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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#马克思主义者的观点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>马克思主义者的观点</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-马克思主义者的观点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-西方国家的观点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西方国家的观点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>西方国家的观点</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西方国家的观点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会主义阵营的观点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会主义阵营的观点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>社会主义阵营的观点</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会主义阵营的观点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他国家的观点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他国家的观点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>其他国家的观点</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他国家的观点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>政治分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会主义国家列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会主义国家列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>社会主义国家列表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会主义国家列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">社会主义国家</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。53种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دولة اشتراكية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة اشتراكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_socialista" title="Estáu socialista – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu socialista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialist_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Sosialist dövlət – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosialist dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سوسیالیست دوشرگه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوسیالیست دوشرگه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сацыялістычныя краіны – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыялістычныя краіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_socialista" title="Estat socialista – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat socialista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyalistik_cumhuriyet" title="Sosyalistik cumhuriyet – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sosyalistik cumhuriyet" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistick%C3%A1_republika" title="Socialistická republika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialistischer_Staat" title="Sozialistischer Staat – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialistischer Staat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyeto_sosyalist" title="Cumhuriyeto sosyalist – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyeto sosyalist" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%9D%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%86%DE%A9_%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AB%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7" title="އިޝްތިރާކީ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިޝްތިރާކީ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Socialist state" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisma_%C5%9Dtato" title="Socialisma ŝtato – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socialisma ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_socialista" title="Estado socialista – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado socialista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsialistlik_riik" title="Sotsialistlik riik – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsialistlik riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatu_sozialista" title="Estatu sozialista – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatu sozialista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دولت سوسیالیستی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت سوسیالیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_socialiste" title="État socialiste – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État socialiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_socialista" title="Estado socialista – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado socialista" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_dr%C5%BEava" title="Socijalistička država – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Socijalistička država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սոցիալիստական պետություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալիստական պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_sosialis" title="Negara sosialis – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara sosialis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_socialista" title="Stato socialista – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato socialista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9B%BD" title="社会主義国 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会主義国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Социалистік мемлекет – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Социалистік мемлекет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="사회주의 국가 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회주의 국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_socialista" title="Stat socialista – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat socialista" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C4%81listiska_valsts" title="Sociālistiska valsts – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sociālistiska valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_sosialis" title="Negara sosialis – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara sosialis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆိုရှယ်လစ်နိုင်ငံ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုရှယ်လစ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialiststatar" title="Sosialiststatar – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosialiststatar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialistisk_stat" title="Sosialistisk stat – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosialistisk stat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_socjalistyczne" title="Państwo socjalistyczne – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo socjalistyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="سوسياليستی دولت – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوسياليستی دولت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_socialista" title="Estado socialista – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado socialista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_socialist" title="Stat socialist – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat socialist" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Социалистическое государство – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социалистическое государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_country" title="Socialist country – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Socialist country" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistick%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t" title="Socialistický štát – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Socialistický štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shteti_socialist" title="Shteti socialist – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shteti socialist" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Социјалистичка држава – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјалистичка држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara_sosialis" title="Nagara sosialis – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nagara sosialis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="சோசலிசக் குடியரசு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோசலிசக் குடியரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadong_sosyalista" title="Estadong sosyalista – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estadong sosyalista" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyalist_devlet" title="Sosyalist devlet – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyalist devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Соціалістична держава – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціалістична держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsialistik_davlatlar" title="Sotsialistik davlatlar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sotsialistik davlatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a" title="Hệ thống xã hội chủ nghĩa – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống xã hội chủ nghĩa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_s%C3%B3s%C3%AD%C3%A1l%C3%ADst%C3%AC" title="Orílẹ̀-èdè sósíálístì – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orílẹ̀-èdè sósíálístì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81-h%C5%8De-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB_kok-ka" title="Siā-hōe-chú-gī kok-ka – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siā-hōe-chú-gī kok-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="社會主義國家 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社會主義國家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q842112#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input 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.ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Talk:社会主义国家">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Overlinked plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>含有<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LINKSTYLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LINKSTYLE">過多、重複或不必要的</a>内部链接。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2020年4月9日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請根据<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LINK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LINK">格式指引</a>，移除重复、標題链接以及任何与内容无关的链接。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2020年2月16日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">"社会主义国家"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Current_Socialist_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Current_Socialist_states.svg/400px-Current_Socialist_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Current_Socialist_states.svg/600px-Current_Socialist_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Current_Socialist_states.svg/800px-Current_Socialist_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>現在社會主義國家分布图<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> 马克思列宁主义國家</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcccc; color:black;"> </span> 憲法定為社会主义的國家</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Communist_States.svg/400px-Communist_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Communist_States.svg/600px-Communist_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Communist_States.svg/800px-Communist_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>目前公認共產黨執政的社會主義國家：中華人民共和國、古巴共和國、越南社會主義共和國、老撾人民民主共和國</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socialist_states_by_duration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Socialist_states_by_duration.png/400px-Socialist_states_by_duration.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Socialist_states_by_duration.png/600px-Socialist_states_by_duration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Socialist_states_by_duration.png/800px-Socialist_states_by_duration.png 2x" data-file-width="4867" data-file-height="2164" /></a><figcaption>在宪法中定性本国为“社会主义”的国家 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> 70年以上</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6600; color:black;"> </span> 60—70年</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B0B000; color:black;"> </span> 50—60年</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00CC00; color:black;"> </span> 40—50年</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> 30—40年</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000033; color:white;"> </span> 20—30年</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9966FF; color:black;"> </span> 不足20年</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Communist_countries.svg/400px-Communist_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Communist_countries.svg/600px-Communist_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Communist_countries.svg/800px-Communist_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>上色區域為1979年—1983年共產黨執政的社會主義國家</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主題</a>的一部分</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccc;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政體類型列表（页面不存在）">政体基本形式</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会权力基础" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French and Raven's bases of power"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会权力基础（页面不存在）">权力基础</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Raven%27s_bases_of_power" class="extiw" title="en:French and Raven's bases of power"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French and Raven's bases of power</span></a></span>）</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主政体</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>多数人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E7%AD%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="抽签式民主">抽签民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="直接民主">直接民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="自由民主制">自由民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="代議民主">代议民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社会民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="社会主义民主制">社会主义民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="贵族民主制">貴族民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="民主制度分类">其他民主政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="寡头政治">寡头政治</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>少数人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D%E9%AB%94%E5%88%B6" title="無支配體制">无体制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="贵族政治">贵族制政体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="劳工统治" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ergatocracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劳工统治（页面不存在）">劳工制政体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="extiw" title="en:Ergatocracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ergatocracy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="老人政治">老人制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8A%E7%9B%9C%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB" title="竊盜統治">盗贼制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%98%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="判官统治">判官制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="神權政治">宗教制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="心智政權">智主制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政黨政治">政党制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="金權政治">财阀制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF_(%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94)" title="軍政 (政體)">军阀制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="专家统治">专家制政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81" title="独裁">独裁政治</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>一个人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="专制主义">专制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94" title="獨裁政體">獨裁政體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">军事独裁政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB" title="僭主">僭主政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>没有人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="無政府狀態">无政府政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93" title="自由人联合体">自由人政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="無國家社會">无国家政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 权力思想</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="君主主義">君主制</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共和主义">共和制</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>社会政治意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主专制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="君主立宪制">君主立宪政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="委員會制">委员会制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家制度政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="议会共和制">议会共和政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统共和政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制">半总统制政体</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">社会主义政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="公司王国">金權政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义">威权制</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="自由意志主義">自由制</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>社会经济意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="殖民主义">殖民主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="专制主义">专制主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="分产主义">分产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極權主義">極權主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="部落主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tribalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部落主义（页面不存在）">部落主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalism" class="extiw" title="en:Tribalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tribalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86" title="全球治理">全球</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="地方政府">本地</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>地缘文化意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="公社">公社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%B4%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="政府间组织">政府间组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="民族國家">民族政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="世界政府">世界政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="民族主义">民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="国际主义">国际主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="全球主義">全球主義</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 权力结构</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center">单一主义</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="帝国">帝国制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="親王國">封国制</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E5%B1%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="從屬國">从属主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B9%AB%E9%82%A6" title="聯繫邦">聯繫邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0" title="属地">属地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E9%A0%98" title="自治領">自治領</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="保护国">保护国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%80%E5%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="傀儡政權">傀儡国</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%8A%B1%E7%93%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治花瓶（页面不存在）">傀儡君主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%BD" title="卫星国">卫星国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="自治殖民地">自治殖民地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%B2%A2" title="朝貢">朝贡国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E5%86%B2%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="缓冲国">缓冲国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%84%E5%BA%B8%E5%9C%8B" title="附庸國">附庸國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="副王领" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Viceroyalty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E7%8E%8B%E9%A2%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副王领（页面不存在）">副王领</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty" class="extiw" title="en:Viceroyalty"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Viceroyalty</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="領地">領地</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义">联邦主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E5%88%B6" title="邦联制">邦联制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8B%E6%94%BE" title="权力下放">权力下放制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦制</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超国家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Superstate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超国家（页面不存在）">超国家制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstate" class="extiw" title="en:Superstate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Superstate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="超國家主義 (國際關係)">超国家联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="政合国">政合國</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)" title="权力 (国际关系)">国家权力</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%9C%8B" title="小國">小國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="地域大国">地域大国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="中等強國">中等強國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="大国">大国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="超级大国">超级大国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="行政区划">行政区划</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E6%88%90%E5%9C%8B" title="構成國">構成國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="自治共和國">自治共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E4%BE%AF%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="諸侯國">諸侯國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="公國">公國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%8B" title="令制國">令制國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="酋长国">酋长国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="邦國">邦國</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9E" title="州">州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1" title="郡">郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81" title="省">省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="邦">邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="縣">縣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82" title="市">市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%85_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92)" title="厅 (行政区划)">廳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="鄉">鄉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="鎮">鎮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="區">區</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="自治區">自治區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" class="mw-disambig" title="特區">特區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%96%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="辖区">轄區</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddd;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Politics">政治主題頁</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="Template:政体基本形式"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="Template talk:政体基本形式"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:政体基本形式"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>社会主义国家</b>，就一般定义而言，是指实行<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>制度的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家">国家</a>，或采用社会主义意识形态的国家，<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="政體">政體</a>為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a>。其中那些长期实行共产党<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" title="一党制">一党执政</a>，并信仰<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a>及其衍生理论的国家又被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="共产主义国家">共产主义国家</a>”，即“狭义的社会主义国家”。在这些国家范围内和其他认可这一制度的国家内被称为社会主义国家，实行社会主义制度。共产主义国家可以存在一些合法的政党，但国家的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">宪法</a>只会把执政权赋予<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="共产党">共产党</a>。因而在这种情况下，国家与共产党的机构会密切地联系在一起。 </p><p>目前，世界上共有13个社会主义国家（参见<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="社会主义国家列表">社会主义国家列表</a>）；其中4个以共产党为法定执政党，即<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="越南社会主义共和国">越南社会主义共和国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝人民民主共和国">老挝人民民主共和国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="古巴共和国">古巴共和国</a>。这些国家有的实行着高度集权的计划经济体制，有的则实行<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="社会主义市场经济">社会主义市场经济</a>体制。虽然朝鲜民主主义人民共和国自称为社会主义共和国，但鉴于其已经删除<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a>作为党和国家的指导思想和意识形态，因此在定義上不被列入狭义的社会主义国家中。中华人民共和国官方的部分人士已承认<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鲜民主主义人民共和国</a>不是社会主义国家，因为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%85%9A" title="朝鲜劳动党">朝鲜劳动党</a>早已在1980年放弃马列主义而将<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="主体思想">主体思想</a>确立为唯一指导思想。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="对于其界定的争议"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E4.BA.8E.E5.85.B6.E7.95.8C.E5.AE.9A.E7.9A.84.E4.BA.89.E8.AE.AE"></span>对于其界定的争议</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：对于其界定的争议"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="马克思主义者的观点"><span id=".E9.A9.AC.E5.85.8B.E6.80.9D.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E8.80.85.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.82.E7.82.B9"></span>马克思主义者的观点</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：马克思主义者的观点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于对<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>的理解和政治目的不同，不同类型的马克思主义者对“何为社会主义国家”有完全不同的看法。对于所有反对<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a>的马克思主义者而言，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="民主社会主义">民主社会主义</a>者认为“没有民主就没有社会主义”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frankfurt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankfurt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="托洛茨基主义">托洛茨基主义</a>者认为“一国不能建成社会主义”并反对苏联的官僚体制<sup id="cite_ref-trotsky_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trotsky-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，部分<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="西方马克思主义">西方马克思主义</a>者例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E5%A1%9E" title="赫伯特·马尔库塞">赫伯特·马尔库塞</a>等人则认为苏联等国是把马克思主义扭曲成为专制统治辩护的工具，苏联是一个不民主的、官僚体制的国家而并非真正的社会主义。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>语境下，社会主义取代<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义</a>，正如同资本主义社会取代<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="封建社会">封建社会</a>一样；真正的社会主义只能由高度发达的资本主义社会才能孕育，它必须是比资本主义社会更民主更自由的社会形态。很多<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" title="反斯大林主义左翼">反斯大林主义左翼</a>都拒绝承认所谓的“社会主义阵营国家”是真正的社会主义，而认为它们是官僚工人国家或者“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="国家资本主义">国家资本主义</a>”甚至封建社会，因此人类历史上至今并未产生过真正的社会主义国家，而只凭一国也不可能完全建成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学社会主义">科学社会主义</a>。“共产主义国家”这个提法也是自相矛盾的，因为在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>的历史观上“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="共产主义社会">共产主义社会</a>”裏是不存在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8" title="国家机器">国家机器</a>的。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">马克思</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="恩格斯">恩格斯</a>本人并没有过<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="一党专政">一党专政</a>的观点，并且支持<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="普選">普选</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%A4%BE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="結社自由">结社自由</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="巴黎公社">巴黎公社</a>是一个全民直接选举、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="多党制">多党制</a>的政权。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在今天的大部分国家，国内也都存在着多个社会主义性质的左翼政党。而根据<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="列宁">列宁</a>个人的思想，他实际上也更希望建立一个实行<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="多党制">多党制</a>的社会主义国家<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；但列宁时期的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>在内战中就已日益官僚化，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="斯大林">斯大林</a>则建立起<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="一党专政">一党专政</a>体制，并且成为后来所有社会主义国家效仿的对象。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="罗莎·卢森堡">罗莎·卢森堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%BD" title="卡尔·科尔施">卡尔·科尔施</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="列夫·托洛茨基">列夫·托洛茨基</a>都曾批判过<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B" title="布尔什维克">布尔什维克</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="一党专政">一党专政</a>模式。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trotsky_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trotsky-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>在理论上具有全民性，普选则包括选举权和被选举权的普遍拥有。而在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="一党专政">一党专政</a>（党政合一）的体制下，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="黨和國家最高領導人">国家最高领导人</a>和地方最高领导人只能是当地的共产党。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E5%A7%94%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="党委书记">党委书记</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%85%9A%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="无党派">无党派</a>人士和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%85%9A" title="卫星党">卫星党</a>人士无法参选，这就相当于被剥夺了被选举权，与人人平等的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>是絕對矛盾的。而人民不能自由组党，也违背了结社自由。在一些苏联模式的国家引入<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="市场经济">市场经济</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E8%90%A5%E9%83%A8%E9%97%A8" title="私营部门">私营经济</a>以后，由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B" title="公权力">公权力</a>不受制约加上原本就禁止组建独立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A" title="工会">工会</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E8%90%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="私营企业">私营企业</a>往往依附于官僚阶层而缺乏独立性，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%87%9F%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="國營企業">国营企业</a>则通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E5%AF%BB%E7%A7%9F" title="权力寻租">权力寻租</a>逐渐发展为典型的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="国家资本主义">国家资本主义</a>，这就不可避免地自然朝着<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="官僚资本主义">官僚资本主义</a>方向转化，在劳工权益层面甚至不如<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由資本主義">自由资本主义</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="西方国家的观点"><span id=".E8.A5.BF.E6.96.B9.E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.82.E7.82.B9"></span>西方国家的观点</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：西方国家的观点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在西方国家，对于是否存在“社会主义国家”，或者说是否可以用“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>”来形容国家，仍存在争议。在很多人看来，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>只能用来形容经济或社会，但不能形容<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="国家政权">国家政权</a>，因此不存在所谓的“社会主义国家”。对于社会主义阵营国家，西方普遍认为虽然他们自称是“社会主义国家”，但它们不是真正的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>，甚至不具有社会主义性质，原因同样主要在于对<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>的理解存在差异。相对而言，西方国家所说的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>多指<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="社会民主主义">社会民主主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="民主社会主义">民主社会主义</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="北欧">北欧</a>五国等之类的福利国家和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" title="法国社会党">法国社会党</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="英国工党">英国工党</a>等之类的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" class="mw-redirect" title="社会党国际">社会党国际</a>政党他们所主张的社会主义，以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="拉丁美洲">拉丁美洲</a>的一些由社会主义政党执政的多党制国家。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamei_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamei-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frankfurt_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankfurt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>西方国家一般称<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a>等由共产党执政的社会主义国家为“Communist state”，即“共產主義國家”<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。也有些西方学者认为社会主义阵营国家实行的经济制度属于社会主义，故称之为<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%BC%8F%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇式社會主義">苏式社会主义</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另外，西方学者也对<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>阵营国家之间的具体关系进行了区分。虽然绝大多数社会主义阵营国家都声称以马克思主义为最高信仰，但有不少西方学者认为他们信仰的根本不是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>，或者说不是真正的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>，而是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="列宁主义">列宁主义</a>，甚至是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a>，这也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">苏式社会主义</a>这一名称的由来。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社会主义阵营的观点"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E9.98.B5.E8.90.A5.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.82.E7.82.B9"></span>社会主义阵营的观点</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：社会主义阵营的观点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">尚無參考來源</a></b>，內容或許<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a></b>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2022年5月14日</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>社会主义阵营国家认为自己就是社会主义国家，且只承认那些和自己制度相类似的国家才是社会主义国家<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。社会主义国家的标志是实行<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99" title="生产资料">生产资料</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="公有制">公有制</a>（但不一定只有生产资料公有制注意公有制不代表国有制兩者有很大区別），并往往采用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" title="一党制">一党制</a>，因此西方又称之为“共產主義國家”（Communist state）。目前世界上还没有完全意义上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="共产主义国家">共产主义国家</a>，其中<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>是其最高目标，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>是其过渡阶段。因此除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="民主柬埔寨">民主柬埔寨</a>自称是共产主义国家外其余的都自称处在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>的第一階段：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>，他们通常自称是社会主义国家而非共产主义国家。不过在社会主义理论中，对这一时期国家社会形态定义为“社会主义社会”，故而认为社会主义是共产主义的前一阶段。其中中國还提出了<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%88%9D%E7%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="社会主义初级阶段">社會主義初級階段</a>理論，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>称自己目前处于“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%88%9D%E7%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="社会主义初级阶段">社会主义初级阶段</a>”，这是一个独有的提法，走的是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中国特色社会主义">中国特色社會主義</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%87%9F%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="國營企業">國營企業</a>主導的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="市场经济">市场经濟</a>路线。另外，国名中出现“社会主义”字样的国家不一定是社会主义国家，没有出现“社会主义”字样的国家不一定不是社会主义国家。 </p><p>共产党掌握政权主要像<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>等国那样通过国家内战，由城市精英主導革命，或通過農民起義夺取政权，走上社会主义道路。社会主义国家建立后，大多都加入<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E9%98%B5%E8%90%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义阵营">社会主义阵营</a>，也有一些国家因与<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>发生争执而退出，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="铁托">铁托</a>領導的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国">南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="毛澤東">毛澤東</a>領導的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="霍查">霍查</a>領導的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="阿尔巴尼亚社会主义人民共和国">阿尔巴尼亚社会主义人民共和国</a>等。 </p><p>1989年到1991年间，苏联和东欧发生了剧烈的政治动荡，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="共产党">共产党</a>纷纷失去政权，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="苏联解体">苏联解体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E5%89%A7%E5%8F%98" title="东欧剧变">东欧剧变</a>使得社会主义国家的数量急剧减少，令其余的社会主义国家产生了空前的危机，也令其余的社会主义国家开始了意识形态的分裂。以朝鲜为代表国家继续实行过去的方针政策，而以中国为代表的国家开始进行改革。对于进行改革的社会主义国家，在很多西方人眼中已经不再属于社会主义国家。而像<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鲜民主主义人民共和国</a>这样的原强硬<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a>国家也已经“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89)" title="修正主义 (马克思主义)">变质</a>”（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="家族獨裁">家族独裁</a>）了。但鉴于对“社会主义国家”概念本身就很难给出一个绝对的定义，因此对于进行改革的社会主义国家是否还是“社会主义国家”现在也很难给出明确的结论。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他国家的观点"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.82.E7.82.B9"></span>其他国家的观点</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：其他国家的观点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="社会主义的类型">社会主义的类型</a></div> <p>二战后的民族独立浪潮中，除部分国家走上<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">苏式社会主义</a>的道路外，还有相当数量新独立的国家也曾宣布自己是某种特殊类型的“社会主义国家”，总共约有50多个。这些国家的“社会主义”往往具有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="民族主义">民族主义</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="宗教社会主义">宗教社会主义</a>的色彩，如：“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="国大党社会主义">国大党社会主义</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%BC%8F%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="缅甸式社会主义">缅甸式社会主义</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="阿拉伯复兴社会主义">阿拉伯复兴社会主义</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="基督教社會主義">基督教社会主义</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="佛教社会主义">佛教社會主義</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰社会主义">伊斯兰社会主义</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="阿拉伯社会主义">阿拉伯社会主义</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E8%B4%BE%E9%A9%AC" title="乌贾马">乌贾马社会主义</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="非洲社会主义">非洲社會主義</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="桑地诺主义">桑地诺社会主义</a>”。其中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="斯里兰卡">斯里兰卡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3" title="圭亚那">圭亚那</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊尔</a>等民主国家的宪法中规定有社会主义，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">缅甸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="利比亚">利比亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>等非民主国家的宪法中也曾经规定有社会主义。总之，亚非拉地区尤其是拉丁美洲的部分国家政府经常喊着社会主义口号推行自己的模式，它们认为自己是“有本国特色的社会主义”。<sup id="cite_ref-Lamei_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamei-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治分類"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>政治分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：政治分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="西方世界">西方世界</a>的观点 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E9%98%B5%E8%90%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义阵营">社会主义阵营</a>国家及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不结盟</a>国家的观点 </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="西方世界">自由世界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="东方集团">东方集团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不结盟</a>国家</li></ol> </td> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义</a>阵营</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>阵营</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不结盟</a>国家</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>的观点 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="恩维尔·霍查">恩维尔·霍查</a>的观点 </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="第一世界">第一世界</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="超级大国">超级大国</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="第二世界">第二世界</a>（中等国力的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="工业化国家">工业化国家</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="西歐">西歐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="紐西蘭">紐西蘭</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="第三世界">第三世界</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>在内的广大<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="发展中国家">发展中国家</a>）</li></ol> </td> <td> <ol><li>资本主义国家（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>等）和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89)" title="修正主义 (马克思主义)">修正主义</a>国家（<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國">南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國</a>等）</li> <li>社会主义国家（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾巴尼亞社會主義人民共和國">阿爾巴尼亞社會主義人民共和國</a>）</li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社会主义国家列表"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>社会主义国家列表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：社会主义国家列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint">参见<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="社会主义国家列表">社会主义国家列表</a>以获取更详尽的列表。</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>主权国家</th> <th>执政党</th> <th>主要意识形态</th> <th>最高领导人</th> <th>国家元首</th> <th>政府首脑</th> <th>政治体制</th> <th>宪法</th> <th>行宪时间 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9" align="center"><b>现存的以<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a>为指导的社会主义国家</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="毛泽东思想">毛泽东思想</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中国特色社会主义">中国特色社会主义</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="中国共产党中央委员会总书记">中国共产党中央委员会总书记</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中华人民共和国主席">中华人民共和国主席</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="中华人民共和国国务院总理">中华人民共和国国务院总理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义共和制">社会主义共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="中华人民共和国宪法">中华人民共和国宪法</a>》 </td> <td>1954年 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="越南共产党">越南共产党</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%BF%97%E6%98%8E%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="胡志明思想">胡志明思想</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="越南共产党中央委员会总书记">越南共产党中央委员会总书记</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="越南社会主义共和国主席">越南社会主义共和国主席</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="越南总理">越南政府总理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义共和制">社会主义共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="越南社会主义共和国宪法">越南社会主义共和国宪法</a>》 </td> <td>1976年 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/22px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/33px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/44px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝">老挝</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="老挝人民革命党">老挝人民革命党</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B1%B1%C2%B7%E4%B8%B0%E5%A8%81%E6%B1%89%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="凯山·丰威汉思想">凯山·丰威汉思想</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记">老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="老挝人民民主共和国主席">老挝人民民主共和国主席</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="老挝政府总理">老挝政府总理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义共和制">社会主义共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="老挝宪法">老挝人民民主共和国宪法</a>》 </td> <td>1975年 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="古巴共产党">古巴共产党</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%92%82" title="何塞·马蒂">马蒂思想</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="卡斯特罗主义">卡斯特罗主义</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="格瓦拉主义">格瓦拉主义</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="古巴共产党中央委员会第一书记">古巴共产党中央委员会第一书记</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="古巴共和国主席">古巴共和国主席</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="古巴共和国总理">古巴共和国总理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义共和制">社会主义共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="古巴宪法">古巴共和国宪法</a>》 </td> <td>1959年 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>主权国家</th> <th>执政党</th> <th>主要意识形态</th> <th>国家元首</th> <th>政府首脑</th> <th>政治体制</th> <th>宪法</th> <th>行宪时间 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8" align="center"><b>现存的宪法意义上的社会主义国家</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="社會民主黨 (葡萄牙)">社会民主党</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自由保守主義">自由保守主义</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="葡萄牙总统">葡萄牙总统</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙总理">葡萄牙总理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" title="多黨制">多党</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制">半总统</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙共和国宪法">葡萄牙共和国宪法</a>》 </td> <td>1976年 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E9%98%B5%E7%BA%BF_(%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1)" title="人民解放阵线 (斯里兰卡)">人民解放阵线</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-disambig" title="新社会主义">新社会主义</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="斯里兰卡总统">斯里兰卡总统</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="斯里兰卡总理">斯里兰卡总理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" title="多黨制">多党</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制">半总统</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="斯里兰卡宪法">斯里兰卡民主社会主义共和国宪法</a>》 </td> <td>1978年 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/33px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/44px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3" title="圭亚那">圭亚那</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%9A/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="人民进步党/公民">人民进步党/公民</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="民主社会主义">民主社会主义</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="圭亚那总统">圭亚那总统</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="圭亚那总理">圭亚那总理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" title="多黨制">多党</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会制">议会</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="圭亚那宪法">圭亚那合作共和国宪法法令</a>》 </td> <td>1970年 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="坦桑尼亚">坦桑尼亚</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="坦桑尼亚革命党">革命党</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="社会民主主义">社会民主主义</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="坦桑尼亚总统">坦桑尼亚总统</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="坦桑尼亚总理">坦桑尼亚总理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%BC%98%E5%8A%BF%E5%88%B6" title="一党优势制">一党优势</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="坦桑尼亚宪法">坦桑尼亚联合共和国宪法</a>》 </td> <td>1964年 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a> </td> <td>无 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="孟加拉国总统">孟加拉国总统</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F" title="孟加拉國首席顧問">孟加拉国首席顾问</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="临时政府">临时政府</a>统治下的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="多党制">多党</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会制">议会</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="孟加拉国宪法">孟加拉人民共和国宪法</a>》 </td> <td>1972年 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A" title="印度人民党">印度人民党</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="印度教民族主義">印度教民族主义</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="印度总统">印度总统</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="印度总理">印度总理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" title="多黨制">多党</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会制">议会</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="印度宪法">印度宪法</a>》 </td> <td>1950年 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊尔</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%EF%BC%88%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%97%EF%BC%89" title="尼泊尔共产党（联合马列）">尼泊尔共产党（联合马列）</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="人民多党民主">人民多党民主</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="尼泊尔总统">尼泊尔总统</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="尼泊尔总理">尼泊尔总理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" title="多黨制">多党</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会制">议会</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="尼泊尔宪法">尼泊尔宪法</a>》 </td> <td>2015年 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜">尼加拉瓜</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%9C%B0%E8%AB%BE%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="桑地諾民族解放陣線">桑地諾民族解放陣線</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="桑地诺主义">桑地诺主义</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="尼加拉瓜总统列表">尼加拉瓜总统</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="尼加拉瓜总统">尼加拉瓜总统</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%BC%98%E5%8A%BF%E5%88%B6" title="一党优势制">一党优势</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="尼加拉瓜宪法">尼加拉瓜共和国政治宪法</a>》 </td> <td>1854年 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鲜</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%85%9A" title="朝鲜劳动党">朝鲜劳动党</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%97%A5%E6%88%90%E9%87%91%E6%AD%A3%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="金日成金正日主义">金日成金正日主义</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E9%95%BF" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国国务委员会委员长">朝鲜国务委员会委员长</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国总理">朝鲜内阁总理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" title="一党制">一党</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%A2%AD" title="世袭">世袭</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a> </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和國社會主義憲法">朝鮮民主主義人民共和國社會主義憲法</a>》 </td> <td>1948年 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/28px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/42px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/56px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:共产主义">共产主义主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="Portal:国际关系">国际关系主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_War_Map_1959.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cold_War_Map_1959.svg/32px-Cold_War_Map_1959.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cold_War_Map_1959.svg/48px-Cold_War_Map_1959.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cold_War_Map_1959.svg/64px-Cold_War_Map_1959.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="Portal:冷战">冷战主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="社会主义国家列表">社会主义国家列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="共产主义国家">共产主义国家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="社会主义的类型">社会主义的类型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="冷戰">冷戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="東方集團">東方集團</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">在汉语语境里，对于“共产主义国家”一词的起源存在争议。一种说法认为“共产主义国家”是对外文的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%AF%91" title="直译">直译</a>，这个词来自于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="东方集团">东方集团</a>，“Communist state”照字面完全直译就是“共产主义者的国家”，但实际名词翻译不可能如此繁琐，故这一名词在汉语中一般有这两种译法，并且使用都很普遍。而另一种说法則認為，“共产主义国家”这一汉字词汇起源于对共产主义的错误理解，马克思主义传入早期，不仅翻译的著作少，而且读过原著的人也不多，很多人对马克思主义及其主张的共产主义有错误的理解和宣传，只是一味的理解成“建立一个共产主义国家”。现今一般都认为共产主义国家这一名词从构词法及语义的角度而言确实存在一定问题。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">当时还有很多国家自称是和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E9%98%B5%E8%90%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义阵营">社会主义阵营</a>国家一样的社会主义国家，但是不仅西方国家不承认他们是社会主义国家，甚至连社会主义阵营国家也不承认他们是社会主义国家。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509110858/http://www.nfcmag.com/article/1790.html">“被修正”的朝鲜劳动党</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-04-24</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfcmag.com/article/1790.html">原始内容</a>存档于2015-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=%E2%80%9C%E8%A2%AB%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%85%9A&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfcmag.com%2Farticle%2F1790.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://military.cnr.cn/sdpl/201412/t20141201_516933807.html">王洪光中将:中国不存在“放弃朝鲜”的问题</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-08-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824070010/http://military.cnr.cn/sdpl/201412/t20141201_516933807.html">存档</a>于2018-08-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%8B%E6%B4%AA%E5%85%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%86%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8D%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E2%80%9C%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%83%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitary.cnr.cn%2Fsdpl%2F201412%2Ft20141201_516933807.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.blogchina.com/blog/article/3032842">为何说朝鲜是对社会主义的侮辱?</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-08-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824101745/http://net.blogchina.com/blog/article/3032842">存档</a>于2018-08-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%95%E8%AF%B4%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%98%AF%E5%AF%B9%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E4%BE%AE%E8%BE%B1%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.blogchina.com%2Fblog%2Farticle%2F3032842&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">威廉·李卜克内西:《不要任何妥协》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankfurt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frankfurt_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankfurt_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">《法兰克福宣言》</span> </li> <li 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