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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pike_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Pike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pike_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bloch_&_Trager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bloch_&_Trager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Bloch & Trager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bloch_&_Trager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Kurath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chomsky_&_Halle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chomsky_&_Halle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Chomsky & Halle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chomsky_&_Halle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_and_prosody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_and_prosody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tone and prosody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_and_prosody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_charts_of_1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_charts_of_1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Historical charts of 1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_charts_of_1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anthropos_(1907)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropos_(1907)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span><i>Anthropos</i> (1907)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropos_(1907)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_between_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_between_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Variation between authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation_between_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phonetic alphabet developed in the 1880s</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">pronunciation respelling for English</a> used in American dictionaries.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Americanist phonetic notation<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1880s to the present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcription</a> of any language</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, augmented by <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a><ul><li>Americanist phonetic notation</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Americanist phonetic notation</b>, also known as the <b>North American Phonetic Alphabet</b> (<b>NAPA</b>), the <b>Americanist Phonetic Alphabet</b> or the <b>American Phonetic Alphabet</b> (<b>APA</b>), is a system of <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic notation">phonetic notation</a> originally developed by European and American <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> and language scientists (many of whom were <a href="/wiki/Neogrammarian" title="Neogrammarian">Neogrammarians</a>) for the <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> transcription of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous languages of the Americas</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">languages of Europe</a>. It is still commonly used by linguists working on, among others, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> languages and for the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">of India</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">much of Africa</a>; however, Uralicists commonly use a variant known as the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a>. </p><p>Despite its name, NAPA has always been widely used outside the Americas. For example, a version of it is the standard for the transcription of Arabic in articles published in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_der_Deutschen_Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen_Gesellschaft" title="Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft">Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</a></i></span>, the journal of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Morgenl%C3%A4ndische_Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft">German Oriental Society</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> are more widely used in Americanist notation than in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA), which seeks to use as few diacritics as possible for phonemic distinctions, retaining them only for the dental–alveolar distinction. Americanist notation relies on diacritics to distinguish many other distinctions that are phonemic in the languages it transcribes. On the other hand, Americanist notation uses single letters for most coronal affricates, whereas the IPA requires digraphs. Otherwise Americanist notation has grown increasingly similar to IPA, and has abandoned many of the more obscure letters it once employed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_contrast_with_the_IPA_alphabet">Summary contrast with the IPA alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary contrast with the IPA alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain symbols in NAPA were once identical to those of the International Phonetic Alphabet, but have become <a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">obsolete in the latter</a>, such as ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ι</span>⟩. Over the years, NAPA has drawn closer to the IPA. This can be seen, for example, in a comparison of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>'s earlier and later works. However, there remain significant differences. Among these are: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ñ⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨¢⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ƛ⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɬ]</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ł⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬ]</span></li> <li>Palato-alveolar <span class="nowrap">⟨č ǰ š ž⟩</span> and sometimes alveopalatal <span class="nowrap">⟨ć ś ź ń⟩</span></li> <li>Advancing diacritic (inverted breve) for dentals and palatals (apart from non-sibilant dental <span class="nowrap">⟨θ ð⟩</span>), and retracting diacritic (a dot) for retroflex and uvulars (apart from uvular <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨ř⟩</span> for a flap and <span class="nowrap">⟨r̃⟩</span> for a trill</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">Ogonek</a> for nasalization</li> <li>Dot over vowel for centering, two dots (diaeresis) over a vowel to change fronting (for front rounded vowels and unrounded back vowels)</li> <li>Acute and grave accents over vowels for stress</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a> used an early set of phonetic symbols in his publications (particularly Powell 1880) on American language families, although he chose symbols which had their origins in work by other phoneticians and American writers (<i>e.g.</i>, Pickering 1820; Cass 1821a, 1821b; Hale 1846; Lepsius 1855, 1863; Gibbs 1861; and Powell 1877). The influential anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> used a somewhat different set of symbols (Boas 1911). In 1916, a publication by the American Anthropological Society greatly expanded upon Boas's alphabet. This same alphabet was discussed and modified in articles by Bloomfield & Bolling (1927) and Herzog <i>et al.</i> (1934). The Americanist notation may be seen in the journals <i><a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics" title="International Journal of American Linguistics">International Journal of American Linguistics</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Language_(journal)" title="Language (journal)"><i>Language</i></a>. Useful sources explaining the symbols – some with comparisons of the alphabets used at different times – are Campbell (1997:xii-xiii), Goddard (1996:10–16), Langacker (1972:xiii-vi), Mithun (1999:xiii-xv), and Odden (2005). </p><p>It is often useful to compare the Americanist tradition with another widespread tradition, the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). Americanist phonetic notation does not require a strict harmony among character styles: letters from the Greek and Latin alphabets are used side-by-side. Another contrasting feature is that, to represent some of the same sounds, the Americanist tradition relies heavily on letters modified with diacritics; whereas the IPA, which reserves diacritics for other specific uses, gave Greek and Latin letters new shapes. These differing approaches reflect the traditions' differing philosophies. The Americanist linguists were interested in a phonetic notation that could be easily created from <a href="/wiki/Typefaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Typefaces">typefaces</a> of existing orthographies. This was seen as more practical and more cost-efficient, as many of the characters chosen already existed in Greek and East European orthographies. </p><p>Abercrombie (1991:44–45) recounts the following concerning the Americanist tradition: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In America phonetic notation has had a curious history. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Bloomfield</a> used IPA notation in his early book <i>An Introduction to the Study of Language</i>, 1914, and in the English edition of his more famous <i>Language</i>, 1935. But since then, a strange hostility has been shown by many American linguists to IPA notation, especially to certain of its symbols. </p><p>An interesting and significant story was once told by <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Voegelin" title="Charles F. Voegelin">Carl Voegelin</a> during a symposium held in New York in 1952 on the present state of anthropology. He told how, at the beginning of the 1930s, he was being taught phonetics by, as he put it, a "pleasant Dane", who made him use the IPA symbol for <i>sh</i> in <i>ship</i>, among others. Some while later he used those symbols in some work on an American Indian language he had done for <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir</a>. When Sapir saw the work he "simply blew up", Voegelin said, and demanded that in future Voegelin should use 's wedge' (as š was called), instead of the IPA symbol. </p><p>I have no doubt that the "pleasant Dane" was <a href="/wiki/H._J._Uldall" class="mw-redirect" title="H. J. Uldall">H. J. Uldall</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones</a>'s most brilliant students, who was later to become one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">glossematics</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a>. Uldall did a great deal of research into Californian languages, especially into <a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a>. Most of the texts he collected were not published during his lifetime. It is ironic that when they were published, posthumously, by the University of California Press, the texts were "reorthographized", as the editor's introduction put it: the IPA symbols Uldall had used were removed and replaced by others. </p><p>What is strange is that the IPA symbols seem so obviously preferable to the Americanist alternatives, the 'long s' to the 's wedge', for example. As Jones often pointed out, in connected texts, for the sake of legibility diacritics should be avoided as far as possible. Many Americanist texts give the impression of being overloaded with diacritics. </p><p> One may wonder why there should be such a hostility in America to IPA notation. I venture to suggest a reason for this apparently irrational attitude. The hostility derives ultimately from the existence, in most American universities, of Speech Departments, which we do not have in Britain. Speech Departments tend to be well-endowed, large, and powerful. In linguistic and phonetic matters they have a reputation for being predominantly <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescriptive</a>, and tend to be considered by some therefore to be not very scholarly. In their publications and periodicals the notation they use, when writing of pronunciation, is that of the IPA. My belief is that the last thing a member of an American Linguistics Department wants is to be mistaken for a member of a Speech Department; but if he were to use IPA notation in his writings he would certainly lay himself open to the suspicion that he was.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no central authority. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Institute_for_Endangered_Language_Documentation" title="Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation">Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation</a> (WIELD) has recommended the following conventions since 2016:<sup id="cite_ref-WIELD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIELD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note however that WIELD is designed specifically for Native American languages, whereas NAPA, despite its name, is widely used elsewhere, e.g. in Africa. </p><p>Advanced is ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">C̯</span>⟩ and retracted is ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">C̣</span>⟩. Geminate is ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">C꞉</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">CC</span>⟩. Glottalization is e.g. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">č̓</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">m̓</span>⟩ (ejectives are not distinguished from other types of glottalization). Palatalization is written ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">Cʸ</span>⟩. Labialization, velarization, aspiration, voicelessness and prenasalization are as in the IPA. Pharyngeals, epiglottals and glottals are as in the IPA, as are implosives and clicks. </p> <table class="wikitable Unicode" style="text-align:center"> <caption>WIELD (2016) recommendations for NAPA consonants </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; line-height: 1.2em;"> <th colspan="3">  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio-<br />dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retro-<br />flex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Palato-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveopalatal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveopalatal consonant">Alveo-<br />palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyn-<br />geal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>p </td> <td>  </td> <td>t̯ </td> <td>t </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>k̯ </td> <td>k </td> <td>q </td> <td> </td> <td>ʔ<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>b </td> <td>  </td> <td>d̯ </td> <td>d </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɡ̯ </td> <td>ɡ </td> <td>ɡ̇ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th rowspan="4"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a></span> </th> <th rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td rowspan="2">  </td> <td rowspan="2">pf </td> <td>tθ </td> <td rowspan="2">c </td> <td rowspan="2">c̣ </td> <td rowspan="2">č </td> <td rowspan="2">ć </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2">kx </td> <td rowspan="2">qx̣ </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c̯ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td rowspan="2">  </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>dð </td> <td rowspan="2">dz </td> <td rowspan="2">dẓ </td> <td rowspan="2">ǰ </td> <td rowspan="2">dź </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dz̯ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>ƛ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>λ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th rowspan="4"><span style="font-size:85%;">central</span> </th> <th rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td rowspan="2">ɸ </td> <td rowspan="2">f </td> <td>θ </td> <td rowspan="2">s </td> <td rowspan="2">ṣ </td> <td rowspan="2">š </td> <td rowspan="2">ś </td> <td rowspan="2">x̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">x </td> <td rowspan="2">x̣ </td> <td rowspan="2">ħ </td> <td rowspan="2">h </td></tr> <tr> <td>s̯ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td rowspan="2">β </td> <td rowspan="2">v </td> <td>ð </td> <td rowspan="2">z </td> <td rowspan="2">ẓ </td> <td rowspan="2">ž </td> <td rowspan="2">ź </td> <td rowspan="2">ɣ̯ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɣ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɣ̇ </td> <td rowspan="2">ʕ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɦ </td></tr> <tr> <td>z̯ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>ł </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>łʸ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>ɮ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td>m </td> <td> </td> <td>n̯ </td> <td>n </td> <td>ṇ </td> <td> </td> <td>ń </td> <td>ñ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ̇ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>r̃ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>ʀ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>r̯ </td> <td>r </td> <td>ṛ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">central</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>ʋ </td> <td>  </td> <td>ɹ </td> <td>ɹ̣ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>y </td> <td>ẉ </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">labialized</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ẅ </td> <td>w </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">lateral</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>l̯ </td> <td>l </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>lʸ </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Differences from the IPA fall into a few broad categories: use of diacritics to derive the other coronal and dorsal articulations from the alveolar and velar, respectively; use of <i>c j λ ƛ</i> for affricates; <i>y</i> for its consonantal value, and <i>r</i> for a tap rather than a trill. </p><p><b>Notes:</b> </p> <ul><li>Among the <a href="/wiki/Dental_fricative" title="Dental fricative">dental fricatives</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨θ ð⟩</span> are slit fricatives (non-sibilant) while <span class="nowrap">⟨s̯ z̯⟩</span> are <a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">sulcalized</a> (sibilant).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhotics_table">Rhotics table</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rhotics table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 90% of languages<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> only have one phonemic <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic consonant</a>. As a result, rhotic consonants are generally transcribed with the <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> character. This usage is common practice in Americanist and also other notational traditions (such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>). This lack of detail, although economical and phonologically sound, requires a more careful reading of a given language's phonological description to determine the precise phonetics. A list of rhotics is given below. </p> <table class="wikitable Unicode" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Common rhotic conventions </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; line-height: 1.2em;"> <th scope="col"> </th> <th scope="col">Alveolar </th> <th scope="col">Retroflex/Uvular </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Approximant </th> <td>r</td> <td>ṛ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Flap </th> <td>ř</td> <td>ṛ̌ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tap </th> <td>ᴅ</td> <td>ᴅ̇ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Trill </th> <td>r̃</td> <td>ṛ̃ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other flaps are <span class="nowrap">⟨ň⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨l͏̌⟩</span>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_alternate_symbols">Common alternate symbols</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Common alternate symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many alternate symbols seen in Americanist transcription. Below are some equivalent symbols matched with the symbols shown in the consonant chart above. </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨¢⟩</span> may be used for <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> (= <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span>), or for <span class="nowrap">⟨ð⟩</span>.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨č̣⟩</span> may be used for <span class="nowrap">⟨c̣⟩</span> (= <span class="nowrap">⟨tṣ⟩</span>).</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> may be used for <span class="nowrap">⟨ʒ⟩</span> (= <span class="nowrap">⟨dz⟩</span>).</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ǰ⟩</span> may be used for <span class="nowrap">⟨ǯ⟩</span> (= <span class="nowrap">⟨dž⟩</span>).</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ȷ́⟩</span> may be used for <span class="nowrap">⟨ʒ́⟩</span> (= <span class="nowrap">⟨dź⟩</span>).</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ƚ⟩</span> may be used for <span class="nowrap">⟨ł⟩</span>.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨φ⟩</span> may be used for <span class="nowrap">⟨ɸ⟩</span>.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨G⟩</span> may be used for <span class="nowrap">⟨ġ⟩</span>.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨X⟩</span> may be used for <span class="nowrap">⟨x̣⟩</span>.</li> <li>ʸ may be used for fronted velars (e.g., kʸ = k̯, gʸ = g̑).</li> <li>Some transcriptions superscript the onset of doubly articulated consonants and the release of fricatives, e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨ᵍɓ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨t̓ᶿ⟩</span>.</li> <li>There may be a distinction between laminal retroflex <span class="nowrap">⟨č̣ ṣ̌ ẓ̌⟩</span> and apical retroflex <span class="nowrap">⟨c̣ ṣ ẓ⟩</span> in some transcriptions.</li> <li>The fronting diacritic may be a caret rather than an inverted breve, e.g. dental <span class="nowrap">⟨ṱ⟩</span> and palatal <span class="nowrap">⟨k̭⟩</span>.</li> <li>Many researchers use the x-<a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> (x̌) for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a>.</li> <li>The use of the standard IPA <a href="/wiki/Belted_l" class="mw-redirect" title="Belted l">belted l</a> (ɬ) for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives">voiceless lateral fricative</a> is becoming increasingly common.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pullum_&_Ladusaw"><span id="Pullum_.26_Ladusaw"></span>Pullum & Ladusaw</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pullum & Ladusaw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Pullum & Ladusaw (1996),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typical Americanist usage at the time was more-or-less as follows. There was, however, little standardization of rhotics, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ṛ⟩</span> may be either retroflex or uvular, though as noted above <span class="nowrap">⟨ṛ⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨ṛ̌⟩</span> may be a retroflex flap vs <span class="nowrap">⟨ṛ̃⟩</span> as a uvular trill. Apart from the ambiguity of the rhotics below, and minor graphic variants (ȼ g γ for c ɡ ɣ and the placement of the diacritic in g̑ γ̑), this is compatible with the WIELD recommendations. Only precomposed affricates are shown below; others may be indicated by digraphs (e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨dz⟩</span>). </p> <table class="wikitable Unicode" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Typical NAPA consonant values (1996, not prescriptive) </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th colspan="2">  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio-<br />dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Inter-<br />dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Palato-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyn-<br />geal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop (oral)</a></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>p </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>t̯ </td> <td>t </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td> </td> <td>k̯ </td> <td>k </td> <td>q </td> <td>  </td> <td>ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>b </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>d̯ </td> <td>d </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td> </td> <td>g̑ </td> <td>g </td> <td>ġ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ȼ </td> <td> </td> <td>č </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ǰ </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate</th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>ƛ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>λ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>ɸ </td> <td>f </td> <td>θ </td> <td>s̯ </td> <td>s </td> <td>ṣ </td> <td>š </td> <td>x̯ </td> <td>x </td> <td>x̣ </td> <td>ħ </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>β </td> <td>v </td> <td>ð </td> <td>z̯ </td> <td>z </td> <td>ẓ </td> <td>ž </td> <td>γ̑ </td> <td>γ </td> <td>γ̇ </td> <td>ʕ </td> <td>ɦ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lateral fricative</th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>ł </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td>m </td> <td>ṃ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>n </td> <td>ṇ </td> <td> </td> <td>ñ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ̇ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>r </td> <td>ṛ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>ṛ </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glide_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide consonant">Glide</a> </th> <td>(w) </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>y </td> <td>(w) </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ejectives and implosives follow the same conventions as in the IPA, apart from the ejective apostrophe being placed above the base letter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pike">Pike</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Lee_Pike" title="Kenneth Lee Pike">Pike</a> (1947) provides the following set of symbols: </p> <table class="wikitable Unicode" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Pike (1947) consonant values </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th colspan="2">  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio-<br />dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Inter-<br />dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Alveolo-<br />palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyn-<br />geal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop (oral)</a></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>p </td> <td>  </td> <td>t̯ </td> <td>t </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td> </td> <td>k̯ </td> <td>k </td> <td>ḳ (q) </td> <td>ḳ̣ </td> <td>ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>b </td> <td>  </td> <td>d̯ </td> <td>d </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td> </td> <td>g̯ </td> <td>g </td> <td>g̣ (G) </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>pᵽ </td> <td>  </td> <td>t̯θ </td> <td>ts (ȼ) </td> <td> </td> <td>tš (č) </td> <td>  </td> <td>kx </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>bb̶ </td> <td> </td> <td>d̯d̶ </td> <td>dz (ʒ) </td> <td> </td> <td>dž (ǰ) </td> <td>  </td> <td>gg̶ </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate</th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>tƚ (ƛ) </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>dl (λ) </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Flat fricative</a></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>ᵽ </td> <td>f </td> <td>θ </td> <td>θ̣ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>x̯ </td> <td>x </td> <td>x̣ </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>b̶ </td> <td>v </td> <td>d̶ </td> <td>ḍ̶ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>g̶̯ </td> <td>g̶ </td> <td>g̶̣ </td> <td> </td> <td>ɦ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>w̱̟ (W̟) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>s </td> <td>ṣ , ṣ̌ </td> <td>š </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>w̟ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>z </td> <td>ẓ , ẓ̌ </td> <td>ž </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Lateral fricative</th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>ƚ̟ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>l̟ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td>m̱ (M) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ṉ (N) </td> <td> </td> <td>ṉ̃ (Ñ) </td> <td> </td> <td>ŋ̱ (Ŋ) </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td>m </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>n </td> <td>ṇ </td> <td>ñ </td> <td> </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>ƚ (L) </td> <td> </td> <td>ƚʸ </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td>lʸ </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>ṟ̌ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ř , l͏̌ </td> <td>ṛ̌ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td>p̃ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ṟ̃ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td>b̃ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>r̃ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ṛ̃ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Voiceless, voiced and syllabic consonants may also be C̥, C̬ and C̩, as in IPA. Aspirated consonants are Cʻ or C̥ʰ / C̬ʱ. Non-audible release is indicated with superscripting, Vꟲ. </p><p>Fortis is C͈ and lenis C᷂. Labialization is C̮ or Cʷ; palatalization is Ꞔ, C⁽ⁱ⁾ or Cʸ; velarization is C⁽ᵘ⁾, and pharyngealization is C̴. </p><p>Other airstream mechanisms are pulmonic ingressive C<sup>←</sup>, ejective Cˀ, implosive Cˁ, click C˂, and lingual ejective (spurt) C˃. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WIELD recommends the following conventions. It does not provide characters for distinctions that are not attested in the literature:<sup id="cite_ref-WIELD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIELD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable Unicode" style="text-align:center"> <caption>WIELD (2016) recommendations for NAPA (semi)vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">round</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">round</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">round</a></span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Glide</a></span> </th> <td>y </td> <td>ẅ </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>ẉ </td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">higher</span> </th> <td>i </td> <td>ü </td> <td>ɨ </td> <td>ʉ </td> <td rowspan="2">ï </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">lower</span> </th> <td>ɪ </td> <td>ʊ̈ </td> <td>ᵻ </td> <td>ʊ̇ </td> <td>ʊ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">higher</span> </th> <td>e </td> <td>ö </td> <td>ə </td> <td>ȯ </td> <td>ë </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">lower</span> </th> <td>ɛ </td> <td>ɔ̈ </td> <td>ɛ̇ </td> <td rowspan="3">ɔ̇ </td> <td>ʌ </td> <td>ɔ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">higher</span> </th> <td>æ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɒ̈ </td> <td>æ̇ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɑ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɒ </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">lower</span> </th> <td>a </td> <td>a </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>No distinction is made between front and central for the lowest unrounded vowels. Diphthongs are e.g. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ai</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ay</span>⟩, depending on phonological analysis. Nasal vowels are e.g. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ą</span>⟩. Long vowels are e.g. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">a꞉</span>⟩. A three-way length distinction may be ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">a a꞉ a꞉꞉</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">a aꞏ a꞉</span>⟩. Primary and secondary stress are e.g. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">á</span>⟩ and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">à</span>⟩. Voicelessness is e.g. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ḁ</span>⟩, as in the IPA. Creak, murmur, rhoticity et al. are as in the IPA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pullum_&_Ladusaw_2"><span id="Pullum_.26_Ladusaw_2"></span>Pullum & Ladusaw</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pullum & Ladusaw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Pullum & Ladusaw (1996), typical Americanist usage at the time was more-or-less as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable Unicode" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Typical NAPA vowel values (1996, not prescriptive) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2">Front</th> <th colspan="2">Central</th> <th colspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">round</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">round</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">round</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Glide</a></span> </th> <td>y </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">High</th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">(higher)</span> </th> <td>i</td> <td>ü</td> <td>ɨ</td> <td>ʉ</td> <td>ï</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">lower</span> </th> <td>ɪ</td> <td>ᴜ̈</td> <td>ᵻ</td> <td>ᵾ</td> <td>ɪ̈</td> <td>ᴜ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Mid</th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">higher</span> </th> <td>e</td> <td>ö</td> <td colspan="2">ə</td> <td>ë</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">lower</span> </th> <td>ɛ</td> <td rowspan="2">ɔ̈</td> <td colspan="3">ʌ</td> <td rowspan="2">ɔ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Low </th> <td>æ</td> <td colspan="3">a/ɑ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Lower-Low </th> <td colspan="2">a</td> <td colspan="3">ɑ</td> <td>ɒ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pike_2">Pike</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pike (1947) presents the following: </p> <table class="wikitable Unicode" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Pike (1947) vowel values </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2">Front</th> <th colspan="2">Central</th> <th colspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">round</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">round</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">round</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Glide</a></span> </th> <td>y </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">High</th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">(higher)</span> </th> <td>i</td> <td>ü</td> <td>ɨ</td> <td>ʉ</td> <td>ï</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">lower</span> </th> <td>ι</td> <td>ᴜ̈</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ϊ</td> <td>ᴜ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Mid</th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">higher</span> </th> <td>e</td> <td>ö</td> <td>ə</td> <td></td> <td>ë</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">lower</span> </th> <td>ɛ</td> <td rowspan="2">ɔ̈</td> <td>ʌ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2">ɔ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Low </th> <th><small>higher</small> </th> <td>æ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>lower </th> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>ɑ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ɒ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nasalization is V̨ or Vⁿ. A long vowel is V꞉ or Vꞏ; half-long is V‧ (raised dot). Positional variants are fronted V˂, backed V˃, raised V˄ and lowered V˅. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bloch_&_Trager"><span id="Bloch_.26_Trager"></span>Bloch & Trager</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bloch & Trager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloch & Trager (1942)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed the following schema, which was never used. They use a single dot for central vowels and a dieresis to reverse backness. The only central vowels with their own letters are <span class="nowrap">⟨ɨ⟩</span>, which already has a dot, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ᵻ⟩</span>, which would not be distinct if formed with a dot. </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Bloch & Trager (1942) vowel symbols </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2">Front</th> <th colspan="2">Central</th> <th colspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">round</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">round</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unround</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">round</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>High </th> <td>i</td> <td>ü</td> <td>ɨ</td> <td>u̇</td> <td>ï</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lower-high </th> <td>ɪ</td> <td>ᴜ̈</td> <td>ᵻ</td> <td>ᴜ̇</td> <td>ɪ̈</td> <td>ᴜ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Higher-mid </th> <td>e</td> <td>ö</td> <td>ė</td> <td>ȯ</td> <td>ë</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mean-mid </th> <td>ᴇ</td> <td>ꭥ̈</td> <td>ᴇ̇</td> <td>ꭥ̇</td> <td>ᴇ̈</td> <td>ꭥ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lower-mid </th> <td>ɛ</td> <td>ɔ̈</td> <td>ɛ̇</td> <td>ɔ̇</td> <td>ɛ̈</td> <td>ɔ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Higher-low </th> <td>æ</td> <td>ω̈</td> <td>æ̇</td> <td>ω̇</td> <td>æ̈</td> <td>ω </td></tr> <tr> <th>Low </th> <td>a</td> <td>ɒ̈</td> <td>ȧ</td> <td>ɒ̇</td> <td>ä</td> <td>ɒ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kurath">Kurath</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kurath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kurath (1939) is as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enclosed in parentheses are rounded vowels. Apart from ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʚ, ꭤ</span>⟩ and some differences in alignment, it is essentially the IPA. </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Kurath (1939) vowel symbols </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: bottom;"> <th> </th> <th>Front </th> <th>Half-<br />front </th> <th>Central </th> <th>Half-<br />back </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;">High </th> <td>i (y) </td> <td> </td> <td>ɨ (ʉ) </td> <td> </td> <td>ɯ (u) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;">Lower high </th> <td> </td> <td>ɪ (ʏ) </td> <td>ᵻ (ᵾ) </td> <td>ɤ (ᴜ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;">Higher mid </th> <td>e (ø) </td> <td>ɘ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(o) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;">Mid </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ə </td> <td>(ɵ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;">Lower mid </th> <td>ɛ (ʚ) </td> <td> </td> <td>ɜ (ɞ) </td> <td>ʌ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;">Higher low </th> <td>æ </td> <td> </td> <td>ɐ </td> <td> </td> <td>(ɔ) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: right;">Low </th> <td>a </td> <td> </td> <td>ɑ </td> <td> </td> <td>ꭤ (ɒ) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chomsky_&_Halle"><span id="Chomsky_.26_Halle"></span>Chomsky & Halle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chomsky & Halle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chomsky & Halle (1968) proposed the following schema, which was hardly ever used. In addition to the table, there was <span class="nowrap">⟨ə⟩</span> for an unstressed reduced vowel. </p> <table class="wikitable Unicode" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Chomsky & Halle (1968) vowel symbols </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2">[−back]</th> <th colspan="2">[+back] </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">[−round]</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">[+round]</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">[−round]</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">[+round]</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">[+high −low]</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">[+tense]</span> </th> <td>i</td> <td>ü</td> <td>ᵻ̄</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">[−tense]</span> </th> <td>ɪ</td> <td>ᴜ̈</td> <td>ᵻ</td> <td>ᴜ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">[−high −low]</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">[+tense]</span> </th> <td>e</td> <td>ȫ</td> <td>ʌ̄</td> <td>ō </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">[−tense]</span> </th> <td>ɛ</td> <td>ö</td> <td>ʌ</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">[−high +low]</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">[+tense]</span> </th> <td>ǣ</td> <td>ꭢ̄</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ɔ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">[−tense]</span> </th> <td>æ</td> <td>ꭢ</td> <td>a</td> <td>ɔ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_and_prosody">Tone and prosody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tone and prosody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pike (1947) provides the following tone marks: </p> <ul><li>High: V́ or V¹</li> <li>Mid: V̍ or V²</li> <li>Norm: V̄ or V³</li> <li>Low: V̀ or V⁴</li></ul> <p>Stress is primary ˈCV or V́ and secondary ˌCV or V̀. </p><p>Short or intermediate and long or final 'pauses' are |, ||, as in IPA. </p><p>Syllable division is CV.CV, as in IPA, and morpheme boundaries are CV-CV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_charts_of_1916">Historical charts of 1916</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historical charts of 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following charts were agreed by committee of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vowel chart is based on the classification of H. Sweet. The high central vowels are differentiated by moving the centralizing dot to the left rather than with a cross stroke. IPA equivalents are given in a few cases that may not be clear. </p> <table class="wikitable IPA"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">narrow</th> <th colspan="3">wide </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>back</th> <th>mixed</th> <th>front</th> <th>back</th> <th>mixed</th> <th>front </th></tr> <tr> <th>high </th> <td>ï</td> <td>ı᷸ (= ˙ı)</td> <td>i</td> <td>ɩ̈</td> <td>ɩ᷸ (= ˙ɩ)</td> <td>ɩ </td></tr> <tr> <th>mid </th> <td>α [ʌ]</td> <td></td> <td>e</td> <td>a</td> <td></td> <td>ε </td></tr> <tr> <th>low </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ȧ</td> <td>ä </td></tr> <tr> <th>high round </th> <td>u</td> <td>u̇</td> <td>ü</td> <td>υ</td> <td>υ̇</td> <td>ϋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>mid round </th> <td>o</td> <td>ȯ</td> <td>ö</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>ɔ̇</td> <td>ɔ̈ </td></tr> <tr> <th>low round </th> <td>ω</td> <td>ω̇</td> <td>ω̈</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable Unicode"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: x-small;"> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stops</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Spirants" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirants">Spirants</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricates" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricates">Affricates</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasals</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Laterals</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral affricate">Lateral Affricates</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Rolled Consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: x-small;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Surd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Sonant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Intermed.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">Aspirated</a> </th> <th><span style="line-height: 1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">Glot-<br />talized</a></span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Surd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Sonant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">Glot-<br />talized</a>* </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Surd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Sonant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">Glot-<br />talized</a>* </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Surd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Sonant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Surd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Sonant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">Glot-<br />talized</a>* </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Surd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Sonant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">Glot-<br />talized</a>* </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Surd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Sonant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">Glot-<br />talized</a>* </th></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial">Bilabial</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">rounded</a>) </th> <td>p<sub>w</sub> </td> <td>b<sub>w</sub> </td> <td>ʙ<sub>w</sub> </td> <td>p<sub>w</sub>ʽ </td> <td>p̓<sub>w</sub> , p<sub>w</sub>ǃ </td> <td>ƕ </td> <td>w </td> <td>ƕǃ </td> <td>pƕ </td> <td>bw </td> <td>pƕǃ </td> <td>ᴍ<sub>w</sub> </td> <td>m<sub>w</sub> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial">Bilabial</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">unrounded</a>) </th> <td>p </td> <td>b </td> <td>ʙ </td> <td>pʽ </td> <td>p̓ , pǃ </td> <td>φ </td> <td>β </td> <td>φǃ </td> <td>pφ </td> <td>bβ </td> <td>pφǃ </td> <td>ᴍ </td> <td>m </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental">Dento-<br />labial</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>f </td> <td>v </td> <td>fǃ </td> <td>pf </td> <td>bv </td> <td>pfǃ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Interdental" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdental">Inter-<br />dental</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>θ </td> <td>ϑ </td> <td>θǃ </td> <td>tθ </td> <td>dϑ </td> <td>tθǃ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Linguo</a>-<br /><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> </th> <td>t̯ </td> <td>d̯ </td> <td>ᴅ̯ </td> <td>t̯ʽ </td> <td>t̯̓ , t̯ǃ </td> <td>s̯ </td> <td>z̯ </td> <td>s̯ǃ </td> <td>t̯s </td> <td>d̯z </td> <td>t̯sǃ </td> <td>ɴ̯ </td> <td>n̯ </td> <td>ƚ̯ , ʟ̯ </td> <td>l̯ </td> <td>ƚ̯ǃ </td> <td>t̯ƚ </td> <td>d̯l </td> <td>t̯ƚǃ </td> <td>ʀ̯ </td> <td>r̯ </td> <td>ʀ̯ǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Linguo</a>-<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </th> <td>t </td> <td>d </td> <td>ᴅ </td> <td>tʽ </td> <td>t̓ , tǃ </td> <td>s </td> <td>z </td> <td>sǃ </td> <td>ts </td> <td>dz </td> <td>tsǃ </td> <td>ɴ </td> <td>n </td> <td>ƚ , ʟ </td> <td>l </td> <td>ƚǃ </td> <td>tƚ </td> <td>dl </td> <td>tƚǃ </td> <td>ʀ </td> <td>r </td> <td>ʀǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">Cerebral</a> </th> <td>ṭ </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td>ᴅ̣ </td> <td>ṭʽ </td> <td>ṭ̓ , ṭǃ </td> <td>ṣ </td> <td>ẓ </td> <td>ṣǃ </td> <td>ṭs </td> <td>ḍz </td> <td>ṭsǃ </td> <td>ɴ̣ </td> <td>ṇ </td> <td>ƚ̣ , ʟ̣ </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td>ƚ̣ǃ </td> <td>ṭƚ </td> <td>ḍl </td> <td>ṭƚǃ </td> <td>ʀ̣ </td> <td>ṛ </td> <td>ʀ̣ǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Laminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminal">Dorso</a>-<br /><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> </th> <td>τ̯ </td> <td>δ̯ </td> <td><small>Δ</small>̯ </td> <td>τ̯ʽ </td> <td>τ̯̓ , τ̯ǃ </td> <td>σ̯ </td> <td>ζ̯ </td> <td>σ̯ǃ </td> <td>τ̯σ </td> <td>δ̯ζ </td> <td>τ̯σǃ </td> <td><span style="font-size: 133%">ν̯</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size: 93%">ν̯</span> </td> <td>ᴧ̯ </td> <td>λ̯ </td> <td>ᴧ̯ǃ </td> <td>τ̯ᴧ </td> <td>δ̯ᴧ </td> <td>τ̯ᴧǃ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <td>τ </td> <td>δ </td> <td><small>Δ</small><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>τʽ </td> <td>τ̓ , τǃ </td> <td>σ </td> <td>ζ </td> <td>σǃ </td> <td>τσ </td> <td>δζ </td> <td>τσǃ </td> <td><div style="font-size: 133%">ν</div><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><div style="font-size: 93%">ν</div> </td> <td>ᴧ </td> <td>λ </td> <td>ᴧǃ </td> <td>τᴧ </td> <td>δᴧ </td> <td>τᴧǃ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Dorso-<br />palatal</a> </th> <td>τ̣ </td> <td>δ̣ </td> <td><small>Δ</small>̣ </td> <td>τ̣ʽ </td> <td>τ̣̓ , τ̣ǃ </td> <td>σ̣ </td> <td>ζ̣ </td> <td>σ̣ǃ </td> <td>τ̣σ </td> <td>δ̣ζ </td> <td>τ̣σǃ </td> <td><div style="font-size: 133%">ν̣</div> </td> <td><div style="font-size: 93%">ν̣</div> </td> <td>ᴧ̣ </td> <td>λ̣ </td> <td>ᴧ̣ǃ </td> <td>τ̣ᴧ </td> <td>δ̣ᴧ </td> <td>τ̣ᴧǃ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Anterior<br />c-sounds</a> </th> <td>(τ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(δ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(<small>Δ</small><sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(τ<sub>y</sub>ʽ) </td> <td>(τ̓ , τ<sub>y</sub>ǃ) </td> <td>c<sub>y</sub> </td> <td>j<sub>y</sub> </td> <td>c<sub>y</sub>ǃ </td> <td>tc<sub>y</sub> </td> <td>dj<sub>y</sub> </td> <td>tc<sub>y</sub>ǃ </td> <td>(<div style="font-size: 133%">ν</div><sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(<div style="font-size: 93%">ν</div><sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ᴧ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(λ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ᴧ<sub>y</sub>ǃ) </td> <td>(τᴧ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(δᴧ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(τᴧ<sub>y</sub>ǃ) </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Mid<br />c-sounds</a> </th> <td>(t<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(d<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ᴅ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(t<sub>y</sub>ʽ) </td> <td>(t̓ , t<sub>y</sub>ǃ) </td> <td>c </td> <td>j </td> <td>cǃ </td> <td>tc </td> <td>dj </td> <td>tcǃ </td> <td>(ɴ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(n<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ƚ<sub>y</sub> , ʟ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(l<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ƚ<sub>y</sub>ǃ) </td> <td>(tƚ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(dl<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(tƚ<sub>y</sub>ǃ) </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolo-palatal">Posterior<br />c-sounds</a> </th> <td>(ṭ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ḍ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ᴅ̣<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ṭ<sub>y</sub>ʽ) </td> <td>(ṭ̓ , ṭ<sub>y</sub>ǃ) </td> <td>c̣ </td> <td>j̣ </td> <td>c̣ǃ </td> <td>ṭc </td> <td>ḍj </td> <td>ṭcǃ </td> <td>(ɴ̣<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ṇ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ƚ̣<sub>y</sub> , ʟ̣<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ḷ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ƚ̣<sub>y</sub>ǃ) </td> <td>(ṭƚ<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ḍl<sub>y</sub>) </td> <td>(ṭƚ<sub>y</sub>ǃ) </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">Anterior<br />palatal</a> </th> <td>k̯ </td> <td>g̯ </td> <td>ɢ̯ </td> <td>k̯ʽ </td> <td>k̯̓ , k̯ǃ </td> <td>x̯ </td> <td>γ̯ </td> <td>x̯ǃ </td> <td>k̯x </td> <td>g̯γ </td> <td>k̯xǃ </td> <td>ᴎ̯ </td> <td>ŋ̯ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>k̯ƚ </td> <td>g̯l </td> <td>k̯ƚǃ </td> <td>Ρ̯ </td> <td>ρ̯ </td> <td>ρ̯ǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Mid-<br />palatal</a> </th> <td>k </td> <td>g </td> <td>ɢ </td> <td>kʽ </td> <td>k̓ , kǃ </td> <td>x </td> <td>γ </td> <td>xǃ </td> <td>kx </td> <td>gγ </td> <td>kxǃ </td> <td>ᴎ<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>kƚ </td> <td>gl </td> <td>kƚǃ </td> <td>Ρ </td> <td>ρ </td> <td>ρǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Uvular" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular">Back palatal,<br />velar</a> </th> <td>ḳ (q) </td> <td>g̣ </td> <td>ɢ̣ </td> <td>ḳʽ </td> <td>ḳ̓ , ḳǃ </td> <td>x̣ </td> <td>γ̣ </td> <td>x̣ǃ </td> <td>ḳx </td> <td>g̣γ </td> <td>ḳxǃ </td> <td>ᴎ̣ </td> <td>ŋ̣ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>ḳƚ </td> <td>g̣l </td> <td>ḳƚǃ </td> <td>Ρ̣ </td> <td>ρ̣ </td> <td>ρ̣ǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th> <td>ʼ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>ʼ<sup><span style="font-size: 120%;">ʽ</span></sup> </td> <td>  </td> <td>ʽ , h </td> <td>a <span style="font-size: 80%;line-height: 1.0em;">(any<br />vowel)</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>ʼ<sup><span style="font-size: 120%;">ʽ</span></sup> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>(a̓) </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: x-small;text-align: left;">Laryngeal </th> <td>ʼ̣ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>ʼ̣<sup><span style="font-size: 120%;">ʽ</span></sup> </td> <td>  </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td><span style="font-size: 70%; line-height: 0.9em;">(any vowel with laryngeal resonance)</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>ʼ̣ḥ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes:</b> </p> <ul><li><i>surd</i> = <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a>; <i>sonant</i> = <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>; <i>intermed.</i> = <a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">partially voiced</a></li> <li>In the <i>glottalized stop</i> column, the phonetic symbol appearing on the left side (which is a consonant plus an overhead single quotation mark) represents a weakly <a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">glottalized</a> stop (i.e. weakly <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a>). The symbol on the right side is strongly glottalized (i.e. it is articulated very forcefully). Example: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k̓<span class="wrap"> </span>]</span> = weakly glottalized, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kǃ]</span> = strongly glottalized. (Cf. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʼ</span> = [k] followed by glottal stop.) This convention is only shown for the glottalized stops, but may be used for any of the glottalized consonants.</li> <li>"Laryngeal" refers to either <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epiglottal" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal">epiglottal</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anthropos_(1907)"><span id="Anthropos_.281907.29"></span><i>Anthropos</i> (1907)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anthropos (1907)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Anthropos"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anthropos_phonetic_alphabet" title="Anthropos phonetic alphabet">Anthropos phonetic alphabet</a></div> <p>The journal <i><a href="/wiki/Anthropos_(journal)" title="Anthropos (journal)">Anthropos</a></i> published the alphabet to be used in their articles in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the same basic system that Sapir and Boas introduced to the United States. Transcription is italic, without other delimiters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation_between_authors">Variation between authors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Variation between authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following are symbols that differ among well-known Americanist sources.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable Unicode"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Powel<br />1880</th> <th>Boas<br />1911</th> <th>AAA<br />1916</th> <th>Sapir<br />1934</th> <th>Sturtevant<br />1978</th> <th>WIELD<br />2020</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">plosives </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>kꞏ</td> <td>ky</td> <td>kʸ</td> <td>kʸ</td> <td>k̯, kʸ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>gꞏ</td> <td>gy</td> <td>gʸ</td> <td>gʸ</td> <td>ɡ̯, ɡʸ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>q</td> <td>q, ḳ</td> <td></td> <td>q</td> <td>q</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>g̣</td> <td>g̣</td> <td></td> <td>ġ</td> <td>ɡ̇</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><sup>↋</sup></td> <td>ʼ</td> <td>ʔ</td> <td>ʔ</td> <td>ʔ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="9">affricates </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>tθ</td> <td></td> <td>θ̂</td> <td>tθ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t͜θ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>dϑ</td> <td></td> <td>ð̂</td> <td>dð</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d͜ð</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ts</td> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͜s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>dz</td> <td>ʒ</td> <td>ʒ</td> <td>dz</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͜z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tc</td> <td></td> <td>tc</td> <td>č</td> <td>č</td> <td>č</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͜ʃ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dj</td> <td></td> <td>dj</td> <td>ǯ</td> <td>ǯ</td> <td>ǰ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>ʟ</td> <td>tł, tʟ</td> <td>ƛ</td> <td>ƛ</td> <td>ƛ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">t͡ɬ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>ʟ̣</td> <td>dl</td> <td>λ</td> <td>λ</td> <td>λ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">d͡ɮ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="10">fricatives </th></tr> <tr> <td>ç</td> <td>ç</td> <td>θ</td> <td></td> <td>θ</td> <td>θ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">θ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ȼ</td> <td>ȼ</td> <td>ϑ</td> <td></td> <td>δ</td> <td>ð</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td>š</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td></td> <td>ž</td> <td>ž</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>q</td> <td>x̣</td> <td>x</td> <td></td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>x</td> <td>γ</td> <td>γ</td> <td></td> <td>γ</td> <td>ɣ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>x</td> <td>x̣</td> <td></td> <td>x̣</td> <td>x̣</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>γ̣</td> <td>γ̣</td> <td></td> <td>γ̇</td> <td>ɣ̇</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>ħ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">nasals </th></tr> <tr> <td>ñ</td> <td>ñ</td> <td>ñ</td> <td>ŋ</td> <td>ŋ</td> <td>ŋ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>ṇ̃</td> <td>ṇ̃</td> <td></td> <td>ŋ̇</td> <td>ŋ̇</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>m̥</td> <td>ᴍ</td> <td></td> <td>M</td> <td>m̥</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>n̥</td> <td>ɴ</td> <td></td> <td>N</td> <td>n̥</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>ñ̥</td> <td>ɴ̃</td> <td></td> <td>Ṇ</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>laterals </th> <td></td> <td>ł</td> <td>ł, ʟ</td> <td></td> <td>ł</td> <td>ł</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives">ɬ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>trills </th> <td>ɹ</td> <td></td> <td>ṛ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ʀ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable Unicode"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Powel<br />1880</th> <th>Boas<br />1911</th> <th>AAA<br />1916</th> <th>Sapir<br />1934</th> <th>Sturtevant<br />1978</th> <th>WIELD<br />2020</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <th>aspiration </th> <td>Cʽ</td> <td>Cʽ</td> <td>Cʽ, Cʰ</td> <td></td> <td>Cʰ</td> <td>Cʰ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Cʰ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>glottalization </th> <td>Cʼ (bʼ)</td> <td>C!</td> <td>Cʼ</td> <td>Cʼ</td> <td>C̓</td> <td>Cʼ</td> <td>Cʼ, <a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">Cˀ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>palatalization </th> <td></td> <td>Cꞏ</td> <td>Cy, C<sub>y</sub></td> <td>Cʸ</td> <td>Cʸ</td> <td>Cʸ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalized_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatalized consonant">Cʲ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>labialization </th> <td></td> <td>Cᵘ</td> <td>Cw, C<sub>w</sub></td> <td>Cʷ</td> <td>Cʷ</td> <td>Cʷ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Cʷ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>length </th> <td></td> <td>V̄?</td> <td>V̄</td> <td>Vꞏ (V:)</td> <td>Vꞏ (V:)</td> <td>V꞉ (a꞉ a꞉꞉ or aꞏ a꞉)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Vː (Vːː)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>nasalization </th> <td>Vⁿ</td> <td>Vⁿ</td> <td>V̨</td> <td></td> <td>Ṽ</td> <td>V̨</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Ṽ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable Unicode"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Powel<br />1880</th> <th>Boas<br />1911</th> <th>AAA<br />1916</th> <th>Sapir<br />1934</th> <th>Sturtevant<br />1978</th> <th>WIELD<br />2020</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="14">vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td>ǐ</td> <td>i</td> <td>i, ī</td> <td></td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td></td> <td>ɩ, i</td> <td></td> <td>ɪ</td> <td>ɪ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ě</td> <td>e</td> <td>e, ē</td> <td></td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td></td> <td>ɛ, e</td> <td></td> <td>ɛ</td> <td>ɛ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ä</td> <td></td> <td>ä, ă</td> <td></td> <td>æ</td> <td>æ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u, ū</td> <td></td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ǔ</td> <td></td> <td>υ, u</td> <td></td> <td>ᴜ</td> <td>ʊ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o, ō</td> <td></td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ǒ</td> <td></td> <td>ɔ, o</td> <td></td> <td>ŏ</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɔ</td> <td>â</td> <td>ω</td> <td></td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>ɒ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ï</td> <td></td> <td>ɨ</td> <td>ɨ, ï</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>û</td> <td>ᴇ</td> <td>ə</td> <td></td> <td>ə</td> <td>ə</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ɑ, ȧ</td> <td></td> <td>ʌ</td> <td>ʌ?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encoding">Encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tags</a> register <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">fonnapa</code> as a subtag for text in this notation.<sup id="cite_ref-IETF_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETF-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">Phonetic transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonetic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="English phonetic alphabet">English Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuthonista" title="Teuthonista">Teuthonista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WIELD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WIELD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIELD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wieldoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WIELD-Americanist-Symbols.pdf">WIELD's Recommended Americanist Transcription System</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʔ</span>⟩ is often rendered by removing the dot from a question mark ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">?</span>⟩.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Phonetic Symbol Guide</i>, 2nd ed., p. 301–302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlochTrager1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bloch_(linguist)" title="Bernard Bloch (linguist)">Bloch, Bernard</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_L._Trager" title="George L. Trager">Trager, George L.</a> (1942). <i>Outline of Linguistic Analysis</i>. Linguistic Society of America. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outline+of+Linguistic+Analysis&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Trager%2C+George+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericanist+phonetic+notation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurath1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kurath" title="Hans Kurath">Kurath, Hans</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.ajd2959.0001.001;view=1up;seq=137"><i>Handbook of the Linguistic Geography of New England</i></a>. Brown University. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Linguistic+Geography+of+New+England&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Brown+University&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Kurath&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmiun.ajd2959.0001.001%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericanist+phonetic+notation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boas, Goddard, Sapir & Kroeber (1916) <i>Phonetic Transcription of Indian Languages: Report of Committee of American Anthropological Association</i>. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 66.6.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29837318#page/229/mode/1up">[1]</a> Chart is a fold-out behind the back cover that is not reproduced at this link.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithsonian_InstitutionInstitutionInstitution1916" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smithsonian Institution; Institution, Smithsonian; Institution, Smithsonian (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29837318#page/229/mode/1up"><i>Smithsonian miscellaneous collections</i></a>. Vol. v.66 (1916-1917). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smithsonian+miscellaneous+collections&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1916&rft.au=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.au=Institution%2C+Smithsonian&rft.au=Institution%2C+Smithsonian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F29837318%23page%2F229%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericanist+phonetic+notation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no small-capital delta in Unicode. A full capital would normally be substituted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not supported by Unicode. It can be kept distinct in a database as Greek <a href="/wiki/%CE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ν">Ν</a>, but that is not visually distinct in print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Small-capital engma is rendered various ways. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ᴎ</span>⟩ is the form it takes in the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a> and is the form supported by Unicode.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. W. Schmidt, P. G. Schmidt and P. J. Hermes, "Die Sprachlaute und ihre Darstellung in einem allgemeinen linguistischen Alphabet (Schluß) / Les sons du langage et leur représentation dans un alphabet linguistique général (Conclusion)", <i>Anthropos</i>, Bd. 2, H. 5. (1907), insert at page 1098</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mithun, <i>Languages of Native North America</i>, 1999, p. viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturtevant, <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>, vol. 17, 1978, p. 12<i>ff</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IETF-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IETF_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry">"Language Subtag Registry"</a>. IETF. 2024-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Subtag+Registry&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2024-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flanguage-subtag-registry%2Flanguage-subtag-registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericanist+phonetic+notation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wieldoc.org/?page_id=344">Recommendations of WIELD for Americanist notation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbercrombie1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abercrombie, David. (1991). "Daniel Jones's teaching". In Abercrombie, David (ed.). <i>Fifty years in phonetics: Selected papers</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 37–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel+Jones%27s+teaching&rft.btitle=Fifty+years+in+phonetics%3A+Selected+papers&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=37-47&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Abercrombie&rft.aufirst=David.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericanist+phonetic+notation" class="Z3988"></span>(Original work published 1985 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkin" class="citation book cs1">Fromkin, V. A. (ed.). <i>Phonetic linguistics: Essays in honor of Peter Ladefoged</i>. Orlando: Academic Press, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonetic+linguistics%3A+Essays+in+honor+of+Peter+Ladefoged&rft.place=Orlando&rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+Inc.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericanist+phonetic+notation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Albright, Robert W. (1958). <i>The International Phonetic Alphabet: Its background and development</i>. International journal of American linguistics (Vol. 24, No. 1, Part 3); Indiana University research center in anthropology, folklore, and linguistics, publ. 7. Baltimore. (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, 1953).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Anthropological_SocietyBoasGoddardSapir1916" class="citation report cs1">American Anthropological Society; Boas, Franz; Goddard, Pliny E.; Sapir, Edward; Kroeber, Alfred L. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94426#page/229/mode/1up">Phonetic transcription of Indian languages: Report of committee of American Anthropological Association</a> (Report). Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Vol. 66. 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C.: Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.21262173">10.5479/si.21262173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-944466-54-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-944466-54-1"><bdi>978-1-944466-54-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252700488">252700488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.+C.&rft.series=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252700488%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.21262173&rft.isbn=978-1-944466-54-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericanist+phonetic+notation" class="Z3988"></span> (part of a 20-volume series published between 1978–present).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_systems_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Writings_systems_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Writings systems of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Writings_systems_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Writings systems of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Writings_systems_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Writings systems of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Writing_systems_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> of the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">pre-Columbian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logography" class="mw-redirect" title="Logography">Logographies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semi-logographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican writing systems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems#Abaj_Takalik_and_Kaminaljuyú_scripts" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Abaj Takalik & Kaminaljuyú scripts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">post-Columbian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanist_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Americanist Phonetic Alphabet">NAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Sḵwx̱wú7mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">SENĆOŦEN alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot Syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Dakelh Syllabics (Dʌlk'ʷahke or ᑐᑊᘁᗕᑋᗸ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a> Syllabics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cree_syllabics" title="Eastern Cree syllabics">Eastern Cree syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_syllabics" title="Western Cree syllabics">Western Cree syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Somacheirographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&oldid=1259666185">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Americanist_phonetic_notation&oldid=1259666185</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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