpretation in terms of the continuous transition of electronic states between those of a perturbed atom and those of sodium metal.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":8,"year":1960,"errors":{}},"grobid_abstract_attachment_id":108261350},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110446128/Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic_System","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-12-03T06:53:14.479-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":60903947,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":108261350,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108261350/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"qt75k7k1kq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108261350/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/108261350/qt75k7k1kq-libre.pdf?1701623566=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInfrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic.pdf\u0026Expires=1743645069\u0026Signature=HMn4BqQBwQvyKSYjAVYHu2npTL3~z03O3WIRjOkDqxgS2Qtat5DMmvRLie7-qw7j5w5SujjcddUeIJpGfaI29VJAhIL9uoNiNlFfPEoZG5D8c2OK7KzWfoOIFEMiSn7I6zmVvdQu7VuPBRVy7fFB8xX8dA4z4pujnhF4qzPTjW64gaUTmvuuf6iD6MK21l2R8JWaCOw2oN~fVprEwEQPPjRT92iYr200C3uvjfmILKoaoizFfxEk2NkeLbBLz2vdVDyDPLnIQ0glrK2v9jvA4K7Ch8dU2c-p3IERV8BzFyzLU3sCpvOyDazv1wULv4XSJLw8Vhh3ZtvWcbfrSSzdjQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic_System","translated_slug":"","page_count":74,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Solutions of sodium metal in liquid ammonia have been studied with particular reference to their properties as marginally metallic systems. For this purpose, a general method of reflection spectroscopy has been developed. This method is of particular usefulness for the infrared reflection study of liquids. Sodium-ammonia solutions were prepared inside of a specially constructed reflection apparatus maintained at-40°C. The plane surface formed by a given solution and a transparent material, or wi.ndow, sealed to the side of this apparatus was used as the reflection plane. The spectra obtained were interpreted in terms of the standard reflection of a mercury surface under identical conditions. Predictions of the reflection spectra are made on the basis of classical theories of metallic reflection. Comparison of the observed spectra with these predictions discloses marked deviations from the purely classical form of metallic behavior. These deviations are given an interpretation in terms of the continuous transition of electronic states between those of a perturbed atom and those of sodium metal.","owner":{"id":60903947,"first_name":"Tad","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Beckman","page_name":"TadBeckman","domain_name":"hmc","created_at":"2017-03-02T11:27:09.404-08:00","display_name":"Tad Beckman","url":"https://hmc.academia.edu/TadBeckman"},"attachments":[{"id":108261350,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108261350/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"qt75k7k1kq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108261350/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/108261350/qt75k7k1kq-libre.pdf?1701623566=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInfrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic.pdf\u0026Expires=1743645069\u0026Signature=HMn4BqQBwQvyKSYjAVYHu2npTL3~z03O3WIRjOkDqxgS2Qtat5DMmvRLie7-qw7j5w5SujjcddUeIJpGfaI29VJAhIL9uoNiNlFfPEoZG5D8c2OK7KzWfoOIFEMiSn7I6zmVvdQu7VuPBRVy7fFB8xX8dA4z4pujnhF4qzPTjW64gaUTmvuuf6iD6MK21l2R8JWaCOw2oN~fVprEwEQPPjRT92iYr200C3uvjfmILKoaoizFfxEk2NkeLbBLz2vdVDyDPLnIQ0glrK2v9jvA4K7Ch8dU2c-p3IERV8BzFyzLU3sCpvOyDazv1wULv4XSJLw8Vhh3ZtvWcbfrSSzdjQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":108261349,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108261349/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"qt75k7k1kq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108261349/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/108261349/qt75k7k1kq-libre.pdf?1701623123=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInfrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic.pdf\u0026Expires=1743645069\u0026Signature=U7pLgBZFOIeuzJ3QYhWObBQ41Nmt7hszax5JVlG3GoVBAD0RQ8AmYLkPdt3pmc~OSNpuFYnhAKS1FJmeMnqfwsup2HsF6Sr31EJl0b7XB~IPCBOHyoihdH4PWkjBzRAaMzOr8mOAUXBPN6Dr7rREj-YwFPp4HFYAhmcZ9Q0ZryPBCCLUG7rsdZzLWBfmZPkpPz39FewaST5s5a5NDT7r3j6pfyPvjrIO216vL6~ZTtkh-96W0pM0q~yiHlmbuPoeCOhR1LK5Mx~ZwggGOBNxrisUmlLEyeNSLOEHDc4rCzp-UDol4cerWso5Qe~peEtGRnORxzTzRlTduYuZr80lFQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science"},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":78842,"name":"Infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"id":188706,"name":"Metal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metal"},{"id":219724,"name":"Ammonia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ammonia"},{"id":335361,"name":"Infrared","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared"},{"id":386342,"name":"Sodium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium"}],"urls":[{"id":36350117,"url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt75k7k1kq/qt75k7k1kq.pdf?t=p0t18r"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-65101686-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="53121494"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/53121494/The_Infrared_Spectra_of_Marginally_Metallic_Systems_Sodium_Ammonia_Solutions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic Systems: Sodium--Ammonia Solutions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">The Infrared Spectra of Marginally Metallic Systems: Sodium--Ammonia Solutions</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Physical Chemistry</span><span>, 1961</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="53121494"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="53121494"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53121494; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-53121494-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="33837535"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/33837535/MARTIN_HEIDEGGER_AND_ENVIRONMENTAL_ETHICS"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of MARTIN HEIDEGGER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53819743/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/33837535/MARTIN_HEIDEGGER_AND_ENVIRONMENTAL_ETHICS">MARTIN HEIDEGGER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">After World War II, Martin Heidegger directed much of his thinking to technology and to the impac...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">After World War II, Martin Heidegger directed much of his thinking to technology and to the impact of technology on our perceptions of human life. One of the essays developed along this path was "The Question Concerning Technology." (1) It is unfortunate that the essay is not widely read because it carries the critique of technology out of its usual context and form and delivers it into a new light where there is, perhaps, some progress to be made. Furthermore, the essay has special significance to environmental issues and, I believe, lays a new groundwork for an ethical approach to our relations with the environment. The tension in this essay comes into sharp focus, at the end, in Heidegger's preposterous suggestion that art may be what we need to carry us out of the dangerous epoch of technology. I say that this is "preposterous" on two grounds. First, our society thinks of technology as its distinctive talent and strength, not as a disaster. Second, our society sees art as frivolous and impotent in the "real world" of capitalistically generated technology. Heidegger himself recognized this irony and devoted the major portion of the essay to a careful analysis of the dangers that befall us in technology. His suggestion regarding art came late and remained poorly explicated. My intention, in this essay, is to interpret Heidegger's thesis about technology and art in the context of forming an ethical approach to the environment. What we shall discover along this path is that human nature, technology, and art are all intertwined in complex ways. At present, these relationships stand in great confusion and this confusion is part of the danger of our time. But this confusion can be grasped and dispensed with by thinking our way into the essence of our technological epoch. We may also ask, What is the essence of art that it might bear some relation to this epoch? And finally, What is our essence as human beings in relation to technology, art, and our natural environment? I shall begin by summarizing Heidegger's thinking in "The Question Concerning Technology," concentrating on his vision of the dangers with which technology confronts us. Next, I shall use some of Heidegger's other works to describe the nature of art. And, finally, I shall bring the thesis together by showing how art, technology, and human nature are fundamental parts of a complex puzzle that lies at the heart of most issues in environmental ethics. Wherever possible, I shall try to understand Heidegger's arguments in ordinary language rather than merely absorbing and repeating his terminology. This will not always be possible, however; some of Heidegger's invented terms are simply indispensable, attempting as they do to cut across developed habits of thinking. To Heidegger, it is the thinking that is important and the language of our thinking needs careful study and occasional reformulation. The Dangers of Technology</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="82b02b8bfd8d03c549e2345734ab9117" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":53819743,"asset_id":33837535,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53819743/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="33837535"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33837535"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33837535; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33837535]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33837535]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33837535; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='33837535']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "82b02b8bfd8d03c549e2345734ab9117" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=33837535]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":33837535,"title":"MARTIN HEIDEGGER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"After World War II, Martin Heidegger directed much of his thinking to technology and to the impact of technology on our perceptions of human life. One of the essays developed along this path was \"The Question Concerning Technology.\" (1) It is unfortunate that the essay is not widely read because it carries the critique of technology out of its usual context and form and delivers it into a new light where there is, perhaps, some progress to be made. Furthermore, the essay has special significance to environmental issues and, I believe, lays a new groundwork for an ethical approach to our relations with the environment. The tension in this essay comes into sharp focus, at the end, in Heidegger's preposterous suggestion that art may be what we need to carry us out of the dangerous epoch of technology. I say that this is \"preposterous\" on two grounds. First, our society thinks of technology as its distinctive talent and strength, not as a disaster. Second, our society sees art as frivolous and impotent in the \"real world\" of capitalistically generated technology. Heidegger himself recognized this irony and devoted the major portion of the essay to a careful analysis of the dangers that befall us in technology. His suggestion regarding art came late and remained poorly explicated. My intention, in this essay, is to interpret Heidegger's thesis about technology and art in the context of forming an ethical approach to the environment. What we shall discover along this path is that human nature, technology, and art are all intertwined in complex ways. At present, these relationships stand in great confusion and this confusion is part of the danger of our time. But this confusion can be grasped and dispensed with by thinking our way into the essence of our technological epoch. We may also ask, What is the essence of art that it might bear some relation to this epoch? And finally, What is our essence as human beings in relation to technology, art, and our natural environment? I shall begin by summarizing Heidegger's thinking in \"The Question Concerning Technology,\" concentrating on his vision of the dangers with which technology confronts us. Next, I shall use some of Heidegger's other works to describe the nature of art. And, finally, I shall bring the thesis together by showing how art, technology, and human nature are fundamental parts of a complex puzzle that lies at the heart of most issues in environmental ethics. Wherever possible, I shall try to understand Heidegger's arguments in ordinary language rather than merely absorbing and repeating his terminology. This will not always be possible, however; some of Heidegger's invented terms are simply indispensable, attempting as they do to cut across developed habits of thinking. To Heidegger, it is the thinking that is important and the language of our thinking needs careful study and occasional reformulation. 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First, our society thinks of technology as its distinctive talent and strength, not as a disaster. Second, our society sees art as frivolous and impotent in the \"real world\" of capitalistically generated technology. Heidegger himself recognized this irony and devoted the major portion of the essay to a careful analysis of the dangers that befall us in technology. His suggestion regarding art came late and remained poorly explicated. My intention, in this essay, is to interpret Heidegger's thesis about technology and art in the context of forming an ethical approach to the environment. What we shall discover along this path is that human nature, technology, and art are all intertwined in complex ways. At present, these relationships stand in great confusion and this confusion is part of the danger of our time. But this confusion can be grasped and dispensed with by thinking our way into the essence of our technological epoch. We may also ask, What is the essence of art that it might bear some relation to this epoch? And finally, What is our essence as human beings in relation to technology, art, and our natural environment? I shall begin by summarizing Heidegger's thinking in \"The Question Concerning Technology,\" concentrating on his vision of the dangers with which technology confronts us. Next, I shall use some of Heidegger's other works to describe the nature of art. And, finally, I shall bring the thesis together by showing how art, technology, and human nature are fundamental parts of a complex puzzle that lies at the heart of most issues in environmental ethics. Wherever possible, I shall try to understand Heidegger's arguments in ordinary language rather than merely absorbing and repeating his terminology. This will not always be possible, however; some of Heidegger's invented terms are simply indispensable, attempting as they do to cut across developed habits of thinking. To Heidegger, it is the thinking that is important and the language of our thinking needs careful study and occasional reformulation. 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Heidegger himself recognized this irony and devoted the major portion of the essay to a careful analysis of the dangers that befall us in technology. His suggestion regarding art came late and remained poorly explicated. My intention, in this essay, is to interpret Heidegger's thesis about technology and art in the context of forming an ethical approach to the environment. What we shall discover along this path is that human nature, technology, and art are all intertwined in complex ways. At present, these relationships stand in great confusion and this confusion is part of the danger of our time. But this confusion can be grasped and dispensed with by thinking our way into the essence of our technological epoch. We may also ask, What is the essence of art that it might bear some relation to this epoch? And finally, What is our essence as human beings in relation to technology, art, and our natural environment? I shall begin by summarizing Heidegger's thinking in \"The Question Concerning Technology,\" concentrating on his vision of the dangers with which technology confronts us. Next, I shall use some of Heidegger's other works to describe the nature of art. And, finally, I shall bring the thesis together by showing how art, technology, and human nature are fundamental parts of a complex puzzle that lies at the heart of most issues in environmental ethics. Wherever possible, I shall try to understand Heidegger's arguments in ordinary language rather than merely absorbing and repeating his terminology. This will not always be possible, however; some of Heidegger's invented terms are simply indispensable, attempting as they do to cut across developed habits of thinking. To Heidegger, it is the thinking that is important and the language of our thinking needs careful study and occasional reformulation. 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