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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology_and_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_and_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morphology and verbs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology_and_verbs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology and verbs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology_and_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verb_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Verb prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_languages_and_current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_languages_and_current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related languages and current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_languages_and_current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language revitalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Example text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language-learning_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language-learning_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Language-learning materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-learning_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lushootseed" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchoutsideg" title="Luchoutsideg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Luchoutsideg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luixutsid" title="Luixutsid – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Luixutsid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lushootseed" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lushootseed" title="Idioma lushootseed – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma lushootseed" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C5%9Ducida_lingvo" title="Laŝucida lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laŝucida lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="لوشودسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوشودسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lushootseed" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_lushootseed" title="Lingue lushootseed – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue lushootseed" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_lushootseed" title="Lenga lushootseed – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga lushootseed" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lushootseed" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_lushootseed" title="Język lushootseed – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język lushootseed" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_lushootseed" title="Língua lushootseed – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua lushootseed" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Лушуцид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лушуцид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33658#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of all Lushootseed-speaking peoples, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lushootseed-speaking_peoples" title="List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples">List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Lushootseed</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;"><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dxʷləšucid</i></span>, <span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">txʷəlšucid</i></span>, <span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">xʷəlšucid</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">North Western <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, around the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lushootseed-speaking_peoples" title="List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples">Lushootseed-speaking peoples</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2008<sup id="cite_ref-pacificlutheran_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pacificlutheran-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Revival</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">472 L2 speakers (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Gibeau2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibeau2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_languages" title="Coast Salish languages">Coast Salish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Central<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Lushootseed</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Salish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Salish (page does not exist)">Proto-Salish</a> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Lushootseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Lushootseed">Northern Lushootseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lushootseed" title="Southern Lushootseed">Southern Lushootseed</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">NAPA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lut" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lut">lut</a></code> – Lushootseed<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/slh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:slh">slh</a></code> – Southern Lushootseed (covered by [lut])<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ska" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ska">ska</a></code> – Skagit (covered by [lut])<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sno" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sno">sno</a></code> – Snohomish (covered by [lut])</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lush1251">lush1251</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5396">Lushootseed</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/320px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/480px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/640px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Lushootseed is classified as Critically Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Lushootseed</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">luh-<span style="font-size:90%">SHOOT</span>-tseed</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historically known as <b>Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish</b>, or <b>Skagit-Nisqually</b>, is a Central <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_languages" title="Coast Salish languages">Coast Salish language</a> of the Salishan language family. Lushootseed is the general name for the <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> composed of two main dialects, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Lushootseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Lushootseed">Northern Lushootseed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lushootseed" title="Southern Lushootseed">Southern Lushootseed</a>, which are further separated into smaller sub-dialects. </p><p>Lushootseed was historically spoken across southern and western <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> roughly between modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington" title="Bellingham, Washington">Bellingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a> by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lushootseed-speaking_peoples" title="List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples">large number of Indigenous peoples</a>, numbering 12,000 at its peak.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LutBlog_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LutBlog-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, however, it is primarily a ceremonial language, spoken for heritage or symbolic purposes, and there are about 472 second-language speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibeau2024_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibeau2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is classified as Critically Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and classified as Reawakening by Ethnologue.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, many Lushootseed-speaking tribes are attempting to revitalize their language in daily use, with several language programs and classes offered across the region.<sup id="cite_ref-TulalipLut_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TulalipLut-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fiege2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiege2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gauld2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauld2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PTLang_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTLang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LutResearch_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LutResearch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lushootseed has been historically known as Niskwalli/Nisqually, Puget Sound Salish,<sup id="cite_ref-GibbsForeward_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GibbsForeward-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puget Salish, Pugué, Squaxon,<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skagit, and Skagit-Nisqually. </p><p>The name of the language in Lushootseed is pronounced (and spelled) variably across different dialects. In the northern dialects, the language is called <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dxʷləšucid</i></span>. In most southern dialects, it is <span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">txʷəlšucid</i></span>, whereas in the Muckleshoot dialect it is pronounced <span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">xʷəlšucid</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The southern pronunciation <span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">txʷəlšucid</i></span> is derived from the original by <a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">de-voicing</a> <i>d</i> into <i>t</i> and switching the position of <i>l</i> and <i>ə</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English name "Lushootseed" is derived from <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dxʷləšucid</i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dxʷ-</i></span> along with the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">-ucid</i></span> means "language." The <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root word</a>, <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ləš</i></span>, is an archaic word for the Puget Sound region.<sup id="cite_ref-GibbsForeward_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GibbsForeward-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Suttles" title="Wayne Suttles">Wayne Suttles</a>, believe it may be an old word for "people," possibly related to the word "<a href="/wiki/Salish%E2%80%93Spokane%E2%80%93Kalispel_language" title="Salish–Spokane–Kalispel language">Salish</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-ReaderIntro_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReaderIntro-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LutDicName_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LutDicName-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lushootseed has a complex consonantal phonology and 4 vowel phonemes. Along with more common <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voicing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> contrasts, Lushootseed has a plain-glottalic contrast, which is realized as <a href="/wiki/Laryngealized" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngealized">laryngealized</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sonorants" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonorants">sonorants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a> with voiceless stops or fricatives. It is one of only three known languages to possess all three types of glottalized consonant (ejectives, implosives, and resonants).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Lushootseed consonants<sup id="cite_ref-dict_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beck_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">(Alveolo-)<br />palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small>labio.</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">χʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">laryngealized</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">l̰</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">j̰</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">w̰</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lushootseed has no <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a>. However, the nasals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̰]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̰]</span> may appear in some speech styles and words as variants of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-dict_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Lushootseed vowels<sup id="cite_ref-Beck_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZahirDissertation_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZahirDissertation-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">High</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Low</a> </th> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lushootseed" title="Special:EditPage/Lushootseed">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lushootseed%22">"Lushootseed"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lushootseed%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lushootseed%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lushootseed%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lushootseed%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lushootseed%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_grammar" title="Lushootseed grammar">Lushootseed grammar</a></div> <p>Lushootseed can be considered a relatively <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinating</a> language, given its high number of morphemes, including a large number of lexical suffixes. Word order is fairly flexible, although it is generally considered to be <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb-subject-object</a> (VSO).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lushootseed is capable of creating grammatically correct sentences that contain only a verb, with no subject or object. All information beyond the action is to be understood by context. This can be demonstrated in <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ʔuʔəy’dub</i></span> '[someone] managed to find [someone/something]'.<sup id="cite_ref-HessReader_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HessReader-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sentences which contain no verb at all are also common, as Lushootseed has no <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a>. An example of such a sentence is <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ</i></span> 'What [is] that?'.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its general status as VSO, Lushootseed can be rearranged to be subject-verb-object (SVO) and verb-object-subject (VOS). Doing so does not modify the words themselves, but requires the particle <i>ʔə</i> to mark the change. The exact nature of this particle is the subject of some debate. </p><p>Prepositions in Lushootseed are almost entirely handled by one word, <i>ʔal,</i> which can mean 'on, above, in, beside, around' among a number of potential other meanings. They come before the object they reference, much like in English. Examples of this can be found in the following phrases: </p> <ol><li><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ <b>ʔal tə stulək</b>ʷ</i></span> 'What is that <b>in the river</b>?'</li> <li><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ʔuyayus ti dbad <b>ʔal tudiʔ</b></i></span> 'My father is working <b>over there</b>.'</li> <li><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut"><b>šəqabac ʔal ti piit</b></i></span> '<b>On top of the bed</b>.'</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lushootseed has four subject pronouns: <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">čəd</i></span> 'I' (first-person singular), <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">čəɬ</i></span> 'we' (first-person plural), <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">čəxʷ</i></span> 'you' (second-person singular), and <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">čələp</i></span> 'you' (second-person plural). It does not generally refer to the third person in any way. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronouns of Lushootseed </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>First Person </th> <th>Second Person </th> <th>Third Person </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <td><i>čəd</i> </td> <td><i>čəxʷ</i> </td> <td>∅ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td><i>čəɬ</i> </td> <td><i>čələp</i> </td> <td>∅ </td></tr></tbody></table><p> The subject pronoun always comes in the second position in the sentence:</p><blockquote><p><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dxʷləbiʔ <b>čəxʷ</b> ʔu</i></span> 'Are you Lummi?' <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">xʷiʔ <b>čəd</b> lədxʷləbiʔ</i></span> 'I am not Lummi.' </p></blockquote><p>Here, negation takes the first position, the subject pronoun takes the second, and 'Lummi' is pushed to the end of the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-HessReader_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HessReader-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negation">Negation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Negation in Lushootseed takes the form of an adverb <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">xʷiʔ</i></span> 'no, none, nothing' which always comes at the beginning of the sentence that is to be negated. It is constructed in two possible ways, one for negatives of existence, and one for negatives of identity. If taking the form of a negative of identity, a proclitic <i>lə-</i> must be added to the sentence on the next adverb. If there are no further adverbs in the sentence, the proclitic attaches to the head word of the predicate, as in the sentence <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">xʷiʔ čəxʷ sixʷ ləbakʷɬ</i></span> 'Don't get hurt again'.<sup id="cite_ref-HessReader_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HessReader-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology_and_verbs">Morphology and verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology and verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lushootseed" title="Special:EditPage/Lushootseed">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lushootseed%22">"Lushootseed"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lushootseed%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lushootseed%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lushootseed%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lushootseed%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lushootseed%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_grammar" title="Lushootseed grammar">Lushootseed grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_prefixes">Verb prefixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verb prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all instances of a verb in Lushootseed (excluding the zero copula) carry a prefix indicating their <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>. Below is a (non-exhaustive) list of these prefixes, along with their meanings and applications. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Prefix </th> <th>Usage </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ʔəs-</i> </td> <td>Imperfective present </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>lə-</i> </td> <td>Imperfective present </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ʔu-</i> </td> <td>Completed telic actions </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tu-</i> </td> <td>Past </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ɬu-</i> </td> <td>Future </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ƛ̕u-</i> </td> <td>Habitual </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gʷ(ə)-</i> </td> <td>Subjunctive/future </td></tr></tbody></table><p> The prefix <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ʔəs</i></span>-</i> is one of the most common. It indicates an imperfective aspect-present tense (similar to English '-ing') for verbs that do not involve motion. More specifically, a verb may use <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ʔəs</i></span>-</i> if it does not result in a change of position for its subject. It is commonly known as a "state of being":</p><blockquote><p><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut"><b>ʔəs</b>ƛ̕ubil čəd.</i></span> 'I am feeling fine.' or 'I am in good health.'</p></blockquote><p>If a verb does involve motion, the <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ʔəs</i></span></i>- prefix is replaced with <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">lə</i></span>-:</i></p><blockquote><p><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut"><b>lə</b>ƛ̕a čəd ʔálʔal.</i></span> 'I'm going home.' </p></blockquote><p>Completed or <a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">telic</a> actions use the prefix <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ʔu</i></span></i>-. Most verbs without <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ʔəs</i></span></i>- or <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">lə</i></span>-</i> will use <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ʔu</i></span></i>-. Some verbs also exhibit a contrast in meaning between <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">lə</i></span>-</i> and <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ʔu</i></span></i>-, and only one of them is correct:</p><blockquote><p><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut"><b>ʔu</b>saxʷəb čəxʷ.</i></span> 'You jump(ed).' </p></blockquote><p>The verb <i>saxʷəb</i> literally means 'to jump, leap, or run, especially in a short burst of energy', and is correctly used with <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ʔu</i></span></i>-. In contrast, the verb <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">təlawil</i></span></i>, which means 'to jump or run for an extended period of time', is used with <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">lə</i></span>-:</i></p><blockquote><p><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut"><b>lə</b>təlawil čəxʷ.</i></span> 'You are jumping.' </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession">Possession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five possessive affixes, derived from the pronouns: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Possessive Suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>First Person </th> <th>Second Person </th> <th>Third Person </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <td><i>d-</i> </td> <td><i>ad-</i> </td> <td><i>-s</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td><i>-čəɬ</i> </td> <td><i>-ləp</i> </td> <td>(none) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The third person singular <i>-s</i> is considered marginal and does not work with an actual lexical possessor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_languages_and_current_status">Related languages and current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Related languages and current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lushootseed, like its neighbors <a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish languages</a>, are in the Central Coast Salish subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Salishan" class="mw-redirect" title="Salishan">Salishan</a> family of languages.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is spoken by many peoples in the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> region, including the <a href="/wiki/Duwamish_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duwamish (tribe)">Duwamish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suquamish" title="Suquamish">Suquamish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squaxin_Island_Tribe" title="Squaxin Island Tribe">Squaxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot" title="Muckleshoot">Muckleshoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoqualmie (tribe)">Snoqualmie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisqually_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisqually (tribe)">Nisqually</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puyallup_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puyallup (tribe)">Puyallup</a> in the south and the <a href="/wiki/Snohomish_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snohomish (tribe)">Snohomish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stillaguamish_people" title="Stillaguamish people">Stillaguamish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe" title="Upper Skagit Indian Tribe">Upper Skagit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swinomish" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinomish">Swinomish</a> in the north. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Chief_Seattle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bust_of_Chief_Seattle.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Chief_Seattle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bust_of_Chief_Seattle.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Chief_Seattle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bust_of_Chief_Seattle.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Chief_Seattle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Chief Seattle with accompanying text in Lushootseed: <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ti šišəgʷł gʷəl al tiʔəʔəxʷ sgʷaʔčəł səxʷəsłałlilčəł siʔał dəgʷi gʷəl liiiiləxʷ dʔiišəd cəłul̕ul̕ cəł ʔəslax̌ədxʷ ti gʷaalapu</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> quotes a source published in 1990 (and therefore presumably reflecting the situation in the late 1980s), according to which there were 60 fluent speakers of Lushootseed, evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Ethnologue list of United States languages also lists, alongside Lushootseed's 60 speakers, 100 speakers for Skagit, 107 for Southern Puget Sound Salish, and 10 for Snohomish (a dialect on the boundary between the northern and southern varieties).<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources given for these figures, however, go back to the 1970s when the language was less critically endangered. Linguist <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Mithun" title="Marianne Mithun">Marianne Mithun</a> has collected more recent data on the number of speakers of various Native American languages, and could document that by the end of the 1990s there were only a handful of elders left who spoke Lushootseed fluently. The language was extensively documented and studied by linguists with the aid of tribal elder <a href="/wiki/Vi_Hilbert" title="Vi Hilbert">Vi Hilbert</a>, d. 2008, who was the last speaker with a full native command of Lushootseed.<sup id="cite_ref-pacificlutheran_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pacificlutheran-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are efforts at reviving the language, and instructional materials have been published. </p><p>In 2014, there were only five second-language speakers of Lushootseed. As of 2022, although there were not yet native speakers, there were approximately 472 second-language Lushootseed speakers, according to data collected by the <a href="/wiki/Puyallup_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Puyallup Tribe of Indians">Puyallup Tribe</a>. By their definition, a "speaker" includes anyone who speaks in Lushootseed for at least an hour each day.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibeau2024_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibeau2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_revitalization">Language revitalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language revitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Tulalip" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulalip">Tulalip Tribes</a>' Lushootseed Language Department teaches classes in Lushootseed,<sup id="cite_ref-TulalipLut_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TulalipLut-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fiege2013_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiege2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its website has Lushootseed phrases with audio.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tulalip Montessori School also teaches Lushootseed to young children.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauld2015_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauld2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulaliplushootseed.com/lushootseed-2/">Tulalip Lushootseed language teachers</a> also teach at the Tulalip Early Learning Academy, Quil Ceda-Tulalip Elementary in the Marysville School District, Totem Middle School, and Marysville-Getchell, Marysville-Pilchuck and Heritage High Schools. Since 1996, the Tulalip Lushootseed Department has hosted the annual <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dxʷləšucid sʔəsqaləkʷ ʔə ti wiw̓suʔ</i></span>, a summer language camp for children. Teachers also offer family classes in the evening every year, making Lushootseed a family experience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wahelutindianschool.org/">Wa He Lut Indian School</a> teaches Lushootseed to Native elementary school children in their Native Language and Culture program. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="There is no list of curriculum in the external link (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, an annual Lushootseed conference is held at <a href="/wiki/Seattle_University" title="Seattle University">Seattle University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LutResearch_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LutResearch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A course in Lushootseed language and literature has been offered at <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_State_College" title="Evergreen State College">Evergreen State College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lushootseed has also been used as a part of environmental history courses at <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Lutheran_University" title="Pacific Lutheran University">Pacific Lutheran University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pacificlutheran_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pacificlutheran-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been spoken during the annual <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Canoe_Journeys" title="Tribal Canoe Journeys">Tribal Canoe Journeys</a> that takes place throughout the <a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a>. </p><p>There are also efforts within the Puyallup Tribe. Their website and social media, aimed at anyone interested in learning the language, are updated often.<sup id="cite_ref-PTLang_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTLang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To facilitate the use of Lushootseed in electronic files, in 2008 the Tulalip Tribes contracted type designer Juliet Shen to create <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>-compliant typefaces that met the needs of the language. Drawing upon traditional Lushootseed carvings and artwork, she developed two typefaces: Lushootseed School and Lushootseed Sulad.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 2016, the first ever adult immersion program in Lushootseed was offered at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Tacoma" title="University of Washington Tacoma">University of Washington's Tacoma campus</a>. It was sponsored by The Puyallup Tribal Language Program in partnership with University of Washington Tacoma and its School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar program is scheduled to be offered in August 2019, with the instructors Danica Sterud Miller, Assistant Professor of <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="American Indian Studies">American Indian Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Tacoma" title="University of Washington Tacoma">University of Washington Tacoma</a>, and Zalmai Zahir, a PhD student of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics" title="Theoretical linguistics">theoretical linguistics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lushootseed_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lushootseed_area.png/330px-Lushootseed_area.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lushootseed_area.png/495px-Lushootseed_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lushootseed_area.png/660px-Lushootseed_area.png 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="2159" /></a><figcaption>Historical extent of Lushootseed dialects</figcaption></figure><p>Lushootseed consists of two main dialect groups, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Lushootseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Lushootseed">Northern Lushootseed</a> (<span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dxʷləšucid</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lushootseed" title="Southern Lushootseed">Southern Lushootseed</a> (<span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">txʷəlšucid</i></span>~<span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">xʷəlšucid</i></span>). Both of these dialects can then be broken down into subdialects:<sup id="cite_ref-HessDialects_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HessDialects-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li><b>Northern Lushootseed</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe#Language" title="Upper Skagit Indian Tribe">(Upper) Skagit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Skagit" title="Lower Skagit">Lower Skagit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swinomish_people#Language" title="Swinomish people">Swinomish</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk-Suiattle_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington">Sauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snohomish_people#Language" title="Snohomish people">Snohomish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulalip_Tribes#Language" title="Tulalip Tribes">Tulalip</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Southern Lushootseed</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skykomish_people#Language" title="Skykomish people">Skykomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoqualmie (tribe)">Snoqualmie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish" title="Suquamish">Suquamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwamish_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duwamish (tribe)">Duwamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot" title="Muckleshoot">Muckleshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyallup_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Puyallup tribe">Puyallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisqually (tribe)">Nisqually</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaxin_Island_Tribe" title="Squaxin Island Tribe">Squaxin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sahewamish" title="Sahewamish">Sahewamish</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The Lower and Upper Skagit dialects have variously been categorized as being different from one another, or one in the same, but are both recognized as being distinct from the Sauk dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-ReaderIntro_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReaderIntro-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HessDialects_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HessDialects-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no consensus on whether the <a href="/wiki/Skykomish_people#Language" title="Skykomish people">Skykomish dialect</a> should be grouped into Northern or Southern Lushootseed.<sup id="cite_ref-HessDialects_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HessDialects-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dialects differ in several ways. Pronunciation between dialects is different. In Northern dialects, the stress of the word generally falls on the first non-schwa of the root, whereas in the Southern dialects, stress usually is placed on the penultimate syllable. Some words do not fit the pattern, but generally, pronunciation is consistent in those ways. Northern Lushootseed also was affected by progressive dissimilation targeting palatal fricatives and affricates, whereas Southern Lushootseed was not, leading to some words like <span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">čəgʷəš</i></span> ("wife") being pronounced <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">čəgʷas</i></span> in Northern dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-HessDialects_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HessDialects-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Differences in stress in Northern and Southern Lushootseed. (Stress is marked with an acute accent.)<sup id="cite_ref-HessDialects_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HessDialects-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Northern Lushootseed </th> <th>Southern Lushootseed </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>bədáʔ</i> </td> <td><i>bə́dəʔ</i> </td> <td>child </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sc̓əlíč</i> </td> <td><i>sc̓ə́lič</i> </td> <td>backbone </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>č̓ƛ̕áʔ</i> </td> <td><i>č̓ə́ƛ̕əʔ</i> </td> <td>rock </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dəč̓úʔ</i> </td> <td><i>də́čuʔ</i> </td> <td>one </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>k̓ədáyu</i> </td> <td><i>k̓ádəyu</i> </td> <td>rat </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kʷədád</i> </td> <td><i>kʷə́dəd</i> </td> <td>take/hold something </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>təyíl</i> </td> <td><i>táyil</i> </td> <td>go upstream </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ʔəcá</i> </td> <td><i>ʔə́cə</i> </td> <td>I, me </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Different dialects often use completely different words. For example, the word for "raccoon" is <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">x̌aʔx̌əlus</i></span> in Northern Lushootseed, whereas <span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">bəlups</i></span> is used in Southern Lushootseed.<sup id="cite_ref-HessDialects_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HessDialects-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morphology also differs between Northern and Southern Lushootseed. Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed have related, but different determiner systems. There are also several differences in utilizing the prefix for marking "place where" or "reason for," in subordinate clauses, with Northern Lushootseed using <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dəxʷ-</i></span> and Southern Lushootseed using <span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">sxʷ-</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-HessDialects_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HessDialects-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Determiners">Determiners</a> for more information on this dialectical variation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to work published by Vi Hilbert and other Lushootseed-language specialists, Lushootseed uses a <a href="/wiki/Morphophonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphophonemic">morphophonemic</a> writing system meaning that it is a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic alphabet</a> which does not change to reflect the pronunciation such as when an affix is introduced. The chart below is based on the Lushootseed Dictionary. Typographic variations such as <span class="nowrap">⟨p'⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨pʼ⟩</span> do not indicate phonemic distinctions. Capital letters are not used in Lushootseed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some older works based on the Dictionary of Puget Salish distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwas</a> that are part of the root word and those inserted through agglutination which are written in superscript.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tulalip Tribes of Washington's Lushootseed Language Department created a display with nearly all the letters in the Lushootseed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulaliplushootseed.com/alphabet/">alphabet</a>, sans the letter b̓, which is a rare sound which no words begin with. </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Letter Name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>ʔ</td> <td>Glottal stop</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b̓</td> <td>Glottalized b</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">bˀ</a>/</span></td> <td>Rare, non-initial. Voiced bilabial stop with glottalized stricture<sup id="cite_ref-dict_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c̓</td> <td>Glottalized c</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>č</td> <td>c-wedge</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>č̓</td> <td>Glottalized c-wedge</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dᶻ</td> <td>d-raised-z</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ə</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">Schwa</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gʷ</td> <td>g-raised-w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a>/</span></td> <td>Labialized counterpart of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>/</span> <sup id="cite_ref-ZahirDissertation_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZahirDissertation-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Pronounced either as in the English "bee" or "bay."<sup id="cite_ref-TulalipAlpha_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TulalipAlpha-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ǰ</td> <td>j-wedge</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k̓</td> <td>Glottalized k</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kʷ</td> <td>k-raised-w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a>/</span></td> <td>Labialized counterpart of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k̓ʷ</td> <td>Glottalized k-raised-w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a>/</span></td> <td>Labialized counterpart of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʼ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l̓</td> <td>Glottalized/Strictured l</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">l̰</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɫ/ɬ/ł</td> <td>Barred/Belted l</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>/</span></td> <td>Though they represent the same sound, all three variations of the letter are seen.<sup id="cite_ref-TulalipAlpha_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TulalipAlpha-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZahirDissertation_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZahirDissertation-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ƛ̓</td> <td>Glottalized barred-lambda</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">t͜ɬʼ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span></td> <td>Rare due to phonetic evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroeber1999_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroeber1999-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m̓</td> <td>Glottalized/Strictured m</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">m̰</a>/</span></td> <td>Rare due to phonetic evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroeber1999_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroeber1999-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laryngealization" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngealization">Laryngealized</a> bilabial nasal </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span></td> <td>Rare due to phonetic evolution <sup id="cite_ref-Kroeber1999_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroeber1999-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n̓</td> <td>Glottalized/Strictured n</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">n̰</a>/</span></td> <td>Rare due to phonetic evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroeber1999_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroeber1999-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laryngealized alveolar nasal </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p̓</td> <td>Glottalized p</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>q</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>q̓</td> <td>Glottalized q</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>qʷ</td> <td>q-raised-w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a>/</span></td> <td>Labialized counterpart of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>q̓ʷ</td> <td>Glottalized q-raised-w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷʼ</a>/</span></td> <td>Labialized counterpart of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qʼ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>š</td> <td>s-wedge</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t̓</td> <td>Glottalized t</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>/</span> <sup id="cite_ref-ZahirDissertation_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZahirDissertation-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Pronounced either as in the English "boot" or "boat."<sup id="cite_ref-TulalipAlpha_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TulalipAlpha-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w̓</td> <td>Glottalized/Strictured w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">w̰</a>/</span></td> <td>Laryngealized high back rounded <a href="/wiki/Glide_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide consonant">glide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>xʷ</td> <td>x-w/x-raised-w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a>/</span></td> <td>Labialized counterpart of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>x̌</td> <td>x-wedge</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>x̌ʷ</td> <td>Rounded x-wedge</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">χʷ</a>/</span></td> <td>Labialized counterpart of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/χ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>y̓</td> <td>Glottalized/Strictured y</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">j̰</a>/</span></td> <td>Laryngealized high front unrounded glide </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>See the <a href="#External_links">external links</a> below for resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lushootseed" title="Special:EditPage/Lushootseed">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Lushootseed language originates from the coastal region of Northwest Washington State and the Southwest coast of Canada. There are words in the Lushootseed language which are related to the environment and the fishing economy that surrounded the Salish tribes. The following tables show different words from different Lushootseed dialects relating to the salmon fishing and coastal economies. </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Southern Lushootseed Salmonoid Vocabulary </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sčədadx</span></span> </td> <td>a word that covers all Pacific salmon and some species of trout. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sac̓əb</span></span> </td> <td>Chinook or King </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">c̓uwad</span></span> </td> <td>Sockeye salmon </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">skʷǝxʷic</span></span> </td> <td>coho salmon </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">ƛ̓xʷay̓</span></span> </td> <td>chum salmon </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">hədu</span></span> </td> <td>the pink salmon </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">skʷawǝl̓</span></span> </td> <td>Steelhead </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">pədkʷəxʷic</span></span> </td> <td>coho season </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sc̓ay̓ay̓</span></span> </td> <td>gills </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">ɫičaʔa</span></span> </td> <td>nets </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">ɫičaʔalikʷ</span></span> </td> <td>net fishing </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">ʔalil tiʔiɫ ƛ̓usq̓íl</span></span> </td> <td>spawning season </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">skʷǝɫt</span></span> </td> <td>tailfin </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">t̓altəd</span></span> </td> <td>fillet knife </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sq̓ʷəlus</span></span> </td> <td>kippered dried salmon </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">səlusqid</span></span> </td> <td>fish heads </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">qəlx̌</span></span> </td> <td>dried salmon eggs </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">ƛ̓ǝbƛ̓əbqʷ</span></span> </td> <td>fresh eggs </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sɫuʔb</span></span> </td> <td>dried chum </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sxʷudᶻəʔdaliɫəd</span></span> </td> <td>fish with a large amount of body fat </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">xʷšabus</span></span> </td> <td>Lightly smoked </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Northern Lushootseed/Snohomish Salmonoid Vocabulary<sup id="cite_ref-TulalipAquatic_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TulalipAquatic-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sʔuladxʷ</span></span> </td> <td>a word that covers all Pacific salmon and some species of trout. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">yubəč</span></span> </td> <td>Chinook or King </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">scəqiʔ</span></span> </td> <td>sockeye salmon </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">ƛ̓xʷayʔ</span></span> </td> <td>chum salmon </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">skʷəxʷic</span></span> </td> <td>silver salmon </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Northern Lushootseed/Snohomish Aquatic Vocabulary<sup id="cite_ref-TulalipAquatic_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TulalipAquatic-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">qal̓qaləx̌ič</span></span> </td> <td>orca/killer whale </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">č(ə)xʷəluʔ</span></span> </td> <td>grey whale </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sq̓aƛ̓</span></span> </td> <td>otter </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sup̓qs</span></span> </td> <td>harbor seal </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">st̓əqxʷ</span></span> </td> <td>beaver </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sqibk̕ʷ</span></span> </td> <td>octopus </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">ʔaləšək</span></span> </td> <td>turtle </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">waq̓waq̓</span></span> </td> <td>frog </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sk̕ʷic̕i</span></span> </td> <td>sea urchin </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">təǰabac</span></span> </td> <td>sea cucumber </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">q̓ʷəlačiʔ</span></span> </td> <td>star fish </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">bəsqʷ</span></span> </td> <td>crab </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">t̓aɬiɡʷs</span></span> </td> <td>rock cod </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">p̓uay̓</span></span> </td> <td>flounder </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">kəlapx̌ʷəlč</span></span> </td> <td>jelly fish </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sʔax̌ʷuʔ</span></span> </td> <td>clam </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">tulqʷ</span></span> </td> <td>mussel </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">ƛ̓ux̌ʷƛ̓ux̌ʷ</span></span> </td> <td>native oyster </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">c̕ubc̕ub</span></span> </td> <td>barnacle </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sx̌aʔaʔ</span></span> </td> <td>little neck steam clams </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">xʷč̓iɬqs</span></span> </td> <td>large native oyster </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">ɡʷidəq</span></span> </td> <td>geoduck </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">stxʷub</span></span> </td> <td>butter clam </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sx̌əp̓ab</span></span> </td> <td>cockle clam </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">haʔəc</span></span> </td> <td>horse clam </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">č̓ič̓əlpyaqid</span></span> / <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">puʔps</span></span> </td> <td>periwinkle </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">sč̓awəyʔ</span></span> </td> <td>any seashell </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">ʔuk̕ʷs</span></span> </td> <td>large chiton </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><span lang="lut" style="font-style: normal;">x̌ald</span></span> </td> <td>small chiton </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Example text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Lushootseed: </p> <ul><li><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">ʔəsdiɬdiɬgʷəs ti sdᶻəw̓il ʔi ti staltalx̌ ʔə ti sbək̓ʷaʔkʷbixʷ tul̕ʔal ti sgʷəcs. ʔəstalx̌ əlgʷəʔ kʷi gʷəsx̌əčbids gʷəl ɬutabab ti bək̓ʷaʔkʷbixʷ x̌əɬ ti tə təɬ syəyaʔyaʔ.</i></span></li></ul> <p>Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in English: </p> <ul><li><i>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Northern Lushootseed: <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dxʷləšucid</i></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lushootseed" title="Southern Lushootseed">Southern Lushootseed</a>: <span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">txʷəlšucid</i></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot" title="Muckleshoot">Muckleshoot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_people" title="Snoqualmie people">Snoqualmie</a> dialects: <span title="Southern Puget Sound Salish-language text"><i lang="slh">xʷəlšucid</i></span> <br /></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pacificlutheran-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pacificlutheran_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pacificlutheran_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pacificlutheran_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Drew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704144650/http://www.plu.edu/scene/issue/2003/summer/lifemind.html">"History professor helps keep local Native American language alive"</a>. <i>Scene - Life of the Mind, Pacific Lutheran University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plu.edu/scene/issue/2003/summer/lifemind.html">the original</a> on 2007-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scene+-+Life+of+the+Mind%2C+Pacific+Lutheran+University&rft.atitle=History+professor+helps+keep+local+Native+American+language+alive&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plu.edu%2Fscene%2Fissue%2F2003%2Fsummer%2Flifemind.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibeau2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibeau2024_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibeau2024_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibeau2024_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibeauBryant2024" class="citation web cs1">Gibeau, Steven; Bryant, Molly (2024-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.puyalluptribe-nsn.gov/news/language-immersion-house-helps-revitalize-lushootseed/">"Language immersion house helps revitalize Lushootseed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Puyallup_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Puyallup Tribe of Indians">Puyallup Tribe of Indians</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Puyallup+Tribe+of+Indians&rft.atitle=Language+immersion+house+helps+revitalize+Lushootseed&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft.aulast=Gibeau&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Bryant%2C+Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.puyalluptribe-nsn.gov%2Fnews%2Flanguage-immersion-house-helps-revitalize-lushootseed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Seattle Channel (Nov 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmXFoVHr55M"><i>Lushootseed, Seattle's original language</i></a> (Video). YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lushootseed%2C+Seattle%27s+original+language&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmmXFoVHr55M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulaliplushootseed.com/about-dx%ca%b7l%c9%99sucid-lushootseed/">"About dxʷləšucid Lushootseed"</a>. <i>Lushootseed</i>. 2014-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lushootseed+Language&rft.atitle=What+is+Lushootseed%3F&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flushootseedblog.wordpress.com%2Fwhat-is-lushootseed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lut/">"Lushootseed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1946-9675">1946-9675</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43349556">43349556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Lushootseed&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43349556&rft.issn=1946-9675&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Flut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TulalipLut-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TulalipLut_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TulalipLut_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulaliplushootseed.com/">"Tulalip Lushootseed"</a>. <i>Tualip Tribes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tualip+Tribes&rft.atitle=Tulalip+Lushootseed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulaliplushootseed.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiege2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fiege2013_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiege2013_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiege2013" class="citation news cs1">Fiege, Gale (2013-03-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130630141357/http://www.weeklyherald.com/article/20130331/NEWS01/703319930/0/TWH">"For students, Tulalip Tribes' native language a connection to the past"</a>. <i>HeraldNet.com</i>. Everett, WA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklyherald.com/article/20130331/NEWS01/703319930/0/TWH">the original</a> on 2013-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HeraldNet.com&rft.atitle=For+students%2C+Tulalip+Tribes%27+native+language+a+connection+to+the+past&rft.date=2013-03-31&rft.aulast=Fiege&rft.aufirst=Gale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklyherald.com%2Farticle%2F20130331%2FNEWS01%2F703319930%2F0%2FTWH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauld2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gauld2015_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauld2015_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauld2015" class="citation web cs1">Gauld, Ben (June 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kuow.org/post/voices-youth-keep-lushootseed-language-alive">"Voices of Youth Keep Lushootseed Language Alive"</a>. <i>94.9 FM - Seattle News & Information</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dx%CA%B7l%C9%99%C5%A1ucid%2C+Lushootseed+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flushootseed.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GibbsForeward-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GibbsForeward_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GibbsForeward_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs" class="citation cs2">Gibbs, George, Zahir, Zalmai (ed.), "Foreward", <i>A Lushootseed Analysis of a 1877 Dictionary by George Gibbs</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Lushootseed+Analysis+of+a+1877+Dictionary+by+George+Gibbs&rft.atitle=Foreward&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahir2009" class="citation book cs1">Zahir, Zalmai (2009). 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Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/chapter/7">"Glottalized Consonants"</a>. <i>WALS Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7385533">10.5281/zenodo.7385533</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295973234" title="Special:BookSources/9780295973234"><bdi>9780295973234</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lushootseed+Dictionary&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780295973234&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft.au=Hess%2C+Thom&rft.au=Vi%2C+Hilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dekq921r1kV0C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beck-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beck_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beck_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck" class="citation web cs1">Beck, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.ualberta.ca/~dbeck/wordcon.pdf">"Words and prosodic phrasing in Lushootseed narrative*"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Toronto</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toronto&rft.atitle=Words+and+prosodic+phrasing+in+Lushootseed+narrative%2A&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.ualberta.ca%2F~dbeck%2Fwordcon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZahirDissertation-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZahirDissertation_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZahirDissertation_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZahirDissertation_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZahirDissertation_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahir2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Zahir, Zalmai (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/bf38c05a86b7204953f68954e3432081/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y"><i>Elements of Lushootseed Grammar in Discourse Perspective</i></a> (Thesis)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Elements+of+Lushootseed+Grammar+in+Discourse+Perspective&rft.date=2018-12&rft.aulast=Zahir&rft.aufirst=Zalmai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fbf38c05a86b7204953f68954e3432081%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D18750%26diss%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatesHessHilbert1994" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Dawn E; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lushootseeddicti00bate"><i>Lushootseed dictionary</i></a></span>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295973234" title="Special:BookSources/0295973234"><bdi>0295973234</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29877333">29877333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lushootseed+dictionary&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29877333&rft.isbn=0295973234&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Dawn+E&rft.au=Hess%2C+Thom&rft.au=Hilbert%2C+Vi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flushootseeddicti00bate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HessReader-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HessReader_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HessReader_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HessReader_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess,_Thom,_1936-2009.1995" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Thom, 1936-2009. (1995). <i>Lushootseed reader with introductory grammar</i>. [Place of publication not identified]: Tulalip Tribes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1879763117" title="Special:BookSources/1879763117"><bdi>1879763117</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/79169469">79169469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lushootseed+reader+with+introductory+grammar&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pub=Tulalip+Tribes&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F79169469&rft.isbn=1879763117&rft.au=Hess%2C+Thom%2C+1936-2009.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHessHilbert1995" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225060212/http://www.lushootseedresearch.org/books.php"><i>Lushootseed Grammar Book 1</i></a>. Lushootseed Press. pp. 2–4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lushootseedresearch.org/books.php">the original</a> on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lushootseed+Grammar+Book+1&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=Lushootseed+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft.au=Hilbert%2C+Vi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lushootseedresearch.org%2Fbooks.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeber1999" class="citation book cs1">Kroeber, P. D. (1999). <i>The Salish Language Familhy Reconstructing Syntax</i>. 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href="http://puyalluptribalnews.net/news/article/uwt-to-offer-lushootseed-immersion-program-this-summer">UWT to offer Lushootseed immersion program this summer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417085624/http://puyalluptribalnews.net/news/article/uwt-to-offer-lushootseed-immersion-program-this-summer/">Archived</a> 2016-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puyalluptribalnews.net/">Puyallup Tribal News</a>, April 7, 2016 (retrieved April 25, 2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.campusce.net/uwtacoma/course/course.aspx?catId=90">"LUSHOOTSEED LANGUAGE INSTITUTE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Tacoma" title="University of Washington Tacoma">University of Washington Tacoma</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LUSHOOTSEED+LANGUAGE+INSTITUTE&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Tacoma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.campusce.net%2Fuwtacoma%2Fcourse%2Fcourse.aspx%3FcatId%3D90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HessDialects-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HessDialects_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HessDialects_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HessDialects_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HessDialects_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HessDialects_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HessDialects_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HessDialects_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hess, Thom (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027548">"Lushootseed Dialects"</a>. <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>19</b> (9): 403–419. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027548">30027548</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Lushootseed+Dialects&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=403-419&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30027548%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30027548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollenbeck, Jan L.; Moss, Madonna (1987). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005998596">A Cultural Resource Overview: Prehistory, Ethnography and History: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest</a></i>. United States Forest Service. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/892024380">892024380</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2021" class="citation report cs1">Hayward, Amber (2021-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.puyalluptriballanguage.org/about/TwulshootseedAdvisoryNotice.pdf">Twulshootseed Advisory Notice</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Tacoma, Washington: Puyallup Tribal Language Program<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Twulshootseed+Advisory+Notice&rft.place=Tacoma%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Puyallup+Tribal+Language+Program&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.puyalluptriballanguage.org%2Fabout%2FTwulshootseedAdvisoryNotice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatesHessVi1994" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Vi, Hilbert (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.byu.edu/icsnl/LDonline/textpronuguide.pdf"><i>Lushootseed Dictionary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. xi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lushootseed+Dictionary&rft.pages=xi&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft.au=Hess%2C+Thom&rft.au=Vi%2C+Hilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.byu.edu%2Ficsnl%2FLDonline%2Ftextpronuguide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TulalipAlpha-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TulalipAlpha_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TulalipAlpha_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TulalipAlpha_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulaliplushootseed.com/alphabet/">"sƛ̓əladiʔ – Alphabet/Sounds"</a>. <i>Tulalip Lushootseed</i>. 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tulalip+Lushootseed&rft.atitle=s%C6%9B%CC%93%C9%99ladi%CA%94+%E2%80%93+Alphabet%2FSounds&rft.date=2016-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftulaliplushootseed.com%2Falphabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.puyalluptriballanguage.org/basics/alphabet.php">"The Alphabet"</a>. <i>Puyallup Tribal Language</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Puyallup+Tribal+Language&rft.atitle=The+Alphabet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.puyalluptriballanguage.org%2Fbasics%2Falphabet.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroeber1999-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroeber1999_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroeber1999_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroeber1999_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroeber1999_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeber1999" class="citation book cs1">Kroeber, P. D. (1999). <i>The Salish Language Familhy Reconstructing Syntax</i>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Salish+Language+Familhy+Reconstructing+Syntax&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kroeber&rft.aufirst=P.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TulalipAquatic-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TulalipAquatic_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TulalipAquatic_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulaliplushootseed.com/aquatic-3/">"tiʔiʔiɬ kʷi ʔišil aquatic"</a>. <i>Lushootseed</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tulalip_Tribes" title="Tulalip Tribes">Tulalip Tribes</a>. 2017-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lushootseed&rft.atitle=ti%CA%94i%CA%94i%C9%AC+k%CA%B7i+%CA%94i%C5%A1il+aquatic&rft.date=2017-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftulaliplushootseed.com%2Faquatic-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1995" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Thom (1995). <i>Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar</i>. Vol. I. Dallas: Tulalip Tribes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1879763117" title="Special:BookSources/1879763117"><bdi>1879763117</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95-060060">95-060060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lushootseed+Reader+with+Introductory+Grammar&rft.place=Dallas&rft.pub=Tulalip+Tribes&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95-060060&rft.isbn=1879763117&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language-learning_materials">Language-learning materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Language-learning materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bates, D., Hess, T., & <a href="/wiki/Vi_Hilbert" title="Vi Hilbert">Hilbert, V.</a> (1994). <i>Lushootseed Dictionary</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295973234" title="Special:BookSources/9780295973234">9780295973234</a></li> <li>Beck, David. "Transitivity and causation in Lushootseed morphology." Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle 13 (1996): 11–20.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowner2009" class="citation book cs1">Browner, Tara (2009). <i>Music of the First Nations: Tradition and Innovation in Native North America</i>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 35–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+the+First+Nations%3A+Tradition+and+Innovation+in+Native+North+America&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Browner&rft.aufirst=Tara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndiana_University,_Bloomington1996" class="citation book cs1">Indiana University, Bloomington (1996). <i>Lushootseed texts: an introduction to Puget Salish narrative aesthetics</i>. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803212623" title="Special:BookSources/0803212623"><bdi>0803212623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lushootseed+texts%3A+an+introduction+to+Puget+Salish+narrative+aesthetics&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.series=Studies+in+the+anthropology+of+North+American+Indians&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press+in+cooperation+with+the+American+Indian+Studies+Research+Institute%2C+Indiana+University%2C+Bloomington&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0803212623&rft.au=Indiana+University%2C+Bloomington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chamberlain, Rebecca, <i>Lushootseed Language & Literature: Program reader.</i> (Lushootseed language, cultural, and storytelling traditions.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1995" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Thom (1995). <i>Lushootseed reader</i>. University of Montana occasional papers in linguistics. S.l.: Tulalip Tribes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1879763141" title="Special:BookSources/1879763141"><bdi>1879763141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lushootseed+reader&rft.place=S.l.&rft.series=University+of+Montana+occasional+papers+in+linguistics&rft.pub=Tulalip+Tribes&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1879763141&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hess, Thom and Vi Hilbert. <i>Lushootseed Book 1; The language of the Skagit, Nisqually, and other tribes of Puget Sound. An Introduction</i>. Lushootseed Press 1995</li> <li>Hess, Thom and Vi Hilbert. <i>Lushootseed Book 2 (Advanced Lushootseed)</i>. Lushootseed Press, 1995</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1995" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Thom (1995). <i>Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar</i>. Missoula: University of Montana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1879763117" title="Special:BookSources/1879763117"><bdi>1879763117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lushootseed+Reader+with+Introductory+Grammar&rft.place=Missoula&rft.pub=University+of+Montana&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1879763117&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALushootseed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hilbert, Vi. <i>Haboo: Native American Stories from Puget Sound</i>. Seattle: University of Washington, 1985</li> <li>Hilbert, Vi, Crisca Bierwest, Thom Hess. <i>Way of the Lushootseed People; Ceremonies & Traditions of North Puget Sound's First People</i>. Third Edition, Lushootseed Press, 2001</li> <li><i>dxʷlešucid xʷgʷədgʷatəd tul̓ʔal taqʷšəblu; Some Lushootseed Vocabulary from taqʷšəblu</i>. Lushootseed Press, 1993</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Lushootseed, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Lushootseed" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Lushootseed"><i><b>Lushootseed</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/lut" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/lut">Lushootseed test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puyalluptriballanguage.org/">Puyallup Tribal Language Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulaliplushootseed.com">The Tulalip Lushootseed Department's Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulaliplushootseed.com/software-and-fonts/">Keyboards and fonts for typing in Lushootseed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulaliplushootseed.com/alphabet/">Interactive alphabet app through the Tulalip Lushootseed Department</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704144650/http://www.plu.edu/scene/issue/2003/summer/lifemind.html">“History professor helps keep local Native American language alive”</a> by Drew Brown for PLU Scene Magazine</li> <li><a href="//www.ethnologue.com/language/lut/" class="extiw" title="ethnologue:lut/">Lushootseed | Ethnologue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/thrush.html">The Lushootseed Peoples of Puget Sound Country</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lushootseed.org/">Lushootseed Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/~dbeck/">Dr. David Beck, Salishan Language specialist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627045411/http://corpus.byu.edu/aacl2008/ppt/87.pdf">Developing a corpus for Lushootseed</a> (archived)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lushootseed_navbox" title="Template:Lushootseed navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lushootseed_navbox" title="Template talk:Lushootseed navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lushootseed_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lushootseed navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lushootseed-speaking_peoples_of_Puget_Sound" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Lushootseed</span></a>-speaking peoples of <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_region" title="Puget Sound region"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Puget Sound</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Lushootseed language</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_grammar" title="Lushootseed grammar">Lushootseed grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lushootseed" title="Southern Lushootseed">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lushootseed_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lushootseed_area.png/200px-Lushootseed_area.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lushootseed_area.png/300px-Lushootseed_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lushootseed_area.png/400px-Lushootseed_area.png 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="2159" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_oral_narratives" title="Salishan oral narratives">Salishan oral narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dohkwibuhch" title="Dohkwibuhch">dukʷibəɬ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(spirit-being)" title="Transformer (spirit-being)">Transformer/Changer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spirit Powers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahos" title="Ayahos">Ayahos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lushootseed-speaking_peoples" title="List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Peoples</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Northern peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skagit_peoples" title="Skagit peoples">Skagit peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Skagit" title="Lower Skagit">Skagit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinomish_people" title="Swinomish people">Swinomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwhaha" title="Nuwhaha">Nuwhaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikiallus_people" title="Kikiallus people">Kikiallus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people_(Washington)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauk people (Washington) (page does not exist)">Sauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillaguamish_people" title="Stillaguamish people">Stillaguamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snohomish_people" title="Snohomish people">Snohomish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Southern peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skykomish_people" title="Skykomish people">Skykomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_people" title="Snoqualmie people">Snoqualmie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilshole_people" title="Shilshole people">Shilshole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwamish_people" title="Duwamish people">Duwamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammamish_people" title="Sammamish people">Sammamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish" title="Suquamish">Suquamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyallup_people" title="Puyallup people">Puyallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steilacoom_people" title="Steilacoom people">Steilacoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_people" title="Nisqually people">Nisqually</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahewamish" title="Sahewamish">Sahewamish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Federally recognized tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe" title="Upper Skagit Indian Tribe">Upper Skagit Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk-Suiattle_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe">Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillaguamish_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians">Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinomish_Indian_Tribal_Community" title="Swinomish Indian Tribal Community">Swinomish Indian Tribal Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulalip_Tribes" title="Tulalip Tribes">Tulalip Tribes of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Suquamish Tribe">Suquamish Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_Indian_Tribe" title="Snoqualmie Indian Tribe">Snoqualmie Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot" title="Muckleshoot">Muckleshoot Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyallup_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Puyallup Tribe of Indians">Puyallup Tribe of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisqually Tribe">Nisqually Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaxin_Island_Tribe" title="Squaxin Island Tribe">Squaxin Island Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swinomish_Reservation" title="Swinomish Reservation">Swinomish Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Madison_Indian_Reservation" title="Port Madison Indian Reservation">Port Madison Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_Reservation" title="Nisqually Reservation">Nisqually Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Non-recognized groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duwamish_Tribe" title="Duwamish Tribe">Duwamish Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steilacoom_Tribe" title="Steilacoom Tribe">Steilacoom Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salishan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salishan_languages" title="Template:Salishan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salishan_languages" title="Template talk:Salishan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salishan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salishan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salishan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bella Coola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_language" title="Nuxalk language">Nuxálk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_languages" title="Coast Salish languages">Coast Salish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lushootseed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">Northern Straits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_dialect" title="Lummi dialect">Lummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhees_dialect" title="Songhees dialect">Songhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_dialect" title="Samish dialect">Samish</a></li> <li><i>Semiahmoo</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_dialect" title="T'Sou-ke dialect">T'Sou-ke</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentlatch_language" title="Pentlatch language">Pentlatch</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsamosan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chehalis_language" title="Lower Chehalis language">Lower Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chehalis_language" title="Upper Chehalis language">Upper Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tillamook</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_language" title="Tillamook language">Tillamook</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interior_Salish_languages" title="Interior Salish languages">Interior Salish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson River Salish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_language" title="Coeur d'Alene language">Coeur d’Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Colville-Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish%E2%80%93Spokane%E2%80%93Kalispel_language" title="Salish–Spokane–Kalispel language">Montana Salish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coast_Salish" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coast_Salish" title="Template:Coast Salish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coast_Salish" title="Template talk:Coast Salish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coast_Salish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coast Salish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coast_Salish" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish" title="Coast Salish">Coast Salish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chawathil_First_Nation" title="Chawathil First Nation">Chawathil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheam people (page does not exist)">Cheam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sts%27ailes_people" title="Sts'ailes people">Sts'ailes</a> (WA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stz%27uminus_First_Nation" title="Stz'uminus First Nation">Stz'uminus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemclemaluts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemclemaluts (page does not exist)">Clemclemaluts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comiaken_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comiaken people (page does not exist)">Comiaken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copalis (page does not exist)">Copalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_people" title="Cowlitz people">Cowlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwamish_people" title="Duwamish people">Duwamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquimalt_people" title="Esquimalt people">Esquimalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalt_First_Nation" title="Halalt First Nation">Halalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoh_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Hoh_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoh Indian Tribe of the Hoh Indian Reservation">Hoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homalco_First_Nation" title="Homalco First Nation">Homalco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humptulips_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humptulips (tribe) (page does not exist)">Humptulips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Katzie">Katzie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khenipsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khenipsen (page does not exist)">Khenipsen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilpahlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kilpahlas (page does not exist)">Kilpahlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klahoose" title="Klahoose">Klahoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Klallam">Klallam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koksilah_(people)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koksilah (people) (page does not exist)">Koksilah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwa-kwa-a-pilt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwa-kwa-a-pilt (page does not exist)">Kwa-kwa-a-pilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwantlen people">Kwantlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwikwetlem" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwikwetlem">Kway-quit-lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsqui_people" title="Matsqui people">Matsqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musqueam_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Musqueam Indian Band">Musqueam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoose" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoose">Nanoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_Nation" title="Nuxalk Nation">Nuxalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malahat people">Malahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tla%27amin_Nation" title="Tla'amin Nation">Sliammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuneymuxw_First_Nation" title="Snuneymuxw First Nation">Snuneymuxw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsawwassen_First_Nation" title="Tsawwassen First Nation">Tsawwassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsleil-Waututh_First_Nation" title="Tsleil-Waututh First Nation">Tsleil-Waututh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_Nation" title="Shíshálh Nation">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_people" title="Squamish people">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiahmoo_people" title="Semiahmoo people">Semiahmoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumas_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumas people (page does not exist)">Sumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sq%27%C3%A9wlets_First_Nation" title="Sq'éwlets First Nation">Sq'éwlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sts%27ailes_people" title="Sts'ailes people">Sts'ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leq%27%C3%A1:mel_First_Nation" title="Leq'á:mel First Nation">Leq'á:mel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popkum_First_Nation" title="Popkum First Nation">Popkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_Island_First_Nation" title="Seabird Island First Nation">Seabird Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skwah_First_Nation" title="Skwah First Nation">Skwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skway_First_Nation" title="Skway First Nation">Skway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilshole_people" title="Shilshole people">Shilshole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shxw%27ow%27hamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shxw'ow'hamel">Shxw'ow'hamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skawahlook_First_Nation" title="Skawahlook First Nation">Skawahlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skowkale_First_Nation" title="Skowkale First Nation">Skowkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soowahlie_First_Nation" title="Soowahlie First Nation">Soowahlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squiala" class="mw-redirect" title="Squiala">Squiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3%EA%9E%89l%C5%8D" title="Stó꞉lō">Stó꞉lō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeachten_First_Nation" title="Tzeachten First Nation">Tzeachten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakweakwioose" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakweakwioose">Yakweakwioose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_Nation" title="T'Sou-ke Nation">T'souk-e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsartlip_First_Nation" title="Tsartlip First Nation">Tsartlip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somena" title="Somena">Somena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quamichan" title="Quamichan">Quamichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelakut" title="Penelakut">Penelakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwlitsum" title="Hwlitsum">Lamalcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_people" title="Saanich people">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_people" title="Lummi people">Lummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_people" title="Nooksack people">Nooksack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Skagit" title="Lower Skagit">Lower Skagit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe" title="Upper Skagit Indian Tribe">Upper Skagit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skokomish_people" title="Skokomish people">Skokomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot" title="Muckleshoot">Muckleshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammamish_people" title="Sammamish people">Sammamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_people" title="Samish people">Samish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk-Suiattle_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington">Sauk-Suiattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snohomish_people" title="Snohomish people">Snohomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_people" title="Snoqualmie people">Snoqualmie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skykomish_people" title="Skykomish people">Skykomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_people" title="Nisqually people">Nisqually</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyallup_people" title="Puyallup people">Puyallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillaguamish_people" title="Stillaguamish people">Stillaquamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish" title="Suquamish">Suquamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinomish" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinomish">Swinomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulalip" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulalip">Tulalip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinault_people" title="Quinault people">Quinault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahewamish" title="Sahewamish">Sahewamish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wynoochee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wynoochee (page does not exist)">Wynoochee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsop_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satsop people (page does not exist)">Satsop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_people" title="Tillamook people">Nehalem</a> (Tillamook)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siletz" title="Siletz">Siletz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quamichan" title="Quamichan">Quamichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somena" title="Somena">Somena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitchelitz_First_Nation" title="Aitchelitz First Nation">Aitchelitz Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawathil_First_Nation" title="Chawathil First Nation">Chawathil First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheam_First_Nation" title="Cheam First Nation">Cheam First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_First_Nation" title="Kwantlen First Nation">Kwantlen First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzie_First_Nation" title="Katzie First Nation">Katzie First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt_First_Nation" title="Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation">Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leq%27%C3%A1:mel_First_Nation" title="Leq'á:mel First Nation">Leq'á:mel First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsqui_First_Nation" title="Matsqui First Nation">Matsqui First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popkum_First_Nation" title="Popkum First Nation">Popkum Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sq%27%C3%A9wlets_First_Nation" title="Sq'éwlets First Nation">Sq'éwlets First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_Island_First_Nation" title="Seabird Island First Nation">Seabird Island Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skwah_First_Nation" title="Skwah First Nation">Skwah First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skway_First_Nation" title="Skway First Nation">Skway First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shxw%27ow%27hamel_First_Nation" title="Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation">Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skawahlook_First_Nation" title="Skawahlook First Nation">Skawahlook First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skowkale_First_Nation" title="Skowkale First Nation">Skowkale First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soowahlie_First_Nation" title="Soowahlie First Nation">Soowahlie First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squiala_First_Nation" title="Squiala First Nation">Squiala First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sto%EA%9E%89lo_Nation_Chiefs_Council" title="Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council">Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3%EA%9E%89l%C5%8D_Tribal_Council" title="Stó꞉lō Tribal Council">Stó꞉lō Tribal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumas_First_Nation" title="Sumas First Nation">Sumas First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeachten_First_Nation" title="Tzeachten First Nation">Tzeachten First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakweakwioose_First_Nation" title="Yakweakwioose First Nation">Yakweakwioose First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sts%27ailes_Nation" title="Sts'ailes Nation">Sts'ailes Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsleil-Waututh_First_Nation" title="Tsleil-Waututh First Nation">Tsleil-waututh First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musqueam_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Musqueam Indian Band">Musqueam Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzie_First_Nation" title="Katzie First Nation">Katzie First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwikwetlem_First_Nation" title="Kwikwetlem First Nation">Kwikwetlem First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiahmoo_First_Nation" title="Semiahmoo First Nation">Semiahmoo First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stz%27uminus_First_Nation" title="Stz'uminus First Nation">Chemainus First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalt_First_Nation" title="Halalt First Nation">Halalt First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homalco_First_Nation" title="Homalco First Nation">Homalco First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klahoose_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Klahoose First Nation">Klahoose First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahat_First_Nation" title="Malahat First Nation">Malahat First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoose_First_Nation" title="Nanoose First Nation">Nanoose First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters_First_Nation" title="Peters First Nation">Peters First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tla%27amin_Nation" title="Tla'amin Nation">Tla'amin Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_Nation" title="Shíshálh Nation">shíshálh Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuneymuxw_First_Nation" title="Snuneymuxw First Nation">Snuneymuxw First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsawwassen_First_Nation" title="Tsawwassen First Nation">Tsawwassen First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_First_Nation" title="Yale First Nation">Yale First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakweakwioose_First_Nation" title="Yakweakwioose First Nation">Yakweakwioose First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseycum_First_Nation" title="Tseycum First Nation">Tseycum First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsleil-Waututh_First_Nation" title="Tsleil-Waututh First Nation">Tsleil-Waututh First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_Nation" title="Squamish Nation">Squamish Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Bar_First_Nation" title="Union Bar First Nation">Union Bar First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_Nation" title="Nuxalk Nation">Nuxalk Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_Nation" title="T'Sou-ke Nation">T'Sou-ke Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquimalt_First_Nation" title="Esquimalt First Nation">Esquimalt First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsawout_First_Nation" title="Tsawout First Nation">Tsawout First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowichan_Tribes" title="Cowichan Tribes">Cowichan Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Grand_Ronde_Community_of_Oregon" title="Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon">Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_Siletz_Indians" title="Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians">Confederated Tribes of Siletz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Chehalis_Reservation" title="Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation">Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_Indian_Tribe" title="Cowlitz Indian Tribe">Cowlitz Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Suquamish Tribe">Suquamish Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Elwha_Klallam_Tribe" title="Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe">Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_S%27Klallam_Tribe_of_Washington" title="Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington">Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Gamble_Band_of_S%27Klallam_Indians" title="Port Gamble Band of S'Klallam Indians">Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_Nation" title="Lummi Nation">Lummi Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makah_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Makah people">Makah Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Muckleshoot Indian Tribe">Muckleshoot Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Nisqually_Reservation" title="Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation">Nisqually Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinault_Indian_Nation" title="Quinault Indian Nation">Quinault Indian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk-Suiattle_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe">Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_Indian_Nation" title="Samish Indian Nation">Samish Indian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skokomish_Indian_Tribe" title="Skokomish Indian Tribe">Skokomish Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_Indian_Tribe" title="Snoqualmie Indian Tribe">Snoqualmie Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaxin_Island_Tribe" title="Squaxin Island Tribe">Squaxin Island Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillaguamish_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians">Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Suquamish Tribe">Suquamish Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinomish_Indian_Tribal_Community" title="Swinomish Indian Tribal Community">Swinomish Indian Tribal Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulalip_Tribes" title="Tulalip Tribes">Tulalip Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Indian_Fisheries_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission (page does not exist)">Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Puget_Intertribal_Planning_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency (page does not exist)">South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Indian_Gaming_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington Indian Gaming Association (page does not exist)">Washington Indian Gaming Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_British_Columbia_Indian_Chiefs" title="Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs">Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast_Salish_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coast Salish music (page does not exist)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast_Salish_mythology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coast Salish mythology (page does not exist)">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_art" title="Coast Salish art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_languages" title="Coast Salish languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a> <ul><li>Island Comox †</li> <li>Sliammon/Mainland Comox</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentlatch_language" title="Pentlatch language">Pentlatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_dialect" title="Lummi dialect">Lummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_dialect" title="Samish dialect">Samish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiahmoo_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiahmoo dialect (page does not exist)">Semiahmoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhees_dialect" title="Songhees dialect">Songhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_dialect" title="T'Sou-ke dialect">T'sou-ke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lushootseed</a> <ul><li>Northern and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lushootseed" title="Southern Lushootseed">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Languages in <i>italics</i> are extinct.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dialects_of_American_English" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English">Baltimore English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston English">Boston English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England Englishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_English" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexican English">New Mexican Englishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican Englishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Transatlantic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yooper_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Yooper English">Upper Michigan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Mormon_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Mormon English">Utah Mormon English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshiva English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loup_language" title="Loup language">Loup</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahican_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican language">Mahican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan-Pequot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Pamlico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Refaluwasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_language" title="Arikara language">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitsai_language" title="Kitsai language">Kitsai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathlamet_language" title="Kathlamet language">Kathlamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chinook" title="Lower Chinook"> Tsinúk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chinook_language" title="Upper Chinook language">Upper Chinook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené(–<br />Yeniseian?)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina language">Dena'ina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie language">Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tututni_language" title="Tututni language">Tututni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Umpqua_language" title="Upper Umpqua language">Upper Umpqua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit language">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Central Siberian Yupik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevak_Cup%E2%80%99ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevak Cup’ik language">Chevak Cup’ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erie_language" title="Erie language">Erie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Huron_language" title="Neutral Huron language">Neutral Huron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nottoway_language" title="Nottoway language">Nottoway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wenrohronon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenrohronon language">Wenrohronon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalapuya_language" title="Central Kalapuya language">Central Kalapuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kalapuya_language" title="Northern Kalapuya language">Northern Kalapuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoncalla_language" title="Yoncalla language">Yoncalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keresan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan languages">Keresan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cochiti Pueblo</li> <li>San Felipe–Santo Domingo</li> <li>Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos</li> <li>Western Keres</li> <li>Acoma Pueblo</li> <li>Laguna Pueblo</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achumawi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_language" title="Coeur d'Alene language">Coeur d'Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish-Spokane-Kalispel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chehalis_language" title="Lower Chehalis language">Lower Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_language" title="Tillamook language">Tillamook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chehalis_language" title="Upper Chehalis language">Upper Chehalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa_language" title="Hidatsa language">Hidatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan_language" title="Mandan language">Mandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Omaha–Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Winnebago</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_language" title="Biloxi language">Biloxi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catawba_language" title="Catawba language">Catawba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchigamea_language" title="Mitchigamea language">Mitchigamea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moneton_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moneton language">Moneton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofo_language" title="Ofo language">Ofo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutelo_language" title="Tutelo language">Tutelo-Saponi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woccon_language" title="Woccon language">Woccon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jemez_language" title="Jemez language">Jemez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picuris_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Picuris dialect">Picuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tiwa_language" title="Southern Tiwa language">Southern Tiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Taos dialect">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Piro_Pueblo_language" title="Piro Pueblo language">Piro Pueblo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Ivilyuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27odham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O'odham language">O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshoni_language" title="Shoshoni language">Shoshoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Numic_language" title="Colorado River Numic language">Ute-Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makah_language" title="Makah language">Makah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yuk-Utian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sierra Miwok language">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule-Kaweah_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule-Kaweah Yokuts">Tule-Kaweah Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palewyami language">Palewyami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–<br />Cochimí</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai%E2%80%93Hualapai_language" title="Havasupai–Hualapai language">Havasupai–Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipai_language" title="Ipai language">Ipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiipai_language" title="Tiipai language">Tiipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed or trade<br />Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe Sign Language</li> <li>Blackfoot Sign Language</li> <li>Cheyenne Sign Language</li> <li>Cree Sign Language</li> <li>Navajo Sign Language</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></i> <ul><li>Ktunaxa Sign Language</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawai'i Sign Language</a> <ul><li>Creole Hawai'i Sign Language</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Family_Sign" title="Navajo Family Sign">Navajo Family Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oral settler<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Metis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas German">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló (Chicano)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual settler<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Puerto Rican Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages<br />(number of speakers<br />in 2021 in millions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a> (41.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese language in the United States">Chinese</a> (3.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog language in the United States">Tagalog</a> (1.7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Vietnamese language in the United States">Vietnamese</a> (1.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States" title="Arabic language in the United States">Arabic</a> (1.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a> (1.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans#Languages" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a> (1.1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">Russian</a> (1.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese language in the United States">Portuguese</a> (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian American">Haitian</a> (0.9)</li> <li>Hindi (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a> (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish language in the United States">Polish</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian</a> (0.5)</li> <li>Urdu (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in the United States">Persian</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu language in the United States">Telugu</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a> (0.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali American">Bengali</a> (0.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil American">Tamil</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi American">Punjabi</a> (0.3)</li> <li>Serbo-Croatian (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian language in the United States">Armenian</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek language in the United States">Greek</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong language in the United States">Hmong</a> (0.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Americans#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Americans">Hebrew</a> (0.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Khmer</a> (0.2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&oldid=1255608678">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&oldid=1255608678</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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