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<button aria-controls="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Poetry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sources and organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Intellectual influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Musical settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Catullus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كتولوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتولوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayo_Valerio_Catulo" title="Gayo Valerio Catulo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gayo Valerio Catulo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullo" title="Catullo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Catullo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayu_Valeriu_Catulu" title="Gayu Valeriu Catulu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gayu Valeriu Catulu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Гай Валерый Катул – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гай Валерый Катул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Гай Валерыюс Катул – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гай Валерыюс Катул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Катул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Катул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catull" title="Catull – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Catull" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katul" title="Katul – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Katul" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gai_Valeri_Catul" title="Gai Valeri Catul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gai Valeri Catul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Catullus" title="Gaius Valerius Catullus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gaius Valerius Catullus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Catullus" title="Gaius Valerius Catullus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gaius Valerius Catullus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catull" title="Catull – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Catull" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γάιος Βαλέριος Κάτουλλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γάιος Βαλέριος Κάτουλλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catulo" title="Catulo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catulo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katulo" title="Katulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katulo" title="Katulo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katulo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کاتولوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاتولوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catulle" title="Catulle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catulle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catul" title="Catul – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Catul" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Catullus" title="Gaius Valerius Catullus – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gaius Valerius Catullus" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catulo" title="Catulo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catulo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%88%B4%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="카툴루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카툴루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Կատուլլուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատուլլուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katul" title="Katul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullo" title="Catullo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Catullo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaio_Valerio_Catullo" title="Gaio Valerio Catullo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gaio Valerio Catullo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="גאיוס ולריוס קאטולוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאיוס ולריוס קאטולוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Гай Валерий Катулл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гай Валерий Катулл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Катулл Гай Валерий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Катулл Гай Валерий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Catullus" title="Gaius Valerius Catullus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gaius Valerius Catullus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katulls" title="Katulls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Katulls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajus_Valerijus_Katulas" title="Gajus Valerijus Katulas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gajus Valerijus Katulas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catulo" title="Catulo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Catulo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caius_Valerius_Catullus" title="Caius Valerius Catullus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Caius Valerius Catullus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Гај Валериј Катул – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гај Валериј Катул" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كتولوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتولوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Catullus" title="Gaius Valerius Catullus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gaius Valerius Catullus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ガイウス・ウァレリウス・カトゥルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガイウス・ウァレリウス・カトゥルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="گایوس واليریوس کاتولوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گایوس واليریوس کاتولوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katullus" title="Katullus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katullus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catulo" title="Catulo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catulo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Catullus" title="Gaius Valerius Catullus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaius Valerius Catullus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Гай Валерий Катулл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гай Валерий Катулл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiu_Valeriu_Catullu" title="Caiu Valeriu Catullu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caiu Valeriu Catullu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Catullus" title="Gaius Valerius Catullus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gaius Valerius Catullus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj_Valerij_Katul" title="Gaj Valerij Katul – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gaj Valerij Katul" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Катул – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Катул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katul" title="Katul – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Katul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catulo" title="Catulo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Catulo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Catullus" title="Gaius Valerius Catullus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gaius Valerius Catullus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Катулл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катулл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullo" title="Catullo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Catullo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catule" title="Catule – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Catule" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Catullus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Latin poet of the late Roman Republic (c. 84 – c. 54 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the asteroid, see <a href="/wiki/11965_Catullus" class="mw-redirect" title="11965 Catullus">11965 Catullus</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with Romans named "Catulus"; see <a href="/wiki/Catulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Catulus">Catulus</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Catullus" title="Special:EditPage/Catullus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Catullus%22">"Catullus"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Catullus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Catullus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Catullus%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Catullus%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Catullus%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Catullus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Catull_Sirmione.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="20th-century bust of Catullus on the Piazza Carducci in Sirmione[1]"><img alt="20th-century bust of Catullus on the Piazza Carducci in Sirmione[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Catull_Sirmione.jpg/220px-Catull_Sirmione.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Catull_Sirmione.jpg/330px-Catull_Sirmione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Catull_Sirmione.jpg/440px-Catull_Sirmione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3273" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">20th-century bust of Catullus<br />on the Piazza Carducci in <a href="/wiki/Sirmione" title="Sirmione">Sirmione</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Gaius Valerius Catullus<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 84 BC</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (Roman Empire)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 54 BC</span> (age 29–30)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric poetry</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gaius Valerius Catullus</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈɡaːius<span class="wrap"> </span>waˈlɛrius<span class="wrap"> </span>kaˈtullus]</a></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 84 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 54 BC), known as <b>Catullus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kə-<span style="font-size:90%">TUL</span>-əs</i></a>), was a <a href="/wiki/Latin_poetry" title="Latin poetry">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">neoteric</a> poet of the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Catullus" title="Poetry of Catullus">His surviving works</a> remain widely read due to their popularity as teaching tools and because of their personal or sexual themes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catullus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gāius Valerius Catullus was born to a leading <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equestrian</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Verona,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Verona, Italy">Verona</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>. The social prominence of the Catullus family allowed the father of Gaius Valerius to entertain <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> when he was the <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a> (proconsul) of both <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a poem, Catullus describes his happy homecoming to the family villa at <a href="/wiki/Sirmio" title="Sirmio">Sirmio</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a>, near Verona; he also owned a villa near the resort of <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivoli, Italy">Tibur</a> (modern Tivoli).<sup id="cite_ref-bio_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catullus appears to have spent most of his young adult years in Rome. His friends there included the poets <a href="/wiki/Licinius_Macer_Calvus" class="mw-redirect" title="Licinius Macer Calvus">Licinius Calvus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helvius_Cinna" title="Helvius Cinna">Helvius Cinna</a>, Quintus Hortensius (son of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Hortensius" title="Quintus Hortensius">the orator</a> and rival of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>), and the biographer <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a>, to whom Catullus dedicated a <i><a href="/wiki/Libellus" title="Libellus">libellus</a></i> of poems,<sup id="cite_ref-bio_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the relation of which to the extant collection remains a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appears to have been acquainted with the poet <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Bibaculus" title="Marcus Furius Bibaculus">Marcus Furius Bibaculus</a>. A number of prominent contemporaries appear in his poetry, including Cicero, Caesar and <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>. According to an anecdote preserved by <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, Caesar did not deny that Catullus's lampoons left an indelible stain on his reputation, but when Catullus apologized, he invited the poet for dinner the very same day.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catullus-at-Lesbia%27s-large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Catullus-at-Lesbia%27s-large.jpg/220px-Catullus-at-Lesbia%27s-large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Catullus-at-Lesbia%27s-large.jpg/330px-Catullus-at-Lesbia%27s-large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Catullus-at-Lesbia%27s-large.jpg/440px-Catullus-at-Lesbia%27s-large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption><i>Catullus at Lesbia's</i> by Sir <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Lesbia" title="Lesbia">Lesbia</a>" of his poems is usually identified with <a href="/wiki/Clodia_Metelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Clodia Metelli">Clodia Metelli</a>, a sophisticated woman from the aristocratic house of patrician family Claudii Pulchri, sister of the infamous <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a>, and wife to <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Celer" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer">Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer</a> (consul of 60 BC). In his poems Catullus describes several stages of their relationship: initial euphoria, doubts, separation, and his wrenching feelings of loss. Clodia had several other partners; "From the poems one can adduce no fewer than five lovers in addition to Catullus: Egnatius (poem 37), Gellius (poem 91), Quintius (poem 82), Rufus (poem 77), and Lesbius (poem 79)." There is also some question surrounding her husband's mysterious death in 59 BC: in his speech <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Caelio" title="Pro Caelio">Pro Caelio</a></i> Cicero hints that he may have been poisoned. However, a sensitive and passionate Catullus could not relinquish his flame for Clodia, regardless of her obvious indifference to his desire for a deep and permanent relationship. In his poems, Catullus wavers between devout, sweltering love and bitter, scornful insults that he directs at her blatant infidelity (as demonstrated in poems 11 and 58). His passion for her is unrelenting—yet it is unclear when exactly the couple split up for good. Catullus's poems about the relationship display striking depth and psychological insight.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_(125_AD).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg/250px-Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg/330px-Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg/500px-Roman_Empire_-_Bythinia_et_Pontus_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> within the Roman Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>He spent the year from summer 57 to summer 56 BC in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> on the staff of the commander <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Memmius_(praetor_58_BC)" title="Gaius Memmius (praetor 58 BC)">Gaius Memmius</a>. While in the East, he traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a> to perform rites at his brother's tomb, an event recorded in a moving poem (101).<sup id="cite_ref-bio_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No ancient biography of Catullus has survived. His life has to be pieced together from scattered references to him in other ancient authors and from his poems. Thus it is uncertain when he was born and when he died. <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> stated that he was born in 87 BC and died in Rome in his 30th year.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Catullus's poems include references to events of 55 BC. Since the Roman <a href="/wiki/Fasti_consulares" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasti consulares">consular fasti</a> make it somewhat easy to confuse 87–57 BC with 84–54 BC, many scholars accept the dates 84 BC–54 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-bio_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supposing that his latest poems and the publication of his <i>libellus</i> coincided with the year of his death. Other authors suggest 52 or 51 BC as the year of the poet's death.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though upon his elder brother's death Catullus lamented that their "whole house was buried along" with the deceased, the existence (and prominence) of <i>Valerii Catulli</i> is attested in the following centuries. <a href="/wiki/T._P._Wiseman" title="T. P. Wiseman">T. P. Wiseman</a> argues that after the brother's death Catullus could have married, and that, in this case, the later <i>Valerii Catulli</i> may have been his descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catullus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Catullus" title="Poetry of Catullus">Poetry of Catullus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_poems_by_Catullus" title="List of poems by Catullus">List of poems by Catullus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catullus_et_in_eum_commentarius.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Catullus_et_in_eum_commentarius.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Catullus_et_in_eum_commentarius.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Catullus_et_in_eum_commentarius.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Catullus_et_in_eum_commentarius.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Catullus_et_in_eum_commentarius.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Catullus_et_in_eum_commentarius.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2054" data-file-height="3140" /></a><figcaption><i>Catullus et in eum commentarius</i> (1554)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Catullus" title="Special:EditPage/Catullus">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_and_organization">Sources and organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catullus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources and organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catullus's poems have been preserved in an <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> of 116 <i>carmina</i> (the actual number of poems may slightly vary in various editions), which can be divided into three parts according to their form: approximately sixty short poems in varying meters, called <i>polymetra</i>, nine longer poems, and forty-eight <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigrams</a> in elegiac couplets. Each of these three parts – approximately 860 (or more), 1136, and 330 lines respectively – would fit onto a single scroll.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no scholarly consensus on whether Catullus himself arranged the order of the poems. The longer poems differ from the <i>polymetra</i> and the epigrams not only in length but also in their subjects: several of them are based on the theme of marriage. The longest (64) of 408 lines, contains two myths (the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a> and the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>), one story included inside the other. </p><p>The <i>polymetra</i> and the epigrams can be divided into four major <a href="/wiki/Theme_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (literature)">thematic</a> groups (ignoring a rather large number of poems that elude such categorization): </p> <ul><li>poems to and about his friends (e.g., an invitation like poem 13).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic">erotic</a> poems: some of them about his attraction for a boy named Juventius, but others about women, especially about one he calls "<a href="/wiki/Lesbia" title="Lesbia">Lesbia</a>" (which served as a false name for his married girlfriend, <a href="/wiki/Clodia_(wife_of_Metellus)" title="Clodia (wife of Metellus)">Clodia</a>, source and inspiration of many of his poems).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invective" title="Invective">invectives</a>: often rude and sometimes downright <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscene</a> poems targeted at friends-turned-traitors (e.g., poem <a href="/wiki/Catullus_16" title="Catullus 16">16</a>), other lovers of Lesbia, well-known poets, and politicians (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condolence" class="mw-redirect" title="Condolence">condolences</a>: some poems of Catullus are solemn in nature. <a href="/wiki/Catullus_96" class="mw-redirect" title="Catullus 96">96</a> comforts a friend in the death of a loved one; several others, most famously <a href="/wiki/Catullus_101" title="Catullus 101">101</a>, lament the death of his brother.</li></ul> <p>Above all other qualities, Catullus seems to have valued <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">venustas</i></span>, or charm, in his acquaintances, a theme which he explores in a number of his poems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_influences">Intellectual influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catullus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intellectual influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Reinhard_Weguelin_Lesbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/John_Reinhard_Weguelin_Lesbia.jpg/250px-John_Reinhard_Weguelin_Lesbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/John_Reinhard_Weguelin_Lesbia.jpg/330px-John_Reinhard_Weguelin_Lesbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/John_Reinhard_Weguelin_Lesbia.jpg/500px-John_Reinhard_Weguelin_Lesbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption><i>Lesbia</i>, 1878 painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Reinhard_Weguelin" title="John Reinhard Weguelin">John Reinhard Weguelin</a> inspired by the poems of Catullus</figcaption></figure> <p>Catullus's poetry was influenced by the innovative poetry of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Age">Hellenistic Age</a>, and especially by <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_school" title="Alexandrian school">Alexandrian school</a>, which had propagated a new style of poetry that deliberately turned away from the classical <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a> in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. Cicero called these local innovators <i><a href="/wiki/Neoteroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoteroi">neoteroi</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νεώτεροι</span></span>) or "moderns" (in Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Neoteric#Latin_Neoterics" title="Neoteric">poetae novi</a></i> or '<a href="/wiki/Neoteric#Latin_Neoterics" title="Neoteric">new poets</a>'), in that they cast off the heroic model handed down from <a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a> in order to strike new ground and ring a contemporary note. Catullus and Callimachus did not describe the feats of ancient <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroes</a> and gods (except perhaps in re-evaluating and predominantly artistic circumstances, e.g. poem 64), focusing instead on small-scale personal themes. Although these poems sometimes seem quite superficial and their subjects often are mere everyday concerns, they are accomplished works of art. Catullus described his work as <i>expolitum</i>, or polished, to show that the language he used was very carefully and artistically composed. </p><p>Catullus was also an admirer of <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>, a female poet of the seventh century BC. <a href="/wiki/Catullus_51" title="Catullus 51">Catullus 51</a> partly translates, partly imitates, and transforms <a href="/wiki/Sappho_31" title="Sappho 31">Sappho 31</a>. Some hypothesize that 61 and 62 were perhaps inspired by <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost works</a> of Sappho but this is purely speculative. Both of the latter are <i><a href="/wiki/Epithalamium" title="Epithalamium">epithalamia</a></i>, a form of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/laudatory" class="extiw" title="wikt:laudatory">laudatory</a> or erotic wedding-poetry that Sappho was famous for. Catullus twice used a meter that Sappho was known for, called the <a href="/wiki/Sapphic_stanza" title="Sapphic stanza">Sapphic stanza</a>, in poems <a href="/wiki/Catullus_11" title="Catullus 11">11</a> and 51, perhaps prompting his successor Horace's interest in the form. </p><p>Catullus, as was common to his era, was greatly influenced by stories from Greek and Roman myth. His longer poems—such as <a href="/wiki/Catullus_63" title="Catullus 63">63</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catullus_64" title="Catullus 64">64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catullus_65" class="mw-redirect" title="Catullus 65">65</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catullus_66" class="mw-redirect" title="Catullus 66">66</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catullus_68" title="Catullus 68">68</a>—allude to mythology in various ways. Some stories he refers to are the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>, the departure of the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> and the Minotaur, <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a>'s abandonment, <a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Protesilaus" title="Protesilaus">Protesilaus and Laodamia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catullus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catullus wrote in many different meters including hendecasyllabic verse and elegiac couplets (common in love poetry). A great part of his poetry shows strong and occasionally wild emotions, especially in regard to <a href="/wiki/Lesbia" title="Lesbia">Lesbia</a> (e.g., poems <a href="/wiki/Catullus_5" title="Catullus 5">5</a> and 7). His love poems are very emotional and ardent, and are relatable to this day. Catullus describes his Lesbia as having multiple suitors and often showing little affection towards him. He also demonstrates a great sense of humour such as in <a href="/wiki/Catullus_13" title="Catullus 13">Catullus 13</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_settings">Musical settings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catullus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Musical settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Catullus" title="Special:EditPage/Catullus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Hungarian-born British composer <a href="/wiki/Matyas_Seiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Matyas Seiber">Matyas Seiber</a> set poem 31 for unaccompanied mixed chorus Sirmio in 1957.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The American composer <a href="/wiki/Ned_Rorem" title="Ned Rorem">Ned Rorem</a> set Catullus 101 to music for voice and piano; the song, "Catullus: On the Burial of His Brother", was originally published in 1969.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Catullus Dreams</i> (2011) is a song cycle by David Glaser set to texts of Catullus, scored for soprano and eight instruments; it premiered at Symphony Space in New York by soprano Linda Larson and Sequitur Ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Carmina Catulli</i></span> is a song cycle arranged from 17 of Catullus's poems by American composer Michael Linton. The cycle was recorded in December 2013 and premiered at Carnegie Hall's Weill Recital Hall in March 2014 by French baritone Edwin Crossley-Mercer and pianist Jason Paul Peterson.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" title="Thomas Campion">Thomas Campion</a> also wrote a lute-song entitled "My Sweetest Lesbia" dating from 1601<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using his own translation of the first six lines of Catullus 5 followed by two verses of his own;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the translation by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crashaw" title="Richard Crashaw">Richard Crashaw</a> was set to music<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a four-part <a href="/wiki/Glee_(music)" title="Glee (music)">glee</a> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Webbe_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Webbe Jr.">Samuel Webbe Jr.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was also set to music,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a three-part <a href="/wiki/Glee_(music)" title="Glee (music)">glee</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Stafford_Smith" title="John Stafford Smith">John Stafford Smith</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catullus_5" title="Catullus 5">Catullus 5</a>, the love poem <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Vivamus mea Lesbia atque amemus</i></span>, in the translation by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>, was set to music in 1606, (<a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> accompanied song) by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_younger" title="Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger">Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch composer <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Tideman-Wijers" title="Bertha Tideman-Wijers">Bertha Tideman-Wijers</a> used Catullus's text for her composition <i>Variations on Valerius "Where that one already turns or turns."</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Icelandic composer <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3hann_J%C3%B3hannsson" title="Jóhann Jóhannsson">Jóhann Jóhannsson</a> set <a href="/wiki/Catullus_85" title="Catullus 85">Catullus 85</a> to music; entitled <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Odi Et Amo</i></span>, the song is found on Jóhannsson's album <i><a href="/wiki/Englab%C3%B6rn" title="Englabörn">Englabörn</a></i>, and is sung through a <a href="/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder">vocoder</a>, and the music is played by a <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Catulli_Carmina" title="Catulli Carmina">Catulli Carmina</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Orff" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a> dating from 1943 that sets texts from Catullus to music.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnish jazz singer Reine Rimón has recorded poems of Catullus set to standard jazz tunes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catullus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The 1888 play <i><a href="/wiki/Lesbia_(play)" title="Lesbia (play)">Lesbia</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Davey_(writer)" title="Richard Davey (writer)">Richard Davey</a> depicts the relationship between Catullus and Lesbia, based on incidents from Catullus's poems.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Catullus was the main protagonist of the historical novel <i>Farewell, Catullus</i> (1953) by <a href="/wiki/Pierson_Dixon" title="Pierson Dixon">Pierson Dixon</a>. The novel shows the corruption of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Lolita" title="Lolita">Lolita</a></i> makes multiple explicit and implicit allusions to Catullus's work.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._G._Hardy" title="W. G. Hardy">W. G. Hardy</a>'s novel <i>The City of Libertines</i> (1957) tells the fictionalized story of Catullus and a love affair during the time of Julius Caesar. The <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Post" title="Financial Post">Financial Post</a></i> described the book as "an authentic story of an absorbing era".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A poem by Catullus is being recited to <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> in the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(1963_film)" title="Cleopatra (1963 film)">1963 film</a> when <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> comes to visit her; they talk about him (Cleopatra: 'Catullus doesn't approve of you. Why haven't you had him killed?' Caesar: 'Because I approve of him.') and Caesar then recites other poems by him.</li> <li>The American poet <a href="/wiki/Louis_Zukofsky" title="Louis Zukofsky">Louis Zukofsky</a> in 1969 wrote a set of <a href="/wiki/Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">homophonic translations</a> of Catullus that attempted in English to replicate the sound as primary emphasis, rather than the more common emphasis on sense of the originals (although the relationship between sound and sense there is often misrepresented and has been clarified by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.z-site.net/notes-to-poetry/catullus-1969-with-celia-zukofsky/">careful study</a>); his Catullus versions have had extensive influence on contemporary innovative poetry and homophonic translation, including the work of poets <a href="/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)" title="Robert Duncan (poet)">Robert Duncan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kelly_(poet)" title="Robert Kelly (poet)">Robert Kelly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bernstein_(poet)" title="Charles Bernstein (poet)">Charles Bernstein</a>.</li> <li>Robert de Maria wrote a fictional account of Catullus’s life in his 1965 novel “Clodia”.</li> <li>Catullus is the protagonist of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Holland_(author)" title="Tom Holland (author)">Tom Holland</a>'s 1995 novel <i>Attis</i>.</li> <li>Catullus appears in <a href="/wiki/Steven_Saylor" title="Steven Saylor">Steven Saylor</a>'s 1995 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Venus_Throw" title="The Venus Throw">The Venus Throw</a></i> as the embittered ex-lover of Clodia, sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher, whom he calls Lesbia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catullus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Catullus" title="Poetry of Catullus">Poetry of Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poems_by_Catullus" title="List of poems by Catullus">List of poems by Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_Ottobonianus_Latinus_1829" title="Codex Vaticanus Ottobonianus Latinus 1829">Codex Vaticanus Ottobonianus Latinus 1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">Prosody (Latin)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catullus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The bust was commissioned in 1935 by Sirmione's mayor, Luigi Trojani, and produced by the Milanese foundry Clodoveo Barzaghi with the assistance of the sculptor Villarubbia Norri (N. Criniti & M. Arduino (eds.), <i>Catullo e Sirmione. Società e cultura della Cisalpina alle soglie dell'impero</i> (Brescia: Grafo, 1994), p. 4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSkinner2010" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Marilyn B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2buHe449NoAC&pg=PT481"><i>A Companion to Catullus</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444339253" title="Special:BookSources/9781444339253"><bdi>9781444339253</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Catullus&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781444339253&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2buHe449NoAC%26pg%3DPT481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Gaius Valerius Catullus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/gaius-valerius-catullus/"><i>Encyclopedia of World Biography</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaius+Valerius+Catullus&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fbiography%2Fgaius-valerius-catullus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Skinner, "Authorial Arrangement of the Collection", pp. 46–48, in: <i>A Companion to Catullus</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius <i>Divus Iulius</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:phi,1348,011:73">73</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowe1970" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Quincy Jr. (1970). <i>Introduction to Catullus, The Complete Poems for American Readers</i>. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. pp. vii to xvii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Catullus%2C+The+Complete+Poems+for+American+Readers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=vii+to+xvii&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Quincy+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatullus2005" class="citation book cs1">Catullus (2005). <i>The Poems of Catullus: A Bilingual Edition</i>. Translated by Green, Peter. University of California Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520242647" title="Special:BookSources/9780520242647"><bdi>9780520242647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poems+of+Catullus%3A+A+Bilingual+Edition&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780520242647&rft.au=Catullus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Skinner, "Introduction", p.3, in: <i>A Companion to Catullus</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. P. Wiseman, "The Valerii Catulli of Verona", in: M. Skinner, ed., <i>A Companion to Catullus</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dettmer (1997), p. 2. A single scroll usually contained between 800 and 1100 verses.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yu.edu/facultynews/2011/03/21/glasers-opera-to-receive-world-premiere-at-symphony-space">"Glaser's Song Cycle To Receive World Premiere At Symphony Space"</a>. <i>Yeshiva University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cpdl.org&rft.atitle=Come+and+let+us+live+%3A+Samuel+Webbe+Jr.+%28c.+1770%E2%80%931843%29+%3A+Music+score&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpdl.org%2Fwiki%2Fimages%2F3%2F37%2FWeb-com.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpdl.org/wiki/images/5/52/Smi-let.pdf">"Let us, my Lesbia, live and love : John Stafford Smith (1750-1836) : Music score"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cpdl.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://www.cpdl.org/wiki/images/5/52/Smi-let.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cpdl.org&rft.atitle=Let+us%2C+my+Lesbia%2C+live+and+love+%3A+John+Stafford+Smith+%281750-1836%29+%3A+Music+score&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpdl.org%2Fwiki%2Fimages%2F5%2F52%2FSmi-let.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005184436/http://gerbode.net/ft2/composers//Ferrabosco/songs/06_come_my_celia/pdf/06_come_my_celia.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gerbode.net/ft2/composers//Ferrabosco/songs/06_come_my_celia/pdf/06_come_my_celia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Source&rft.atitle=Orff%27s+Trionfi+-+Jochum+%28DG%29&rft.date=2003-07-03&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicalsource.com%2Fcd%2Forffs-trionfi-jochum-dg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1XwTTdl8FjYC&pg=RA8-PA256">"Our Play-Box: <i>Lesbia</i>"</a>. <i>The Theatre</i>. 1 November 1888. pp. <span class="nowrap">256–</span>257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Theatre&rft.atitle=Our+Play-Box%3A+Lesbia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.date=1888-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1XwTTdl8FjYC%26pg%3DRA8-PA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26383477/the_new_york_times/">"Amusements: <i>Lesbia</i>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 9 October 1890. p. 4 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Amusements%3A+Lesbia&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1890-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F26383477%2Fthe_new_york_times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDixon1954" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Pierson (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblio.com/book/farewell-catullus-dixon-pierson/d/700773444"><i>Farewell, Catullus</i></a> – via Biblio.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farewell%2C+Catullus&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Pierson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblio.com%2Fbook%2Ffarewell-catullus-dixon-pierson%2Fd%2F700773444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReine_Rimón_and_her_Hot_Papas_jazz_bandGregg_StaffordTuomo_PekkanenGaius_Valerius_Catullus" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reine Rimón and her Hot Papas jazz band; Gregg Stafford; Tuomo Pekkanen; Gaius Valerius Catullus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reinerimonjazz.com/recordings.shtml"><i>Variationes iazzicae Catullianae</i></a> (in Latin)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variationes+iazzicae+Catullianae&rft.au=Reine+Rim%C3%B3n+and+her+Hot+Papas+jazz+band&rft.au=Gregg+Stafford&rft.au=Tuomo+Pekkanen&rft.au=Gaius+Valerius+Catullus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reinerimonjazz.com%2Frecordings.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyer1988" class="citation journal cs1">Dyer, Gary R. (13 August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/441433">"Humbert Humbert's Use of Catullus 58 in Lolita"</a>. <i>Twentieth Century Literature</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F441433">10.2307/441433</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/441433">441433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+Literature&rft.atitle=Humbert+Humbert%27s+Use+of+Catullus+58+in+Lolita&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1988-08-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F441433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F441433%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Gary+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F441433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-dec-07-1957-1461222/">"The City of Libertines by W. G. Hardy"</a>. <i>Winnipeg Free Press</i>. Winnipeg, Manitoba. 7 December 1957. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winnipeg+Free+Press&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Libertines+by+W.+G.+Hardy&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1957-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fsports-clipping-dec-07-1957-1461222%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catullus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bibliographies_of_works_on_Catullus" title="List of bibliographies of works on Catullus">List of bibliographies of works on Catullus</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Catullus</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Catullus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Catullus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Catullus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Catullus</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Catullus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Catullus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Catullus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalmeMorwood1997" class="citation book cs1">Balme, M.; Morwood, J (1997). <i>Oxford Latin Reader</i>. 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"The Unstated Climax of Catullus 64". <i>Greece & Rome</i>. n.s. <b>30</b>: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0017383500026437">10.1017/s0017383500026437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161731074">161731074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=The+Unstated+Climax+of+Catullus+64&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0017383500026437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161731074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Townend&rft.aufirst=G.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTesoriero2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tesoriero, Charles (2006). "Hidden Kisses in Catullus: Poems 5, 6, 7 and 8". <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>40</b>: <span class="nowrap">10–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066477400001623">10.1017/S0066477400001623</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145676407">145676407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Hidden+Kisses+in+Catullus%3A+Poems+5%2C+6%2C+7+and+8&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066477400001623&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145676407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tesoriero&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuplin1981" class="citation journal cs1">Tuplin, C.J. (1981). "Catullus 68". <i>Classical Quarterly</i>. n.s. <b>31</b>: <span class="nowrap">113–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs000983880002111x">10.1017/s000983880002111x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:187104503">187104503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Catullus+68&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs000983880002111x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A187104503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tuplin&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUden2006" class="citation journal cs1">Uden, James (2006). "Embracing the Young Man in Love: Catullus 75 and the Comic Adulescens". <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>40</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066477400001635">10.1017/S0066477400001635</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142740848">142740848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Embracing+the+Young+Man+in+Love%3A+Catullus+75+and+the+Comic+Adulescens&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066477400001635&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142740848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Uden&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Lindsay C. (2003). "Bassa's Borborysms: on Martial and Catullus". <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>37</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066477400001386">10.1017/S0066477400001386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140932135">140932135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Bassa%27s+Borborysms%3A+on+Martial+and+Catullus&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066477400001386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140932135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Lindsay+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Lindsay C. (2006). "Catullus and the Poetics of Incest". <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>40</b>: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066477400001647">10.1017/S0066477400001647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141549179">141549179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Catullus+and+the+Poetics+of+Incest&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066477400001647&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141549179%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Lindsay+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1934" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, A. L. (1934). <i>Catullus and the Traditions of Ancient Poetry</i>. Sather Classical Lectures. Vol. 9. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catullus+and+the+Traditions+of+Ancient+Poetry&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=Sather+Classical+Lectures&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilamowitz-Möllendorf1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wilamowitz-Möllendorf, Ulrich von (1913). <i>Sappho und Simonides</i> (in German). Berlin: Weidmann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sappho+und+Simonides&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Weidmann&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Wilamowitz-M%C3%B6llendorf&rft.aufirst=Ulrich+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1969" class="citation book cs1">Wiseman, T. P. (1969). <i>Catullan Questions</i>. Leicester: Leicester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catullan+Questions&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiseman2002" class="citation book cs1">Wiseman, T. P. (2002). <i>Catullus and His World: A Reappraisal</i> (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31968-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31968-4"><bdi>0-521-31968-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catullus+and+His+World%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-31968-4&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1974" class="citation book cs1">Wiseman, T. P. (1974). <i>Cinna the poet and other Roman essays</i>. Leicester: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7185-1120-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7185-1120-4"><bdi>0-7185-1120-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinna+the+poet+and+other+Roman+essays&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7185-1120-4&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatullus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catullus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Poetry_of_Gaius_Valerius_Catullus" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus">The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Catullus" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Catullus">Catullus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catullus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Catullus">Catullus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Catullus&redirect=true">Works by Catullus at Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8308">Works by Catullus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Catullus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Catullus%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Catullus%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Catullus%22%29%20OR%20%28%2284-54%22%20AND%20Catullus%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Catullus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1907">Works by Catullus</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.negenborn.net/catullus/">Catullus translations</a>: Catullus's work in Latin and multiple (ten or more) modern languages, including scanned versions of every poem</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vroma.org/~hwalker/VRomaCatullus/">Catullus</a> in Latin and English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Catullus.htm">Catullus translated exclusively in English</a> Translated by A. S. Kline</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catullusonline.org/">Catullus Online</a>: searchable Latin text, repertory of conjectures, and images of the most important manuscripts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT61.HTM">Catullus</a>: Latin text, concordances and frequency list</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/2/">Catullus purified: a brief history of Carmen 16</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Winter" title="Thomas Nelson Winter">Thomas Nelson Winter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227140432/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/catullus1.htm">SORGLL: Catullus 5, read by Robert Sonkowsky</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catullus" title="Template:Catullus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catullus" title="Template talk:Catullus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catullus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catullus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_poems_(Carmina)_of_Catullus213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Catullus" title="Poetry of Catullus">poems (Carmina)</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catullus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesbia" title="Lesbia">Lesbia poems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_2" title="Catullus 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_2" title="Catullus 2">2b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_3" title="Catullus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_5" title="Catullus 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_7" title="Catullus 7">7</a></li> <li>8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_11" title="Catullus 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_36" title="Catullus 36">36</a></li> <li>37</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_51" title="Catullus 51">51</a></li> <li>58</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_68" title="Catullus 68">68</a></li> <li>70</li> <li>72</li> <li>75</li> <li>76</li> <li>79</li> <li>83</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_85" title="Catullus 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_86" title="Catullus 86">86</a></li> <li>87</li> <li>91</li> <li>92</li> <li>104</li> <li>107</li> <li>109</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libel_(poetry)" title="Libel (poetry)">Invective poems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_12" title="Catullus 12">12</a></li> <li><small><big>14</big></small></li> <li>15</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_16" title="Catullus 16">16</a></li> <li>17</li> <li>21</li> <li>22</li> <li>23</li> <li>24</li> <li>25</li> <li>28</li> <li>29</li> <li>30</li> <li>33</li> <li>39</li> <li>40</li> <li>41</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_42" title="Catullus 42">42</a></li> <li>43</li> <li>44</li> <li>47</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_49" title="Catullus 49">49</a></li> <li>52</li> <li>53</li> <li>54</li> <li>57</li> <li>59</li> <li>60</li> <li>69</li> <li>71</li> <li>73</li> <li>74</li> <li>77</li> <li>78</li> <li>80</li> <li>84</li> <li>88</li> <li>89</li> <li>90</li> <li>93</li> <li>95</li> <li>97</li> <li>98</li> <li>103</li> <li>108</li> <li>110</li> <li>111</li> <li>112</li> <li>113</li> <li>116</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">Unusual poetic meters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_4" title="Catullus 4">4</a></li> <li>8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_11" title="Catullus 11">11</a></li> <li>17</li> <li>22</li> <li>25</li> <li>29</li> <li>30</li> <li>31</li> <li>34</li> <li>37</li> <li>39</li> <li>44</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_51" title="Catullus 51">51</a></li> <li>52</li> <li>59</li> <li>60</li> <li>61</li> <li>62</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_63" title="Catullus 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_64" title="Catullus 64">64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hendecasyllabic_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendecasyllabic verse">Hendecasyllabic verse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_1" title="Catullus 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_2" title="Catullus 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_2" title="Catullus 2">2b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_3" title="Catullus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_5" title="Catullus 5">5</a></li> <li>6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_7" title="Catullus 7">7</a></li> <li>9</li> <li>10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_12" title="Catullus 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_13" title="Catullus 13">13</a></li> <li>14</li> <li>14b</li> <li>15</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_16" title="Catullus 16">16</a></li> <li>21</li> <li>23</li> <li>24</li> <li>26</li> <li>27</li> <li>28</li> <li>32</li> <li>33</li> <li>35</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_36" title="Catullus 36">36</a></li> <li>38</li> <li>40</li> <li>41</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_42" title="Catullus 42">42</a></li> <li>43</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_45" title="Catullus 45">45</a></li> <li>46</li> <li>47</li> <li>48</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_49" title="Catullus 49">49</a></li> <li>50</li> <li>53</li> <li>54</li> <li>55</li> <li>56</li> <li>57</li> <li>58</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_58b" title="Catullus 58b">58b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elegiac_couplet" title="Elegiac couplet">Elegiac couplets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>65</li> <li>66</li> <li>67</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_68" title="Catullus 68">68</a></li> <li>69</li> <li>70</li> <li>71</li> <li>72</li> <li>73</li> <li>74</li> <li>75</li> <li>76</li> <li>77</li> <li>78</li> <li>79</li> <li>80</li> <li>81</li> <li>82</li> <li>83</li> <li>84</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_85" title="Catullus 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_86" title="Catullus 86">86</a></li> <li>87</li> <li>88</li> <li>89</li> <li>90</li> <li>91</li> <li>92</li> <li>93</li> <li>94</li> <li>95</li> <li>96</li> <li>97</li> <li>98</li> <li>99</li> <li>100</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_101" title="Catullus 101">101</a></li> <li>102</li> <li>103</li> <li>104</li> <li>105</li> <li>106</li> <li>107</li> <li>108</li> <li>109</li> <li>110</li> <li>111</li> <li>112</li> <li>113</li> <li>114</li> <li>115</li> <li>116</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related links</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poems_by_Catullus" title="List of poems by Catullus">List of poems by Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_Ottobonianus_Latinus_1829" title="Codex Vaticanus Ottobonianus Latinus 1829">Codex Vaticanus Ottobonianus Latinus 1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bibliographies_of_works_on_Catullus" title="List of bibliographies of works on Catullus">List of bibliographies of works on Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_translations_of_Catullus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English translations of Catullus">List of English translations of Catullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163079#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163079#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163079#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/30219/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118519719">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006943">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118955751">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118955751">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Catullus, Gaius Valerius"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000778">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35026673">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20011019206&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000083299&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000036422&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1047188">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/72471">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069180555">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90082222">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000050766&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000168539&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000048524">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=71024">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202249615">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqqjjv3xfc93g">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810594969005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/44471">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259536205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000066701">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511819006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14686170">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0078130X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2029d279-783f-48ed-a05f-d2c6625f0839">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118519719">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/800255">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118519719.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118519719">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02677254X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ng54rz">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/387732">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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