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</nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongolia Esterna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 31 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buite-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Buite-Mongolië - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Buite-Mongolië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Знешняя Манголія - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Знешняя Манголія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Външна Монголия - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Външна Монголия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B2lia_Exterior" title="Mongòlia Exterior - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mongòlia Exterior" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vn%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%AD_Mongolsko" title="Vnější Mongolsko - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vnější Mongolsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Outer Mongolia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstera_Mongolio" title="Ekstera Mongolio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekstera Mongolio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_Exterior" title="Mongolia Exterior - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mongolia Exterior" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مغولستان بیرونی - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغولستان بیرونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolie-Ext%C3%A9rieure" title="Mongolie-Extérieure - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mongolie-Extérieure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מונגוליה החיצונה - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונגוליה החיצונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_Luar" title="Mongolia Luar - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mongolia Luar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="外蒙古 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="外蒙古" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="გარეთა მონღოლეთი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გარეთა მონღოლეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A8" title="외몽골 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외몽골" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1orin%C4%97_Mongolija" title="Išorinė Mongolija - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išorinė Mongolija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80r%C4%93j%C4%81_Mongolija" title="Ārējā Mongolija - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ārējā Mongolija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Надворешна Монголија - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Надворешна Монголија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Ар Монгол - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ар Монгол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buiten-Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Buiten-Mongolië - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Buiten-Mongolië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_Zewn%C4%99trzna" title="Mongolia Zewnętrzna - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mongolia Zewnętrzna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B3lia_Exterior" title="Mongólia Exterior - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mongólia Exterior" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Внешняя Монголия - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Внешняя Монголия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="வெளி மங்கோலியா - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெளி மங்கோலியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%B1%C5%9F_Mo%C4%9Folistan" title="Dış Moğolistan - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dış Moğolistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Зовнішня Монголія - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зовнішня Монголія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیرونی منگولیا - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیرونی منگولیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo%E1%BA%A1i_M%C3%B4ng" title="Ngoại Mông - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngoại Mông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="外蒙古 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="外蒙古" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="外蒙古 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="外蒙古" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="外蒙古 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="外蒙古" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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delle informazioni. Puoi <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongolia_Esterna&action=edit">migliorare questa voce</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">citando le fonti</a> più precisamente. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Asia" title="Progetto:Asia">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>La <b>Mongolia Esterna</b> (<a href="/wiki/Lingua_mongola" title="Lingua mongola">mongolo</a>: Ар Монгол (<i>Ar Mongol</i>); <a href="/wiki/Lingua_mancese" title="Lingua mancese">mancese</a>: <i>Tülergi Monggo</i>; <a href="/wiki/Lingua_cinese" title="Lingua cinese">cinese</a>: 外蒙古|外蒙古; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>Wài Měnggǔ</i>) era una divisione amministrativa della <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing">dinastia Qing</a>. L'area era grosso modo equivalente a quella del moderno Stato della <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. C'era e c'è un po' di confusione sul fatto se la Mongolia Esterna fosse costituita solo dalle quattro province (<i><a href="/wiki/Aimag" title="Aimag">aimag</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Khalkha" title="Khalkha">khalkha</a> (Setsen Khan Aimag, Tüsheet Khan Aimag, Sain Noyon Khan Aimag e Zasagt Khan Aimag), o dalle aree khalkha più quelle <a href="/wiki/Oirati" title="Oirati">oirate</a> di <a href="/wiki/Hovd" title="Hovd">Hovd</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannu_Uriankhai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tannu Uriankhai (la pagina non esiste)">Tannu Uriankhai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origine_del_nome">Origine del nome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolia_Esterna&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Origine del nome" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolia_Esterna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Origine del nome"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il nome "Mongolia Esterna" si contrappone a quello della <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_Interna" title="Mongolia Interna">Mongolia Interna</a> (内蒙古; <i>Nèi Měnggǔ</i>), oggi una regione autonoma della <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_Popolare_Cinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Repubblica Popolare Cinese">Repubblica Popolare Cinese</a>. Il termine comparve per la prima volta nella prima metà del <a href="/wiki/XVII_secolo" title="XVII secolo">XVII secolo</a>, in seguito alla conquista della Cina da parte dei <a href="/wiki/Manci%C3%B9" title="Manciù">Manciù</a>: viene infatti dal nome mancese per la regione, "Tülergi Monggo", che significa appunto "Mongolia Esterna". </p><p>Nella loro espansione, i Manciù conquistarono anche questi territori, fino ad allora indipendenti, assoggettando le <a href="/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli">tribù mongole</a> che li abitavano. Per gestire i nuovi possedimenti, i Manciù istituirono una speciale autorità amministrativa (il cosiddetto <i>yamen</i> mongolo). Al tempo stesso, operarono una distinzione tra gli abitanti mongoli della regione e quelli della Mongolia Interna, che furono assimilati ai sudditi dell'impero e non assoggettati alle autorità dei Mongoli settentrionali e occidentali. </p><p>Nel <a href="/wiki/1691" title="1691">1691</a>, anche i principi <a href="/wiki/Khalkha" title="Khalkha">khalkha</a> e la regione della Mongolia Esterna entrarono a far parte dell'<a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Qing" title="Dinastia Qing">impero Qing</a>. I nomi Mongolia Interna e Mongolia Esterna vennero però preservati. </p><p>Nell'uso mongolo moderno, si usa il termine "Ар Монгол" (Ar Mongol) che significa "Mongolia Settentrionale" o "Mongolia Posteriore". Si sostiene talvolta che l'uso continuato del termine nella lingua cinese rifletta una prospettiva <a href="/wiki/Sinocentrismo" title="Sinocentrismo">sinocentrica</a> che assume la parte settentrionale della Mongolia come "esterna", mentre la porzione meridionale, più vicina al centro della civiltà cinese, è considerata come "interna". </p><p>Oggi, "Mongolia Esterna" si usa ancora informalmente per riferirsi alla <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. Il termine è molto comune anche a <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Per evitare confusione tra la nazione sovrana della Mongolia e la Mongolia Interna della Cina, riconoscendo però la sovranità della Mongolia, i mezzi di comunicazione della Repubblica Popolare Cinese generalmente si riferiscono a quest'ultima come "Stato della Mongolia" (蒙古国) anziché solo "Mongolia" (蒙古). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolia_Esterna&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolia_Esterna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Batbayar, Bat-Erdene: <i>History of Mongolia</i>, University of Cambridge (1999), Cambridge</li> <li>Grollová, Ivana, Zikmundová, Veronika: <i>Mongolové - pravnuci Čingischána</i>, Triton (2000), Praha, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8072540793" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 80-7254-079-3</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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