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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Observatorio_Meteorológico_de_Manila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Observatorio_Meteorológico_de_Manila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The <i>Observatorio Meteorológico de Manila</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Observatorio_Meteorológico_de_Manila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Period:_The_Weather_Bureau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Period:_The_Weather_Bureau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>American Period: The Weather Bureau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Period:_The_Weather_Bureau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_Era_(1945–1972):_Rebirth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_Era_(1945–1972):_Rebirth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Postwar Era (1945–1972): Rebirth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_Era_(1945–1972):_Rebirth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_From_Weather_Bureau_to_PAGASA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_From_Weather_Bureau_to_PAGASA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1970s: From Weather Bureau to PAGASA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_From_Weather_Bureau_to_PAGASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1986:_PAGASA_Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1986:_PAGASA_Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Post-1986: PAGASA Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1986:_PAGASA_Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climatology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropical_cyclones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropical_cyclones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tropical cyclones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropical_cyclones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tornadoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tornadoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tornadoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tornadoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doppler_weather_radar,_weather_stations_and_other_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doppler_weather_radar,_weather_stations_and_other_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Doppler weather radar, weather stations and other equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doppler_weather_radar,_weather_stations_and_other_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Doppler weather radar, weather stations and other equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Doppler_weather_radar,_weather_stations_and_other_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_Service_Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_Service_Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Regional Service Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_Service_Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">PAGASA</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrasyon_kan_Filipinas_sa_Serbisyo_nin_Atmosperiko,_Heopisiko_asin_Astronomiko" title="Administrasyon kan Filipinas sa Serbisyo nin Atmosperiko, Heopisiko asin Astronomiko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Administrasyon kan Filipinas sa Serbisyo nin Atmosperiko, Heopisiko asin Astronomiko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA" title="PAGASA – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="PAGASA" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Atmospheric,_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration" title="Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3n_de_Servicios_Atmosf%C3%A9ricos,_Geof%C3%ADsicos_y_Astron%C3%B3micos_de_Filipinas" title="Administración de Servicios Atmosféricos, Geofísicos y Astronómicos de Filipinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Administración de Servicios Atmosféricos, Geofísicos y Astronómicos de Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_des_services_atmosph%C3%A9riques,_g%C3%A9ophysiques_et_astronomiques_des_Philippines" title="Administration des services atmosphériques, géophysiques et astronomiques des Philippines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Administration des services atmosphériques, géophysiques et astronomiques des Philippines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80_%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%EC%B2%AD" title="필리핀 대기지구물리천문청 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리핀 대기지구물리천문청" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layanan_Administrasi_Atmosfer,_Geofisika,_dan_Astronomi_Filipina" title="Layanan Administrasi Atmosfer, Geofisika, dan Astronomi Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Layanan Administrasi Atmosfer, Geofisika, dan Astronomi Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amministrazione_dei_servizi_atmosferici,_geofisici_ed_astronomici_delle_Filippine" title="Amministrazione dei servizi atmosferici, geofisici ed astronomici delle Filippine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amministrazione dei servizi atmosferici, geofisici ed astronomici delle Filippine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadbiran_Perkhidmatan_Atmosfera,_Geofizikal_dan_Astronomi_Filipina" title="Pentadbiran Perkhidmatan Atmosfera, Geofizikal dan Astronomi Filipina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pentadbiran Perkhidmatan Atmosfera, Geofizikal dan Astronomi Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Atmospheric,_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration" title="Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%97%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%B1%80" title="フィリピン大気地球物理天文局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリピン大気地球物理天文局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Servi%C3%A7os_Atmosf%C3%A9ricos,_Geof%C3%ADsicos_e_Astron%C3%B4micos_das_Filipinas" title="Administração de Serviços Atmosféricos, Geofísicos e Astronômicos das Filipinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Administração de Serviços Atmosféricos, Geofísicos e Astronômicos das Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85,_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1" title="Филиппинское управление атмосферных, геофизических и астрономических служб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филиппинское управление атмосферных, геофизических и астрономических служб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA" title="PAGASA – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="PAGASA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasiwaan_ng_Pilipinas_sa_Serbisyong_Atmosperiko,_Heopisiko,_at_Astronomiko" title="Pangasiwaan ng Pilipinas sa Serbisyong Atmosperiko, Heopisiko, at Astronomiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangasiwaan ng Pilipinas sa Serbisyong Atmosperiko, Heopisiko, at Astronomiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85,_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1" title="Філіппінське управління атмосферних, геофізичних і астрономічних служб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філіппінське управління атмосферних, геофізичних і астрономічних служб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%A5c_qu%E1%BA%A3n_l%C3%BD_Thi%C3%AAn_v%C4%83n,_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_v%C3%A0_Kh%C3%AD_quy%E1%BB%83n_Philippines" title="Cục quản lý Thiên văn, Địa vật lý và Khí quyển Philippines – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cục quản lý Thiên văn, Địa vật lý và Khí quyển Philippines" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA" title="PAGASA – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="PAGASA" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8F%8A%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="菲律賓大氣地球物理及天文服務管理局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲律賓大氣地球物理及天文服務管理局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q747963#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/PAGASA" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:PAGASA" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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searchaux" style="display:none">National weather, climate, and astronomy bureau of the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pagasa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pagasa (disambiguation)">Pagasa</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Pangasiwaan ng Pilipinas sa Serbisyong Atmosperiko, Heopisiko at Astronomiko</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Atmospheric,_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration_(PAGASA)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Philippine_Atmospheric%2C_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration_%28PAGASA%29_logo.svg/200px-Philippine_Atmospheric%2C_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration_%28PAGASA%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Philippine_Atmospheric%2C_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration_%28PAGASA%29_logo.svg/300px-Philippine_Atmospheric%2C_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration_%28PAGASA%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Philippine_Atmospheric%2C_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration_%28PAGASA%29_logo.svg/400px-Philippine_Atmospheric%2C_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration_%28PAGASA%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">December 8, 1972<span class="noprint">; 52 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1972-12-08</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-GovPH-PD78_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovPH-PD78-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Weather Bureau</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility" title="Philippine Area of Responsibility">Philippine Area of Responsibility</a> (PAR) and adjacent areas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Science Garden, Senator Miriam P. Defensor-Santiago Avenue, Diliman, <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=PAGASA&params=14_38_37.1_N_121_2_39.8_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°38′37.1″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°2′39.8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.643639°N 121.044389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.643639; 121.044389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">₱</a>1.79</span> billion (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-GAAFY2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAAFY2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Nathaniel T. Servando, Ph.D.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Administrator</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(Philippines)" title="Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)">Department of Science and Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph">bagong<wbr />.pagasa<wbr />.dost<wbr />.gov<wbr />.ph</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration</b> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Pangasiwaan ng Pilipinas sa Serbisyong Atmosperiko, Heopisiko at Astronomiko</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abbreviated as <b>PAGASA</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[pagˈasa]</a></span>, which means "hope" as in the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> word <i>pag-asa</i>) is the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) agency of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> mandated to provide protection against natural calamities and to ensure the safety, well-being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress by undertaking scientific and technological services in <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and other geophysical sciences. Created on December 8, 1972, by reorganizing the Weather Bureau,<sup id="cite_ref-GovPH-PD78_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovPH-PD78-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PAGASA now serves as one of the Scientific and Technological Services Institutes of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(Philippines)" title="Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)">Department of Science and Technology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Observatorio_Meteorológico_de_Manila"><span id="The_Observatorio_Meteorol.C3.B3gico_de_Manila"></span>The <i>Observatorio Meteorológico de Manila</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Observatorio Meteorológico de Manila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formal meteorological and astronomical services in the Philippines began in 1865 with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Observatory" title="Manila Observatory"><i>Observatorio Meteorológico de Manila</i></a> (Manila Meteorological Observatory) in <a href="/wiki/Padre_Faura_Street" title="Padre Faura Street">Padre Faura Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> when Francisco Colina, a young <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> scholastic and professor at the <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo Municipal de Manila</a> started a systematic observation and recording of the weather two or three times a day. Jaime Nonell, another Jesuit scholastic, wrote a brief treatise on these observations, which was printed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Diario_de_Manila" title="Diario de Manila">Diario de Manila</a></i>. The treatise attracted the attention of businessmen in Manila and a request was made to the Jesuit director, Fr. Juan Vidal, SJ, for regular observations to warn the public against approaching typhoons. The businessmen financed the procurement and acquisition of an instrument called the universal meteorograph (an invention of another Jesuit, Fr. Angelo Seechi, SJ of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Observatory" title="Vatican Observatory">Vatican Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>) which greatly aided the day and night observations of the weather.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1866, Federico Faura, SJ became the director of the observatory in recognition of his scientific abilities. During this time, the observatory was engaged in the systematic observation of Philippine weather. On July 7, 1879, after data comparison with another Jesuit cleric in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, the observatory issued a warning indicating that a tropical cyclone was crossing northern Luzon. The colonial government took every possible precaution based on the reliability of the warning. The slight losses from the typhoon finally and permanently cemented the reputation of the observatory. This was followed by a prediction in November 1879 that a tropical cyclone would pass by Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The observatory began conducting <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_magnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial magnetism">terrestrial magnetism</a> observations in 1880. In 1885, the observatory started time service and a system of visual (<a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">semaphore</a>) weather warnings for merchant shipping. In 1886, the Faura Aneroid <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a> was released. In 1887, a section devoted to the study of terrestrial magnetism was set up. Six years later, the first maps of terrestrial magnetism in the Philippines were published. In 1890, the seismological service was officially established. In 1899, the astronomical section was opened.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This reputation reached foreign shores, and other observatories began requesting for the monthly <i>Boletin del Observatorio de Manila</i>. The growing demand for the services of the observatory led to the issuance of a Spanish royal decree on April 21, 1894, that recognized the observatory as an official institution under the Jesuit order, with full support from the Spanish Crown. This led to the establishment of a network of secondary stations in various points of Luzon and Visayas.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manilaobservatryjf2024_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manilaobservatryjf2024_03.JPG/400px-Manilaobservatryjf2024_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manilaobservatryjf2024_03.JPG/600px-Manilaobservatryjf2024_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manilaobservatryjf2024_03.JPG/800px-Manilaobservatryjf2024_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manila_Observatory" title="Manila Observatory">Manila Observatory</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Period:_The_Weather_Bureau">American Period: The Weather Bureau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American Period: The Weather Bureau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> and under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Avalon2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avalon2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on December 10, 1898, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> ceded the Philippine Islands to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. After a period of great political turbulence that climaxed in the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> in 1899, an <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a> was established. On May 22, 1901, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commission" title="Philippine Commission">Philippine Commission</a> enacted Act No. 131, reorganizing the Manila Observatory into the Weather Bureau under the <a href="/wiki/DILG" class="mw-redirect" title="DILG">Department of Interior</a>. With the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)" title="Department of Agriculture (Philippines)">Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources</a> (DANR) on January 1, 1917, the Weather Bureau was transferred from the Department of Interior to the DANR. With the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a>, the DANR was reorganized into the Department of Agriculture and Commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For nearly 45 years, the Weather Bureau remained active and famous in international expositions and scientific expeditions and continued to be well known for its accurate typhoon forecasts and scientific works in the field of meteorology, geomagnetism, and astronomy. The first weather map in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, released in 1908 by Fr. Coronas, became an important tool in tropical cyclone forecasting thereon. The bureau's published works on meteorology, terrestrial magnetism, and astronomy were well known and had later proven to be of great value to the American forces in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–45)">liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 4, 1943, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> as a puppet state of Japan during <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">its occupation</a>, the Weather Bureau was transferred to the Department of Public Works and Communications. The bureau was removed from the direction of the Jesuits and for the first time, the bureau had an all-Filipino staff headed by Mr. Maximo Lachica, head of the Department of Geodetic Engineering of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>. The Japanese occupation period marked limited activity in the Central Office. However, in the field, bureau personnel were instrumental in bringing accurate weather information over enemy-occupied territory to the combined liberation forces of the American and Filipino soldiers. </p><p>In February 1945, the Second World War brought the operations of the Weather Bureau to a halt when its offices were destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a>. Nothing but the burnt-out shell of its astronomical dome along Padre Faura Street bore testimony to its once glorious past. All the instruments, records, and mass of scientific knowledge accumulated through the decades were lost. After the war, the <i>Observatorio</i> ceased to function as the Weather Bureau. The <i>Observatorio</i> resumed independent operations in 1951 as the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Observatory" title="Manila Observatory">Manila Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_Era_(1945–1972):_Rebirth"><span id="Postwar_Era_.281945.E2.80.931972.29:_Rebirth"></span>Postwar Era (1945–1972): Rebirth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postwar Era (1945–1972): Rebirth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rebirth of the Weather Bureau began on July 24, 1945, when it was reestablished by seven constituent personnel under the leadership of Edilberto Parulan as Officer-in-Charge. In 1946, under the Tydings War Damage Act (Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946), a <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">US Weather Bureau</a> mission was sent to Manila by the United States government to undertake a survey of the needs of the Weather Bureau. As a result, the Bureau was able to acquire meteorological equipment and technical assistance from the United States that paved the way for the establishment of standard weather services patterned after similar meteorological institutions in more technically-advanced countries. Furthermore, the Weather Bureau was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Industry. The Bureau's functions were then carried out by five divisions (Synoptic, Climatological, Geophysical, Astronomical, and Administrative).<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, the central office of the Weather Bureau was moved to Marsman Building, opposite Pier 15 at the Port Area of Manila, while the Forecasting Center was transferred to the old Balagbag terminal, site of the first terminal of <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport" title="Ninoy Aquino International Airport">Manila International Airport</a>, and became the Manila Main Meteorological Office (MMMO). The first post-war geophysical observatory of the bureau was established in 1949 behind the campus of the University of the Philippines in Diliman. In 1948, a set of electromagnetic photo recording <a href="/wiki/Seismographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismographs">seismographs</a> was installed to improve its seismological services. On April 5, 1949, the Philippines was admitted into the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO), with the Weather Bureau as its national meteorological service.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, temperature, relative humidity, and pressure observations in the upper atmosphere were made twice daily by the <a href="/wiki/Laoag" title="Laoag">Laoag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a> field stations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1950, a teletype service-connected the MMMO to <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Sangley_Point" title="Naval Station Sangley Point">US Naval Station Sangley Point</a> and the Bureau of Telecommunications (precursor to the current <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_Commission" title="National Telecommunications Commission">National Telecommunications Commission</a>. Moreover, the exchange of weather reports with foreign countries, aircraft-in-flight, and four aeronautical stations in the country – Laoag, Legazpi, Cebu & Zamboanga began this year. Private radio systems and the then National Civil Defense Administration also helped to facilitate the reception of data and dissemination of the forecasts and warnings. In 1954, radio transmissions of time signals (which were done seven times daily) began in the geophysical observatory (which was now called Astronomical Observatory at this time).<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weather surveillance radar was first installed in the Philippines in 1963 atop the Central Office of the Weather Bureau (but this was destroyed beyond repair by a fire in 1978).In 1965, on its centenary, half of the weather stations across the country were already linked with each other by <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">single side-band</a> radio transceivers, forming an independent meteorological communication system. In 1968, the Philippines joined the Typhoon Committee formed by the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE, now Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific or ESCAP) and the WMO.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Committee_Chronology_-_1964-1968_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Committee_Chronology_-_1964-1968-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1969 saw the transfer of the central office from the Marsman Building to 1424, <a href="/wiki/Quezon_Avenue" title="Quezon Avenue">Quezon Boulevard Extension</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1969 also ushered in the 5-year "WMO Training and Research Project, Manila". Composed of the Institute of Meteorology in the Weather Bureau and the Department of Meteorology in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>, the project aimed to meet the training needs of the country's meteorological personnel and to carry out research in various fields of meteorology. The institute provided technical in-service training at various levels while the Department offered a post-graduate course leading to a Master of Science degree in meteorology. With the implementation of the project, the acquisition of an <a href="/wiki/IBM_1130" title="IBM 1130">IBM 1130</a> was realized and computerization in the bureau came of age. A telemetry system in the <a href="/wiki/Marikina_River" title="Marikina River">Marikina River Basin</a> was then set up which led to the bureau's initial efforts in flood forecasting.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Satellite meteorology</a> came to the Philippines in 1970 when an <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Picture_Transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Picture Transmission">Automatic Picture Transmission</a> system was set up to intercept photo transmission of the upper atmosphere by weather satellites. The first post-war major research initiative of the bureau was launched in the same year. Called the "Typhoon Research Project, its launch in 1970 was made possible through the financial assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(Philippines)" title="Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)">National Science Development Board</a>. In 1971, upon the invitation of the Philippines, the ECAFE/WMO Joint Unit was reallocated in Manila and was rechristened as the Typhoon Committee Secretariat. In the same year, the linking of five weather surveillance radars installed across different parts of the country and the Manila radar station (it was not yet destroyed until 1978) paved the way for the Weather Radar Surveillance Network of the bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s:_From_Weather_Bureau_to_PAGASA">1970s: From Weather Bureau to PAGASA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1970s: From Weather Bureau to PAGASA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970, several typhoons, including super typhoons <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Joan_(1970)" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon Joan (1970)">Sening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Kate_(1970)" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon Kate (1970)">Titang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Patsy_(1970)" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon Patsy (1970)">Yoling</a>, battered the Philippines, leaving thousands dead and millions of dollars worth of damage in their wake. As a response, in 1972, during the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">martial law</a> rule of President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>, the Weather Bureau was abolished and a new agency, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) was established pursuant to the Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Science Act of 1972 (Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972) as part of the Integrated Reorganization Plan (Presidential Decree No. 1, s. 1972) of the Philippine government. This new agency was placed under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Department of National Defense (Philippines)">Department of National Defense</a> (DND).<sup id="cite_ref-GovPH-PD78_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovPH-PD78-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through Executive Order No. 387, s. 1972, Marcos also established the Presidential Committee on Typhoon Moderation to coordinate, plan and implement programs intended to curb the severe effects of weather. Separately, the Typhoon Moderation and Flood Control Research and Development Council (later becoming the Typhoon Moderation Research and Development Office) was created to allow research and utilization of modern scientific methods to moderate typhoons and minimize damage.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PD_1149_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD_1149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After further destruction to the Philippines during the 1973 typhoon season, the Typhoon Moderation Program began exploring the Cloud Seeding Program as a means of minimizing the dangers of typhoons. As detailed by PAGASA director Roman Kintanar, they sought to weaken typhoons by 'seeding' them with various elements, most notably silver iodide, to increase the width of the eye, therefore increasing the diameter of the typhoon in order to increase the cover of the landfall but consequently reduce the intensity of rainfall. Such undertakings have been seen previously when the US launched the infamous <a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye" title="Operation Popeye">Operation Popeye</a>, which attempted to extend the monsoon season in Vietnam in 1967, and <a href="/wiki/Project_Stormfury" title="Project Stormfury">Project Stormfury</a>, which, similar to the Typhoon Moderation Program, sought to weaken typhoons in the early 1960s. Kintanar detailed Weather Modification Experiments (WEMEX), such as WEMEX I, which was initiated over Central Visayas in 1975, and WEMEX II, which was initiated over Central Luzon the following year. Results were inconclusive, but as with both Popeye and Stormfury, the data gathered ultimately proved helpful for meteorologists in future tracking of weather patterns and typhoon forecasts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four organization units initially comprised PAGASA. The National Weather Service undertakes the preparation and subsequent prompt issuance of forecasts and warnings of weather and flood conditions. The National Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Data Service undertakes the acquisition, collection, quality control, processing, and archiving of atmospheric and allied data. The National Geophysical and Astronomical Service undertakes observations and studies of seismological and astronomical phenomena, as well as provides the official time for the country. The National Institute of Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Sciences is responsible for the training of scientists and technical personnel with respect to atmospheric, geophysical, and astronomical sciences. Later on in 1977, the Typhoon Moderation Research and Development Office and the National Flood Forecasting Office were placed under the administrative supervision of PAGASA, pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1149, s. 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-PD_1149_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD_1149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PAGASA saw a lot of accomplishments during the Marcos regime. In 1973, the Pampanga River Basin Flood Forecasting and Warning Project, a joint undertaking of the PAGASA and the <a href="/wiki/DPWH" class="mw-redirect" title="DPWH">Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications</a>, was inaugurated, and upon recommendations of a survey mission, the Japanese Government provided the equipment and training of personnel for the project. Early in 1974, PAGASA, in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civil_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Office of Civil Defense (Philippines)">Office of Civil Defense</a>, put up a radio station with callsign DZCA. Through a network of automatic stations situated at strategic points along the Pampanga River and its major tributaries, data on the rise and fall of the river levels are sent to the Flood Forecasting Center in the Central Office via the existing telemetry system. </p><p>Impressed with the success of the Flood Forecasting System in the Pampanga River Basin, President Marcos instructed PAGASA to explore the possibility of putting up a similar system in the Agno, Bicol, and Cagayan River Basins. The <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>-sponsored Regional Seismological Network in Southeast Asia set up an office in the PAGASA Geophysical Observatory in 1974. It sought to standardize the training of personnel and seismological equipment, as well as to improve the accuracy of determining the epicenters of earthquakes in the region. Subsequently, in 1977, a strong motion <a href="/wiki/Accelerograph" title="Accelerograph">accelerograph</a> network was put up in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>. </p><p>The network was designed to record strong earthquake vibrations in the area. On April 18, 1979, the Science Garden <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">Planetarium</a> was opened to the public. Equipped with a Minolta <a href="/wiki/Planetarium_projector" title="Planetarium projector">planetarium projector</a>, it has a seating capacity of 90 people. In June 1981, the Bicol flood forecasting sub-system based on the Pampanga River system was inaugurated. In May of the following year, all three sub-systems (Agno, Bicol, and Cagayan) became fully operational. On the same occasion, the Ground Receiving Station for the <a href="/wiki/Himawari_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Himawari (satellite)">Geostationary Meteorological Satellite</a> was inaugurated, bringing the satellite meteorology of the Philippines to a giant leap forward. </p><p>In April 1983, Flood Forecasting and Warning System for Dam Operations was jointly undertaken by PAGASA, the <a href="/wiki/National_Power_Corporation" title="National Power Corporation">National Power Corporation</a>, and the National Irrigation Administration, with financial assistance in the form of loans from the Japanese government. Phase 1 of the project covered <a href="/wiki/Angat_Dam" title="Angat Dam">Angat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pantabangan_Dam" title="Pantabangan Dam">Pantabangan Dams</a>, while Phase II covered the <a href="/wiki/Magat_Dam" title="Magat Dam">Magat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binga_Dam" title="Binga Dam">Binga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ambuklao_Dam" title="Ambuklao Dam">Ambuklao Dams</a>, as well as the Data Information Center for the project. </p><p>The subsequent efforts of the government to centrally direct the integration of all government scientific and technological efforts led to the transfer of PAGASA to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(Philippines)" title="Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)">National Science and Technology Authority</a> through Executive Order No. 984, s. 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-EO_984_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EO_984-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reorganization also transferred the seismological services of PAGASA to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology (PHIVOLC), now <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Institute_of_Volcanology_and_Seismology" title="Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology">Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology</a> (PHIVOLCS).<sup id="cite_ref-About_PHIVOLCS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PHIVOLCS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1986:_PAGASA_Today">Post-1986: PAGASA Today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-1986: PAGASA Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the re-establishment of the democratic government after the ouster of Ferdinand Marcos (see <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>) in 1986, President <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon C. Aquino</a> ordered the reorganization of the National Science and Technology Authority (now called <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(Philippines)" title="Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)">Department of Science and Technology</a>) and all agencies under its authority, pursuant to Executive Order 128, s. 1987<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five major branches (Weather, Flood Forecasting, Climatology & Agrometeorology, Astronomical, Geophysical & Space Science, and National Disaster Reduction) and three support divisions (Administrative, Finance & Management, and Engineering & Maintenance) now constitute PAGASA. This organizational structure remained until October 2008, when the agency went under a Rationalization Program under Executive Order 366, s. 2004 issued by President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rationalization Program of the government was aimed at making the government focus its efforts on vital/core functions and enhance effectiveness and efficiency of public service.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAGASA_Central_Office_Building_42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PAGASA_Central_Office_Building_42.jpg/200px-PAGASA_Central_Office_Building_42.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PAGASA_Central_Office_Building_42.jpg/300px-PAGASA_Central_Office_Building_42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PAGASA_Central_Office_Building_42.jpg/400px-PAGASA_Central_Office_Building_42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Central Office, <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 15, 2003, PAGASA transferred its central office from 1424 Quezon Avenue to its permanent headquarters at the Science Garden, located along Agham Road (now Senator Miriam P. Defensor-Santiago Avenue) in Diliman, Quezon City. Meanwhile, scientific and technical operations are currently being undertaken in its Weather and Flood Forecasting Center, a facility located just in front of its current headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 3, 2015, Republic Act No. 10692, or the PAGASA Modernization Act of 2015, was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>. The government initially spent <span style="white-space: nowrap">₱3 billion</span> from <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Amusement_and_Gaming_Corporation" title="Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation">Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation</a>'s (PAGCOR) revenues (with a three-year span) for the modernization fund of the state weather bureau, which included the upgrading and acquisition of equipment, a new salary scheme for the employees, manpower training for future weathercasters and the creation of PAGASA Data Center, among other plans.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 8, 2019, Republic Act No. 11363, or the Philippine Space Act, was signed by President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">Philippine Space Agency</a>, also known as PhilSA, to manage the operate the Philippine space program which was previously handled by PAGASA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climatology">Climatology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate of the Philippines</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PHL_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PHL_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PHL_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PHL_present.svg/450px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PHL_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PHL_present.svg/600px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PHL_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_Map_of_the_Philippines_(1951-2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Climate_Map_of_the_Philippines_%281951-2010%29.jpg/220px-Climate_Map_of_the_Philippines_%281951-2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Climate_Map_of_the_Philippines_%281951-2010%29.jpg/330px-Climate_Map_of_the_Philippines_%281951-2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Climate_Map_of_the_Philippines_%281951-2010%29.jpg/440px-Climate_Map_of_the_Philippines_%281951-2010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7268" data-file-height="10864" /></a><figcaption>Climate map of the Philippines based on the Modified Coronas' Climate Classification, based on the type of rainfall distribution during the 1951–2010 period.</figcaption></figure> <p>PAGASA monitors daily rainfall and temperature data together with monthly observation of standard <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> index, soil moisture, <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, PAGASA is involved in the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Regional Climate Centres (RCC) network node for climate monitoring in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate prediction is also offered by PAGASA such as subseasonal to seasonal forecasting from ten-day running to one-month probabilistic forecasting with special emphasis on high-impact weather events. </p><p>Specialized forecasts are also done by PAGASA like data gathering on regional rainfall outlook at locations of dams, watersheds, river basins, other important water reservoirs and flood-prone areas. PAGASA monitors and assesses monthly climate, with regular advisories on regional to global climate phenomena like <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a> (ENSO) or <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a>, and seasonal climate projections like for <a href="/wiki/Dry_spell" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry spell">dry spell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>, and Habagat and Amihan <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> together with their dynamic and statistical <a href="/wiki/Downscaling" title="Downscaling">downscaling</a>. </p><p>PAGASA through its <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrometeorology" title="Agrometeorology">Agrometeorology</a> Division, also offers services for the availment of climate data composed of various climatic elements which are routinely observed at PAGASA's network with meteorological observations and quality control procedures are done following the recommended best practices of the WMO.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tropical_cyclones">Tropical cyclones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tropical cyclones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAGASA_Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PAGASA_Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility_-_en.svg/240px-PAGASA_Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PAGASA_Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility_-_en.svg/360px-PAGASA_Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PAGASA_Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility_-_en.svg/480px-PAGASA_Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>The Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) for tropical cyclone warnings</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons in the Philippines</a></div> <p>PAGASA monitors <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> activity and issues warnings if they fall within the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility" title="Philippine Area of Responsibility">Philippine Area of Responsibility</a> (PAR). This area is bound by an imaginary line drawn along the following coordinates: </p> <dl><dd>25°N 120°E, 25°N 135°E, 5°N 135°E, 5°N 115°E, 15°N 115°E, 21°N 120°E and back to the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Tropical cyclone bulletins are issued by PAGASA every three hours for all tropical cyclones within this area that are currently affecting the country, six hours when cyclones are anticipated to make landfall within the Philippines, or twelve hours when cyclones are not affecting land. </p><p>As of March 23, 2022, PAGASA used to classify tropical cyclones into five categories: </p> <ul><li>Tropical Depression – maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 39 to 61 km/h</li> <li>Tropical Storm – maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 62 to 88 km/h</li> <li>Severe Tropical Storm – maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 89 to 117 km/h</li> <li>Typhoon – maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 118 to 184 km/h</li> <li>Super Typhoon – maximum 10-minute sustained winds of more than 185 km/h.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tornadoes">Tornadoes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tornadoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 27, 2007, PAGASA announced that it was putting up a <a href="/wiki/Tornado_warning" title="Tornado warning">tornado warning</a> system, days after several more powerful and destructive <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> damaged houses in <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a>. On August 23, 2007, a second tornado destroyed 30 houses in 4 villages in <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Bulacan" title="San Miguel, Bulacan">San Miguel, Bulacan</a>, the first tornado having damaged 27 houses in <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael,_Bulacan" title="San Rafael, Bulacan">San Rafael, Bulacan</a> on August 8, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doppler_weather_radar,_weather_stations_and_other_equipment"><span id="Doppler_weather_radar.2C_weather_stations_and_other_equipment"></span>Doppler weather radar, weather stations and other equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Doppler weather radar, weather stations and other equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAGASA_Doppler_Radar_Network.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PAGASA_Doppler_Radar_Network.png/250px-PAGASA_Doppler_Radar_Network.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PAGASA_Doppler_Radar_Network.png/375px-PAGASA_Doppler_Radar_Network.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PAGASA_Doppler_Radar_Network.png/500px-PAGASA_Doppler_Radar_Network.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Location of Doppler weather radar installations in the Philippines as of 2020.<br /><b>Black circles:</b> Operational<br /><b>Red circles:</b> Not in operation due to structural damage<br /><b>Blue circles:</b> Under construction<br /><b>Green circles:</b> Proposed new radar locations</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_DOST-PAGASA_Guiuan_Weather_Station_in_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_DOST-PAGASA_Guiuan_Weather_Station_in_2022.jpg/300px-The_DOST-PAGASA_Guiuan_Weather_Station_in_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_DOST-PAGASA_Guiuan_Weather_Station_in_2022.jpg/450px-The_DOST-PAGASA_Guiuan_Weather_Station_in_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_DOST-PAGASA_Guiuan_Weather_Station_in_2022.jpg/600px-The_DOST-PAGASA_Guiuan_Weather_Station_in_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>The PAGASA <a href="/wiki/Guiuan" title="Guiuan">Guiuan</a> Weather Station with its <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">Doppler weather radar</a> tower (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>PAGASA installed its first <a href="/wiki/Doppler_weather_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler weather radar">Doppler weather radar</a> station in <a href="/wiki/Baler,_Aurora" title="Baler, Aurora">Baler, Aurora</a> and another in <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>. The new weather radars can monitor the <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> and its movements, amount of rainfall either moderate or heavy and real-time atmospheric forecasts using a visual radar monitor, an example was that of <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Conson_(2010)" title="Typhoon Conson (2010)">Typhoon Basyang</a> in <a href="/wiki/2010_Pacific_typhoon_season" title="2010 Pacific typhoon season">2010</a>. Data are used for warnings (such as rainfall) through <a href="/wiki/Project_NOAH_(Philippines)" title="Project NOAH (Philippines)">Project NOAH</a> since June 2012. </p><p>PAGASA has installed at least sixteen Doppler weather radars in the country, currently operational stations are as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Basco,_Batanes" title="Basco, Batanes">Basco</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a>, currently under repair), <a href="/wiki/Aparri" title="Aparri">Aparri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subic,_Zambales" title="Subic, Zambales">Subic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baler,_Aurora" title="Baler, Aurora">Baler</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Aurora_(province)" title="Aurora (province)">Aurora</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tagaytay" title="Tagaytay">Tagaytay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>), <a href="/wiki/Busuanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Busuanga">Busuanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quezon,_Palawan" title="Quezon, Palawan">Quezon</a> (both in <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Daet,_Camarines_Norte" class="mw-redirect" title="Daet, Camarines Norte">Daet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Camarines_Norte" title="Camarines Norte">Camarines Norte</a>), <a href="/wiki/Virac,_Catanduanes" title="Virac, Catanduanes">Virac</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a>, the country's most modern radar facility);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mactan" title="Mactan">Mactan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alburquerque,_Bohol" title="Alburquerque, Bohol">Alburquerque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a>), <a href="/wiki/Guiuan" title="Guiuan">Guiuan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Samar" title="Eastern Samar">Eastern Samar</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampakan" title="Tampakan">Tampakan</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Cotabato" title="South Cotabato">South Cotabato</a>)</li></ul> <p>Moreover, the weather bureau is now planning to construct at least three more Doppler weather radar stations in <a href="/wiki/Agno,_Pangasinan" title="Agno, Pangasinan">Agno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cataingan,_Masbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataingan, Masbate">Cataingan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Laoang,_Northern_Samar" class="mw-redirect" title="Laoang, Northern Samar">Laoang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Samar" title="Northern Samar">Northern Samar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It aims to have twenty operational radar stations nationwide by the end of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Nilo's leave, an automated rain gauge was also installed in a telecommunications cellsite in <a href="/wiki/Montalban,_Rizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Montalban, Rizal">Montalban, Rizal</a> (in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Smart_Communications" title="Smart Communications">Smart Communications</a>) to monitor excess rainfall as a warning signal to avert the effects of <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flashfloods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> by using cellphones, the weather bureau plans to adopt its swift transfer of data from ground forecasting stations to main headquarters utilizing its automated data acquisition system modeled after <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AMeDAS" class="mw-redirect" title="AMeDAS">AMeDAS</a> in the near future as a solution to forecast inaccuracy and their problems. The <a href="/wiki/Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Japan International Cooperation Agency">Japan International Cooperation Agency</a> will provide modernization programs to enhance the services of PAGASA include meteorology and flood forecasting, and tornado warnings as precautionary measures. Seven new Doppler weather radars placed in different locations are scheduled to operate in June 2011. </p><p>In addition, the weather bureau introduced its <a href="/wiki/Emergency_population_warning" title="Emergency population warning">Landslide Early Warning Sensor (LEWS)</a> (recently invented by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>) to reduce landslide casualties in case of <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>. Using this new device, the sensor picks out signals in the form of computer data to show soil and ground movements and is transferred to the ground station immediately in an event of a landslide, and in order to launch forced evacuation. PAGASA hopes to install 10 sensors in five landslide prone areas by 2012, when it is tested and ready to bury on ground. </p><p>Another innovation to flood alerts was the adoption of an Automated Weather Station (AWS) designed to monitor amounts of rainfall and flood levels in case of an incoming warning, the AWS can be controlled by a computer even it is unmanned and a siren to evacuate people for emergencies. Few of the AWS units are installed in few points of the country and many more units will be installed to extend its coverage. </p><p>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> donated fifteen weather stations to the Philippines' Department of Science and Technology, and it has been reported that "The Philippines weather bureau will also share information from the new weather stations with Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau, helping expand the range of Taiwan's weather forecasts."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PAGASA and the Philippines Department of Science and Technology work jointly in the implementation of weather stations.<sup id="cite_ref-AutomatedStation_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutomatedStation-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2024, Administrator Nathaniel T. Servando, Ph.D launched PAGASA's 83rd weather station - the San Ildefonso <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" title="Synoptic scale meteorology">Synoptic</a> Station in M. Valte Road, Purok 2, Barangay Palapala, <a href="/wiki/San_Ildefonso,_Bulacan" title="San Ildefonso, Bulacan">San Ildefonso, Bulacan</a>. It is equipped with a digital <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemometer" title="Anemometer">anemometer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rain_gauges" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain gauges">rain gauges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermometers">thermometers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar radiation</a> <a href="/wiki/Sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensors">sensors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_Service_Divisions">Regional Service Divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Regional Service Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pursuant to the Rationalization Program, PAGASA has five Regional Services Divisions (RSD) that provide localized forecasts in a select group of areas. Under these RSDs, PAGASA disseminates regular thunderstorm advisories, heavy rainfall warnings, and special weather forecasts to more specific localities around the country, in line with the program's goal to increase its effectiveness and efficiency of public service.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such data are often found on the bureau’s official social media pages. </p><p>Warnings are typically issued at the municipality/city level; very rarely are barangays specified in the advisories. Occasionally, these can also be issued at the provincial level, particularly those of Heavy Rainfall Advisories. Highly urbanized cities (except Davao City and Zamboanga City) are grouped with their parent provinces. Metro Manila is also collectively organized into one region during the issuance of warnings. Some provinces, though they belong in a different island group, are assigned to another RSD not associated with the island group they belong to, such as cases for Palawan and Occidental Mindoro, where the Visayas RSD oversees them as opposed to Luzon-based RSDs, and Northern Samar, where it is administered by the Southern Luzon RSD despite being located in Visayas. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Regional Services Division </th> <th>Provinces </th></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Luzon </td> <td>Abra, Apayao, Aurora, Benguet (including Baguio), Batanes, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Kalinga, Isabela, La Union, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quirino </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Capital Region </td> <td>Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Metro Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Quezon (including Lucena), Tarlac, Zambales </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern Luzon </td> <td>Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Marinduque, Masbate, Northern Samar, Oriental Mindoro, Romblon, Sorsogon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Visayas </td> <td>Aklan, Antique, Biliran, Bohol, Capiz, Cebu (including Cebu City, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue), Eastern Samar, Guimaras, Iloilo (including Iloilo City), Leyte (including Tacloban), Negros Occidental (including Bacolod), Negros Oriental, Occidental Mindoro, Palawan (including Puerto Princesa), Samar, Siquijor, Southern Leyte </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mindanao </td> <td>Agusan del Norte (including Butuan), Agusan del Sur, Basilan, Bukidnon, Camiguin, Cotabato, Cotabato City, Davao City<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental, Davao Oriental, Dinagat Islands, Lanao del Norte (including Iligan), Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (including Cagayan de Oro), Sarangani, South Cotabato (including General Santos), Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tawi-tawi, Zamboanga City<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2010, the Philippines was struck by <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Conson_(2010)" title="Typhoon Conson (2010)">Typhoon Conson</a> (Basyang), the second tropical cyclone of the 2010 Pacific typhoon season to impact the country. Conson was poorly forecasted by PAGASA. Initially, from July 12 to 13, it was predicted to hit the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(province)" title="Aurora (province)">Aurora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabela_(province)" title="Isabela (province)">Isabela</a>. However, at 11 PM PST (15:00 UTC) on July 13, PAGASA revised its forecast, indicating that the typhoon would instead affect <a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezon</a> province, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luzon">southern Luzon</a> provinces. Despite this, residents living in these areas were not informed of the forecast change, nor were they notified that <a href="/wiki/PSWS" class="mw-redirect" title="PSWS">public storm warning signal (PSWS)</a> number 2 had been raised. As a result, severe damage occurred in the affected regions. Later that same day, President Benigno Aquino III reprimanded PAGASA for failing to predict that Conson would pass over <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, Aquino criticized PAGASA for not warning the residents of Metro Manila about the strong tropical storm that struck the nation's capital.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Dr. Nilo and PAGASA, the agency didn't have adequate equipment to "accurately" predict a movement of a storm and the weather forecasting instruments were too old and needed to be upgraded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pacific_typhoon_season" title="2024 Pacific typhoon season">2024 Pacific typhoon season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amado_Pineda" title="Amado Pineda">Amado Pineda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_weather_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler weather radar">Doppler weather radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Cruz" title="Nathaniel Cruz">Nathaniel Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisco_Nilo" title="Prisco Nilo">Prisco Nilo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davao City and Zamboanga City are treated as separate from Davao Del Sur and Zamboanga Del Sur, respectively, during the issuance of weather advisories by the Mindanao PRSD.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davao City and Zamboanga City are treated as separate from Davao Del Sur and Zamboanga Del Sur, respectively, during the issuance of weather advisories by the Mindanao PRSD.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GovPH-PD78-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GovPH-PD78_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GovPH-PD78_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GovPH-PD78_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/12/08/presidential-decree-no-78-s-1972/">"Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972"</a>. <i>Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</i>. December 8, 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Presidential+Decree+No.+78%2C+s.+1972&rft.date=1972-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1972%2F12%2F08%2Fpresidential-decree-no-78-s-1972%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GAAFY2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GAAFY2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/GAA/GAA2021/TechGAA2021/DOST/I.pdf">https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/GAA/GAA2021/TechGAA2021/DOST/I.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/aboutus/key-officials">"PAGASA Key Officials"</a>. <i>DOST-PAGASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOST-PAGASA&rft.atitle=PAGASA+Key+Officials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagasa.dost.gov.ph%2Faboutus%2Fkey-officials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarvaezMacaranas2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Narvaez, Eilene Antoinette; Macaranas, Edgardo, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329025354/http://kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Mga-ng-Pangalan-Tanggapan-sa-Filipino2.pdf"><i>Mga Pangalan ng Tanggapan ng Pamahalaan sa Filipino</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Filipino) (2013 ed.). Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-0197-22-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-0197-22-4"><bdi>978-971-0197-22-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Mga-ng-Pangalan-Tanggapan-sa-Filipino2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mga+Pangalan+ng+Tanggapan+ng+Pamahalaan+sa+Filipino&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=2013&rft.pub=Komisyon+sa+Wikang+Filipino&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-971-0197-22-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkwf.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F12%2FMga-ng-Pangalan-Tanggapan-sa-Filipino2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_PAGASA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_PAGASA_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzarina" class="citation web cs1">Czarina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/transparency/about-pagasa">"About PAGASA"</a>. <i>Pagasa</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun.Star&rft.atitle=Weather+bureau+to+install+Doppler+Radar&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstar.com.ph%2Fzamboanga%2Flocal-news%2F2012%2F01%2F11%2Fweather-bureau-install-doppler-radar-200030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeves2012" class="citation news cs1">Teves, Catherine (March 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bayanihan.org/2012/03/24/pagasa-to-install-more-radars-this-year/">"PAGASA to install more radars this year —— Bayanihan"</a>. <i>Bayanihan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bayanihan&rft.atitle=PAGASA+to+install+more+radars+this+year+%E2%80%94%E2%80%94+Bayanihan&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft.aulast=Teves&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbayanihan.org%2F2012%2F03%2F24%2Fpagasa-to-install-more-radars-this-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120915105728/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20110917000057&cid=1105">"Philippines activates 15 weather stations donated by Taiwan"</a>. Wantchinatimes.com (English news website of the Taiwan-based China Times News Group). September 17, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20110917000057&cid=1105">the original</a> on September 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines+activates+15+weather+stations+donated+by+Taiwan&rft.pub=Wantchinatimes.com+%28English+news+website+of+the+Taiwan-based+China+Times+News+Group%29&rft.date=2011-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wantchinatimes.com%2Fnews-subclass-cnt.aspx%3Fid%3D20110917000057%26cid%3D1105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutomatedStation-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutomatedStation_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924192336/http://www.weather.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1477:launching-of-automated-weather-station&catid=1:press-releases&Itemid=460">"Launching of Automated Weather Station"</a>. Philippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. June 30, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1477:launching-of-automated-weather-station&catid=1:press-releases&Itemid=460">the original</a> on September 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Launching+of+Automated+Weather+Station&rft.pub=Philippines+Atmospheric%2C+Geophysical+and+Astronomical+Services+Administration&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov.ph%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1477%3Alaunching-of-automated-weather-station%26catid%3D1%3Apress-releases%26Itemid%3D460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ptvnews.ph/pagasa-opens-83rd-weather-station-in-bulacan/">"PAGASA opens 83rd weather station in Bulacan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PTV_News_(TV_program)" title="PTV News (TV program)">PTV News (TV program)</a>. July 19, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PAGASA+opens+83rd+weather+station+in+Bulacan&rft.date=2024-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fptvnews.ph%2Fpagasa-opens-83rd-weather-station-in-bulacan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/about-us">"About Us"</a>. <i>PAGASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PAGASA&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagasa.dost.gov.ph%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/press-release/160">"Press Release"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagasa.dost.gov.ph%2Fpress-release%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.facebook.com/mprsdcdo/posts/pfbid026kWWv1nMAR5jR3ZadUAgrJmHamh36bkqhpmffrnTvjpv6rchumVjEYJZUrBfGWG7l">https://www.facebook.com/mprsdcdo/posts/pfbid026kWWv1nMAR5jR3ZadUAgrJmHamh36bkqhpmffrnTvjpv6rchumVjEYJZUrBfGWG7l</a> In the rainfall advisory dated August 28, 2024, Zamboanga City and Davao City are treated as separate from their provinces as opposed to Cagayan de Oro (a highly urbanized city, seen at the attached text) being grouped under Misamis Oriental.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.facebook.com/mprsdcdo/posts/pfbid026kWWv1nMAR5jR3ZadUAgrJmHamh36bkqhpmffrnTvjpv6rchumVjEYJZUrBfGWG7l">https://www.facebook.com/mprsdcdo/posts/pfbid026kWWv1nMAR5jR3ZadUAgrJmHamh36bkqhpmffrnTvjpv6rchumVjEYJZUrBfGWG7l</a> In the rainfall advisory dated August 28, 2024, Zamboanga City and Davao City are treated as separate from their provinces as opposed to Cagayan de Oro (a highly urbanized city, seen at the attached text) being grouped under Misamis Oriental.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100716180346/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/196011/aquino-reprimands-pagasa-at-typhoon-basyang-briefing">"Aquino reprimands PAGASA at Typhoon Basyang briefing"</a>. GMA News. July 14, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/story/196011/aquino-reprimands-pagasa-at-typhoon-basyang-briefing">the original</a> on July 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aquino+reprimands+PAGASA+at+Typhoon+Basyang+briefing&rft.date=2010-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanews.tv%2Fstory%2F196011%2Faquino-reprimands-pagasa-at-typhoon-basyang-briefing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisante2010" class="citation web cs1">Sisante, Jam (July 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/07/14/10/aquino-raps-pagasa-typhoon-briefing">"Aquino raps PAGASA at emergency briefing"</a>. abs-cbnNEWS.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aquino+raps+PAGASA+at+emergency+briefing&rft.pub=abs-cbnNEWS.com&rft.date=2010-07-14&rft.aulast=Sisante&rft.aufirst=Jam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2Fnation%2F07%2F14%2F10%2Faquino-raps-pagasa-typhoon-briefing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAGASA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAGASA&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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4em">National <a href="/wiki/List_of_meteorology_institutions" title="List of meteorology institutions">meteorological organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Meteorological_Office" title="National Meteorological Office">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Meteorological_Agency" title="Ghana Meteorological Agency">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_National_Institute_of_Meteorology" title="Mozambique National Institute of Meteorology">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Weather_Service" title="South African Weather Service">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servicio_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_(Argentina)" title="Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Argentina)">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Weather_Service" title="Bermuda Weather Service">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Meteorology" title="National Institute of Meteorology">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_Service_of_Canada" title="Meteorological Service of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteorological_Directorate_of_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteorological Directorate of Chile (page does not exist)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Hydrology,_Meteorology_and_Environmental_Studies_(Colombia)" title="Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (Colombia)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional" title="Instituto Meteorológico Nacional">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Meteorology_(Cuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Meteorology (Cuba)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Meteorolog%C3%ADa_e_Hidrolog%C3%ADa_(Ecuador)" title="Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (Ecuador)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Sismolog%C3%ADa,_Vulcanolog%C3%ADa,_Meteorolog%C3%ADa_e_Hidrolog%C3%ADa" title="Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servicio_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_(Mexico)" title="Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Institute_of_Meteorology" title="Uruguayan Institute of Meteorology">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Meteorological_Authority" title="Afghanistan Meteorological Authority">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Meteorological_Department" title="Bangladesh Meteorological Department">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Hydrology_and_Meteorology" title="National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory" title="Hong Kong Observatory">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_and_Geophysical_Bureau" title="Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology,_Climatology,_and_Geophysical_Agency" title="Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Meteorological_Organization" title="Iran Meteorological Organization">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Meteorological_Service" title="Israel Meteorological Service">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Hydro-Meteorological_Administration" title="State Hydro-Meteorological Administration">Korea (DPRK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Meteorological_Administration" title="Korea Meteorological Administration">Korea (ROK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Meteorological_Department" title="Malaysian Meteorological Department">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Meteorological_Department" title="Pakistan Meteorological Department">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Meteorological_Department" title="Palestinian Meteorological Department">Palestine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Hydrometeorology_and_Environmental_Monitoring" title="Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Meteorology_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="National Center for Meteorology (Saudi Arabia)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_Service_Singapore" title="Meteorological Service Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Weather_Administration" title="Central Weather Administration">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Meteorological_Department" title="Thai Meteorological Department">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service" title="Turkish State Meteorological Service">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Seismology_and_Atmospheric_Physics_of_the_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Seismology and Atmospheric Physics of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Meteorology_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="National Center for Meteorology (United Arab Emirates)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Hydro-Meteorological_Forecasting" title="National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institution_for_Meteorology_and_Geodynamics" title="Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Meteorological Institute">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Meteorological_and_Hydrological_Service" title="Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Hydrometeorological_Institute" title="Czech Hydrometeorological Institute">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Danish Meteorological Institute">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Weather_Service" title="Estonian Weather Service">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Finnish Meteorological Institute">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France" title="Météo-France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_National_Meteorological_Service" title="Hellenic National Meteorological Service">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Meteorological_Office" title="Icelandic Meteorological Office">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_%C3%89ireann" title="Met Éireann">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servizio_Meteorologico" title="Servizio Meteorologico">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Environment,_Geology_and_Meteorology_Centre" title="Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Hydrometeorological_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometeorological_Institute_of_Montenegro" title="Hydrometeorological Institute of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Meteorological_Institute" title="Norwegian Meteorological Institute">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Portugu%C3%AAs_do_Mar_e_da_Atmosfera" title="Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administra%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Meteorologie" title="Administrația Națională de Meteorologie">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Hydrometeorology_and_Environmental_Monitoring" title="Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Hydrometeorological_Institute_of_Serbia" title="Republic Hydrometeorological Institute of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Environment_Agency" title="Slovenian Environment Agency">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Meteorological_Agency" title="State Meteorological Agency">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Meteorological_and_Hydrological_Institute" title="Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeteoSwiss" title="MeteoSwiss">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service" title="Turkish State Meteorological Service">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Hydrometeorological_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center (page does not exist)">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Meteorological_Service" title="Fiji Meteorological Service">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetService" title="MetService">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_Meteorological_Service" title="Tonga Meteorological Service">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Meteorological_Service" title="Tuvalu Meteorological Service">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Regional: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Institute_for_Meteorology_and_Hydrology" title="Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology">Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts" title="European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts">European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Severe_Storms_Laboratory" title="European Severe Storms Laboratory">European Severe Storms Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Global: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Department_of_Science_and_Technology,_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Department_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Template:Department of Science and Technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Department_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Template talk:Department of Science and Technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Department_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Department of Science and Technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Department_of_Science_and_Technology,_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(Philippines)" title="Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)">Department of Science and Technology</a>, Philippines</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collegial and<br />scientific bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="National Academy of Science and Technology">National Academy of Science and Technology</a> (NAST)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Council_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Council of the Philippines (page does not exist)">National Research Council of the Philippines</a> (NRCP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectoral<br />planning<br />councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Council_for_Agriculture,_Aquatic,_and_Natural_Resources_Research_and_Development" title="Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development">Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development</a> (PCAARRD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Council_for_Health_Research_and_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (page does not exist)">Philippine Council for Health Research and Development</a> (PCHRD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Council_for_Industry,_Energy_and_Emerging_Technology_Research_and_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (page does not exist)">Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development</a> (PCIEERD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research and<br />development<br />institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Science_and_Technology_Institute_(Philippines)" title="Advanced Science and Technology Institute (Philippines)">Advanced Science and Technology Institute</a> (ASTI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Nutrition_Research_Institute_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Food and Nutrition Research Institute (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Food and Nutrition Research Institute</a> (FNRI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_Products_Research_Development_Institute_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest Products Research Development Institute (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Forest Products Research Development Institute</a> (FPRDI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Technology_Development_Institute_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial Technology Development Institute (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Industrial Technology Development Institute</a> (ITDI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_Industry_Research_and_Development_Center_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal Industry Research and Development Center (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Metal Industry Research and Development Center</a> (MIRDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Nuclear_Research_Institute" title="Philippine Nuclear Research Institute">Philippine Nuclear Research Institute</a> (PNRI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Textile_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippine Textile Research Institute (page does not exist)">Philippine Textile Research Institute</a> (PTRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific and<br />technological<br />services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_Communications_Technology_Office_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information and Communications Technology Office (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Information and Communications Technology Office</a> (ICTO)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration</a> (PAGASA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Institute_of_Volcanology_and_Seismology" title="Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology">Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology</a> (PHIVOLCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Science_High_School_System" title="Philippine Science High School System">Philippine Science High School System</a> (PSHS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_Technology_Information_Institute_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and Technology Information Institute (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Science and Technology Information Institute</a> (STII)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_Education_Institute_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science Education Institute (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Science Education Institute</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_Application_and_Promotion_Institute_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technology Application and Promotion Institute (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Technology Application and Promotion Institute</a> (TAPI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_Resource_Center_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technology Resource Center (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Technology Resource Center</a> (TRC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DOST_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DOST_seal.svg/100px-DOST_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DOST_seal.svg/150px-DOST_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DOST_seal.svg/200px-DOST_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Science">Ministries of Science</a> by country</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747963#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747963#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747963#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143071538">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10348254-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81002758">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36006483">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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