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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Cast_bullet_advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cast_bullet_advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Cast bullet advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cast_bullet_advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bullet_shapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullet_shapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bullet shapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullet_shapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_checks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_checks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gas checks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_checks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bullet_lubrication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullet_lubrication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bullet lubrication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullet_lubrication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bullet_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullet_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bullet alloys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullet_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_treating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_treating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Heat treating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_treating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper-patched_bullets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper-patched_bullets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Paper-patched bullets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper-patched_bullets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Made by allowing molten metal to solidify in a mold</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BulletMolds.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BulletMolds.png/220px-BulletMolds.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BulletMolds.png/330px-BulletMolds.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BulletMolds.png/440px-BulletMolds.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>An open single-cavity bullet mold and a closed two-cavity mold.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cast bullet</b> is made by allowing molten metal to solidify in a <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">mold</a>. Most cast bullets are made of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> alloyed with <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>; but <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> alloys have been used when lead is scarce, and may be used again in response to concerns about lead toxicity. Most commercial bullet manufacturers use <a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">swaging</a> in preference to casting, but bullet casting remains popular with <a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">handloaders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Firearms projectiles were being cast in the 14th century. <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> was used for <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>, while lead was the preferred material for small arms. Lead was more expensive than iron, but it was softer and less damaging to the relatively weak iron barrels of early <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a>. Lead could be cast in a ladle over a wood fire used for cooking or home heating, while casting iron required higher temperatures. Greater density of lead allowed lead bullets to retain velocity and energy better than iron bullets of the same weight and initial firing velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minie_Balls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Minie_Balls.jpg/220px-Minie_Balls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Minie_Balls.jpg/330px-Minie_Balls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Minie_Balls.jpg/440px-Minie_Balls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié balls</a> of the mid-19th century could be either cast or swaged.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a>, rather than casting, became a preferred manufacturing technique during the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>; but cast bullets remained popular in early rimmed <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a> cartridges like the <a href="/wiki/.32-20_Winchester" title=".32-20 Winchester">.32-20 Winchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/.32-40_Ballard" title=".32-40 Ballard">.32-40 Ballard</a>, <a href="/wiki/.38-40_Winchester" title=".38-40 Winchester">.38-40 Winchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/.38-55_Winchester" title=".38-55 Winchester">.38-55 Winchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/.44-40_Winchester" title=".44-40 Winchester">.44-40 Winchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/.45_Colt" title=".45 Colt">.45 Colt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/.45-70" title=".45-70">.45-70</a>. Disadvantages became evident as loadings shifted to <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a> in the late 19th century. Higher velocity smokeless powder loadings caused lead to melt and be torn from soft bullets to remain in the barrel after firing in small deposits called <i>leading</i>. Manufacturers of high-velocity military ammunition modified their bullet swaging process to apply a thin sheet of stronger metal over the soft lead bullet.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it took several decades to devise bullet jacket alloys and manufacturing procedures to duplicate the accuracy of cast bullets at lower velocities; jacketed bullets are more accurate at the velocity of 20th century military rifle cartridges.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacketed bullets also function more reliably and are less likely to be deformed in the mechanical loading process of self-loading pistols and machine-guns. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast_bullet_advantages">Cast bullet advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_bullet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cast bullet advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dueling_pistols.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dueling_pistols.JPG/220px-Dueling_pistols.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dueling_pistols.JPG/330px-Dueling_pistols.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dueling_pistols.JPG/440px-Dueling_pistols.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A pair of French, 19th century <a href="/wiki/Duelling_pistol" title="Duelling pistol">Duelling pistols</a>. The set of accessories includes a small <a href="/wiki/Ladle_(foundry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladle (foundry)">casting ladle</a> and a bullet mold, so the owner may make their own bullets, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a> (2009)</figcaption></figure> <p>Bullet casting remained popular for shooters accustomed to older weapons. Firearms were often sold with a mould designed for that particular weapon; so individuals living in remote areas would be able to manufacture their own ammunition rather than relying upon undependable supplies from local merchants. The uniform fit of bullets from an individual mould offered superior accuracy when early manufacturing tolerances were comparatively large.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These basic advantages remain true today. Moulds can be obtained to uniformly cast bullets of a diameter producing optimum accuracy in a specific firearm, and a firearm owner possessing such a mould can obtain a supply of those bullets independent of unreliable manufacturers and distributors. Bullets cast over a fireplace or stove from readily obtainable scrap materials still offer excellent performance in subsonic revolver cartridges, and more sophisticated casting techniques can produce bullets suitable for loading at velocities up to about 2,000 feet per second (610 m/s).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent advances in Cast Bullet Lubes have enabled shooters to be able to push cast bullets past 2,800 feet per second (850 m/s) in slow twist 30 cal rifles.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_bullet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although some bullet casting procedures can be accomplished with heating elements used for cooking; care must be taken to avoid contaminating food preparation areas and/or utensils with lead alloys. Most bullet casters prefer to use portable electric melting pots in areas with good ventilation. Molten metal can cause serious burns; and molten metal can be sprayed around the working area by violently expanding steam if it comes in contact with water from spilled drinks or other sources. Bullet casters should wear protective clothing including eye protection, and should carefully wash hands prior to eating, drinking, or smoking. Young children are especially vulnerable to lead poisoning and are unlikely to appreciate the danger of shiny molten metal and newly cast bullets. Bullet casting must be limited to times and locations when children are absent.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particular risk comes from the oxides of lead and other metals present in lead alloys, as oxides are often more easily absorbed than the metallic forms. This means that the dross that is skimmed from the lead pot may pose a larger hazard than the metallic alloys.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bullet_shapes">Bullet shapes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_bullet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bullet shapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cast bullets require a longer bearing surface than jacketed bullets to maintain an equivalent alignment with the bore of the firearm; because the softer cast bullet can be more readily deformed. The most successful cast bullet designs have a round or flattened nose rather than a long, unsupported ogive. Bullet designs with a forward diameter designed to be supported on the rifling lands work best in barrels rifled with wide lands and narrow grooves like the 2-groove <a href="/wiki/M1903_Springfield" title="M1903 Springfield">M1903-A3</a> rifles. Forward bearing surfaces of full groove diameter provide more effective alignment in barrels with wide grooves and narrow lands, provided the chamber throat is long enough to accept such bullets.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gas_checks">Gas checks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_bullet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gas checks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3CastBullets.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/3CastBullets.png/220px-3CastBullets.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/3CastBullets.png/330px-3CastBullets.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/3CastBullets.png/440px-3CastBullets.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Cast bullets as cast (left), fitted with a gas check (center) and sized & lubricated (right)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gas_check" title="Gas check">Gas check</a></div> <p>One of the earlier efforts to obtain better high-velocity performance involves placing a very shallow cup of copper alloy over the base of the bullet. This cup resembles a very short jacket and is called a <i>gas check</i>. Cast bullets require a smaller diameter at the base to accept the gas check. Some gas checks are designed to crimp onto the base of the bullet, while others have a looser fit.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bullet_lubrication">Bullet lubrication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_bullet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bullet lubrication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a> was used as a lubricant to ease the insertion of muzzle loaded bullets.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elongated rifle bullets were designed to be cast with grooves encircling the bullet to provide a reservoir for lubricant. These lubricants softened the black powder fouling for easier removal and reduced the tendency of bullets to leave deposits of lead in the barrel as they were fired. The latter advantage continued to be significant with smokeless powder. Attempts to obtain satisfactory high-velocity performance with cast bullets have included experimentation with a variety of lubricant mixtures including such things as <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">carnauba wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a>, bayberry wax, <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">petroleum jelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sperm_oil" title="Sperm oil">sperm oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a>, stearyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disulphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum disulphide">molybdenum disulphide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a>, cup grease, <a href="/wiki/Lithium_soap" title="Lithium soap">lithium soap</a>, water pump grease, and a variety of more modern lubricating materials.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bullet_alloys">Bullet alloys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_bullet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bullet alloys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WheelWeightMeltingPot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/WheelWeightMeltingPot.png/220px-WheelWeightMeltingPot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/WheelWeightMeltingPot.png/330px-WheelWeightMeltingPot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/WheelWeightMeltingPot.png/440px-WheelWeightMeltingPot.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Electric melting pot charged with automobile wheel weights in preparation for bullet casting. A small amount of <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> will be added after the steel clips and <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> have been skimmed from the melt.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pure lead was used to cast <a href="/wiki/Hollow-base_bullet" title="Hollow-base bullet">hollow-base bullets</a> for Civil War era muskets. These bullets were designed to load easily and then expand into the grooves of the rifling when fired. Pure lead is undesirably soft for casting bullets not requiring such expansion. Tin is a common alloying element. Lead alloyed with a small amount of tin fills out moulds more uniformly than pure lead. Tin also increases the hardness of cast bullets up to a maximum at about eight to ten percent tin. Tin is relatively expensive, so many modern alloys rely upon antimony to increase hardness while retaining the casting advantages of a minimal addition of tin. <a href="/wiki/Linotype_(alloy)" title="Linotype (alloy)">Linotype</a> metal is a <a href="/wiki/Eutectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectic">eutectic</a> alloy of 3% tin, 12% antimony, and 85% lead. It is a very satisfactory alloy for casting most bullets.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, bullets from Linotype alloy tend to be brittle, and not suitable for some game hunting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heat_treating">Heat treating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_bullet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heat treating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heat treating can increase the hardness of commonly used lead alloys. The basic procedure is to rapidly cool, or <a href="/wiki/Quench" class="mw-redirect" title="Quench">quench</a>, hot bullets. Some suggest this can be done by dropping hot bullets from the mold into a tub of water; but this procedure carries the risk of splashing water onto the mold or into the molten casting metal and causing a steam explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative procedure is to re-heat cast bullets (usually in a wire mesh basket) in a temperature-controlled oven and then remove and quench. The oven temperature should be less than the melting temperature of the bullet alloy. This temperature will vary with the concentrations of alloying elements; but is often in the range of 450 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit (232 to 260 degrees Celsius).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paper-patched_bullets">Paper-patched bullets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_bullet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paper-patched bullets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG/220px-Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG/330px-Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG/440px-Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>A selection of historic, British military ammunition. The center two are <a href="/wiki/.577/450_Martini%E2%80%93Henry" title=".577/450 Martini–Henry">.577/450 Martini–Henry</a> paper-patched rounds</figcaption></figure> <p>As velocity increased and rifling was introduced a problem of lead remaining in the bore was of concern. One of the earlier attempts, which is still popular today with muzzle loaders and users of black powder rifles, prevents leading and obtains potentially better velocity and performance with cast projectiles involves application of a paper jacket. <i>Patching</i> is the hand process of applying paper jackets. The projectile is cast to a diameter that is usually that of the bore and needs to be brought up to groove diameter by a uniform number of paper wrappings. Some prefer a relatively strong paper precisely cut to wrap exactly twice around the bullet with no overlap where the ends meet. Others substitute a range of papers from wax doped rice paper used for rolling cigarettes through greased cooking paper, waxed confectionery paper bags, printer labels and even silicone impregnated baking paper. The width of the piece of paper is slightly longer than the bearing surface of the projectile; so some paper extends past the base and is folded or twisted under. Some projectile have a base cavity into which the twisted end fits. The paper patch is moistened slightly with water to make it more pliable and slightly sticky. The patch is carefully wrapped around the bearing surface of the bullet. The lip of paper extending past the base of the bullet is then twisted together, and may be pushed into a depression cast into the base of the bullet. The lubricant may be allowed to evaporate after the jacket has been applied; and a different lubricant may be applied after the formed paper has dried. Very good accuracy has been obtained with paper-patched bullets, but the assembly procedure is relatively labor-intensive. There is some question about whether the accuracy improvements result from the paper jackets or from the greater uniformity of shooting procedures by people with the patience to apply the patches. A small number of dedicated target shooters still load paper-patched bullets at velocities up to about 2,000 feet per second (610 m/s).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_bullet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharpe, p.63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramage, p.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramage, p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belding & Mull, p.37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyman, p.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyman, pp.31&237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030226/https://www.goodsteelforum.com/forum/cast-bullets/806-the-dawn-of-a-new-hv-age">"The "Dawn" of a new HV age - www.goodsteelforum.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodsteelforum.com/forum/cast-bullets/806-the-dawn-of-a-new-hv-age">the original</a> on 2017-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22Dawn%22+of+a+new+HV+age+-+www.goodsteelforum.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodsteelforum.com%2Fforum%2Fcast-bullets%2F806-the-dawn-of-a-new-hv-age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+bullet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speer, pp.7-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, pp.23-26,61&134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speer, pp.23-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, p.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, p.64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, pp.15-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speer, pp.28-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, pp.72-76</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_bullet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr,_Al,_Teesdale,_Jerald,_Keith,_Elmer_and_Hardaway,_Ben_F.1951" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Al, Teesdale, Jerald, Keith, Elmer and Hardaway, Ben F. (1951). <i>Additional Handloading</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Additional+Handloading&rft.pub=National+Rifle+Association+of+America&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Barr%2C+Al%2C+Teesdale%2C+Jerald%2C+Keith%2C+Elmer+and+Hardaway%2C+Ben+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+bullet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelding_&_Mull1949" class="citation book cs1">Belding & Mull (1949). <i>The Belding & Mull Handbook</i>. Belding & Mull.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belding+%26+Mull+Handbook&rft.pub=Belding+%26+Mull&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Belding+%26+Mull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+bullet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison,_E.H.1979" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, E.H. (1979). <i>Cast Bullets</i>. National Rifle Association of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cast+Bullets&rft.pub=National+Rifle+Association+of+America&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Harrison%2C+E.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+bullet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcher,_Julian_S.Barr,_AlNeuman,_Charles_L.1951" class="citation book cs1">Hatcher, Julian S.; Barr, Al; Neuman, Charles L. (1951). <i>Handloading</i>. National Rifle Association of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handloading&rft.pub=National+Rifle+Association+of+America&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Hatcher%2C+Julian+S.&rft.au=Barr%2C+Al&rft.au=Neuman%2C+Charles+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+bullet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman1973" class="citation book cs1">Lyman (1973). <i>Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook</i>. The Leisure Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyman+Cast+Bullet+Handbook&rft.pub=The+Leisure+Group&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+bullet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamage,_C._Kenneth1980" class="citation book cs1">Ramage, C. Kenneth (1980). <i>Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook, 3rd Edition</i>. Lyman Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyman+Cast+Bullet+Handbook%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.pub=Lyman+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Ramage%2C+C.+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+bullet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe,_Philip_B.1953" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Philip B. (1953). <i>Complete Guide to Handloading</i>. Funk & Wagnalls Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Guide+to+Handloading&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Company&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+Philip+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+bullet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeer1986" class="citation book cs1">Speer (1986). <i>RCBS Cast Bullet Manual number 1</i>. 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