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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Suku+Jawa" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Suku+Jawa" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Suku+Jawa" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Suku+Jawa" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kerajaan_Jawa_Kuno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerajaan_Jawa_Kuno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kerajaan Jawa Kuno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerajaan_Jawa_Kuno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesultanan_Jawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesultanan_Jawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kesultanan Jawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesultanan_Jawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masa_kolonial_di_Jawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masa_kolonial_di_Jawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Masa kolonial di Jawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masa_kolonial_di_Jawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republik_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republik_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Republik Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republik_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Budaya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Budaya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bahasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bahasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sastra_dan_filsafat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sastra_dan_filsafat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sastra dan filsafat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sastra_dan_filsafat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratifikasi_sosial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratifikasi_sosial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stratifikasi sosial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratifikasi_sosial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kepercayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kepercayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Kepercayaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kepercayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Seni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profesi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profesi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Profesi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Profesi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Profesi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Profesi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Petani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedagang-pelaut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedagang-pelaut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pedagang-pelaut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedagang-pelaut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembuat_kapal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembuat_kapal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pembuat kapal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembuat_kapal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandai_besi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandai_besi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pandai besi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandai_besi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembuatan_Batik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembuatan_Batik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Pembuatan Batik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembuatan_Batik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukiran_kayu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukiran_kayu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Ukiran kayu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukiran_kayu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tokoh-tokoh_Jawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tokoh-tokoh_Jawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tokoh-tokoh Jawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tokoh-tokoh_Jawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kepustakaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kepustakaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kepustakaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kepustakaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bacaan lanjutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Suku Jawa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 56 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansa_Jawo%C3%AB" title="Bansa Jawoë – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bansa Jawoë" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javane" title="Javane – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Javane" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="جاويون – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاويون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جاويين – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جاويين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جاويين – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاويين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaval%C4%B1lar" title="Yavalılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yavalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Jawa" title="Wong Jawa – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wong Jawa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Яванцы – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яванцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Jawa" title="Orang Jawa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Jawa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Яванци – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Яванци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Jawa" title="Urang Jawa – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Urang Jawa" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jav%C3%A1nci" title="Javánci – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Javánci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javaner" title="Javaner – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Javaner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Javanese people" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanoj" title="Javanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Javanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnia_javanesa" title="Etnia javanesa – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etnia javanesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaavalased" title="Jaavalased – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaavalased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javatar_herria" title="Javatar herria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Javatar herria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="مردم جاوه‌ای – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم جاوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaavalaiset" title="Jaavalaiset – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaavalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanais_(peuple)" title="Javanais (peuple) – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Javanais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Jawa chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Jawa chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ג'אווניסים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'אווניסים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanci" title="Javanci – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Javanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1vaiak" title="Jávaiak – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jávaiak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ճավացիներ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճավացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansa_Jawa" title="Bansa Jawa – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bansa Jawa" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giavanesi" title="Giavanesi – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giavanesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="ジャワ人 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャワ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Jawa" title="Wong Jawa – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Jawa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იაველები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Jawa" title="Jolma Jawa – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Jawa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Явалықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Явалықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B8" title="자와인 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자와인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javie%C4%8Diai" title="Javiečiai – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Javiečiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A8ng_Jh%C3%A2b%C3%A2" title="Orèng Jhâbâ – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Orèng Jhâbâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Jawa" title="Suku Jawa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Suku Jawa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Jawa" title="Urang Jawa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Jawa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Jawa" title="Orang Jawa – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanen" title="Javanen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Javanen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawajczycy" title="Jawajczycy – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jawajczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javaneses" title="Javaneses – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Javaneses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Яванцы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яванцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanci" title="Javanci – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Javanci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Јаванци – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јаванци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Jawa" title="Urang Jawa – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Jawa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajava" title="Wajava – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wajava" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="ชาวชวา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวชวา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Habanes" title="Mga Habanes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Habanes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caval%C4%B1lar" title="Cavalılar – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cavalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96" title="Яванці – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яванці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavaliklar" title="Yavaliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yavaliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Java" title="Người Java – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Java" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E4%BA%BA" title="爪哇人 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爪哇人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_l%C3%A2ng" title="Jawa lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jawa lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E6%97%8F" title="爪哇族 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="爪哇族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49209#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Suku_Jawa" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Suku_Jawa" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Suku_Jawa"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa&action=edit"><span>Lihat sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Suku_Jawa" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Suku_Jawa" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru 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href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSuku_Jawa"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Suku+Jawa"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Suku_Jawa&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Javanese_people" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49209" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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Jika Anda tidak dapat menyunting Artikel ini dan Anda ingin melakukannya, Anda dapat memohon <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan%3ASuku_Jawa&preload=Templat%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Templat%3AEdit+semi-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Permintaan+penyuntingan+halaman+dilindungi+sebagian+pada+2+April+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+semi-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Suku+Jawa">permintaan penyuntingan</a></span>, diskusikan perubahan yang ingin dilakukan di <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Suku_Jawa#top" title="Pembicaraan:Suku Jawa">halaman pembicaraan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Requests for page protection">memohon untuk melepaskan pelindungan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Masuk_log" title="Istimewa:Masuk log">masuk</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Masuk_log/signup" title="Istimewa:Masuk log/signup">buatlah sebuah akun</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r27002510">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Suku Jawa</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span style="font-size:85%;">ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ, Wong Jawa (<a href="/wiki/Ngoko" title="Ngoko">Jawa Ngoko</a>)<br />ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ, Tiyang Jawi (<a href="/wiki/Krama" title="Krama">Jawa Krama</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em"><table border="0" align="center" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Diponegoro_TMnr_157432.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Diponegoro_TMnr_157432.jpg/60px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Diponegoro_TMnr_157432.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Diponegoro_TMnr_157432.jpg/120px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Diponegoro_TMnr_157432.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="2298" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a></small></div></td> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Hayam_Wuruk" title="Hayam Wuruk">Hayam Wuruk</a></small></div></td> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada">Gajah Mada</a></small></div></td> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a></small></div></td> </tr><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Portret_van_de_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portret_van_de_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh.jpg/60px-Portret_van_de_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portret_van_de_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh.jpg/120px-Portret_van_de_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="1010" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hasyim_Asyari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hasyim_Asyari.jpg/60px-Hasyim_Asyari.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hasyim_Asyari.jpg/120px-Hasyim_Asyari.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="982" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ahmad_Dahlan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ahmad_Dahlan.jpg/60px-Ahmad_Dahlan.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ahmad_Dahlan.jpg/120px-Ahmad_Dahlan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Portret_van_de_Soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portret_van_de_Soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta.jpg/60px-Portret_van_de_Soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portret_van_de_Soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta.jpg/120px-Portret_van_de_Soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1308" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Raden Saleh</a></small></div></td> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Hasyim_Asy%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasyim Asy'ari">Hasyim Asy'ari</a></small></div></td> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Dahlan">Ahmad Dahlan</a></small></div></td> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwana_X" title="Pakubuwana X">P.B. X</a></small></div></td> </tr><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg/60px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg/120px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:HOS_Tjokroaminoto,_20_Mei_Pelopor_17_Agustus,_p43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HOS_Tjokroaminoto%2C_20_Mei_Pelopor_17_Agustus%2C_p43.jpg/54px-HOS_Tjokroaminoto%2C_20_Mei_Pelopor_17_Agustus%2C_p43.jpg" decoding="async" width="54" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HOS_Tjokroaminoto%2C_20_Mei_Pelopor_17_Agustus%2C_p43.jpg/81px-HOS_Tjokroaminoto%2C_20_Mei_Pelopor_17_Agustus%2C_p43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HOS_Tjokroaminoto%2C_20_Mei_Pelopor_17_Agustus%2C_p43.jpg/108px-HOS_Tjokroaminoto%2C_20_Mei_Pelopor_17_Agustus%2C_p43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="629" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ki_Hajar_Dewantara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ki_Hajar_Dewantara.jpg/60px-Ki_Hajar_Dewantara.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ki_Hajar_Dewantara.jpg/120px-Ki_Hajar_Dewantara.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Presiden_Sukarno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg/60px-Presiden_Sukarno.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg/120px-Presiden_Sukarno.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3156" data-file-height="4557" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini">Kartini</a></small></div></td> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Oemar_Said_Tjokroaminoto" title="Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto">Tjokroaminoto</a></small></div></td> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Ki_Hajar_Dewantara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ki Hajar Dewantara">Ki Hajar Dewantara</a></small></div></td> <td><small></small><div style="line-height:1em"><small><a href="/wiki/Soekarno" title="Soekarno">Soekarno</a></small></div></td> </tr><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sudirman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sudirman.jpg/60px-Sudirman.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sudirman.jpg/120px-Sudirman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1421" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mgr._Albertus_Soegijapranata.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/5/5f/Mgr._Albertus_Soegijapranata.jpeg/60px-Mgr._Albertus_Soegijapranata.jpeg" decoding="async" width="52" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/5/5f/Mgr._Albertus_Soegijapranata.jpeg/120px-Mgr._Albertus_Soegijapranata.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="907" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:President_Suharto,_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg/60px-President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg/120px-President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1537" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hamengkubawono_IX_Official_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hamengkubawono_IX_Official_Portrait.jpg/60px-Hamengkubawono_IX_Official_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="59" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hamengkubawono_IX_Official_Portrait.jpg/120px-Hamengkubawono_IX_Official_Portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1597" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soedirman" title="Soedirman">Soedirman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Soegijapranata" title="Albertus Soegijapranata">Albertus S.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soeharto" title="Soeharto">Soeharto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwana_IX" title="Hamengkubuwana IX">H.B. IX</a></td> </tr><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Try_Sutrisno_Official_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Try_Sutrisno_Official_Portrait.jpg/60px-Try_Sutrisno_Official_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Try_Sutrisno_Official_Portrait.jpg/120px-Try_Sutrisno_Official_Portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1619" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:President_Abdurrahman_Wahid_-_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/President_Abdurrahman_Wahid_-_Indonesia.jpg/60px-President_Abdurrahman_Wahid_-_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/President_Abdurrahman_Wahid_-_Indonesia.jpg/90px-President_Abdurrahman_Wahid_-_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/President_Abdurrahman_Wahid_-_Indonesia.jpg/120px-President_Abdurrahman_Wahid_-_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono,_official_presidential_portrait_(2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono%2C_official_presidential_portrait_%282009%29.jpg/60px-Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono%2C_official_presidential_portrait_%282009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono%2C_official_presidential_portrait_%282009%29.jpg/120px-Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono%2C_official_presidential_portrait_%282009%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1508" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Official_Portrait_of_Boediono,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Official_Portrait_of_Boediono%2C_2009.jpg/53px-Official_Portrait_of_Boediono%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Official_Portrait_of_Boediono%2C_2009.jpg/80px-Official_Portrait_of_Boediono%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Official_Portrait_of_Boediono%2C_2009.jpg/106px-Official_Portrait_of_Boediono%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="2552" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Try_Sutrisno" title="Try Sutrisno">Try Sutrisno</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">S.B. Yudhoyono</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boediono" title="Boediono">Boediono</a></td> </tr><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Joko_Widodo_2019_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Joko_Widodo_2019_official_portrait.jpg/60px-Joko_Widodo_2019_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Joko_Widodo_2019_official_portrait.jpg/120px-Joko_Widodo_2019_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4364" data-file-height="5246" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Serge_Atlaoui_-_Anggun_Paris_2015_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Serge_Atlaoui_-_Anggun_Paris_2015_a.jpg/60px-Serge_Atlaoui_-_Anggun_Paris_2015_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Serge_Atlaoui_-_Anggun_Paris_2015_a.jpg/90px-Serge_Atlaoui_-_Anggun_Paris_2015_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Serge_Atlaoui_-_Anggun_Paris_2015_a.jpg/120px-Serge_Atlaoui_-_Anggun_Paris_2015_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3259" data-file-height="4345" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dian_Sastro_headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dian_Sastro_headshot.jpg/60px-Dian_Sastro_headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dian_Sastro_headshot.jpg/120px-Dian_Sastro_headshot.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="327" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Yenny_Zannuba_A._C._Wahid_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_East_Asia_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yenny_Zannuba_A._C._Wahid_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_East_Asia_2011.jpg/60px-Yenny_Zannuba_A._C._Wahid_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_East_Asia_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yenny_Zannuba_A._C._Wahid_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_East_Asia_2011.jpg/120px-Yenny_Zannuba_A._C._Wahid_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_East_Asia_2011.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2538" data-file-height="3807" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joko_Widodo" title="Joko Widodo">Joko Widodo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anggun_C._Sasmi" title="Anggun C. Sasmi">Anggun C. Sasmi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dian_Sastrowardoyo" title="Dian Sastrowardoyo">Dian Sastro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yenny_Wahid" title="Yenny Wahid">Yenny Wahid</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Jumlah populasi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">± <b>120.000.000</b> (seluruh dunia)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Daerah dengan populasi signifikan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sensus_Penduduk_Indonesia_2010" title="Sensus Penduduk Indonesia 2010">2010</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>95.217.022</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" title="Jawa Tengah">Jawa Tengah</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31.560.859</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Jawa_Timur" title="Jawa Timur">Jawa Timur</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30.019.156</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Jawa_Barat" title="Jawa Barat">Jawa Barat</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.710.652</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.856.924</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Sumatera_Utara" title="Sumatera Utara">Sumatera Utara</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.319.719</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/DKI_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="DKI Jakarta">DKI Jakarta</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.453.453</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.331.355</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Sumatera_Selatan" title="Sumatera Selatan">Sumatera Selatan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.037.715</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.657.470</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.608.268</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Timur" title="Kalimantan Timur">Kalimantan Timur</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.069.826</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">893.156</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Selatan" title="Kalimantan Selatan">Kalimantan Selatan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">524.357</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Tengah" title="Kalimantan Tengah">Kalimantan Tengah</a></th><td class="infobox-data">478.434</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Barat" title="Kalimantan Barat">Kalimantan Barat</a></th><td class="infobox-data">427.333</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Riau" title="Kepulauan Riau">Kepulauan Riau</a></th><td class="infobox-data">417.438</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400.023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></th><td class="infobox-data">387.281</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">372.514</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Papua" title="Papua">Papua</a></th><td class="infobox-data">233.145</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Selatan" title="Sulawesi Selatan">Sulawesi Selatan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">229.074</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Tengah" title="Sulawesi Tengah">Sulawesi Tengah</a></th><td class="infobox-data">221.001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Sumatera_Barat" title="Sumatera Barat">Sumatera Barat</a></th><td class="infobox-data">217.096</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Tenggara" title="Sulawesi Tenggara">Sulawesi Tenggara</a></th><td class="infobox-data">159.170</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_Barat" title="Papua Barat">Papua Barat</a></th><td class="infobox-data">111.274</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangka Belitung">Bangka Belitung</a></th><td class="infobox-data">101.655</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Maluku" title="Maluku">Maluku</a></th><td class="infobox-data">79.340</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Tenggara_Barat" title="Nusa Tenggara Barat">Nusa Tenggara Barat</a></th><td class="infobox-data">78.916</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Utara" title="Sulawesi Utara">Sulawesi Utara</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70.934</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Barat" title="Sulawesi Barat">Sulawesi Barat</a></th><td class="infobox-data">56.960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Tenggara_Timur" title="Nusa Tenggara Timur">Nusa Tenggara Timur</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54.511</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Utara" title="Maluku Utara">Maluku Utara</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42.724</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35.289</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></b> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>1.500.000</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></b> (2019)</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>102.000</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a></b> (2008)</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>21.720</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></b> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>4.000</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Bahasa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">Jawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">Melayu</a> <small>(dituturkan oleh komunitas yang berdomisili di <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda">Belanda</a> <small>(hanya digunakan oleh yang tinggal di <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Agama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mayoritas <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Allah-green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam Sunni">Islam Sunni</a><br />Minoritas<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/20px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/40px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen">Kristen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestan">Protestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katolik" title="Katolik">Katolik</a>)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kejawen_png.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kejawen_png.png/20px-Kejawen_png.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kejawen_png.png/40px-Kejawen_png.png 1.5x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="554" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kejawen" title="Kejawen">Kejawen</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/18px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/27px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/36px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Yin_yang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/18px-Yin_yang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/27px-Yin_yang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/36px-Yin_yang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Konghucu" class="mw-redirect" title="Konghucu">Konghucu</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kejawen_png.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kejawen_png.png/20px-Kejawen_png.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kejawen_png.png/40px-Kejawen_png.png 1.5x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="554" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Kelompok etnik terkait</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Suku_Sunda" title="Suku Sunda">Sunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suku_Madura" title="Suku Madura">Madura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suku_bawean" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku bawean">Bawean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suku_Bali" title="Suku Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suku_Sasak" title="Suku Sasak">Sasak</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Suku Jawa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">Bahasa Jawa</a> <a href="/wiki/Ngoko" title="Ngoko">Ngoko</a>: ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ, <i>Wong Jawa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">Bahasa Jawa</a> <a href="/wiki/Krama" title="Krama">Krama</a>: ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ, <i>Tiyang Jawi</i>) adalah suku bangsa <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Austronesia">Austronesia</a> terbesar di <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" title="Jawa Tengah">Jawa Tengah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Timur" title="Jawa Timur">Jawa Timur</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Daerah_Istimewa_Yogyakarta" title="Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta">Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta</a>. Dengan lebih dari 100 juta orang, Suku Jawa merupakan kelompok etnis terbesar di Indonesia dan di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> secara keseluruhan. Bahasa asli mereka adalah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">bahasa Jawa</a>, yang merupakan <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Austronesia" title="Rumpun bahasa Austronesia">bahasa Austronesia</a> terbesar dalam hal jumlah penutur asli dan juga <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_daerah" title="Bahasa daerah">bahasa daerah</a> terbesar di Asia Tenggara.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai kelompok etnis terbesar di wilayah tersebut, orang Jawa secara historis mendominasi lanskap sosial, politik, dan budaya Indonesia dan di Asia Tenggara.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2010, setidaknya 40,22% penduduk Indonesia merupakan etnis Jawa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain itu, suku Jawa ada pula yang berada di negara <a href="/wiki/Kaledonia_Baru" title="Kaledonia Baru">Kaledonia Baru</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, karena pada masa <a href="/wiki/Kolonial_Belanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolonial Belanda">kolonial Belanda</a> suku ini dibawa ke sana sebagai pekerja. Saat ini, suku Jawa di Suriname menjadi salah satu minoritas di sana dan dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Orang_Jawa_Suriname" title="Orang Jawa Suriname">Jawa Suriname</a>. Ada juga sejumlah besar suku Jawa di sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_di_Indonesia" title="Provinsi di Indonesia">provinsi di Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a>. </p><p>Mayoritas orang Jawa adalah umat Islam, dengan beberapa minoritas yaitu Kristen, <a href="/wiki/Kejawen" title="Kejawen">Kejawen</a>, Hindu, <a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a> dan Buddha. Meskipun demikian, peradaban orang Jawa telah dipengaruhi oleh lebih dari seribu tahun interaksi antara budaya <a href="/wiki/Kejawen" title="Kejawen">Kejawen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, dan pengaruh ini masih terlihat dalam sejarah, budaya, tradisi, dan bentuk kesenian Jawa. Dengan populasi global yang cukup besar, suku Jawa menjadi kelompok etnis terbesar keempat di antara umat Islam/etnis mayoritas Islam di seluruh dunia, setelah <a href="/wiki/Orang_Arab" title="Orang Arab">bangsa Arab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suku_Bengali" title="Suku Bengali">Bengali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suku_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku Punjab">Punjabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suku Jawa memiliki beberapa sub-suku, yakni <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Serang" title="Bahasa Jawa Serang">Jaseng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Banyumasan" title="Orang Banyumasan">Banyumasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suku_Cirebon" title="Suku Cirebon">Cirebon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suku_Osing" title="Suku Osing">Osing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajaran_Samin" title="Ajaran Samin">Samin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suku_Tengger" title="Suku Tengger">Tengger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Jawa_Merauke" title="Orang Jawa Merauke">Jawa Merauke</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Orang_Jawa_Suriname" title="Orang Jawa Suriname">Jawa Suriname</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Babad_Tanah_Jawi" title="Babad Tanah Jawi">Babad Tanah Jawi</a></div> <p>Seperti kebanyakan kelompok etnis Indonesia yang lain, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Suku_Sunda" title="Suku Sunda">masyarakat Sunda</a>, masyarakat Jawa merupakan <a href="/wiki/Suku_bangsa_Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku bangsa Austronesia">bangsa Austronesia</a> yang leluhurnya diperkirakan berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> dan bermigrasi melalui <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a><sup id="cite_ref-spiller_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiller-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> untuk mencapai <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Jawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Jawa">pulau Jawa</a> antara tahun 1500 SM hingga 1000 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, menurut studi genetik yang terbaru, masyarakat Jawa bersama dengan masyarakat Sunda dan <a href="/wiki/Suku_Bali" title="Suku Bali">Bali</a> memiliki rasio <a href="/wiki/Penanda_genetik" title="Penanda genetik">penanda genetik</a> yang hampir sama antara genetik <a href="/wiki/Suku_bangsa_Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku bangsa Austronesia">bangsa Austronesia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_bangsa_Austroasiatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku bangsa Austroasiatik (halaman belum tersedia)">Austroasiatik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Masyarakat Jawa adalah perpaduan antara orang Austroasiatik berbaur / interbreeding dengan orang Austronesia yang datang kemudian. Setelah interaksi yang cukup lama dengan orang Austronesia masyarakat awal yang mendiami Pulau Jawa mulai mengadopsi bahasa Austronesia sebagai bahasa utama, sehingga mereka memiliki sekitar 20–30% gen Austronesia dan 50-60% gen Austroasiatik. </p><p>Perpaduan genetik masyarakat di Jawa juga sangat kompleks, baik itu masyarakat pesisir maupun di daerah pegunungan. Bentuk wajah masyarakat Jawa juga dominan dipengaruhi oleh Orang Austroasiatik (Seperti Orang Kamboja dan Vietnam bagian selatan). </p><p>Kemungkinan mengapa masyarakat yang mendiami pulau Jawa awal mula mulai mengadopsi Bahasa Austronesia adalah menyesuaikan diri di dalam globalisasi, perdagangan maupun pertukaran budaya dan teknologi di masanya, yang kemungkinan para penutur Bahasa Austronesia mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat besar pada masa itu. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:471px;max-width:471px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Perahu-perahu Jawa</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan,_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg/103px-Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg/155px-Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg/206px-Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="2381" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a>, rekonstruksi tahun 2003 dari kapal <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> abad ke-9.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Prahu_pulled_on_land,_Central_Java_RV-A440-bb-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prahu_pulled_on_land%2C_Central_Java_RV-A440-bb-30.jpg/250px-Prahu_pulled_on_land%2C_Central_Java_RV-A440-bb-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prahu_pulled_on_land%2C_Central_Java_RV-A440-bb-30.jpg/330px-Prahu_pulled_on_land%2C_Central_Java_RV-A440-bb-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prahu_pulled_on_land%2C_Central_Java_RV-A440-bb-30.jpg/500px-Prahu_pulled_on_land%2C_Central_Java_RV-A440-bb-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="835" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sebuah perahu cadik dari Jawa Tengah, antara tahun 1924 dan 1932.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aparejos_de_un_barco_Material_gr%C3%A1fico_bdh0000185513_BN_5643.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aparejos_de_un_barco_Material_gr%C3%A1fico_bdh0000185513_BN_5643.jpg/250px-Aparejos_de_un_barco_Material_gr%C3%A1fico_bdh0000185513_BN_5643.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aparejos_de_un_barco_Material_gr%C3%A1fico_bdh0000185513_BN_5643.jpg/330px-Aparejos_de_un_barco_Material_gr%C3%A1fico_bdh0000185513_BN_5643.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aparejos_de_un_barco_Material_gr%C3%A1fico_bdh0000185513_BN_5643.jpg/500px-Aparejos_de_un_barco_Material_gr%C3%A1fico_bdh0000185513_BN_5643.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Gambaran penampang sebuah perahu cadik, antara 1863 dan 1900.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerajaan_Jawa_Kuno">Kerajaan Jawa Kuno</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(sejarah_Asia_Tenggara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (sejarah Asia Tenggara)">Mandala (sejarah Asia Tenggara)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Javanese_Dance_Ramayana_Shinta_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Javanese_Dance_Ramayana_Shinta_2.jpg/250px-Javanese_Dance_Ramayana_Shinta_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Javanese_Dance_Ramayana_Shinta_2.jpg/330px-Javanese_Dance_Ramayana_Shinta_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Javanese_Dance_Ramayana_Shinta_2.jpg/500px-Javanese_Dance_Ramayana_Shinta_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Masyarakat Jawa mempunyai banyak budaya seperti <a href="/wiki/Wiracarita" title="Wiracarita">wiracarita</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pengaruh agama <a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu" title="Agama Hindu">Hindu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Buddha">Buddha</a> datang melalui kontak dagang di <a href="/wiki/Subbenua_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Subbenua India">subbenua India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedagang dan pengunjung Hindu dan Buddha tiba sekitar abad SM hingga abad ke-5 M. Agama Hindu, Buddha, dan agama masyarakat Jawa terpadu menjadi filsafat lokal yang unik.<sup id="cite_ref-spiller_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiller-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tempat lahirnya budaya Jawa umumnya digambarkan berada di <a href="/wiki/Lasem,_Rembang" title="Lasem, Rembang">Lasem</a> sampai <a href="/wiki/Dataran_Kedu" title="Dataran Kedu">Dataran Kedu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dataran_Kewu" title="Dataran Kewu">Kewu</a> di lereng subur <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Merapi" title="Gunung Merapi">Gunung Merapi</a> sebagai jantung <a href="/wiki/Medang" title="Medang">Kerajaan Mataram Kuno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wangsa_Sanjaya" title="Wangsa Sanjaya">Wangsa Sanjaya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wangsa_Sailendra" title="Wangsa Sailendra">Sailendra</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Kalingga" title="Kerajaan Kalingga">Kalingga</a> memiliki basis kekuatan mereka di Tengah Jawa </p><p>Pusat kebudayaan dan perpolitikan Jawa dipindahkan ke bagian timur pulau ketika <a href="/wiki/Mpu_Sindok" title="Mpu Sindok">Mpu Sindok</a> (berkuasa tahun 929–947) memindahkan ibu kota kerajaan menuju timur ke lembah <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Brantas" title="Sungai Brantas">sungai Brantas</a> pada abad ke-10. Pemindahan tersebut kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Letusan_gunung" class="mw-redirect" title="Letusan gunung">letusan</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Merapi" title="Gunung Merapi">Gunung Merapi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-survey_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survey-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:238–239</sup></span> </p><p>Penyebaran besar pengaruh Jawa terjadi di bawah Raja <a href="/wiki/Kertanegara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertanegara">Kertanegara</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Singasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Singasari">Kerajaan Singasari</a> pada akhir abad ke-13. Raja ekspansionis ini meluncurkan beberapa ekspedisi besar ke Madura, Bali pada tahun 1284,<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ekspedisi_Pamalayu" title="Ekspedisi Pamalayu">ekspedisi yang paling penting ke Sumatra</a> pada tahun 1275.<sup id="cite_ref-survey_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survey-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seiring kekalahan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Melayu" title="Kerajaan Melayu">Kerajaan Melayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Singasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Singasari">Kerajaan Singasari</a> mengendalikan perdagangan di <a href="/wiki/Selat_Malaka" title="Selat Malaka">Selat Malaka</a>. </p><p>Kekuasaan Singasari dihancurkan pada tahun 1292 oleh pemberontakan Kediri di bawah <a href="/wiki/Jayakatwang" title="Jayakatwang">Jayakatwang</a> dan membunuh Kertanegara. Namun, kekuasaan Jayakatwang sebagai raja Jawa segera berakhir ketika ia dikalahkan oleh menantu Kertanegara, <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a> dengan bantuan <a href="/wiki/Serbuan_Yuan-Mongol_ke_Jawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbuan Yuan-Mongol ke Jawa">penyerbuan oleh pasukan Mongol</a> pada bulan Maret 1293. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a> kemudian mendirikan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Majapahit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Majapahit">Kerajaan Majapahit</a> di dekat delta sungai Brantas yang saat ini tempatnya ialah di <a href="/wiki/Mojokerto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojokerto">Mojokerto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Timur" title="Jawa Timur">Jawa Timur</a>. Kebijakan Kertanegara kemudian dilanjutkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> di bawah Raja <a href="/wiki/Hayam_Wuruk" title="Hayam Wuruk">Hayam Wuruk</a> dan Menteri <a href="/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada">Gajah Mada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berbagai kerajaan di Jawa secara aktif terlibat dalam <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_rempah" title="Perdagangan rempah">perdagangan rempah-rempah</a> di rute laut <a href="/wiki/Jalur_Sutra" title="Jalur Sutra">Jalur Sutra</a>. Meskipun bukan penghasil utama rempah-rempah, kerajaan-kerajaan ini mampu menimbun rempah-rempah dengan memperdagangkannya dengan <a href="/wiki/Beras" title="Beras">beras</a>, yang merupakan hasil utama Pulau Jawa.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majapahit biasanya dianggap sebagai kerajaan yang terbesar di antara kerajaan-kerajaan di Nusantara. Majapahit memiliki kekuatan agraris dan maritim, menggabungkan penanaman padi basah dan perdagangan luar negeri.<sup id="cite_ref-wink_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wink-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bekas ibu kotanya dapat ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Situs_Trowulan" title="Situs Trowulan">Trowulan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kesultanan_Jawa">Kesultanan Jawa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kerajaan_Jawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kerajaan Jawa (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar kerajaan Jawa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schildering_voorstellende_de_moord_op_kapitein_Tack_in_Kartasura_TMnr_H-796.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schildering_voorstellende_de_moord_op_kapitein_Tack_in_Kartasura_TMnr_H-796.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schildering_voorstellende_de_moord_op_kapitein_Tack_in_Kartasura_TMnr_H-796.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schildering_voorstellende_de_moord_op_kapitein_Tack_in_Kartasura_TMnr_H-796.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schildering_voorstellende_de_moord_op_kapitein_Tack_in_Kartasura_TMnr_H-796.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schildering_voorstellende_de_moord_op_kapitein_Tack_in_Kartasura_TMnr_H-796.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schildering_voorstellende_de_moord_op_kapitein_Tack_in_Kartasura_TMnr_H-796.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amangkurat_II" title="Amangkurat II">Susuhunan Amangkurat II dari Mataram</a> (kanan atas) menyaksikan <a href="/wiki/Untung_Surapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Untung Surapati">Untung Surapati</a> bertarung melawan <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tack" title="François Tack">Kapten François Tack</a> dari <i><a href="/wiki/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie">Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</a></i> (VOC). <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> tahun 1684.</figcaption></figure> <p>Agama <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> memperoleh pijakannya di kota-kota pelabuhan di pesisir utara Jawa seperti <a href="/wiki/Gresik" class="mw-redirect" title="Gresik">Gresik</a>, Ampel Denta (<a href="/wiki/Surabaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>), Tuban, Demak, dan <a href="/wiki/Kudus,_Kudus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudus, Kudus">Kudus</a>. Penyebaran dan kegiatan dakwah Islam di kalangan masyarakat Jawa secara tradisional dikreditkan ke <a href="/wiki/Wali_Songo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wali Songo">Wali Songo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pulau Jawa mengalami perubahan besar seiring penyebaran <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Seiring terjadinya perselisihan terhadap proses pergantian kepemimpinan dan perang saudara, kekuasaan Majapahit runtuh. Setelah runtuhnya Majapahit, berbagai kerajaan dan negara vasal di bawahnya menjadi bebas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Demak" title="Kesultanan Demak">Kesultanan Demak</a> menjadi kekuatan terkuat yang baru, mempunyai keunggulan di antara <a href="/wiki/Negara_kota" title="Negara kota">negara kota</a> di pesisir utara Jawa.<sup id="cite_ref-Suma_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suma-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain dari kekuasaannya atas <a href="/wiki/Negara_kota" title="Negara kota">negara kota</a> masyarakat Jawa, Kesultanan Demak juga menguasai pelabuhan <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Palembang" class="mw-redirect" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> di Sumatra bagian timur.<sup id="cite_ref-Suma_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suma-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demak memainkan peran besar dalam menentang kekuasaan kolonial yang baru datang, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugis</a>. Demak dua kali menyerang Portugis setelah pendudukan Portugis di <a href="/wiki/Malaka" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Malaka">Malaka</a>. Demak juga menyerang <a href="/wiki/Prasasti_Perjanjian_Sunda-Portugal" title="Prasasti Perjanjian Sunda-Portugal">pasukan sekutu</a> Portugis dan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Sunda" title="Kerajaan Sunda">Kerajaan Sunda</a>, membantu pendirian <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Banten" title="Kesultanan Banten">Kesultanan Banten</a>. </p><p>Demak digantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Pajang" title="Kesultanan Pajang">Kerajaan Pajang</a> dan akhirnya <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Mataram" title="Kesultanan Mataram">Kesultanan Mataram</a>. Pusat kekuasaannya dipindahkan dari pesisir Demak ke Pajang di Blora dan kemudian lebih jauh menuju pedalaman ke tanah Mataram di <a href="/wiki/Kotagede" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotagede">Kotagede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>. Kesultanan Mataram mencapai puncak kekuasaan dan pengaruhnya pada masa pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung_dari_Mataram" title="Sultan Agung dari Mataram">Sultan Agung Anyokrokusumo</a> antara tahun 1613 hingga 1645. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masa_kolonial_di_Jawa">Masa kolonial di Jawa</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_veertig-jarig_regeringsjubileum_van_Soesoehoenan_Pakoe_Boewono_X_van_Surakarta_in_de_stoet_lopen_serimpi%27s_mee%27_TMnr_10001563.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_veertig-jarig_regeringsjubileum_van_Soesoehoenan_Pakoe_Boewono_X_van_Surakarta_in_de_stoet_lopen_serimpi%27s_mee%27_TMnr_10001563.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_veertig-jarig_regeringsjubileum_van_Soesoehoenan_Pakoe_Boewono_X_van_Surakarta_in_de_stoet_lopen_serimpi%27s_mee%27_TMnr_10001563.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_veertig-jarig_regeringsjubileum_van_Soesoehoenan_Pakoe_Boewono_X_van_Surakarta_in_de_stoet_lopen_serimpi%27s_mee%27_TMnr_10001563.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_veertig-jarig_regeringsjubileum_van_Soesoehoenan_Pakoe_Boewono_X_van_Surakarta_in_de_stoet_lopen_serimpi%27s_mee%27_TMnr_10001563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_veertig-jarig_regeringsjubileum_van_Soesoehoenan_Pakoe_Boewono_X_van_Surakarta_in_de_stoet_lopen_serimpi%27s_mee%27_TMnr_10001563.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_veertig-jarig_regeringsjubileum_van_Soesoehoenan_Pakoe_Boewono_X_van_Surakarta_in_de_stoet_lopen_serimpi%27s_mee%27_TMnr_10001563.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Peringatan 40 tahun masa pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Pakubuwana_X" title="Pakubuwana X">Pakubuwana X</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kasunanan_Surakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasunanan Surakarta">Kasunanan Surakarta</a> pada tahun 1932.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1619, <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Belanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Belanda">bangsa Belanda</a> mendirikan kantor pusat perdagangannya di <a href="/wiki/Batavia" title="Batavia">Batavia</a>. Pulau Jawa perlahan jatuh ke tangan <a href="/wiki/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie"><i>Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</i> (VOC)</a> yang akhirnya juga akan mengendalikan sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara_Maritim" title="Asia Tenggara Maritim">Asia Tenggara Maritim</a>. <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/intrik" class="extiw" title="wikt:intrik">Intrik</a> internal dan perang suksesi, serta campur tangan Belanda, menyebabkan Kesultanan Mataram pecah menjadi <a href="/wiki/Kasunanan_Surakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasunanan Surakarta">Kasunanan Surakarta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Yogyakarta">Kesultanan Yogyakarta</a>. Perpecahan yang lebih lanjut di Tanah Jawa ditandai dengan pendirian <a href="/wiki/Kadipaten_Mangkunegaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadipaten Mangkunegaran">Kadipaten Mangkunegaran</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kadipaten_Pakualaman" title="Kadipaten Pakualaman">Kadipaten Pakualaman</a>. Meskipun kekuatan politik yang sebenarnya pada masa itu terletak pada kolonial Belanda, para raja Jawa di <a href="/wiki/Keraton" title="Keraton">keratonnya</a> masih memiliki pengaruh sebagai pusat kekuasaan yang dikehendakinya di Tanah Jawa, khususnya di sekitar dan di Surakarta serta Yogyakarta. </p><p>Pemerintahan Belanda terganggu sementara oleh pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> pada awal abad ke-19. Meskipun sebentar, pemerintahan Inggris yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> memberi pengaruh yang signifikan, termasuk penemuan kembali <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>. Konflik dengan pemerintahan asing seperti <a href="/wiki/Perang_Jawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Jawa">Perang Jawa</a> antara tahun 1825 hingga 1830 di bawah pimpinan <a href="/wiki/Pangeran_Diponegoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangeran Diponegoro">Pangeran Diponegoro</a>. </p><p>Seperti wilayah <a href="/wiki/Hindia_Belanda" title="Hindia Belanda">Hindia Belanda</a> lainnya, Pulau Jawa direbut oleh <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Jepang">Kekaisaran Jepang</a> selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>. Dengan kalahnya Jepang di Perang Dunia II, kemerdekaan diproklamasikan di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Indonesia">Republik Indonesia</a> yang baru. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republik_Indonesia">Republik Indonesia</h3></div> <p>Ketika kemerdekaan bangsa Indonesia diproklamasikan pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945, para penguasa monarki Jawa yang terakhir, diwakili oleh Sri Sunan dari <a href="/wiki/Kasunanan_Surakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasunanan Surakarta">Kasunanan Surakarta</a>, Sri Sultan dari <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Yogyakarta">Kesultanan Yogyakarta</a>, dan Pangeran Mangkunegara menyatakan bahwa mereka akan menjadi bagian dari Republik Indonesia. </p><p>Yogyakarta dan Pakualam kemudian bersatu untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Daerah_Istimewa_Yogyakarta" title="Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta">Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta</a>. Sri Sultan menjadi Gubernur Yogyakarta, dan Pangeran Pakualaman menjadi wakil gubernur; keduanya bertanggung jawab langsung kepada Presiden Republik Indonesia. Surakarta Sempat dibentuk <a href="/wiki/Daerah_Istimewa_Surakarta" title="Daerah Istimewa Surakarta">Daerah Istimewa Surakarta</a> yang dikemudian hari terpaksa digabungkan sebagai bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Jawa_Tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinsi Jawa Tengah">Provinsi Jawa Tengah</a> dikarenakan situasi politik di Surakarta yang sedang kacau menghadapi pemberontakan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budaya">Budaya</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Budaya_Jawa" title="Budaya Jawa">Budaya Jawa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pertunjukan_Wayang_Kulit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pertunjukan_Wayang_Kulit.jpg/220px-Pertunjukan_Wayang_Kulit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pertunjukan_Wayang_Kulit.jpg/330px-Pertunjukan_Wayang_Kulit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pertunjukan_Wayang_Kulit.jpg/440px-Pertunjukan_Wayang_Kulit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Pertunjukan <a href="/wiki/Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang kulit">wayang kulit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Budaya Jawa adalah budaya yang berasal dari Jawa dan dianut oleh masyarakat Jawa khususnya di <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" title="Jawa Tengah">Jawa Tengah</a>, <a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Timur" title="Jawa Timur">Jawa Timur</a>. Budaya Jawa mengutamakan keseimbangan, keselarasan, dan keserasian dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Budaya Jawa menjunjung tinggi kesopanan dan kesederhanaan. Budaya Jawa selain terdapat di Jawa Tengah, DIY, dan Jawa Timur terdapat juga di daerah perantauan orang Jawa yaitu di <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>. Pengaruh budaya Jawa juga tersebar di luar Jawa, contohnya <a href="/wiki/Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang kulit">wayang kulit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keris" title="Keris">keris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a>. Di <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> dikenal istilah keris karena pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LSM Kampung Halaman dari Yogyakarta yang menggunakan wayang remaja adalah LSM Asia pertama yang menerima penghargaan seni dari AS tahun 2011. Gamelan Jawa menjadi mata kuliah di Universitas Victoria Wellington, Selandia Baru.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gamelan Jawa rutin digelar di AS dan Eropa atas permintaan warga AS dan Eropa. Sastra Jawa <a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Nagarakretagama" title="Kakawin Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a> menjadi satu-satunya karya sastra Indonesia yang diakui <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> sebagai Memori Dunia. Menurut Guru Besar Arkeologi <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>, Universitas Nasional Singapura, John N. Miksic, jangkauan kekuasaan Majapahit bahkan meliputi <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> bahkan <a href="/wiki/Thailand_Selatan" title="Thailand Selatan">Thailand Selatan</a> yang dibuktikan dengan pengaruh kebudayaan, corak bangunan, candi, patung, dan seni.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Budaya Jawa termasuk unik karena <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">bahasa Jawa</a> mempunyai tingkat tutur yakni <i><a href="/wiki/Ngoko" title="Ngoko">ngoko</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Madya" title="Madya">madya</a></i>, dan <i><a href="/wiki/Krama" title="Krama">krama</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahasa">Bahasa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">Bahasa Jawa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hanacaraka-jawa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hanacaraka-jawa.svg/220px-Hanacaraka-jawa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hanacaraka-jawa.svg/330px-Hanacaraka-jawa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hanacaraka-jawa.svg/440px-Hanacaraka-jawa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Jawa" title="Aksara Jawa">Aksara Jawa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bahasa Jawa merupakan <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Austronesia" title="Rumpun bahasa Austronesia">bahasa Austronesia</a> yang utamanya dituturkan oleh masyarakat Jawa di wilayah bagian tengah dan timur pulau Jawa. Bahasa ini dikenal mempunyai jumlah besar kata serapan dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta">bahasa Sanskerta</a>, terutama ditemukan dalam <a href="/wiki/Sastra_Jawa" title="Sastra Jawa">sastra Jawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini karena sejarah panjang pengaruh Hindu dan Buddha di Jawa. </p><p>Suku bangsa Jawa sebagian besar menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">bahasa Jawa</a> dalam bertutur sehari-hari. Dalam sebuah survei yang diadakan <a href="/wiki/Majalah_Tempo" class="mw-redirect" title="Majalah Tempo">majalah Tempo</a> pada awal <a href="/wiki/Dasawarsa" title="Dasawarsa">dasawarsa</a> 1990-an, kurang lebih hanya 28% orang Jawa yang menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a> sebagai bahasa mereka sehari-hari, sekitar 22% menggunakan bahasa Jawa dan Indonesia secara campur, dan selebihnya mayoritas menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">bahasa Jawa</a> saja. </p><p>Bahasa Jawa memiliki aturan perbedaan kosakata dan intonasi berdasarkan hubungan antara pembicara dan lawan bicara, yang dikenal dengan <i>unggah-ungguh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspek kebahasaan ini memiliki pengaruh sosial yang kuat dalam budaya Jawa, dan membuat orang Jawa biasanya sangat sadar akan status sosialnya di masyarakat. </p><p>Pada abad ke-15 hingga pertengahan abad ke-20, bahasa Jawa aktif ditulis menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Jawa" title="Aksara Jawa">aksara Jawa</a> terutama dalam sastra maupun tulisan sehari-hari masyarakat Jawa sebelum fungsinya berangsur-angsur tergantikan dengan huruf Latin. Aksara ini masih diajarkan di <a href="/wiki/DI_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="DI Yogyakarta">DI Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" title="Jawa Tengah">Jawa Tengah</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Timur" title="Jawa Timur">Jawa Timur</a> sebagai bagian dari muatan lokal, namun dengan penerapan yang terbatas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sastra_dan_filsafat">Sastra dan filsafat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sastra_Jawa" title="Sastra Jawa">Sastra Jawa</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Jawa" title="Filsafat Jawa">Filsafat Jawa</a></div> <p>Para cendekiawan, penulis, penyair, dan sastrawan Jawa terkenal karena kemampuan mereka merumuskan gagasan dan menciptakan <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiom</a> untuk tujuan budaya yang tinggi, melalui rangkaian kata-kata untuk mengekspresikan makna filosofis yang lebih dalam. Beberapa idiom filosofis muncul dari sastra klasik Jawa, <a href="/wiki/Babad" title="Babad">babad</a> dan tradisi lisan, dan telah menyebar ke beberapa media dan diangkat sebagai <a href="/wiki/Moto" title="Moto">moto</a> yang populer. Contohnya seperti "<i><a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Bhinneka Tunggal Ika</a></i>", digunakan sebagai semboyan atau moto nasional <a href="/wiki/Republik_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Indonesia">Republik Indonesia</a>, "<i>Gemah Ripah Loh Jinawi, Toto Tentrem Kerto Raharjo</i>", "<i>Jer Basuki Mawa Béya</i>", "<i>Rawé-Rawé rantas, Malang-Malang putung</i>" dan "<i>Tut Wuri Handayani</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratifikasi_sosial">Stratifikasi sosial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Priyayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Priyayi">Priyayi</a></div> <p>Masyarakat Jawa juga terkenal akan pembagian golongan-golongan sosialnya. Pakar <a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">antropologi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika</a> yang ternama, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a>, pada tahun 1960-an membagi masyarakat Jawa menjadi tiga kelompok: kaum <a href="/wiki/Santri" title="Santri">santri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abangan">abangan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Priyayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Priyayi">priyayi</a>. Menurutnya kaum santri adalah penganut agama <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> yang taat, kaum abangan adalah penganut Islam secara nominal atau penganut Kejawen, sedangkan kaum priyayi adalah kaum bangsawan.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetapi pendapat Geertz banyak ditentang karena ia mencampur golongan sosial dengan golongan kepercayaan. Kategorisasi sosial ini juga sulit diterapkan dalam menggolongkan orang-orang luar, misalkan orang Indonesia lainnya dan suku bangsa non-<a href="/wiki/Pribumi" title="Pribumi">pribumi</a> seperti orang keturunan <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tionghoa" title="Tionghoa">Tionghoa</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kepercayaan">Kepercayaan</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Agama </th> <th>Populasi </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </td> <td>92.207.046 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen">Kristen</a> </td> <td>2.528.854 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> </td> <td>150.855 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> </td> <td>90.465 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Konghucu" class="mw-redirect" title="Konghucu">Konghucu</a> </td> <td>2.857 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lainnya </td> <td>9.599 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mayoritas orang Jawa menganut agama <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (sekitar 96%). Masyarakat Muslim Jawa umumnya dikategorikan ke dalam dua kultur, yaitu kaum <a href="/wiki/Santri" title="Santri">Santri</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Abangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abangan">Abangan</a>. Kaum santri mengamalkan ajaran agama sesuai dengan syariat Islam, sedangkan kaum abangan walaupun menganut Islam namun dalam praktiknya masih terpengaruh <a href="/wiki/Kejawen" title="Kejawen">Kejawen</a> yang kuat. Orang Jawa juga ada yang menganut agama <a href="/wiki/Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen">Kristen</a> (sekitar 3%), baik <a href="/wiki/Protestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestan">Protestan</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Katolik" title="Katolik">Katolik</a>. Sekitar 1% orang Jawa lainnya juga menganut agama <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, maupun kepercayaan suku Jawa yang disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kejawen" title="Kejawen">Kejawen</a>. Kantong masyarakat Jawa Hindu masih ditemukan di kawasan pegunungan <a href="/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Bromo_Tengger_Semeru" title="Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru">Bromo Tengger Semeru</a>, sedangkan kantong masyarakat Jawa Buddha ada di desa <a href="/wiki/Kalimanggis,_Kaloran,_Temanggung" title="Kalimanggis, Kaloran, Temanggung">Kalimanggis, Temanggung</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seni">Seni</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Seni_Tradisional_Jawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Seni Tradisional Jawa">Seni Tradisional Jawa</a></div> <p>Orang Jawa terkenal dengan budaya seninya yang terutama dipengaruhi oleh agama Hindu-Buddha, yaitu pementasan <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a>. Repertoar cerita wayang atau <a href="/wiki/Lakon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakon">lakon</a> sebagian besar berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Wiracarita" title="Wiracarita">wiracarita</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. Selain pengaruh India, pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">Dunia Barat</a> ada pula. Seni <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Keris" title="Keris">keris</a> adalah dua bentuk ekspresi masyarakat Jawa. Musik <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a> yang juga dijumpai di <a href="/wiki/Suku_Bali" title="Suku Bali">Bali</a> memegang peranan penting dalam kehidupan budaya dan tradisi Jawa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profesi">Profesi</h2></div> <p>Mayoritas masyarakat Jawa berprofesi sebagai petani. Sedangkan di perkotaan mereka berprofesi sebagai pegawai negeri sipil, karyawan, pedagang, usahawan, dokter, guru dan lain-lain. Di <a href="/wiki/Daerah_Khusus_Ibukota_Jakarta" title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta">Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta</a>, jumlah orang Jawa mencapai 40% pada tahun 2015 dari penduduk Jakarta. Orang Jawa perantauan di Jakarta bekerja di berbagai bidang. Hal ini terlihat dari jumlah mudik <a href="/wiki/Lebaran" title="Lebaran">lebaran</a> yang terbesar dari Jakarta adalah menuju <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" title="Jawa Tengah">Jawa Tengah</a>. Secara rinci prediksi jumlah pemudik tahun 2014 ke Jawa Tengah mencapai 7.893.681 orang. Dari jumlah itu didasarkan beberapa kategori, yakni 2.023.451 orang pemudik sepeda motor, 2.136.138 orang naik mobil, 3.426.702 orang naik bus, 192.219 orang naik kereta api, 26.836 orang naik kapal laut, dan 88.335 orang naik pesawat.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahkan menurut data <a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Perhubungan_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kementerian Perhubungan Indonesia">Kementerian Perhubungan Indonesia</a> menunjukkan tujuan pemudik dari Jakarta adalah 61% Jateng dan 39% Jatim. Ditinjau dari profesinya, 28% pemudik adalah karyawan swasta, 27% wiraswasta, 17% PNS/TNI/POLRI, 10% pelajar/mahasiswa, 9% ibu rumah tangga, dan 9% profesi lainnya. Diperinci menurut pendapatan pemudik, 44% berpendapatan Rp3–5 juta, 42% berpendapatan Rp1–3 juta, 10% berpendapatan Rp5–10 juta, 3% berpendapatan di bawah Rp1 juta, dan 1% berpendapatan di atas Rp10 juta.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pekerjaan orang Jawa secara historis adalah sebagai berikut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petani">Petani</h3></div> <p>Secara tradisional, kebanyakan orang Jawa adalah petani. Pertanian sangat umum karena tanah vulkanik yang subur di Jawa. Komoditas pertanian terpenting adalah beras. Pada tahun 1997, diperkirakan bahwa Jawa menghasilkan 55% dari total hasil panen Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-agri_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agri-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar petani bekerja di sawah skala kecil, dengan sekitar 42% petani bekerja dan mengolah kurang dari 0,5 hektar lahan.<sup id="cite_ref-agri_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agri-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di wilayah di mana tanahnya kurang subur karena musim hujan pendek, tanaman pokok lainnya dibudidayakan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Singkong" class="mw-redirect" title="Singkong">singkong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunham_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunham-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedagang-pelaut">Pedagang-pelaut</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pelaut Jawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg/250px-Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg/330px-Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1231" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lukisan seorang pelaut Jawa, 1855</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:A_Merchant_of_Java_from_Voyages_and_travels_into_Brazil_and_the_East-Indies,_1640-1649.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pedagang Jawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Merchant_of_Java_from_Voyages_and_travels_into_Brazil_and_the_East-Indies%2C_1640-1649.jpg/131px-A_Merchant_of_Java_from_Voyages_and_travels_into_Brazil_and_the_East-Indies%2C_1640-1649.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Merchant_of_Java_from_Voyages_and_travels_into_Brazil_and_the_East-Indies%2C_1640-1649.jpg/197px-A_Merchant_of_Java_from_Voyages_and_travels_into_Brazil_and_the_East-Indies%2C_1640-1649.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Merchant_of_Java_from_Voyages_and_travels_into_Brazil_and_the_East-Indies%2C_1640-1649.jpg/262px-A_Merchant_of_Java_from_Voyages_and_travels_into_Brazil_and_the_East-Indies%2C_1640-1649.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cetakan kayu dari seorang pedagang Jawa, 1640–1649</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Para pedagang dan pelaut Jawa sudah sering melakukan pelayaran di lautan antara India dan Tiongkok pada awal abad ke-1.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:31-35</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Kapal_Borobudur" title="Kapal Borobudur">Kapal Borobudur</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Syailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinasti Syailendra">dinasti Sailendra</a> Jawa membawa pelaut dan pemukim Nusantara ke <a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a> dan Afrika Barat pada abad ke-8,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:31-35</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:02_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:41</sup></span> tetapi ada kemungkinan bahwa mereka sudah berada di sana pada awal 500 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Champa diserang oleh kapal-kapal Jawa atau kapal Kunlun pada tahun 774 dan 787.<sup id="cite_ref-(Japan)1972_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(Japan)1972-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Society1934_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society1934-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 774 sebuah serangan diluncurkan ke Po-Nagar di Nha-trang di mana para perompak menghancurkan kuil-kuil, sementara pada tahun 787 sebuah serangan diluncurkan ke Phang-rang.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1979_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1979-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fisher1964_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher1964-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RenardFund1986_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RenardFund1986-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa kota pesisir Champa mengalami serangan angkatan laut dan serangan dari Jawa. Armada Jawa disebut sebagai <i>Javabala-sanghair-nāvāgataiḥ</i> (angkatan laut dari Jawa) yang tercatat dalam prasasti Champa.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HallNguyễn1968_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallNguyễn1968-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orang Jawa mungkin telah berhubungan dengan benua <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> pada abad ke-10 M, dan bermigrasi ke sana, pemukiman mereka ada hingga awal 1600-an. Menurut Prasasti Waharu IV (931 M) dan Prasasti Garaman (1053 M),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Medang" title="Medang">Mataram Kuno</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Kahuripan" title="Kerajaan Kahuripan">Kerajaan Kahuripan</a> zaman Airlangga (1000–1049 M) di Jawa mengalami masa kemakmuran panjang sehingga membutuhkan banyak tenaga terutama untuk membawa hasil panen, mengemas, dan mengirimkannya ke pelabuhan. Tenaga kerja berupa orang kulit hitam diimpor dari Jenggi (<a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>), Pujut (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>), dan Bondan (<a href="/wiki/Papua" title="Papua">Papua</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut Naerssen, mereka tiba di Jawa dengan jalan perdagangan (dibeli oleh pedagang) atau ditawan saat perang dan kemudian dijadikan budak.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut Chiaymasiouro, raja Demak, pada 1601 M ada subkelompok orang Jawa yang sudah menetap di tanah bernama <i>Luca</i> <i>Antara</i>, yang diyakini sebagai Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetapi ketika pelayan Eredia pergi ke <i>Luca</i> <i>Antara</i> pada tahun 1610, tanah tersebut seolah-olah telah ditinggalkan.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catatan Arab abad ke-10 <i>Ajayeb al-Hind</i> (Keajaiban India) memberikan laporan invasi di Afrika oleh bangsa yang disebut Wakwak atau <a href="/wiki/Waqwaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Waqwaq">Waqwaq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:122_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:110</sup></span> mungkin adalah orang-orang Melayu Sriwijaya atau orang Jawa dari kerajaan Mataram Kuno,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:39</sup></span> pada 945–946 M. Mereka tiba di pantai <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika" title="Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mozambik" title="Mozambik">Mozambik</a> dengan 1000 kapal dan berusaha merebut benteng Qanbaloh, meskipun akhirnya gagal. Alasan serangan itu adalah karena tempat itu memiliki barang-barang yang cocok untuk negara mereka dan China, seperti gading, kulit kura-kura, kulit macan kumbang, dan ambergris, dan juga karena mereka menginginkan budak hitam dari <a href="/wiki/Orang_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Bantu">orang Bantu</a> (disebut <i>Zeng</i> atau <i>Zenj</i> oleh orang Arab, <i>Jenggi</i> oleh orang Jawa) yang kuat dan menjadi budak yang baik.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:110</sup></span> Keberadaan orang Afrika berkulit hitam masih dicatat sampai abad ke-15 pada prasasti-prasasti berbahasa Jawa kuno<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan orang Jawa masih dicatat mengekspor budak berkulit hitam pada era dinasti Ming.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penelitian pada tahun 2016 menunjukkan bahwa orang Malagasi menunjukkan hubungan genetik dengan berbagai kelompok etnis Nusantara, terutama dari Kalimantan bagian selatan.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Malagasi" title="Bahasa Malagasi">bahasa Malagasi</a> bersumber dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Maanyan" title="Bahasa Maanyan">bahasa Ma'anyan</a> dengan kata pinjaman dari bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta">Sanskerta</a>, dengan semua modifikasi linguistik lokal melalui bahasa Jawa atau Melayu.<sup id="cite_ref-A_small_cohort_of_Island_Southeast_Asian_women_founded_Madagascar_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_small_cohort_of_Island_Southeast_Asian_women_founded_Madagascar-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orang Ma'anyan dan Dayak bukanlah seorang pelaut dan merupakan penggarap sawah kering sedangkan sebagian orang Malagasi adalah petani sawah basah, sehingga kemungkinan besar mereka dibawa oleh orang Jawa dan Melayu dalam armada dagangnya, sebagai buruh atau budak.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:114-115</sup></span> Budaya Jawa sepertinya juga mempengaruhi strata sosial di Madagaskar, gelar <a href="/wiki/Malagasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasi">Malagasi</a> "<a href="/wiki/Andriana" title="Andriana">andriana</a>" mungkin berasal dari gelar kebangsawanan Jawa kuno "Rahadyan" (<i>Ra-hady-an</i>), "hady" yang berarti "pejabat tinggi" atau "tuan".<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Selama era Majapahit, hampir semua komoditas dari Asia ditemukan di Jawa.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:233–234, 239–240</sup></span> Ini dikarenakan perdagangan laut ekstensif yang dilakukan oleh kerajaan Majapahit yang menggunakan berbagai jenis kapal, terutamanya <a href="/wiki/Djong_(kapal)" title="Djong (kapal)">jong</a>, untuk berdagang ke tempat-tempat yang jauh.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:56–60, 286–291</sup></span> Orang Eropa pada awal abad ke-16 menyebutkan tempat dan rute yang dikunjungi pedagang Jawa, yang meliputi Maluku, Timor, Banda, Sumatra, Melaka, Cina, Tenasserim, Pegu, Benggala, Pulicat, Koromandel, Malabar, Cambay (Khambat), dan Aden. Dari catatan penulis lain, dapat diketahui bahwa ada juga yang pergi ke Maladewa, Calicut (<a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>), Oman, Aden, dan Laut Merah.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:191-193</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:172_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:172-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:199</sup></span> Ma Huan (penerjemah Cheng Ho) yang mengunjungi Jawa pada tahun 1413, menyatakan bahwa pelabuhan di Jawa memperdagangkan barang dan menawarkan layanan yang lebih banyak dan lebih lengkap daripada pelabuhan lain di Asia Tenggara.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:233-234, 239-241</sup></span> Juga pada era Majapahit penjelajahan orang-orang Nusantara mencapai prestasi terbesarnya: Ludovico di Varthema (1470–1517), dalam bukunya <i>Itinerario de Ludouico de Varthema Bolognese</i> menyatakan bahwa orang Jawa Selatan berlayar ke "negeri jauh di selatan" hingga mereka tiba di sebuah pulau di mana satu hari hanya berlangsung selama empat jam dan "lebih dingin daripada di bagian dunia mana pun". Penelitian modern telah menentukan bahwa tempat tersebut terletak setidaknya 900 mil laut (1666 km) selatan dari titik paling selatan <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:248-251</sup></span> Ketika <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> menaklukkan Malaka (1511), orang Portugis mendapatkan sebuah peta dari seorang mualim Jawa, yang juga menampilkan bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Benua_Amerika" class="mw-redirect" title="Benua Amerika">benua Amerika</a>. Mengenai peta itu, Albuquerque berkata:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:05_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:98-99</sup></span></p><blockquote><p>... peta besar seorang mualim Jawa, yang berisi <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Harapan" title="Tanjung Harapan">Tanjung Harapan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> dan tanah <a href="/wiki/Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laut_Merah" title="Laut Merah">Laut Merah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Persia" title="Teluk Persia">Laut Persia</a>, Kepulauan Cengkih, navigasi orang Cina dan Gore, dengan garis rhumb dan rute langsung yang bisa ditempuh oleh kapal, dan dataran gigir (<i>hinterland</i>), dan bagaimana kerajaan berbatasan satu sama lain. Bagiku, Tuan, ini adalah hal terbaik yang pernah saya lihat, dan Yang Mulia akan sangat senang melihatnya memiliki nama-nama dalam tulisan Jawa, tetapi saya punya seorang Jawa yang bisa membaca dan menulis, saya mengirimkan karya ini kepada Yang Mulia, yang ditelusuri Francisco Rodrigues dari yang lain, di mana Yang Mulia dapat benar-benar melihat di mana <a href="/wiki/Tionghoa" title="Tionghoa">orang Cina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Suku_Ryukyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku Ryukyu">Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>) datang, dan tentu saja kapal Anda harus pergi ke Kepulauan Cengkih, dan di mana tambang emas ada, dan pulau Jawa dan Banda, asal <a href="/wiki/Pala" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala">pala</a> dan fuli pala, dan tanah raja Siam, dan juga akhir dari navigasi orang Cina, arah yang dilaluinya, dan bagaimana mereka tidak bernavigasi lebih jauh.<br /> — Surat Albuquerque untuk raja Manuel I dari Portugal, 1 April 1512.</p></blockquote> <p>Orang Jawa, seperti suku-suku <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesia</a> lainnya, menggunakan sistem navigasi yang mantap: Orientasi di laut dilakukan menggunakan berbagai tanda alam yang berbeda-beda, dan dengan memakai suatu teknik perbintangan sangat khas yang dinamakan <i>star path navigation</i>. Pada dasarnya, para navigator menentukan haluan kapal ke pulau-pulau yang dikenali dengan menggunakan posisi terbitnya dan terbenamnya bintang-bintang tertentu di atas cakrawala.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:10</sup></span> Pada zaman Majapahit, <a href="/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas">kompas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> telah digunakan, selain itu <a href="/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi">kartografi</a> (ilmu pemetaan) telah berkembang. Pada tahun 1293 Raden Wijaya memberikan sebuah peta dan catatan sensus penduduk pada pasukan Mongol dinasti Yuan, menunjukkan bahwa pembuatan peta telah menjadi bagian formal dari urusan pemerintahan di Jawa.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:53</sup></span> Penggunaan peta yang penuh garis-garis memanjang dan melintang, garis rhumb, dan garis rute langsung yang dilalui kapal dicatat oleh orang Eropa, sampai-sampai orang Portugis menilai peta Jawa merupakan peta terbaik pada awal tahun 1500-an.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:163–164, 166–168 </sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:2_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:249</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:05_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:34_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:lxxix</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kehadiran kolonial Eropa mengurangi jangkauan para pedagang-pelaut Jawa. Namun, pada tahun 1645, Diogo do Couto mengkonfirmasi bahwa orang Jawa pernah berkomunikasi dengan pantai timur Madagaskar.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:132_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:57</sup></span> Keputusan <a href="/wiki/Amangkurat_i" class="mw-redirect" title="Amangkurat i">Amangkurat I</a> dari Kesultanan Mataram untuk menghancurkan kapal di kota-kota pesisir dan menutup pelabuhan untuk mencegah mereka memberontak pada pertengahan abad ke-17 semakin mengurangi kemampuan orang Jawa dalam berlayar jarak jauh. Ini diperkuat dengan <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Mataram-VOC_tahun_1705" title="Perjanjian Mataram-VOC tahun 1705">perjanjian Mataram-VOC tahun 1705</a> yang melarang orang Jawa berlayar ke sebelah timur <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Lombok" title="Pulau Lombok">Lombok</a>, sebelah utara Kalimantan, dan sebelah barat <a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada paruh kedua abad ke-18, sebagian besar pedagang-pelaut Jawa dibatasi hanya untuk perjalanan jarak pendek.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:20-21</sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembuat_kapal">Pembuat kapal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Borobudur_Ship_(Leemans,_pl._ci,_172).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Borobudur_Ship_%28Leemans%2C_pl._ci%2C_172%29.png/250px-Borobudur_Ship_%28Leemans%2C_pl._ci%2C_172%29.png" decoding="async" width="194" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Borobudur_Ship_%28Leemans%2C_pl._ci%2C_172%29.png/330px-Borobudur_Ship_%28Leemans%2C_pl._ci%2C_172%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Borobudur_Ship_%28Leemans%2C_pl._ci%2C_172%29.png/500px-Borobudur_Ship_%28Leemans%2C_pl._ci%2C_172%29.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg/200px-Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg/300px-Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg/400px-Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="674" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Kapal-kapal orang Jawa:<br /> <ul><li>Kapal Borobudur dari candi Borobudur, abad ke-8.</li> <li>Jong Jawa di teluk <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Banten" title="Kesultanan Banten">Banten</a>, tahun 1610.</li></ul></div></div></div></div> <p>Orang Jawa dikenal memproduksi kapal besar yang disebut <a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a> (kapal <i>po</i> orang K'un-lun). Kapal-kapal ini telah melintasi lautan antara India dan Tiongkok pada abad ke-2, membawa hingga 1000 orang bersama 250–1000 ton kargo. Ciri-ciri kapal ini adalah berukuran besar (panjang lebih dari 50–60 m), memiliki papan berlapis, tidak bercadik, dipasang dengan banyak tiang dan layar, layar berupa layar tanja, dan memiliki teknik pengikat papan berupa ikatan dengan serat tumbuh-tumbuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:41</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:02_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:27-28</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:6_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:275</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:24_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:262</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:11_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:347</sup></span> </p><p>Kegiatan perdagangan dan perbudakan Jawa di Afrika menyebabkan pengaruh yang kuat pada pembuatan perahu di Madagaskar dan pantai Afrika Timur. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya cadik dan <i>oculi</i> (hiasan mata) pada perahu-perahu Afrika.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:253-288</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:16_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:94</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:31_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:156</sup></span> </p><p>Jenis kapal besar lain yang dibangun orang Jawa adalah jong, yang baru dicatat pada prasasti berbahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Kuno" title="Bahasa Jawa Kuno">Jawa kuno</a> dari abad ke-9 M.<sup id="cite_ref-:133_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:133-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:60</sup></span> Meskipun karakteristiknya mungkin serupa, ia memiliki beberapa perbedaan dari po yaitu menggunakan pasak kayu untuk menyambung papan dan memiliki rasio penumpang terhadap bobot mati sebesar dua kalinya. Pada zaman Majapahit, sebuah jong biasanya membawa 600–700 orang dengan bobot mati 1200–1400 ton, dan memiliki LOD (panjang dek) sekitar 69,26–72,55 m dan LOA (panjang keseluruhan) sekitar 76,18–79,81 m. Yang terbesar, membawa 1000 orang dengan bobot mati 2000 ton, adalah sekitar 80,51 m LOD-nya dan 88,56 m LOA-nya.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jong dibangun terutama di dua pusat pembuatan kapal utama di sekitar Jawa: Di pantai utara Jawa, di sekitar Cirebon dan Rembang-Demak (di <a href="/wiki/Selat_Muria" title="Selat Muria">selat Muria</a> yang memisahkan <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Muria" title="Gunung Muria">gunung Muria</a> dengan pulau Jawa), dan juga di pesisir Selatan Kalimantan, terutama di Banjarmasin dan pulau-pulau sekitarnya.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:377</sup></span> Tempat ini sama-sama memiliki hutan jati, tetapi galangan kapal di <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> tetap mendatangkan kayu jati dari Jawa, sedangkan Kalimantan sendiri menjadi pemasok kayu ulin.<sup id="cite_ref-:202_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:202-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:132</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a> (sekarang Bago), yang merupakan pelabuhan besar pada abad ke-16, juga memproduksi jong, oleh orang Jawa yang menetap di sana.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:250</sup></span> </p><p>Takjub akan kemampuan mereka, Albuquerque mempekerjakan 60 tukang kayu dan arsitek kapal Jawa dari galangan kapal Malaka dan mengirimnya ke India, dengan harapan bahwa para pengrajin ini dapat memperbaiki kapal-kapal Portugis di India. Akan tetapi mereka tidak pernah sampai di India, mereka memberontak dan membawa kapal Portugis yang mereka tumpangi ke Pasai, di mana mereka disambut dengan luar biasa.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:102-103</sup></span> Orang Belanda juga menyadari kemahiran orang Jawa dalam pembuatan kapal, pada abad ke-18 galangan-galangan kapal di <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> mempekerjakan orang Jawa sebagai mandor.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:202</sup></span> Pembuatan kapal di Jawa terhambat ketika VOC memperoleh pijakan di Jawa mulai awal abad ke-17. Namun, pada abad ke-18 daerah pembuatan kapal Jawa (khususnya <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Rembang" title="Kabupaten Rembang">Rembang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Juwana,_Pati" title="Juwana, Pati">Juwana</a>) telah mulai membangun kapal besar bergaya Eropa (jenis <i>bark</i> dan <i>brigantine</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:4_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:20</sup></span> kapal-kapal jenis ini bisa mencapai 400–600 ton muatannya, dengan rata-rata sebesar 92 <i>last</i> (165.6–184 ton metrik).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada 1856, <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a> mencatat bahwa aktivitas pembuatan kapal Jawa masih ada pada pesisir Utara Jawa, dengan galangan kapal yang diawasi oleh orang Eropa, namun semua pekerjanya orang Jawa. Kapal-kapal yang dibuat pada abad ke-19 memiliki tonase maksimum 50 ton dan digunakan untuk pengangkutan di sungai.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:95</sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandai_besi">Pandai besi</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Semar_Kris_(alt)_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Keris dekoratif dengan tokoh Semar sebagai pegangannya. Bilah memiliki tiga belas luk."><img alt="Keris dekoratif dengan tokoh Semar sebagai pegangannya. Bilah memiliki tiga belas luk." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_3.jpg/500px-Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="307" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_3.jpg/960px-Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Keris dekoratif dengan tokoh Semar sebagai pegangannya. Bilah memiliki tiga belas <i>luk</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Raffles_Javan_Weapons_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Senjata Jawa: Golok, gada, busur dan panah, sumpit, ketapel."><img alt="Senjata Jawa: Golok, gada, busur dan panah, sumpit, ketapel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_1.png/250px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_1.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_1.png/330px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_1.png/500px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1811" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Senjata Jawa: Golok, gada, busur dan panah, sumpit, ketapel.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Senjata Jawa: Keris."><img alt="Senjata Jawa: Keris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png/250px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png/330px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png/500px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1811" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Senjata Jawa: Keris.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Raffles_Javan_Weapons_3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pedang pendek, perisai, dan senapan matchlock."><img alt="Pedang pendek, perisai, dan senapan matchlock." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_3.png/250px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_3.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_3.png/330px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_3.png/500px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pedang pendek, perisai, dan senapan <i><a href="/wiki/Matchlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Archipel_Asiatique_Malaisie_-_Armes_Offensives_et_%C3%89tendard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berbagai keris dan senjata galah Jawa."><img alt="Berbagai keris dan senjata galah Jawa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Archipel_Asiatique_Malaisie_-_Armes_Offensives_et_%C3%89tendard.jpg/258px-Archipel_Asiatique_Malaisie_-_Armes_Offensives_et_%C3%89tendard.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Archipel_Asiatique_Malaisie_-_Armes_Offensives_et_%C3%89tendard.jpg/387px-Archipel_Asiatique_Malaisie_-_Armes_Offensives_et_%C3%89tendard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Archipel_Asiatique_Malaisie_-_Armes_Offensives_et_%C3%89tendard.jpg/516px-Archipel_Asiatique_Malaisie_-_Armes_Offensives_et_%C3%89tendard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Berbagai keris dan senjata galah Jawa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 231.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 229.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:More_Javanese_weapons_including_lances,_istinggar,_and_senapan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senjata Jawa: Tombak, istinggar dan senapan, dan model meriam di pedatinya."><img alt="Senjata Jawa: Tombak, istinggar dan senapan, dan model meriam di pedatinya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/More_Javanese_weapons_including_lances%2C_istinggar%2C_and_senapan.jpg/500px-More_Javanese_weapons_including_lances%2C_istinggar%2C_and_senapan.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/More_Javanese_weapons_including_lances%2C_istinggar%2C_and_senapan.jpg/516px-More_Javanese_weapons_including_lances%2C_istinggar%2C_and_senapan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/More_Javanese_weapons_including_lances%2C_istinggar%2C_and_senapan.jpg/689px-More_Javanese_weapons_including_lances%2C_istinggar%2C_and_senapan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Senjata Jawa: Tombak, istinggar dan senapan, dan model meriam di pedatinya.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 956px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 954px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cetbang_Majapahit_of_1470-1478,_collection_of_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meriam Cetbang Majapahit, dari Metropolitan Museum of Art, yang diperkirakan berasal dari tahun 1470–1478. Meriam tersebut memiliki lambang Surya Majapahit."><img alt="Meriam Cetbang Majapahit, dari Metropolitan Museum of Art, yang diperkirakan berasal dari tahun 1470–1478. Meriam tersebut memiliki lambang Surya Majapahit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cetbang_Majapahit_of_1470-1478%2C_collection_of_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/1431px-Cetbang_Majapahit_of_1470-1478%2C_collection_of_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="954" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Cetbang_Majapahit_of_1470-1478%2C_collection_of_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Meriam Cetbang Majapahit, dari <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, yang diperkirakan berasal dari tahun 1470–1478. Meriam tersebut memiliki lambang <a href="/wiki/Surya_Majapahit" title="Surya Majapahit">Surya Majapahit</a>.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pandai besi secara tradisional dihargai. Beberapa pandai besi berpuasa dan bermeditasi untuk mencapai kesempurnaan. Pandai besi Jawa menciptakan berbagai alat dan peralatan pertanian, dan juga barang-barang budaya seperti instrumen gamelan dan keris.<sup id="cite_ref-dunham_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunham-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seni membuat keris memberikan keterampilan teknis yang diterapkan pada pembuatan meriam. Meriam dan senjata api membutuhkan keahlian khusus dan mungkin dibuat oleh orang-orang yang sama. Kekuatan spiritual pandai besi dikatakan dipindahkan ke meriam yang mereka buat.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:384</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Meriam_tangan" title="Meriam tangan">Meriam galah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bedil_tombak" title="Bedil tombak">bedil tombak</a>) tercatat digunakan oleh orang Jawa di Indonesia pada tahun 1413.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:72_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duarte Barbosa sekitar tahun 1514 mengatakan bahwa penduduk Jawa sangat ahli dalam membuat artileri dan merupakan penembak artileri yang baik. Mereka membuat banyak meriam 1 pon (<a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">cetbang</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Rentaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rentaka">rentaka</a>), <a href="/wiki/Senapan_lontak" title="Senapan lontak">senapan lontak</a> panjang, <i>spingarde</i> (arquebus), <i>schioppi</i> (meriam tangan), <a href="/wiki/Api_Yunani" title="Api Yunani">api Yunani</a>, <i>gun</i> (bedil besar atau meriam), dan senjata api atau kembang api lainnya. Setiap tempat di sana dianggap sangat baik dalam mencetak/mengecor artileri, dan juga dalam ilmu penggunaanya.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:198</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:2_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:254</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:224</sup></span> Pada tahun 1513, armada Jawa yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Pati_Unus" title="Pati Unus">Pati Unus</a>, berlayar untuk menyerang <a href="/wiki/Melaka_Portugis" title="Melaka Portugis">Melaka Portugis</a> "dengan banyak artileri yang dibuat di Jawa, karena orang Jawa terampil dalam perpandaian besi dan pengecoran, dan dalam semua pekerjaan dengan besi, melebihi apa yang mereka miliki di India".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:162</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:22_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:23</sup></span> </p><p> Zhang Xie dalam Dong Xi Yang Kao (1618) menyebutkan bahwa kota Palembang, yang telah ditaklukkan oleh orang Jawa, menghasilkan minyak api ganas (<i>ming huo yu</i>), yang menurut <i>Hua I Kao</i> adalah sejenis getah pohon (<i>shu</i> <i>chin</i>), dan juga disebut minyak lumpur (<i>ni</i> <i>yu</i>). Zhang Xie menulis:<sup id="cite_ref-:23_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:88</sup></span></p><blockquote><p>Benda ini sangat mirip dengan kapur barus, dan dapat merusak daging manusia. Ketika dinyalakan dan dilemparkan ke air, cahaya dan apinya menjadi lebih kuat. Orang barbar menggunakannya sebagai senjata api dan menghasilkan kebakaran hebat di mana layar, benteng, bagian atas, dan dayung semuanya terbakar dan tidak dapat menahannya. Ikan dan kura-kura yang bersentuhan dengannya tidak bisa lepas dari kehangusan.</p></blockquote><p>Karena tidak disebutkan pompa penyembur, senjata itu mungkin adalah botol yang bisa pecah dengan sumbu.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:88</sup></span> </p><p>Pisau keris adalah barang penting, dengan banyak keris pusaka yang memiliki nilai sejarah signifikan. Desain keris adalah untuk merobek perut lawan, membuat cedera lebih parah. </p><p>Kota Gede terkenal dengan kerajinan perak dan kerajinan tangan yang berbahan perak.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orang Jawa membuat beberapa jenis <a href="/wiki/Baju_zirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Baju zirah">baju zirah</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Karambalangan" title="Karambalangan">karambalangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawaca" title="Kawaca">kawaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siping-siping" title="Siping-siping">siping-siping</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Baju_rantai" title="Baju rantai">waju rante</a>. Mereka juga membuat helm baja yang disebut rukuh. Baju zirah mungkin hanya digunakan oleh prajurit berpangkat tinggi dan pasukan terlatih/bergaji, dengan <a href="/wiki/Tentara_permanen" title="Tentara permanen">tentara permanen</a> (<i>standing army</i>) yang digaji sebanyak 30.000 orang sudah ada pada era Singhasari dan Majapahit (1222 hingga 1527 M), pertama kali disebutkan dalam catatan Tiongkok <i><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi" title="Zhu Fan Zhi">Zhu Fan Zhi</a></i> tahun 1225 M. Sebagian tentara Jawa biasanya terdiri dari petani pungutan yang bertempur dengan telanjang dada.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:320-321</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:15_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:75-80</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:13_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:111–113</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:022_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:467</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembuatan_Batik">Pembuatan Batik</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a> tradisional dibuat oleh perempuan sebagai hobi, tetapi beberapa kota dan desa memiliki spesialisasi dalam pembuatan batik, seperti Pekalongan, Kauman, Kampung Taman, dan Laweyan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukiran_kayu">Ukiran kayu</h3></div> <p>Seni ukir kayu Jawa secara tradisional diterapkan pada berbagai atribut budaya seperti patung, boneka (wayang), dan topeng. Ukiran kayu juga menonjol sebagai ornamen dan detail rumah. Omah Kudus yang diukir dengan rumit adalah contoh bagus penguasaan ukiran kayu Jawa. Kota Jepara Jawa Tengah terkenal sebagai pusat lokakarya ukiran kayu Jawa, di mana para seniman dan tukang kayu secara khusus mengolah kayu jati Jawa.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijders_vervaardigen_maskers_Nederlands-Indi%C3%AB_TMnr_60026954.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perajin kayu Jawa membuat topeng tradisional pada era Hindia Belanda."><img alt="Perajin kayu Jawa membuat topeng tradisional pada era Hindia Belanda." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijders_vervaardigen_maskers_Nederlands-Indi%C3%AB_TMnr_60026954.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijders_vervaardigen_maskers_Nederlands-Indi%C3%AB_TMnr_60026954.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijders_vervaardigen_maskers_Nederlands-Indi%C3%AB_TMnr_60026954.jpg/598px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijders_vervaardigen_maskers_Nederlands-Indi%C3%AB_TMnr_60026954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijders_vervaardigen_maskers_Nederlands-Indi%C3%AB_TMnr_60026954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Perajin kayu Jawa membuat topeng tradisional pada era <a href="/wiki/Hindia_Belanda" title="Hindia Belanda">Hindia Belanda</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Raffles_Carpenters_Tools.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Alat-alat tukang kayu orang Jawa."><img alt="Alat-alat tukang kayu orang Jawa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raffles_Carpenters_Tools.png/250px-Raffles_Carpenters_Tools.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raffles_Carpenters_Tools.png/330px-Raffles_Carpenters_Tools.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raffles_Carpenters_Tools.png/500px-Raffles_Carpenters_Tools.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alat-alat tukang kayu orang Jawa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Raffles_Implements_of_Husbandry.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Alat pertanian Jawa."><img alt="Alat pertanian Jawa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Raffles_Implements_of_Husbandry.png/250px-Raffles_Implements_of_Husbandry.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Raffles_Implements_of_Husbandry.png/500px-Raffles_Implements_of_Husbandry.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1677" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alat pertanian Jawa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Raffles_Javanese_manufacturing_tools_and_handicrafts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gambar alat produksi, kerajinan tangan, dan alat musik Jawa."><img alt="Gambar alat produksi, kerajinan tangan, dan alat musik Jawa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Raffles_Javanese_manufacturing_tools_and_handicrafts.png/220px-Raffles_Javanese_manufacturing_tools_and_handicrafts.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Raffles_Javanese_manufacturing_tools_and_handicrafts.png/329px-Raffles_Javanese_manufacturing_tools_and_handicrafts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Raffles_Javanese_manufacturing_tools_and_handicrafts.png/439px-Raffles_Javanese_manufacturing_tools_and_handicrafts.png 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="1569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gambar alat produksi, kerajinan tangan, dan alat musik Jawa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Raffles_Musical_Instruments_of_Java_Gamelan_Salindro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alat musik Jawa, banyak di antaranya membutuhkan keahlian pandai besi dan tukang kayu."><img alt="Alat musik Jawa, banyak di antaranya membutuhkan keahlian pandai besi dan tukang kayu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Raffles_Musical_Instruments_of_Java_Gamelan_Salindro.jpg/250px-Raffles_Musical_Instruments_of_Java_Gamelan_Salindro.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Raffles_Musical_Instruments_of_Java_Gamelan_Salindro.jpg/330px-Raffles_Musical_Instruments_of_Java_Gamelan_Salindro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Raffles_Musical_Instruments_of_Java_Gamelan_Salindro.jpg/500px-Raffles_Musical_Instruments_of_Java_Gamelan_Salindro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2603" data-file-height="3689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alat musik Jawa, banyak di antaranya membutuhkan keahlian pandai besi dan tukang kayu.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tokoh-tokoh_Jawa">Tokoh-tokoh Jawa</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_tokoh_Jawa" title="Daftar tokoh Jawa">Daftar tokoh Jawa</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a>, Presiden Republik Indonesia ke-4 (1999–2001).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Dahlan">Ahmad Dahlan</a>, Ulama (Kyai), Pendiri Muhammadiyah.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boediono" title="Boediono">Boediono</a>, Mantan Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia (2009–2014).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benyamin_Sueb" title="Benyamin Sueb">Benyamin Sueb</a>, Seniman, Aktor, Pelawak.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zahid_Hamidi" title="Ahmad Zahid Hamidi">Dato' Seri Ahmad Zahid Hamidi</a>, Mantan Deputi Perdana Menteri Malaysia (2015–2018).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emha_Ainun_Nadjib" title="Emha Ainun Nadjib">Emha Ainun Nadjib</a>, Ulama, Budayawan, Seniman, Penulis, Pendidik, Psikolog, Konsultan kesehatan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatot_Nurmantyo" title="Gatot Nurmantyo">Gatot Nurmantyo</a>, Mantan Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia (2015-2017).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwana_IX" title="Hamengkubuwana IX">Hamengkubuwana IX</a>, Raja Kesultanan Yogyakarta, Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia ke-2 (1973-1978).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasyim_Asyari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasyim Asyari">Hasyim Asyari</a>, Pendiri Nahdlatul Ulama.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidayat_Nur_Wahid" title="Hidayat Nur Wahid">Hidayat Nur Wahid</a>, Wakil Ketua MPR (2014–sekarang), Mantan Ketua MPR RI (2004–2009).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joko_Widodo" title="Joko Widodo">Joko Widodo</a>, Presiden Republik Indonesia ke-7 (2014–2024), Mantan Gubernur DKI Jakarta, Mantan Wali kota Solo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Darmaatmadja" title="Julius Darmaatmadja">Julius Darmaatmadja</a>, Uskup Agung Jakarta, Mantan Ketua Konferensi Waligereja Indonesia (2000–2006).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koentjaraningrat" title="Koentjaraningrat">Koentjaraningrat</a>, Antropolog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khofifah_Indar_Parawansa" title="Khofifah Indar Parawansa">Khofifah Indar Parawansa</a>, Gubernur Jawa Timur, Mantan Menteri Sosial, Mantan Menteri Negara Pemberdayaan Perempuan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusbini" title="Kusbini">Kusbini</a>, Pencipta lagu "Bagimu Negeri".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listyo_Sigit_Prabowo" title="Listyo Sigit Prabowo">Listyo Sigit Prabowo</a>, Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia sejak tanggal 27 Januari 2021 - sekarang.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangkunegara_I" title="Mangkunegara I">Mangkunegara I</a>, Pendiri <a href="/wiki/Kadipaten_Mangkunegaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadipaten Mangkunegaran">Kadipaten Mangkunegaran</a>, Adipati pertama <a href="/wiki/Mangkunegaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangkunegaran">Mangkunegaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlawan_Nasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlawan Nasional">Pahlawan Nasional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margono_Sukarjo" title="Margono Sukarjo">Margono Sukarjo</a>, Salah satu perintis pembedahan jantung di Indonesia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Tilaar" title="Martha Tilaar">Martha Tilaar</a>, Pengusaha kosmetik (merk dagang <a href="/wiki/Sariayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sariayu">Sariayu</a>), Pendiri <a href="/wiki/Martina_Berto" title="Martina Berto">PT Martina Berto Tbk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Roem" title="Mohamad Roem">Mohamad Roem</a>, Wakil Perdana Menteri Indonesia (<a href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a>–<a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>), Pemimpin delegasi <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Roem-Roijen" title="Perjanjian Roem-Roijen">Perjanjian Roem-Roijen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin" title="Muhyiddin Yassin">Muhyiddin Yassin</a>, Perdana Menteri Malaysia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustofa_Bisri" title="Mustofa Bisri">Mustofa Bisri</a>, Ulama, Sastrawan, Budayawan, Pendidik.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutiara_Djokosoetono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutiara Djokosoetono (halaman belum tersedia)">Mutiara Djokosoetono</a>, Pendiri <a href="/wiki/Blue_Bird_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Bird Group">Blue Bird Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurcholish_Madjid" title="Nurcholish Madjid">Nurcholish Madjid</a>, Cendekiawan, Budayawan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwana_VI" title="Pakubuwana VI">Pakubuwana VI</a>, Raja ke-5 <a href="/wiki/Kesunanan_Surakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesunanan Surakarta">Kesunanan Surakarta</a>, Tokoh dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Diponegoro" title="Perang Diponegoro">Perang Diponegoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlawan_Nasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlawan Nasional">Pahlawan Nasional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwana_X" title="Pakubuwana X">Pakubuwana X</a>, Raja ke-9 <a href="/wiki/Kesunanan_Surakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesunanan Surakarta">Kesunanan Surakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlawan_Nasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlawan Nasional">Pahlawan Nasional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwana_XII" title="Pakubuwana XII">Pakubuwana XII</a>, Raja ke-11 <a href="/wiki/Kesunanan_Surakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesunanan Surakarta">Kesunanan Surakarta</a>, Salah satu delegasi <a href="/wiki/KMB" class="mw-redirect" title="KMB">KMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Slamet_Somohardjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Slamet Somohardjo">Paul Slamet Somohardjo</a>, Ketua Parlemen Suriname, Ketua Partai <a href="/wiki/Pertjajah_Luhur" title="Pertjajah Luhur">Pertjajah Luhur</a> di <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purnomo_Yusgiantoro" title="Purnomo Yusgiantoro">Purnomo Yusgiantoro</a>, Mantan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini">R.A. Kartini</a>, Pahlawan Nasional.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifullah_Yusuf" title="Saifullah Yusuf">Saifullah Yusuf</a>, Mantan Menteri Negara Percepatan Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal, Mantan Wakil Gubernur Jawa Timur.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedyatmo" title="Sedyatmo">Sedyatmo</a>, Ilmuwan penemu konstruksi cakar Ayam.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soedirman" title="Soedirman">Soedirman</a>, Pahlawan Nasional.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soeharto" title="Soeharto">Soeharto</a>, Presiden Republik Indonesia ke-2 (1967–1998).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soekarno" title="Soekarno">Soekarno</a>, Proklamator dan Presiden Republik Indonesia ke-1 (1945–1967), Perdana Menteri Indonesia ke-11 (1959–1966).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soewarto_Moestadja" title="Soewarto Moestadja">Soewarto Moestadja</a>, Mantan Menteri Dalam Negeri Suriname.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosrokartono" title="Sosrokartono">Sosrokartono</a>, Wartawan, Penerjemah, Dokter, Cendekiawan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujiwo_Tejo" title="Sujiwo Tejo">Sujiwo Tejo</a>, Penulis, Seniman, Sutradara.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung_Anyakrakusuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Agung Anyakrakusuma">Sultan Agung Anyakrakusuma</a>, Sultan Mataram ke-3 (1613–1645), Pahlawan Nasional.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susi_Pudjiastuti" title="Susi Pudjiastuti">Susi Pudjiastuti</a>, Mantan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan dari Kabinet Kerja (2014-2019) yang juga pengusaha pemilik dan Presiden Direktur PT ASI Pudjiastuti Marine Product, eksportir hasil-hasil perikanan dan PT ASI Pudjiastuti Aviation atau penerbangan Susi Air dari Jawa Barat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a>, Presiden Republik Indonesia ke-6 (2004–2014).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_Rudolf_Supratman" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage Rudolf Supratman">Wage Rudolf Supratman</a>, Pencipta lagu "Indonesia Raya".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahid_Hasjim" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahid Hasjim">Wahid Hasjim</a>, Pahlawan Nasional, Menteri Agama dan Menteri Negara dalam kabinet pertama Indonesia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wak_Doyok" title="Wak Doyok">Wak Doyok</a>, Penyanyi, Aktor <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsito_Taruno" title="Warsito Taruno">Warsito Taruno</a>, Ilmuwan penemu alat pembunuh sel kanker.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yos_Sudarso" title="Yos Sudarso">Yos Sudarso</a>, Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26593761">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><span><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Portal Indonesia </a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etnik_Suku_Jawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Etnik Suku Jawa">Etnik Suku Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Jawa" title="Aksara Jawa">Aksara Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">Bahasa Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sastra_Jawa" title="Sastra Jawa">Sastra Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_tokoh_Jawa" title="Daftar tokoh Jawa">Daftar tokoh Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masakan_Jawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Masakan Jawa">Masakan Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suku-suku_di_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku-suku di Indonesia">Suku-suku di Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Naim, Akhsan; Syaputra, Hendry (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.html"><i>Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010</i></a>. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. hlm. 34–38. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789790644175" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789790644175">9789790644175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kewarganegaraan%2C+Suku+Bangsa%2C+Agama%2C+dan+Bahasa+Sehari-Hari+Penduduk+Indonesia%3A+Hasil+Sensus+Penduduk+2010&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=34-38&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789790644175&rft.aulast=Naim&rft.aufirst=Akhsan&rft.au=Syaputra%2C+Hendry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fpublication%2F2012%2F05%2F23%2F55eca38b7fe0830834605b35%2Fkewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Joshua Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17000/MY">"Javanese, Orang Jawa in Malaysia"</a>. <i>joshuaproject.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Oktober</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=joshuaproject.net&rft.atitle=Javanese%2C+Orang+Jawa+in+Malaysia&rft.au=Joshua+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F17000%2FMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/">"Suriname"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. Central Intelligence Agency. 18 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Oktober</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Suriname&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsuriname%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Oudhof, Ko; Harmsen, Carel; Loozen, Suzanne; Choenn, Chan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/imported/documents/2011/27/2011-k2-b15-p97-art.pdf"><i>Omvang en spreiding van Surinaamse bevolkingsgroepen in Nederland</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (dalam bahasa Belanda). Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek Nederland. hlm. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Omvang+en+spreiding+van+Surinaamse+bevolkingsgroepen+in+Nederland&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Centraal+Bureau+voor+de+Statistiek+Nederland&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Oudhof&rft.aufirst=Ko&rft.au=Harmsen%2C+Carel&rft.au=Loozen%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Choenn%2C+Chan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fimported%2Fdocuments%2F2011%2F27%2F2011-k2-b15-p97-art.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Javanese-language">"Javanese language"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Javanese+language&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FJavanese-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation thesis">Thornton, David Leonard (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/33606"><i>Javanization of Indonesian politics</i></a> (Tesis). The University of British Columbia. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0101705">10.14288/1.0101705</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/33606">https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/33606</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses pada 7 November 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javanization+of+Indonesian+politics&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=David+Leonard&rft.au=Thornton%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+Leonard&rft.date=1972&rft.pub=The+University+of+British+Columbia&rft_id=info:doi/10.14288%2F1.0101705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcircle.ubc.ca%2Fhandle%2F2429%2F33606&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Suku_Jawa"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury"><i>Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%27s+Population%3A+Ethnicity+and+Religion+in+a+Changing+Political+Landscape&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesiaspopula0000sury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Kleffner Nydell <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC&printsec">Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times</a>, Intercultural Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1931930252" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1931930252">1931930252</a>, hlm. xxiii, 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">sekitar 152 juta umat Muslim Bengali di <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> dan 36,4 juta umat Muslim Bengali di <a href="/wiki/Republik_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik India">Republik India</a> (perkiraan <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA Factbook</a> 2014, angka pada pertumbuhan populasi yang pesat); sekitar 10 juta orang Bangladesh di Timur Tengah, 1 juta orang Bengali di Pakistan, 5 juta orang Bangladesh-Inggris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). <i>Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten</i>. New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois: Aleph Book Company. hlm. 1. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-93-83064-41-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-93-83064-41-0">978-93-83064-41-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%3A+A+History+from+Aurangzeb+to+Mountbatten&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India%2C+Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Aleph+Book+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-83064-41-0&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ilmugeografi.com/ilmu-sosial/suku-bangsa-di-pulau-jawa">https://ilmugeografi.com/ilmu-sosial/suku-bangsa-di-pulau-jawa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiller-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spiller_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiller_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Spiller, Henry (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2L2Z2nYd_QsC"><i>Gamelan music of Indonesia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-96067-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-96067-0">978-0-415-96067-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gamelan+music+of+Indonesia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96067-0&rft.aulast=Spiller&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2L2Z2nYd_QsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2003), hlm. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223131403/http://assets.kompas.com/data/photo/2015/10/12/1113035menyusuri-jejak-leluhur780x390.JPG">"Pemetaan Genetika Manusia Indonesia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kompas.com" title="Kompas.com">Kompas.com</a></i> (dalam bahasa Indonesian). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.kompas.com/data/photo/2015/10/12/1113035menyusuri-jejak-leluhur780x390.JPG">versi asli</a> tanggal 23 Februari 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kompas.com&rft.atitle=Pemetaan+Genetika+Manusia+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.kompas.com%2Fdata%2Fphoto%2F2015%2F10%2F12%2F1113035menyusuri-jejak-leluhur780x390.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Miksic, John; Marcello Tranchini; Anita Tranchini (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVoZGA2yfywC"><i>Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-945971-90-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-945971-90-0">978-0-945971-90-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borobudur%3A+Golden+Tales+of+the+Buddhas&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-945971-90-0&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Marcello+Tranchini&rft.au=Anita+Tranchini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVoZGA2yfywC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tarling, Nicholas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0b-6wpalR40C"><i>Cambridge history of South East Asia: From early times to c.1500</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 203. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-66369-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-66369-4">978-0-521-66369-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+history+of+South+East+Asia%3A+From+early+times+to+c.1500&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66369-4&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0b-6wpalR40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-survey-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-survey_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-survey_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Spuler, Bertold; F.R.C. Bagley (31 Desember 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Muslim world: a historical survey, Part 4</i></a>. Brill Archive. hlm. 252. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-06196-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-04-06196-5">978-90-04-06196-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+world%3A+a+historical+survey%2C+Part+4&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1981-12-31&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06196-5&rft.aulast=Spuler&rft.aufirst=Bertold&rft.au=F.R.C.+Bagley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNgUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Capaldi, Liz; Joshua Eliot (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiHAw5zSHKkC"><i>Bali handbook with Lombok and the Eastern Isles: the travel guide</i></a>. Footprint Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-658-01454-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-658-01454-3">978-0-658-01454-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali+handbook+with+Lombok+and+the+Eastern+Isles%3A+the+travel+guide&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-658-01454-3&rft.aulast=Capaldi&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft.au=Joshua+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZiHAw5zSHKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFKcQ8_dS00C"><i>World and Its Peoples: Indonesia and East Timor</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. hlm. 1333. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7614-7643-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7614-7643-6">978-0-7614-7643-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Indonesia+and+East+Timor&rft.pages=1333&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7643-6&rft.au=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFKcQ8_dS00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wink-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wink_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wink, André (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C"><i>Indo-Islamic society, 14th-15th centuries</i></a>. BRILL. hlm. 217. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-0413561-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-0413561-1">978-90-0413561-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Islamic+society%2C+14th-15th+centuries&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-0413561-1&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyYslywJUE8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, 2nd Edition</i>. London: MacMillan. hlm. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-333-57689-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-333-57689-6">0-333-57689-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+since+c.1300%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-333-57689-6&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Muljana, Slamet (2005). <i>Runtuhnya kerajaan Hindu-Jawa dan timbulnya negara-negara Islam di Nusantara</i>. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: LKiS. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/979-8451-16-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/979-8451-16-3">979-8451-16-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runtuhnya+kerajaan+Hindu-Jawa+dan+timbulnya+negara-negara+Islam+di+Nusantara&rft.place=Yogyakarta%2C+Indonesia&rft.pub=LKiS&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=979-8451-16-3&rft.aulast=Muljana&rft.aufirst=Slamet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suma-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suma_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suma_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pires, Tomé (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PA184&dq=demak&cd=5#v=onepage&q=demak&f=false"><i>The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East</i></a>. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/81-206-0535-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/81-206-0535-7">81-206-0535-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suma+oriental+of+Tome+Pires%3A+an+account+of+the+East&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=81-206-0535-7&rft.aulast=Pires&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh82D-Y0E3TwC%26pg%3DPA184%26dq%3Ddemak%26cd%3D5%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Ddemak%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/keris-indonesia/">"Keris Indonesia"</a>. <i>Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia</i>. 17 Desember 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 Juli</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Direktorat+Jenderal+Kebudayaan+Republik+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Keris+Indonesia&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fditwdb%2Fkeris-indonesia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2403987/ketika-bule-selandia-baru-unjuk-kebolehan-beratraksi-gamelan-jawa">"Ketika Bule Selandia Baru Unjuk Kebolehan Beratraksi Gamelan Jawa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Detik.com" title="Detik.com">detikcom</a></i>. 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 Juli</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=detikcom&rft.atitle=Ketika+Bule+Selandia+Baru+Unjuk+Kebolehan+Beratraksi+Gamelan+Jawa&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.detik.com%2Fberita%2Fd-2403987%2Fketika-bule-selandia-baru-unjuk-kebolehan-beratraksi-gamelan-jawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Revianur, Aditya (5 Desember 2012). Wahono, Tri, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sains.kompas.com/read/2012/12/05/19045066/Majapahit-Jajah-hingga-Semenanjung-Malaya">"Majapahit Jajah hingga Semenanjung Malaya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kompas.com" title="Kompas.com">Kompas.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 Juli</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kompas.com&rft.atitle=Majapahit+Jajah+hingga+Semenanjung+Malaya&rft.date=2012-12-05&rft.aulast=Revianur&rft.aufirst=Aditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsains.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2012%2F12%2F05%2F19045066%2FMajapahit-Jajah-hingga-Semenanjung-Malaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lebih dari satu parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last=</code> yang digunakan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#redundant_parameters" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marr, David G.; Anthony Crothers Milner (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lon7gmj040MC"><i>Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th centuries</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-9971-988-39-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-9971-988-39-5">978-9971-988-39-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+9th+to+14th+centuries&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-9971-988-39-5&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft.au=Anthony+Crothers+Milner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLon7gmj040MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSuwadji2013" class="citation book">Suwadji (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ngoko-krama"><i>Ngoko Krama</i></a>. Yogyakarta: Balai Bahasa Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9786027777620" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9786027777620">9786027777620</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/890814963">890814963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ngoko+Krama&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=Balai+Bahasa+Provinsi+Daerah+Istimewa+Yogyakarta&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890814963&rft.isbn=9786027777620&rft.au=Suwadji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fngoko-krama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, hlm. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverson2008">Everson 2008</a>, hlm. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Soeseno, Ki Nardjoko (2014). <i>Falsafah Jawa Soeharto & Jokowi</i>. Araska. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-7733-82-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-7733-82-4">978-602-7733-82-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falsafah+Jawa+Soeharto+%26+Jokowi&rft.pub=Araska&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-602-7733-82-4&rft.aulast=Soeseno&rft.aufirst=Ki+Nardjoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McDonald, Hamish (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suhartoindonesia0000mcdo"><i>Suharto's Indonesia</i></a>. Melbourne: Fontana. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suhartoindonesia0000mcdo/page/9">9</a>–10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-00-635721-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-00-635721-0">0-00-635721-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suharto%27s+Indonesia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Fontana&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-00-635721-0&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuhartoindonesia0000mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Dwi Royanto (24 Juni 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/515679-kenaikan-jumlah-pemudik-asal-jateng-tahun-ini-paling-tinggi">"Kenaikan Jumlah Pemudik Asal Jateng Tahun Ini Paling Tinggi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/VIVA.co.id" title="VIVA.co.id">VIVA.co.id</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 Juli</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VIVA.co.id&rft.atitle=Kenaikan+Jumlah+Pemudik+Asal+Jateng+Tahun+Ini+Paling+Tinggi&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft.au=Dwi+Royanto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.viva.co.id%2Fberita%2Fnasional%2F515679-kenaikan-jumlah-pemudik-asal-jateng-tahun-ini-paling-tinggi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105131914/http://hubdat.dephub.go.id/berita/1348-279-juta-penduduk-akan-melakukan-mudik-lebaran-2014/">"27,9 juta penduduk akan melakukan mudik lebaran 2014"</a>. <i>Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Darat Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia</i>. 14 Mei 2014. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubdat.dephub.go.id/berita/1348-279-juta-penduduk-akan-melakukan-mudik-lebaran-2014/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2015-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 Juli</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Direktorat+Jenderal+Perhubungan+Darat+Kementerian+Perhubungan+Republik+Indonesia&rft.atitle=27%2C9+juta+penduduk+akan+melakukan+mudik+lebaran+2014&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubdat.dephub.go.id%2Fberita%2F1348-279-juta-penduduk-akan-melakukan-mudik-lebaran-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agri-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agri_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agri_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gérard, Françoise; François Ruf (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rj6kIpbb0UC&pg=PA301"><i>Agriculture in crisis: people, commodities and natural resources in Indonesia, 1996-2000</i></a>. Routledge. hlm. 301. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7007-1465-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7007-1465-0">978-0-7007-1465-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agriculture+in+crisis%3A+people%2C+commodities+and+natural+resources+in+Indonesia%2C+1996-2000&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1465-0&rft.aulast=G%C3%A9rard&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Ruf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rj6kIpbb0UC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunham-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunham_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunham_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Dunham, Stanley Ann</a>; Alice G. Dewey (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5WR76pKZzpYC&pg=PA50"><i>Surviving Against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia</i></a>. Duke University Press. hlm. 50. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8223-4687-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8223-4687-6">978-0-8223-4687-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Against+the+Odds%3A+Village+Industry+in+Indonesia&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4687-6&rft.aulast=Dunham&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Ann&rft.au=Alice+G.+Dewey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5WR76pKZzpYC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dick-Read, Robert (2005). <i>The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times</i>. Thurlton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phantom+Voyagers%3A+Evidence+of+Indonesian+Settlement+in+Africa+in+Ancient+Times&rft.pub=Thurlton&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dick-Read&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Beale, Philip (April 2006). "From Indonesia to Africa: Borobudur Ship Expedition". <i>Ziff Journal</i>: 22 – via <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.swahiliweb.net/ziff_journal_3_files/ziff2006-04.pdf">http://www.swahiliweb.net/ziff_journal_3_files/ziff2006-04.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ziff+Journal&rft.atitle=From+Indonesia+to+Africa%3A+Borobudur+Ship+Expedition&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2006-04&rft.aulast=Beale&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dick-Read, Robert (Juli 2006). "Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa's most famous icons". <i>The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 23–45. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Ftd.v2i1.307">10.4102/td.v2i1.307</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+for+Transdisciplinary+Research+in+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=Indonesia+and+Africa%3A+questioning+the+origins+of+some+of+Africa%27s+most+famous+icons&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-45&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Ftd.v2i1.307&rft.aulast=Dick-Read&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, “The Ethnographic Evidence for Long-distance Contacts”, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. W. Ardika & P. Bellwood, “Sembiran: The Beginnings of Indian Contact with Bali”, <i>Antiquity</i> 65 (1991): 221–32. See also I. W. Ardika, P. Bellwood, I. M. Sutaba & K. C. Yuliati, “Sembiran and the First Indian Contacts with Bali: An Update”, <i>Antiquity</i> 71(1997): 193–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-(Japan)1972-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-(Japan)1972_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tōyō Bunko (Japan) (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5nWAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya"><i>Memoirs of the Research Department</i></a>. hlm. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Research+Department&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1972&rft.au=T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D+Bunko+%28Japan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD5nWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D774%2B787%2Bsrivijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><cite class="citation book">Tōyō Bunko (Japan) (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBkkAQAAIAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya"><i>Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)</i></a>. Toyo Bunko. hlm. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Research+Department+of+the+Toyo+Bunko+%28the+Oriental+Library%29&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Toyo+Bunko&rft.date=1972&rft.au=T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D+Bunko+%28Japan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBkkAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D774%2B787%2Bsrivijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D9vaAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya"><i>Proceedings of the Symposium on 100 Years Development of Krakatau and Its Surroundings, Jakarta, 23-27 August 1983</i></a>. Indonesian Institute of Sciences. 1985. hlm. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Symposium+on+100+Years+Development+of+Krakatau+and+Its+Surroundings%2C+Jakarta%2C+23-27+August+1983&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Indonesian+Institute+of+Sciences&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD9vaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D774%2B787%2Bsrivijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Society1934-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Society1934_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Greater India Society (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onEZAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya"><i>Journal</i></a>. hlm. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal&rft.pages=69&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Greater+India+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonEZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D774%2B787%2Bsrivijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1979-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1979_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ralph Bernard Smith (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lJuAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya"><i>Early South East Asia: essays in archaeology, history, and historical geography</i></a>. Oxford University Press. hlm. 447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+South+East+Asia%3A+essays+in+archaeology%2C+history%2C+and+historical+geography&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Ralph+Bernard+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lJuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D774%2B787%2Bsrivijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher1964-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher1964_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Charles Alfred Fisher (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LLhAAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya"><i>South-east Asia: a social, economic, and political geography</i></a>. Methuen. hlm. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South-east+Asia%3A+a+social%2C+economic%2C+and+political+geography&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Charles+Alfred+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLhAAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D774%2B787%2Bsrivijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RenardFund1986-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RenardFund1986_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ronald Duane Renard; Mahāwitthayālai Phāyap (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZVuAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya"><i>Anuson Walter Vella</i></a>. Walter F. Vella Fund, Payap University. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Center for Asian and Pacific Studies. hlm. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anuson+Walter+Vella&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+at+Manoa.+Center+for+Asian+and+Pacific+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Ronald+Duane+Renard&rft.au=Mah%C4%81witthay%C4%81lai+Ph%C4%81yap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZVuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D774%2B787%2Bsrivijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKFhAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya"><i>Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</i></a>. L'Ecole. 1941. hlm. 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=L%27Ecole&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKFhAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D774%2B787%2Bsrivijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HallNguyễn1968-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HallNguyễn1968_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Daniel George Edward Hall; Phút Tấn Nguyễn (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caMLAAAAIAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya"><i>Đông Nam Á sử lược</i></a>. Pacific Northwest Trading Company. hlm. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%90%C3%B4ng+Nam+%C3%81+s%E1%BB%AD+l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Pacific+Northwest+Trading+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Daniel+George+Edward+Hall&rft.au=Ph%C3%BAt+T%E1%BA%A5n+Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaMLAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D774%2B787%2Bsrivijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nastiti (2003), in Ani Triastanti, 2007, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nastiti (2003), in Ani Triastanti, 2007, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nugroho (2011). p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nugroho (2011). p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartikaningsih (1992). p. 42, in Ani Triastanti (2007), p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Eredia (1613). p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Eredia (1613). p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:122_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', dalam Geoff Wade (ed.), <i>Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past</i> (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011). <i>Majapahit Peradaban Maritim</i>. Suluh Nuswantara Bakti. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-9346-00-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-9346-00-8">978-602-9346-00-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Majapahit+Peradaban+Maritim&rft.pub=Suluh+Nuswantara+Bakti&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-602-9346-00-8&rft.aulast=Nugroho&rft.aufirst=Irawan+Djoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Maziyah, Siti (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v6i1.14010">"Analysing the Presence of Enslaved Black People in Ancient Java Society"</a>. <i>Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 62–69. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14710%2Fjmsni.v6i1.14010">10.14710/jmsni.v6i1.14010</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2579-9215">2579-9215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Maritime+Studies+and+National+Integration&rft.atitle=Analysing+the+Presence+of+Enslaved+Black+People+in+Ancient+Java+Society&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-69&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14710%2Fjmsni.v6i1.14010&rft.issn=2579-9215&rft.aulast=Maziyah&rft.aufirst=Siti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.14710%2Fjmsni.v6i1.14010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jákl, Jiří (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2017.1344050">"Black Africans on the maritime silk route"</a>. <i>Indonesia and the Malay World</i>. <b>45</b> (133): 334–351. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13639811.2017.1344050">10.1080/13639811.2017.1344050</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1363-9811">1363-9811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia+and+the+Malay+World&rft.atitle=Black+Africans+on+the+maritime+silk+route&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=133&rft.pages=334-351&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13639811.2017.1344050&rft.issn=1363-9811&rft.aulast=J%C3%A1kl&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F13639811.2017.1344050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shu, Yuan, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lK8XEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E9%8A%83&pg=RA2-PT188"><i>中国与南海周边关系史 (History of China's Relations with the South China Sea)</i></a>. Beijing Book Co. Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9787226051870" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9787226051870">9787226051870</a>. <q>一、药材:胡椒、空青、荜拨、番木鳖子、芦荟、闷虫药、没药、荜澄茄、血竭、苏木、大枫子、乌爹泥、金刚子、番红土、肉豆蔻、白豆蔻、藤竭、碗石、黄蜡、阿魏。二、香料:降香、奇南香、檀香、麻滕香、速香、龙脑香、木香、乳香、蔷薇露、黄熟香、安息香、乌香、丁皮(香)。三、珍宝：黄金、宝石、犀角、珍珠、珊瑙、象牙、龟筒、孔雀尾、翠毛、珊瑚。四、动物：马、西马、红鹦鹉、白鹦鹉、绿鹦鹉、火鸡、白鹿、白鹤、象、白猴、犀、神鹿（摸）、鹤顶（鸟）、五色鹦鹉、奥里羔兽。五、金属制品：西洋铁、铁枪、锡、折铁刀、铜鼓。六、布匹：布、油红布、绞布。[4]此外，爪哇还向明朝输入黑奴、叭喇唬船、爪哇铣、硫黄、瓷釉颜料等。爪哇朝贡贸易输人物资不仅种类多，而且数虽可观，如洪武十五年（1382年）一次进贡的胡椒就达七万五千斤。[5]而民间贸易显更大，据葡商Francisco de Sa记载：“万丹、雅加达等港口每年自漳州有帆船20艘驶来装载3万奎塔尔（quiutai）的胡椒。"1奎塔尔约合59 公斤则当年从爪哇输入中国胡椒达177万公斤。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8E%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%B9%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%8F%B2+%28History+of+China%27s+Relations+with+the+South+China+Sea%29&rft.pub=Beijing+Book+Co.+Inc.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9787226051870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlK8XEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25E7%2588%25AA%25E5%2593%2587%25E9%258A%2583%26pg%3DRA2-PT188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Brucato, Nicolas; Cox, Murray P.; Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Adelaar, Alexander; Sudoyo, Herawati; Letellier, Thierry; Ricaut, François-Xavier (2016-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep26066">"Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>6</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep26066">10.1038/srep26066</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Contrasting+Linguistic+and+Genetic+Origins+of+the+Asian+Source+Populations+of+Malagasy&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep26066&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Kusuma&rft.aufirst=Pradiptajati&rft.au=Brucato%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Cox%2C+Murray+P.&rft.au=Pierron%2C+Denis&rft.au=Razafindrazaka%2C+Harilanto&rft.au=Adelaar%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Sudoyo%2C+Herawati&rft.au=Letellier%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Ricaut%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%2Fsrep26066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_small_cohort_of_Island_Southeast_Asian_women_founded_Madagascar-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_small_cohort_of_Island_Southeast_Asian_women_founded_Madagascar_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Murray P. 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Ricaut; Herawati Sudoyo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367776">"A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>279</b> (1739): 2761–8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.0012">10.1098/rspb.2012.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367776">3367776</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22438500">22438500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=A+small+cohort+of+Island+Southeast+Asian+women+founded+Madagascar&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=1739&rft.pages=2761-8&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367776&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22438500&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2012.0012&rft.au=Murray+P.+Cox&rft.au=Michael+G.+Nelson&rft.au=Meryanne+K.+Tumonggor&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois-X.+Ricaut&rft.au=Herawati+Sudoyo&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelaar-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Adelaar, K.A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122232505/http://www.santafe.edu/events/workshops/images/6/6d/IndonesianMigrations.pdf"><i>The Indonesian migrations to Madagascar: Making sense of the multidisciplinary evidence</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. in Adelaar, Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogenesis of people in Indonesian Archipelago, LIPI PRESS. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafe.edu/events/workshops/images/6/6d/IndonesianMigrations.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2009-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+migrations+to+Madagascar%3A+Making+sense+of+the+multidisciplinary+evidence&rft.pub=in+Adelaar%2C+Austronesian+diaspora+and+the+ethnogenesis+of+people+in+Indonesian+Archipelago%2C+LIPI+PRESS&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santafe.edu%2Fevents%2Fworkshops%2Fimages%2F6%2F6d%2FIndonesianMigrations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:92_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:92_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley, Henry Edward John (1866). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/descriptionofcoa00barbrich/page/190/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:descriptionofcoa00barbrich/page/190/mode/2up">A Description of the Coast of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa</a></i>. The Hakluyt Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:172-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:172_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). 'The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', dalam Anthony Reid (ed.), <i><a href="//archive.org/details/southeast-asia-in-the-early-modern-era-trade-power-and-belief/page/n105/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:southeast-asia-in-the-early-modern-era-trade-power-and-belief/page/n105/mode/2up">Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era</a></i> (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), hlm. 197-213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jones, John Winter (1863). <i>The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508</i>. Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+travels+of+Ludovico+di+Varthema+in+Egypt%2C+Syria%2C+Arabia+Deserta+and+Arabia+Felix%2C+in+Persia%2C+India%2C+and+Ethiopia%2C+A.D.+1503+to+1508&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=John+Winter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carta IX, 1 April 1512. Dalam Pato, Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão (1884). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartasdeaffonso03albugoog/page/n98/mode/2up?q">Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, Seguidas de Documentos que as Elucidam tomo I</a></i> (pp. 29–65). Lisboa: Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencas. hlm. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Olshin, Benjamin B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portuguese-report-early-javanese-map">"A sixteenth century Portuguese report concerning an early Javanese world map"</a>. <i>História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 97–104. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs0104-59701996000400005">10.1590/s0104-59701996000400005</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0104-5970">0104-5970</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.br/j/hcsm/a/HtNK8HhmxkbycBDLzbp4SWH/?format=pdf&lang=en">versi asli</a> tanggal 19 Oktober 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hist%C3%B3ria%2C+Ci%C3%AAncias%2C+Sa%C3%BAde-Manguinhos&rft.atitle=A+sixteenth+century+Portuguese+report+concerning+an+early+Javanese+world+map&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=97-104&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2Fs0104-59701996000400005&rft.issn=0104-5970&rft.aulast=Olshin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fj%2Fhcsm%2Fa%2FHtNK8HhmxkbycBDLzbp4SWH%2F%3Fformat%3Dpdf%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLiebner2005" class="citation">Liebner, Horst H. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7780936/Perahu-Perahu_Tradisional_Nusantara_Suatu_Tinjauan_Perkapalan_dan_Pelayaran_-_-_Ini_sudah_agak_outdated_ada_tulisan_barunya_Beberapa_Catatan_akan_Sejarah_Pembuatan_Perahu_dan_Pelayaran_Nusantara_">"Perahu-Perahu Tradisional Nusantara: Suatu Tinjauan Perkapalan dan Pelayaran"</a>, dalam Edi, Sedyawati, <i>Eksplorasi Sumberdaya Budaya Maritim</i>, Jakarta: Pusat Riset Wilayah Laut dan Sumber Daya Nonhayati, Badan Riset Kelautan dan Perikanan; Pusat Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Budaya, Universitas Indonesia, hlm. 53–124</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perahu-Perahu+Tradisional+Nusantara%3A+Suatu+Tinjauan+Perkapalan+dan+Pelayaran&rft.btitle=Eksplorasi+Sumberdaya+Budaya+Maritim&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=53-124&rft.pub=Pusat+Riset+Wilayah+Laut+dan+Sumber+Daya+Nonhayati%2C+Badan+Riset+Kelautan+dan+Perikanan%3B+Pusat+Penelitian+Kemasyarakatan+dan+Budaya%2C+Universitas+Indonesia&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Liebner&rft.aufirst=Horst+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7780936%2FPerahu-Perahu_Tradisional_Nusantara_Suatu_Tinjauan_Perkapalan_dan_Pelayaran_-_-_Ini_sudah_agak_outdated_ada_tulisan_barunya_Beberapa_Catatan_akan_Sejarah_Pembuatan_Perahu_dan_Pelayaran_Nusantara_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suarez, Thomas (2012). <i>Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions Between China and India</i>. Tuttle Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:34-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:34_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cortesão, Armando (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136385-182"><i>The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I</i></a>. London: The Hakluyt Society. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9784000085052" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9784000085052">9784000085052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suma+oriental+of+Tom%C3%A9+Pires+%3A+an+account+of+the+East%2C+from+the+Red+Sea+to+Japan%2C+written+in+Malacca+and+India+in+1512-1515+%3B+and%2C+the+book+of+Francisco+Rodrigues%2C+rutter+of+a+voyage+in+the+Red+Sea%2C+nautical+rules%2C+almanack+and+maps%2C+written+and+drawn+in+the+East+before+1515+volume+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=9784000085052&rft.aulast=Cortes%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Armando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMcGillLibrary-136385-182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>Artikel ini memuat teks dari sumber tersebut, yang berada dalam <a href="/wiki/Ranah_publik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranah publik">ranah publik</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nusantarareview.com/teknologi-era-majapahit.html">"Teknologi Era Majapahit"</a>. <i>Nusantara Review</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2 Oktober 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 Juni</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nusantara+Review&rft.atitle=Teknologi+Era+Majapahit&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nusantarareview.com%2Fteknologi-era-majapahit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couto, Diogo do (1645). <i>Da Ásia: Década Quarta</i>. Lisbon: Regia Officina Typografica, 1778-1788. Reprint, Lisbon, 1974. <i>Década IV, part iii</i>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:132-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:132_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reid, Anthony (2000). <i>Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia</i>. Silkworm Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9747551063" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9747551063">9747551063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charting+the+Shape+of+Early+Modern+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Silkworm+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9747551063&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/m.-c.-ricklefs-a-history-of-modern-indonesia-since-c.-1200-red-globe-press-2008/page/100/mode/2up?q=Amangkurat"><i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 Fourth Edition (E-Book version)</i></a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. hlm. 100—101 dan 117. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780230546851" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780230546851">9780230546851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.+1200+Fourth+Edition+%28E-Book+version%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100%E2%80%94101+dan+117&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780230546851&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=Merle+Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fm.-c.-ricklefs-a-history-of-modern-indonesia-since-c.-1200-red-globe-press-2008%2Fpage%2F100%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DAmangkurat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (September 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-southeast-asian-ship-an-historical-approach">"The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach"</a>. <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>11</b>: 266–276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Southeast+Asian+Ship%3A+An+Historical+Approach&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=266-276&rft.date=1980-09&rft.aulast=Manguin&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-southeast-asian-ship-an-historical-approach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:24_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). <a href="//archive.org/details/manguin-1993-trading-ships-of-south-china-sea" class="extiw" title="iarchive:manguin-1993-trading-ships-of-south-china-sea">Trading Ships of the South China Sea</a>. <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 253-280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Christie, Anthony (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Kolandiaphonta-ta-Megista">"An Obscure Passage from the "Periplus: ΚΟΛΑΝΔΙΟϕΩΝΤΑ ΤΑ ΜΕΓΙΣΤΑ<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>19</b>: 345–353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=An+Obscure+Passage+from+the+%22Periplus%3A+%CE%9A%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%94%CE%99%CE%9F%CF%95%CE%A9%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%91+%CE%A4%CE%91+%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%93%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%91%22&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=345-353&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKolandiaphonta-ta-Megista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hornell, James (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/watertransportor0000horn/page/n5/mode/2up?q="><i>Water Transport: Origins & Early Evolution</i></a>. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/250356881">250356881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Transport%3A+Origins+%26+Early+Evolution&rft.place=Newton+Abbot&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F250356881&rft.aulast=Hornell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwatertransportor0000horn%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:16_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dick-Read, Robert (2005). <i>The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times</i>. Thurlton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phantom+Voyagers%3A+Evidence+of+Indonesian+Settlement+in+Africa+in+Ancient+Times&rft.pub=Thurlton&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dick-Read&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:31-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:31_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dick-Read, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Ud19pmI1DzoC"><i>Penjelajah Bahari: Pengaruh Peradaban Nusantara di Afrika</i></a>. PT Mizan Publika. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789794335062" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789794335062">9789794335062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penjelajah+Bahari%3A+Pengaruh+Peradaban+Nusantara+di+Afrika&rft.pub=PT+Mizan+Publika&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789794335062&rft.aulast=Dick-Read&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUd19pmI1DzoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:133-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:133_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reid, Anthony (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charting-the-shape-of-early-modern-southeast-asia"><i>Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia</i></a>. Silkworm Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9747551063" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9747551063">9747551063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charting+the+Shape+of+Early+Modern+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Silkworm+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9747551063&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharting-the-shape-of-early-modern-southeast-asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Averoes, Muhammad (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/size-of-javanese-jong">"Re-Estimating the Size of Javanese Jong Ship"</a>. <i>HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 57–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HISTORIA%3A+Jurnal+Pendidik+dan+Peneliti+Sejarah&rft.atitle=Re-Estimating+the+Size+of+Javanese+Jong+Ship&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-64&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Averoes&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsize-of-javanese-jong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tarling, Nicholas (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=rOw8AAAAIAAJ&vq="><i>The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to C.1800</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780521355056" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780521355056">9780521355056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Volume+1%2C+From+Early+Times+to+C.1800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521355056&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOw8AAAAIAAJ%26vq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:202-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:202_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rouffaer, G.P. (1915). <i>De eerste schipvaart der Nederlanders naar Oost-Indië onder Cornelis de Houtman Vol. I</i>. Den Haag: 'S-Gravenhage M. Nijhoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+eerste+schipvaart+der+Nederlanders+naar+Oost-Indi%C3%AB+onder+Cornelis+de+Houtman+Vol.+I&rft.place=Den+Haag&rft.pub=%27S-Gravenhage+M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Rouffaer&rft.aufirst=G.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:04_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cortesão, Armando (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136388-15666"><i>The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume II</i></a>. London: The Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suma+oriental+of+Tom%C3%A9+Pires+%3A+an+account+of+the+East%2C+from+the+Red+Sea+to+Japan%2C+written+in+Malacca+and+India+in+1512-1515+%3B+and%2C+the+book+of+Francisco+Rodrigues%2C+rutter+of+a+voyage+in+the+Red+Sea%2C+nautical+rules%2C+almanack+and+maps%2C+written+and+drawn+in+the+East+before+1515+volume+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Cortes%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Armando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMcGillLibrary-136388-15666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>Artikel ini memuat teks dari sumber tersebut, yang berada dalam <a href="/wiki/Ranah_publik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranah publik">ranah publik</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reid, Anthony (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeast-asia-in-the-age-of-commerce-1450-1680-the-lands-below-the-winds/page/101/mode/2up"><i>Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Volume One: The Lands Below the Winds</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780300039214" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780300039214">9780300039214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+Age+of+Commerce%2C+1450-1680.+Volume+One%3A+The+Lands+Below+the+Winds&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780300039214&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheast-asia-in-the-age-of-commerce-1450-1680-the-lands-below-the-winds%2Fpage%2F101%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Unger, Richard W. (2013). "Chapter Five: The Technology and Teaching of Shipbuilding 1300-1800". <i>Technology, Skills and the Pre-Modern Economy in the East and the West</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789004251571" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789004251571">9789004251571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Five%3A+The+Technology+and+Teaching+of+Shipbuilding+1300-1800&rft.btitle=Technology%2C+Skills+and+the+Pre-Modern+Economy+in+the+East+and+the+West&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004251571&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Kam Hing (1986): 'The Shipping Lists of Dutch Melaka: A Source for the Study of Coastal Trade and Shipping in the Malay Peninsula During the 17th and 18th Centuries', in Mohd. Y. Hashim (ed.), <i>Ships and Sunken Treasure</i> (Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Muzium Malaysia), 53-76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:33_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lombard, Denys (2005)<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NJ2JA/mode/2up?q=">Nusa Jawa: Silang Budaya, Bagian 2: Jaringan Asia</a></i>. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Alih bahasa Indonesia dari Lombard, Denys (1990). <i>Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) vol. 2</i>. Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayers (1876). "Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century". <i>The China Review</i>. <b>IV</b>: p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:72_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976). "L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises". <i>Arts Asiatiques</i>. <b>32</b>: 233–268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=L%27Artillerie+legere+nousantarienne%3A+A+propos+de+six+canons+conserves+dans+des+collections+portugaises&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=233-268&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Manguin&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Partington, J. R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=fNZBSqd2cToC&pg=PA224&lpg=PA224&dq=muhammad,+the+king+of+java,+has+8000+cannon&source=bl&ots=VpOdV3xt0G&sig=ACfU3U2GIinrhq2PGIduAOkNmI2a8mOGeA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxg-vphKzpAhWWf30KHR8EDa8Q6AEwAHoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=java&f=false"><i>A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8018-5954-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8018-5954-0">978-0-8018-5954-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Fire+and+Gunpowder&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0&rft.aulast=Partington&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNZBSqd2cToC%26pg%3DPA224%26lpg%3DPA224%26dq%3Dmuhammad%2C%2Bthe%2Bking%2Bof%2Bjava%2C%2Bhas%2B8000%2Bcannon%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DVpOdV3xt0G%26sig%3DACfU3U2GIinrhq2PGIduAOkNmI2a8mOGeA%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjxg-vphKzpAhWWf30KHR8EDa8Q6AEwAHoECAcQAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Djava%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2012). Lancaran, Ghurab and Ghali. In G. Wade & L. Tana (Eds.), <i>Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past</i> (pp. 146–182). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crawfurd, John (1856). <i>A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries</i>. Bradbury and Evans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+Dictionary+of+the+Indian+Islands+and+Adjacent+Countries&rft.pub=Bradbury+and+Evans&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Crawfurd&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Volume+5%3A+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Part+7%2C+Military+Technology%3A+The+Gunpowder+Epic&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTadié,_JGuillaud,_Dominique_(ed.)Seysset,_M._(ed.)Walter,_Annie_(ed.)1998" class="citation">Tadié, J; Guillaud, Dominique (ed.); Seysset, M. (ed.); Walter, Annie (ed.) (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/30808913"><i>Kota Gede : le devenir identitaire d'un quartier périphérique historique de Yogyakarta (Indonésie); Le voyage inachevé... à Joël Bonnemaison</i></a>, ORSTOM<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kota+Gede+%3A+le+devenir+identitaire+d%27un+quartier+p%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique+historique+de+Yogyakarta+%28Indon%C3%A9sie%29%3B+Le+voyage+inachev%C3%A9...+%C3%A0+Jo%C3%ABl+Bonnemaison&rft.pub=ORSTOM&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Tadi%C3%A9%2C+J&rft.au=Guillaud%2C+Dominique+%28ed.%29&rft.au=Seysset%2C+M.+%28ed.%29&rft.au=Walter%2C+Annie+%28ed.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F30808913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:15_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation thesis">Jákl, Jiří (2014). <i>Literary Representations of War and Warfare in Old Javanese Kakawin Poetry</i> (Tesis). The University of Queensland.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Representations+of+War+and+Warfare+in+Old+Javanese+Kakawin+Poetry&rft.aulast=J%C3%A1kl&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=J%C3%A1kl%2C%26%2332%3BJi%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=The+University+of+Queensland&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Suku_Jawa"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Oktorino, Nino (2020). <i>Hikayat Majapahit - Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan Kerajaan Terbesar di Nusantara</i>. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-623-00-1741-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-623-00-1741-4">978-623-00-1741-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hikayat+Majapahit+-+Kebangkitan+dan+Keruntuhan+Kerajaan+Terbesar+di+Nusantara&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Elex+Media+Komputindo&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-623-00-1741-4&rft.aulast=Oktorino&rft.aufirst=Nino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:022_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Miksic, John N.; Goh, Geok Yian (2017). <i>Ancient Southeast Asia</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft.au=Goh%2C+Geok+Yian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yang, Shao-yun (15 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/39bce63e4e0642d3abce6c24db470760">"A Chinese Gazetteer of Foreign Lands: A new translation of Part 1 of the Zhufan zhi 諸蕃志 (1225)"</a>. <i>Storymaps</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Storymaps&rft.atitle=A+Chinese+Gazetteer+of+Foreign+Lands%3A+A+new+translation+of+Part+1+of+the+Zhufan+zhi+%E8%AB%B8%E8%95%83%E5%BF%97+%281225%29&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Shao-yun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorymaps.arcgis.com%2Fstories%2F39bce63e4e0642d3abce6c24db470760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forestsnews.cifor.org/53717/central-java-town-local-wood-enterprises-carve-niche-global-market?fnl=en">"In a Central Java town, local wood enterprises carve a niche in the global market - CIFOR Forests News"</a>. <i>CIFOR Forests News</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). 6 Maret 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 Juni</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CIFOR+Forests+News&rft.atitle=In+a+Central+Java+town%2C+local+wood+enterprises+carve+a+niche+in+the+global+market+-+CIFOR+Forests+News&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforestsnews.cifor.org%2F53717%2Fcentral-java-town-local-wood-enterprises-carve-niche-global-market%3Ffnl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kepustakaan">Kepustakaan</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBehrend1996" class="citation book">Behrend, T E (1996). "Textual Gateways: the Javanese Manuscript Tradition". Dalam Ann Kumar; John H. McGlynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illuminationswri0000kuma"><i>Illuminations: The Writing Traditions of Indonesia</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Jakarta: Lontar Foundation. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0834803496" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0834803496">0834803496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Textual+Gateways%3A+the+Javanese+Manuscript+Tradition&rft.btitle=Illuminations%3A+The+Writing+Traditions+of+Indonesia&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Lontar+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0834803496&rft.aulast=Behrend&rft.aufirst=T+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Filluminationswri0000kuma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEverson2008" class="citation journal">Everson, Michael (6 Maret 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3319.pdf">"Proposal for encoding the Javanese script in the UCS"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2</i>. Unicode (N3319R3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2&rft.atitle=Proposal+for+encoding+the+Javanese+script+in+the+UCS&rft.issue=N3319R3&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn3319.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCaldarola1982" class="citation">Caldarola, Carlo (1982), <i>Religion and Societies: Asia and the Middle East</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris), Walter de Gruyter</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Societies%3A+Asia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Caldarola&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGin2004" class="citation">Gin, Ooi Keat (2004), <i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to Timor. R-Z. Volume three</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris), ABC-CLIO</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+Timor.+R-Z.+Volume+three&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gin&rft.aufirst=Ooi+Keat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHooker1988" class="citation">Hooker, M.B. (1988), <i>Islam in South East Asia</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris), Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+South+East+Asia&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=M.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjutan">Bacaan lanjutan</h2></div> <ul><li>Clifford Geertz.1960. <i>The religion of Java</i>. Glencoe: The Free press of Glencoe</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKuncaraningrat_Raden_MasSoutheast_Asian_Studies_Program_(Institute_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies)1985" class="citation">Kuncaraningrat Raden Mas; Southeast Asian Studies Program (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies) (1985), <i>Javanese culture</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-582542-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-582542-8">978-0-19-582542-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javanese+culture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-582542-8&rft.au=Kuncaraningrat+Raden+Mas&rft.au=Southeast+Asian+Studies+Program+%28Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASuku+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011). <i>Majapahit Peradaban Maritim</i>. Suluh Nuswantara Bakti. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-9346-00-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-9346-00-8">978-602-9346-00-8</a>.</li> <li>Triastanti, Ani. <i>Perdagangan Internasional pada Masa Jawa Kuno; Tinjauan Terhadap Data Tertulis Abad X-XII</i>. Skripsi Fakultas Ilmu Budaya. Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Media tentang <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Javanese_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Javanese people">Javanese people</a> di Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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tersedia)">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Jambi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Jambi (halaman belum tersedia)">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Kepulauan_Riau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Kepulauan Riau (halaman belum tersedia)">Kepulauan Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Kepulauan_Bangka_Belitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (halaman belum tersedia)">Kepulauan Bangka Belitung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Lampung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Lampung (halaman belum tersedia)">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Riau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Riau (halaman belum tersedia)">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Sumatera_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Sumatera Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Sumatera Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Sumatera_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Sumatera Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Sumatera Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Sumatera_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Sumatera Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Sumatera Utara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garuda Pancasila"><img alt="Garuda Pancasila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/100px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/150px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/200px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Jawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Banten (halaman belum tersedia)">Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Daerah_Khusus_Ibukota_Jakarta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta (halaman belum tersedia)">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Jawa_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Jawa Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Jawa Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Jawa_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Jawa Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Jawa Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Jawa_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Jawa Timur (halaman belum tersedia)">Jawa Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Daerah_Istimewa_Yogyakarta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (halaman belum tersedia)">Yogyakarta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Nusa_Tenggara" title="Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara">Nusa Tenggara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Bali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Bali (halaman belum tersedia)">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Nusa_Tenggara_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Nusa Tenggara Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Nusa Tenggara Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Nusa_Tenggara_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Nusa Tenggara Timur (halaman belum tersedia)">Nusa Tenggara Timur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_(wilayah_Indonesia)" title="Kalimantan (wilayah Indonesia)">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Kalimantan_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Kalimantan Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kalimantan Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Kalimantan_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Kalimantan Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kalimantan Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Kalimantan_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Kalimantan Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Kalimantan Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Kalimantan_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Kalimantan Timur (halaman belum tersedia)">Kalimantan Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Kalimantan_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Kalimantan Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Kalimantan Utara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Gorontalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Gorontalo (halaman belum tersedia)">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Sulawesi_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Sulawesi Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Sulawesi Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Sulawesi_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Sulawesi Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Sulawesi Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Sulawesi_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Sulawesi Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Sulawesi Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Sulawesi_Tenggara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Sulawesi Tenggara (halaman belum tersedia)">Sulawesi Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Sulawesi_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Sulawesi Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Sulawesi Utara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Maluku" title="Kepulauan Maluku">Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Maluku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Maluku (halaman belum tersedia)">Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Maluku_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Maluku Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Maluku Utara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Papua_(wilayah_Indonesia)" title="Papua (wilayah Indonesia)">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Papua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Papua (halaman belum tersedia)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Papua_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Papua Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Papua Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Papua_Barat_Daya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Papua Barat Daya (halaman belum tersedia)">Papua Barat Daya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Papua_Pegunungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Papua Pegunungan (halaman belum tersedia)">Papua Pegunungan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Papua_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Papua Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Papua Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Jawa_di_Papua_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Jawa di Papua Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Papua Tengah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p></noinclude> </p><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49209#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>56 bahasa</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Bagian baru</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-wt2fw","wgBackendResponseTime":183,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.910","walltime":"1.099","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8704,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":261912,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15590,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":156998,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 840.070 1 -total"," 42.53% 357.262 1 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