CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Avatar - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"968e633a-0c54-437c-9de2-57b62d4e4abe","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Avatar","wgTitle":"Avatar","wgCurRevisionId":1259722290,"wgRevisionId":1259722290,"wgArticleId":100368,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia semi-protected pages","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Pages with Sanskrit IPA","Pages with Hindustani IPA","Articles needing additional references from August 2023","All articles needing additional references","Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Commons category link is on Wikidata", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022","Avatars of Vishnu","Hindu philosophical concepts","Vaishnavism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Avatar","wgRelevantArticleId":100368,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled" :false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q83090","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG/1200px-Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG/800px-Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG/640px-Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Avatar - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Avatar rootpage-Avatar skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Avatar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Avatar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Avatar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Avatar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology and meaning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology_and_meaning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etymology and meaning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avatar_versus_incarnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatar_versus_incarnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Avatar versus incarnation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avatar_versus_incarnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_loanword" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_loanword"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>As a loanword</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_loanword-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avatars_of_Vishnu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars_of_Vishnu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Avatars of Vishnu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Avatars_of_Vishnu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Avatars of Vishnu subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Avatars_of_Vishnu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dashavatara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dashavatara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dashavatara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dashavatara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longer_alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longer_alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Longer alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longer_alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>In Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Isma'ilism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Isma'ilism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>In Isma'ilism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Isma'ilism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avatars_of_Shiva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars_of_Shiva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Avatars of Shiva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avatars_of_Shiva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avatars_of_Devis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars_of_Devis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Avatars of Devis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Avatars_of_Devis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Avatars of Devis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Avatars_of_Devis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avatars_of_Parvati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars_of_Parvati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Avatars of Parvati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avatars_of_Parvati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avatars_of_Lakshmi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars_of_Lakshmi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Avatars of Lakshmi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avatars_of_Lakshmi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avatars_of_Brahma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars_of_Brahma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Avatars of Brahma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avatars_of_Brahma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avatars_of_Ganesha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars_of_Ganesha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Avatars of Ganesha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avatars_of_Ganesha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avatars_of_Varuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars_of_Varuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Avatars of Varuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avatars_of_Varuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Avatar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="أفاتار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفاتار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatara" title="Avatara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avatara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Awatara" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অবতার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অবতার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аватара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аватара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аватар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аватар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(mitologia)" title="Avatar (mitologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Avatar (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avat%C3%A1r" title="Avatár – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Avatár" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatara" title="Avatara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Avatara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avataara" title="Avataara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avataara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Άβαταρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άβαταρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avataro" title="Avataro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Avataro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اوتار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوتار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(hindouisme)" title="Avatar (hindouisme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avatar (hindouisme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhat%C3%A1r" title="Abhatár – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhatár" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अवतार – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अवतार" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%94%ED%83%80%EB%9D%BC" title="아바타라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아바타라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ավատար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավատար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अवतार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अवतार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Awatara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatara" title="Avatara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Avatara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8_(%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D)" title="אווטאר (הינדואיזם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אווטאר (הינדואיזם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Awatara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಅವತಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅವತಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ავატარა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავატარა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аватара – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аватара" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avata_(endouyis)" title="Avata (endouyis) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Avata (endouyis)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatara" title="Avatara – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Avatara" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avat%C4%81ra" title="Avatāra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Avatāra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatara" title="Avatara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Avatara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avat%C3%A1ra" title="Avatára – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Avatára" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аватар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аватар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अवतार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अवतार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatara" title="Avatara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Avatara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Avatar (hindoeïsme) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Avatar (hindoeïsme)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अवतार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अवतार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अवतार – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अवतार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9" title="アヴァターラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヴァターラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(indo%C3%AFsme)" title="Avatar (indoïsme) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Avatar (indoïsme)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਵਤਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਵਤਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अवतार – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="अवतार" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اوتار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوتار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اوتار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوتار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A" title="អវតារ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អវតារ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Awatara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аватара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аватара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatari" title="Avatari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Avatari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8)" title="අවතාරය (හින්දු ආගම) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අවතාරය (හින්දු ආගම)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اوتار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوتار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avat%C3%A1ra" title="Avatára – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Avatára" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A4%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ئەڤەتار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڤەتار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аватар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аватар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(hindulaisuus)" title="Avatar (hindulaisuus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avatar (hindulaisuus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatar_(termino)" title="Abatar (termino) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abatar (termino)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அவதாரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அவதாரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="అవతారం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అవతారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="อวตาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อวตาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A" title="ಅವತಾರೊ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅವತಾರೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аватара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аватара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اوتار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوتار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatar" title="Abatar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Abatar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%BA%AB%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%EF%BC%89" title="化身（印度教） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化身（印度教）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%87%A1%E9%81%94_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)" title="阿凡達 (印度教) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿凡達 (印度教)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%BA%AB_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)" title="化身 (印度教) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化身 (印度教)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83090#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Avatar" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Avatar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avatar&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avatar&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Avatar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avatar&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avatar&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Avatar" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Avatar" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avatar&oldid=1259722290" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avatar&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Avatar&id=1259722290&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAvatar"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAvatar"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Avatar&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avatar&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Avatar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Avatar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83090" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until October 3, 2025 at 08:28 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Material appearance or incarnation of a god on Earth in Hinduism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the concept in Hinduism. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Avatar (disambiguation)">Avatar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG/220px-Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG/330px-Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG/440px-Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>'s ten major avatars (Balarama-Krishna version) <a href="/wiki/Dasavatara_shrine" title="Dasavatara shrine">Dasavatara shrine</a>, 18th century ivory, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum, New Delhi</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Avatar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">अवतार</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Avatāra</i></span></i>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ɐʋɐt̪aːɾɐ]</a></span>) is a concept within <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> that in Sanskrit literally means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">descent</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. It signifies the material appearance or <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a> of a powerful <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(vital_essence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit (vital essence)">spirit</a> on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeldavatar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeldavatar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative verb to "alight, to make one's appearance" is sometimes used to refer to any <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> or revered human being.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>avatar</i> does not appear in the Vedic literature;<sup id="cite_ref-Bassuk1987p3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassuk1987p3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it appears in developed forms in post-Vedic literature, and as a noun particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranic</a> literature after the 6th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405–409,_414–417_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405–409,_414–417-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite that, the concept of an avatar is compatible with the content of the Vedic literature like the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> as it is symbolic imagery of the <a href="/wiki/Saguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna Brahman">Saguna Brahman</a> concept in the philosophy of Hinduism. The <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i> describes <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> as endowed with a mysterious power of assuming any form at will.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> expounds the doctrine of Avatara but with terms other than <i>avatar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405–409,_414–417_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405–409,_414–417-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theologically, the term is most often associated with the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, though the idea has been applied to other deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale's_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale's-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varying lists of avatars of Vishnu appear in Hindu scriptures, including the ten <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i> and the twenty-two avatars in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, though the latter adds that the incarnations of Vishnu are innumerable.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The avatars of Vishnu are important in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> theology. In the goddess-based <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> tradition of Hinduism, avatars of the <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> in different appearances such as <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> are commonly found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298–125_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298–125-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hawley_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawley-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While avatars of other deities such as <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> are also mentioned in medieval Hindu texts, this is minor and occasional.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incarnation doctrine is one of the important differences between Vaishnavism and Shaivism traditions of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-laiengavatar_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laiengavatar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ryanjonesavatar_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryanjonesavatar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a> concepts that are in some aspects similar to <i>avatar</i> are also found in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002115–116_with_note_2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002115–116_with_note_2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bassuk1987p3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassuk1987p3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002115–116_with_note_2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002115–116_with_note_2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> include the names of numerous Hindu gods and goddesses, but it rejected the doctrine of savior incarnation and endorsed the view of Hindu <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> movement saints such as <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>, that formless eternal god is within the human heart, and man is his own savior.<sup id="cite_ref-enesbittavatar_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enesbittavatar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2></div> <p>The Sanskrit noun (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">avatāra</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hindustani:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hns-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[əʋˈtaːr]</a></span>) is derived from the Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ava-</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">down</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and the root <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>tṛ</i></i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to cross over</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These roots trace back, states Monier-Williams, to <i>-taritum</i>, <i>-tarati</i>, <i>-rītum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Avatar</i> means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">descent, alight, to make one's appearance</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refers to the embodiment of the essence of a superhuman being or a deity in another form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word also implies "to overcome, to remove, to bring down, to cross something".<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hindu traditions, the "crossing or coming down" is symbolism, states Daniel Bassuk, of the divine descent from "eternity into the temporal realm, from unconditioned to the conditioned, from infinitude to finitude".<sup id="cite_ref-Bassuk1987p3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassuk1987p3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An avatar, states Justin Edwards Abbott, is a <i>saguna</i> (with form, attributes) embodiment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nirguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna">nirguna</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (soul).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avatar, according to <a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a> actually means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">divine descent</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> in his commentaries of The Shrimad Bhagavatam and The Bramha Samhita (mentioned in Brahmavaivarta Purana). </p><p>Neither the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> nor the <a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a> ever mention the word <i>avatar</i> as a noun.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassuk1987p3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassuk1987p3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verb roots and form, such as <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">avatarana</i></span>, appear in ancient post-Vedic Hindu texts, but as "action of descending", but not as an incarnated person (avatara).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978415–417_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978415–417-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The related verb <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">avatarana</i></span> is, states Paul Hacker, used with double meaning, one as action of the divine descending, another as "laying down the burden of man" suffering from the forces of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978415–417_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978415–417-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is most commonly found in the context of the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeldavatar_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeldavatar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest mention of Vishnu manifested in a human form to establish <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> on Earth, uses other terms such as the word <i>sambhavāmi</i> in verse 4.6 and the word <i>tanu</i> in verse 9.11 of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as other words such as <i>akriti</i> and <i>rupa</i> elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978405–409_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978405–409-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in medieval era texts, those composed after the sixth century CE, that the noun version of avatar appears, where it means embodiment of a deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405–409,_414–417_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405–409,_414–417-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea proliferates thereafter, in the <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranic</a> stories for many deities, and with ideas such as <i>ansha-avatar</i> or partial embodiments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeldavatar_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeldavatar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>avatar</i>, in colloquial use, is also an epithet or a word of reverence for any extraordinary human being who is revered for his or her ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some contexts, the term <i>avatara</i> just means a <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">landing place, site of sacred pilgrimage</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, or just <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">achieve one's goals after effort</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, or retranslation of a text in another language.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>avatar</i> is not unique to Hinduism even though the term originated with Hinduism. It is found in the <i>Trikaya</i> doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism, in descriptions for the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> in Tibetan Buddhism, and many ancient cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002115–116_with_note_2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002115–116_with_note_2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avatar_versus_incarnation">Avatar versus incarnation</h3></div> <p>The manifest embodiment is sometimes referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kimctap192_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimctap192-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translation of avatar as "incarnation" has been questioned by Christian theologians, who state that an incarnation is in flesh and imperfect, while avatar is mythical and perfect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002107–109_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002107–109-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theological concept of Christ as an incarnation, as found in <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, presents the Christian concept of incarnation. The term avatar in Hinduism refers to act of various gods taking form to perform a particular task which in most of the times is bringing dharma back. The concept of avatar is widely accepted all over the India.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheth disagrees and states that this claim is an incorrect understanding of the Hindu concept of avatar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002108_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002108-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buddha_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buddha-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avatars are embodiments of spiritual perfection, driven by noble goals, in Hindu traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002108_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002108-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of the avatar in Hinduism is not incompatible with natural <a href="/wiki/Conception_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception (biology)">conception</a> through a sexual act, which is again different from the Christian concept of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin Birth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_loanword">As a loanword</h3></div> <p>Following 19th Century Western interest in Indian culture and Hinduism, the word "Avatar" was taken as loanword into English and other Western languages, where it is used in various contexts and meanings, often considerably different from its original meaning in Hinduism - see <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Avatar (disambiguation)">Avatar (disambiguation)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avatars_of_Vishnu">Avatars of Vishnu</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></div> <p>The concept of avatar within Hinduism is most often associated with Vishnu, the preserver or sustainer aspect of God within the Hindu Trinity or <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Vishnu's avatars descend to empower the good and fight evil, thereby restoring <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>. Traditional Hindus see themselves not as "Hindu", but as Vaishnava (Worshippers of Vishnu), Shaiva (Worshippers of Shiva), or Shakta (Worshipper of the Shakti). Each of the deities has its own iconography and mythology, but common to all is the fact that the divine reality has an explicit form, a form that the worshipper can behold.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An oft-quoted passage from the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> describes the typical role of an avatar of Vishnu:<sup id="cite_ref-Gale's_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale's-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Arjuna, whenever righteousness is on the decline, unrighteousness is in the ascendant, then I body Myself forth.<br /> For the protection of the virtuous, for the extirpation of evil-doers, & for establishing Dharma (righteousness) on a firm footing, I manifest Myself from age to age. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bhagavad Gita 4.7–8</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Vishnu avatars appear in Hindu mythology whenever the cosmos is in crisis, typically because evil has grown stronger and has thrown the cosmos out of its balance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002228_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002228-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The avatar then appears in a material form, to destroy evil and its sources, and restore the cosmic balance between the ever-present forces of good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002228_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002228-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most known and celebrated avatars of Vishnu, within the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> traditions of Hinduism, are <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>. These names have extensive literature associated with them, each has its own characteristics, legends and associated arts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, for example, includes Krishna, while the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> includes Rama.<sup id="cite_ref-King_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> describes Vishnu's avatars as innumerable, though ten of his incarnations, the Dashavatara, are celebrated therein as his major appearances.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ten major Vishnu avatars are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a> and the Bhagavata Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rukmani_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukmani-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ten best known avatars of Vishnu are collectively known as the <i>Dashavatara</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_compound" title="Sanskrit compound">Sanskrit compound</a> meaning "ten avatars"). Five different lists are included in the Bhagavata Purana, where the difference is in the sequence of the names. Freda Matchett states that this re-sequencing by the composers may be intentional, so as to avoid implying priority or placing something definitive and limited to the abstract.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001160_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001160-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>The Avatars of Vishnu </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a> </td> <td>The fish avatar. He saves Manu and the seven sages from the cosmic flood, and in some traditions, saves the Vedas from an asura called Hayagriva.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The tortoise/turtle avatar. He supports the mountain named Mandara while the devas and the asuras churn the ocean of milk to produce the nectar of immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> </td> <td>The boar avatar. He rescues Bhumi, the goddess of the earth, when the asura Hiranyaksha abducts her, restoring her rightful place in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> </td> <td>The lion avatar. He saves his devotee Prahlada and frees the three worlds from the tyranny of an asura named Hiranyakashipu.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a> </td> <td>The dwarf avatar. He vanquishes the asura king Mahabali to the netherworld after taking three strides upon the universe, restoring the rule of Indra.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a> </td> <td>The warrior-sage avatar. He destroys the oppressive kings of the military class and creates a new social order.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> </td> <td>The prince avatar. He rescues his wife Sita when she is abducted by the rakshasa king Ravana, restoring just rule to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> (debated) </td> <td>The elder brother of Krishna and the god of agriculture. He is variously described as an avatar of Shesha, the serpent-mount of Vishnu, and an avatar of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> </td> <td>The eighth avatar of Vishnu who incarnates to re-establish righteousness in the world. He slays Kamsa, the tyrant of Mathura and his uncle, and participates in the Kurukshetra War as the charioteer of Arjuna.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a> (debated) </td> <td>The historical Buddha, who incarnates to delude the asuras from the path of the Vedas, ensuring the victory of the devas. In some traditions, he is referred to as an avatar of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a> </td> <td>The prophesied tenth avatar of Vishnu. He incarnates to bring an end to the present age of corruption called the Kali Yuga, re-establishing the four classes and law to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longer_alternatives">Longer alternatives</h3></div> <p>The Bhagavata Purana also goes on to give an alternate list, wherein it numerically lists out 23 Vishnu avatars in chapter 1.3.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kumaras</a> (Catuḥsana): the four sons of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> who exemplify the path of devotion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>: The boar avatar. He rescues Bhumi, the goddess of the earth, when the asura Hiranyaksha abducts her, restoring her rightful place in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a>: the divine-sage who travels the worlds as a devotee of Vishnu.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a>: the twin-sages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a>: a renowned sage spoken of in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Kardama" title="Kardama">Kardama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devahuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Devahuti">Devahuti</a>. He is sometimes identified with the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of philosophy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a>: the combined avatar of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">trinity</a> of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna_(avatar)" title="Yajna (avatar)">Yajna</a>: the embodiment of sacrifices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)" title="Rishabha (Hinduism)">Rishabha</a>: the father of emperor <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Chakravartin">Bharata</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a>: the sovereign-king who milked the earth as a cow to obtain the world's grain and vegetation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>: The fish avatar. He saves Manu and the seven sages from the cosmic flood, and in some traditions, saves the Vedas from an asura called Hayagriva.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a>: The tortoise/turtle avatar. He supports the mountain named Mandara while the devas and the asuras churn the ocean of milk to produce the nectar of immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a>: the father of <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurvedic</a> medicine and a physician to the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a>: the enchantress who beguiles the asuras into offering her the elixir of eternal life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>: The lion avatar. He saves his devotee Prahlada and frees the three worlds from the tyranny of an asura named Hiranyakashipu.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a>: The dwarf avatar. He vanquishes the asura king Mahabali to the netherworld after taking three strides upon the universe, restoring the rule of Indra.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>: The warrior-sage avatar. He destroys the oppressive kings of the military class and creates a new social order.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>: The prince avatar. He rescues his wife Sita when she is abducted by the rakshasa king Ravana, restoring just rule to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>: the compiler of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and writer of the scriptures (<a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>) and the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>: The eighth avatar of Vishnu who incarnates to re-establish righteousness in the world. He slays Kamsa, the tyrant of Mathura and his uncle, and participates in the Kurukshetra War as the charioteer of Arjuna.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>: The historical Buddha, who incarnates to delude the asuras from the path of the Vedas, ensuring the victory of the devas. In some traditions, he is referred to as an avatar of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a>: The prophesied tenth avatar of Vishnu. He incarnates to bring an end to the present age of corruption called the Kali Yuga, re-establishing the four classes and law to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Avatars like <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a>, Hamsa, and <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> are also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a>, making a total of forty-six avatars.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite these lists, the commonly accepted number of ten avatars for Vishnu was fixed well before the 10th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> also regards <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Gautama Buddha</a> as an avatar of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-glasenapp-1-2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glasenapp-1-2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Manava Purana</b></i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Avatar" title="Special:EditPage/Avatar">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Manava Purana is one of Upapuranas. It lists 42 avatars of Vishnu. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mahavishnu" title="Mahavishnu">Adipurusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kumaras</a> (Catuḥsana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara- Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna_(avatar)" title="Yajna (avatar)">Yajna</a></li> <li>Vibhu</li> <li>Satyasena</li> <li>Hari</li> <li>Vaikunta</li> <li>Ajita</li> <li>Sharvabhouma</li> <li>Vrishbha</li> <li>Visvaksena</li> <li>Dharmasetu</li> <li>Sudhama</li> <li>Yogeshwara</li> <li>Brihadbhanu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">Shaligram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Hamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Vrishbha deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li>Vikhanasa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Venkateswara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dhyaneshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohini_in_Belur_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mohini_in_Belur_temple.jpg/180px-Mohini_in_Belur_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mohini_in_Belur_temple.jpg/270px-Mohini_in_Belur_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mohini_in_Belur_temple.jpg/360px-Mohini_in_Belur_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a>, the female avatar of Vishnu (statue at <a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a> temple, Karnataka.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>avatar</i> concept was further developed and refined in later Hindu texts. One approach was to identify full avatars and partial avatars. Krishna, Rama, and Narasimha were full avatars (<i>purna avatars</i>), while others were partial avatars (<i>ansha avatars</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200299_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200299-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some declared, states Noel Sheth, that every living creature is an <i>avatar</i> of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200299_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200299-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> text of Vaishnavism declares that Vishnu's avatars include those that are direct and complete (<span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">sakshad</i></span>), indirect and endowed (<span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">avesha</i></span>), cosmic and salvific (<span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">vyuha</i></span>), inner and inspirational (<span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">antaryamin</i></span>), consecrated and in the form of image (<span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">archa</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200299_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200299-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet another classification, developed in Krishna schools, centers around <i>Guna-avatars</i>, <i>Purusha-avatars</i> and <i>Lila-avatars</i>, with their subtypes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holdrege2015p50_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holdrege2015p50-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Guna-avatar</i> classification of <i>avatars</i> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a> concept of the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of Hindu philosophy, that is Rajas (Brahma), Sattva (Vishnu), and Tamas (Shiva).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holdrege2015p50_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holdrege2015p50-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These personalities of the <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> are referred to as <i>Guna avatars</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Purushavatara</i> are three. The first evolves all matter (Prakriti), the second is the soul present in each individual creature, the third is the interconnected oneness or Brahman that connects all souls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Lilavataras</i> are partial or full manifestations of Vishnu, where either some powers (Shakti) or material parts of him exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holdrege2015p50_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holdrege2015p50-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vishnu is Purushavatara.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassuk1987p143_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassuk1987p143-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Matsya, Kurma, and Vamana avatars of Vishnu are Lilavataras.<sup id="cite_ref-Holdrege2015p50_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holdrege2015p50-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bassuk1987p143_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassuk1987p143-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Purnarupa</i> in this classification, is when Vishnu manifests completely along with his qualities and powers. In Bengal Vaishnavism, Krishna is the <i>Purnarupa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Shaivism, Bhairava is the purnarupa of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sikhism">In Sikhism</h3></div> <p>24 avatars of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> are mentioned in Bachitar Natak's composition in <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a>, the second scripture of <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhism</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Dasam_Granth_Sahib_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasam_Granth_Sahib-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li>Mach (<a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>)</li> <li>Kach (<a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a>)</li> <li>Nara (Nara in <a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a>)</li> <li>Narayan (Narayana in <a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a>)</li> <li>Maha Mohini (<a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a>)</li> <li>Bairaha (<a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>)</li> <li>Nar Singha (<a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>)</li> <li>Baman (<a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a>)</li> <li>Parshuram (<a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>)</li> <li>Bramma (<a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>)</li> <li>Balram (<a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>)</li> <li>Jalandhar (<a href="/wiki/Jalandhara" title="Jalandhara">Jalandhara</a>)</li> <li>Bishan (<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>)</li> <li>Sheshayi (<a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a>)</li> <li>Arihant Dev (<a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihanta</a>)</li> <li>Manu Raja (<a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a>)</li> <li>Dhanvantari (<a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a>)</li> <li>Suraj (<a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>)</li> <li>Chandar (<a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a>)</li> <li>Ram (<a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>)</li> <li>Kishan (<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>)</li> <li>Nar (<a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>)</li> <li>Rudra (<a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiv</a>)</li> <li>Kalki (<a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a>)</li></ol></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> reverentially includes the names of numerous Hindu deities, including Vishnu avatars such as Krishna, Hari, and Rama, as well those of Devi as Durga.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a> has three major compositions, one each dedicated to avatars of Vishnu (Chaubis avatar) and Brahma.<sup id="cite_ref-Dasam_Granth_Sahib_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasam_Granth_Sahib-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Sikhism rejects the doctrine of savior incarnation, and only accepts the abstract <i>nirguna</i> formless god.<sup id="cite_ref-enesbittavatar_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enesbittavatar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wocoleavatar_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wocoleavatar-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh Gurus endorsed the view of Hindu Bhakti movement saints such as <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a> (≈1270 – 1350 CE) that formless eternal god is within the human heart and man is his own savior.<sup id="cite_ref-enesbittavatar_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enesbittavatar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Isma'ilism"><span id="In_Isma.27ilism"></span>In Isma'ilism</h3></div> <p>The Gupti <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailis</a>, who observe <a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">pious circumspection</a> as Hindus, uphold that the first Shi‘i Imam, <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">‘Ali b. Abi Talib</a>, as well as his descendants through the line of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma‘il</a>, are collectively Kalki, the tenth and final <i>avatāra</i> of Vishnu. According to this interpretation, these figures represent the continuity of divine guidance to humankind. In the view of some Guptis, this is corroborated by the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic verse</a> 14:4 which mentions the idea that <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">God had sent a messenger to every land</a>. They understand the <i>avatāras</i> to be these messengers sent by God to their people in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avatars_of_Shiva">Avatars of Shiva</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarabha_Narasinmha_Kangra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sarabha_Narasinmha_Kangra.jpg/220px-Sarabha_Narasinmha_Kangra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sarabha_Narasinmha_Kangra.jpg/330px-Sarabha_Narasinmha_Kangra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sarabha_Narasinmha_Kangra.jpg/440px-Sarabha_Narasinmha_Kangra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption> Sharabha (right) with Narasimha (18th-century painting, <a href="/wiki/Pahari_painting" title="Pahari painting">Pahari</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kangra_painting" title="Kangra painting">Kangra</a> School)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranic scriptures</a> contain occasional references to avatars of Shiva, the avatar doctrine is neither universally accepted nor commonly adopted in <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The views on the doctrine of incarnation has been one of the significant doctrinal differences between Vaishnavism and Shaivism, in addition to their differences on the role of householder life versus monastic life for spiritual release.<sup id="cite_ref-laiengavatar_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laiengavatar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ryanjonesavatar_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryanjonesavatar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dhavamony2002p63_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhavamony2002p63-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaivism is a transcendental theology, where man, with the help of his <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>, is his own savior.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhavamony2002p63_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhavamony2002p63-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a> lists twenty-eight avatars of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a> there is a distinctly Saivite version of a traditional avatar myth: Shiva brings forth <a href="/wiki/Virabhadra" title="Virabhadra">Virabhadra</a>, one of his terrifying forms, in order to calm <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>, an avatar of Vishnu. When that fails, Shiva manifests as the human-lion-bird <a href="/wiki/Sharabha" title="Sharabha">Sharabha</a> which calms down lion-man Narasimha avatar of Vishnu, and Shiva then gives Vishnu a chakra (not to be confused with Sudarshan Chakra) as gift. A similar story is told in the late medieval era <a href="/wiki/Sharabha_Upanishad" title="Sharabha Upanishad">Sharabha Upanishad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Vaishnava <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> school refutes this Shaivite view of Narasimha.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a>, Shiva has 19 avatars. According to the <a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma Purana</a>, he has 28. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vanara" title="Vanara">vanara</a> god <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> who helped Rama (the Vishnu avatar) is considered by some to be the eleventh avatar of <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> (Shiva).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regional deities like <a href="/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba">Khandoba</a> are also believed by some to be avatars of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ashwatthama" title="Ashwatthama">Ashwatthama</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Drona" title="Drona">Drona</a> is also considered to be an avatar of Shiva. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a> and his avatars (<a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>) are occasionally linked to Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett200163_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett200163-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, the formulator of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, is also occasionally regarded as an avatar of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a>, Guru Gobind Singh mentioned two avatars of Rudra: <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a> Avatar and <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parasnath</a> Avatar.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avatars_of_Devis">Avatars of Devis</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An 18th century painting of the goddess Durga fighting Mahishasura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/106px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG" decoding="async" width="106" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/159px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/212px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="3069" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A ca. 1910 chromolithograph of Kali trampling Shiva by Raja Ravi Varma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/118px-Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/177px-Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/236px-Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4164" data-file-height="5783" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sita_in_exile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An early 20th century chromolithograph of Sita in exile by Raja Ravi Varma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sita_in_exile.jpg/107px-Sita_in_exile.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sita_in_exile.jpg/161px-Sita_in_exile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sita_in_exile.jpg/214px-Sita_in_exile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1509" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_deity_Parvati,_1050-1100_AD_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Hindu deity Parvati, 1050-1100 AD India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_deity_Parvati%2C_1050-1100_AD_India.jpg/117px-A_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_deity_Parvati%2C_1050-1100_AD_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_deity_Parvati%2C_1050-1100_AD_India.jpg/176px-A_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_deity_Parvati%2C_1050-1100_AD_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_deity_Parvati%2C_1050-1100_AD_India.jpg/234px-A_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_deity_Parvati%2C_1050-1100_AD_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="1687" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Avatars of Devi. Clockwise from upper left: <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Avatars are also observed in <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, the sect dedicated to the worship of the Goddess (<a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>), but they do not have universal acceptance in the sect. The <a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a> describes the descent of Devi avatars to punish the wicked and defend the righteous as – much as the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> does with the avatars of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-Triumph_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triumph-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nilakantha, an 18th-century commentator on the Devi Bhagavata Purana – which includes the Devi Gita – says that various avatars of the Goddess includes <a href="/wiki/Shakambhari" title="Shakambhari">Shakambhari</a> and even the masculine Krishna and Rama – generally thought to be Vishnu's avatars.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> are main goddesses worshipped as Devi avatars.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avatars_of_Parvati">Avatars of Parvati</h3></div> <p>Devi is popular in her form as <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a> she is seen as the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a>, and in Uma Samhita, she is seen as Devi herself. Regarding her incarnations, it varies per sect in Hinduism. She could be all Goddesses as said in Shaivism and some main Shatism interpretations like the Sri kula and Kali Kula families, or just a form of Devi in some other Shaktism interpretations and many Vaishnava interpretations. With this in mind, Parvati's forms include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a>- <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Mahavidya)" title="Tara (Mahavidya)">Tara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripurasundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuvaneshwari">Bhuvaneshwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinnamasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinnamasta">Chinnamasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhumavati" title="Dhumavati">Dhumavati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagalamukhi" title="Bagalamukhi">Bagalamukhi</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurgas" class="mw-redirect" title="Navadurgas">Navadurgas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Shailaputri" title="Shailaputri">Shailaputri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharini" title="Brahmacharini">Brahmacharini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandraghanta" title="Chandraghanta">Chandraghanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushmanda" title="Kushmanda">Kushmanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skandamata" title="Skandamata">Skandamata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katyayani" title="Katyayani">Katyayani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaalratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaalratri">Kaalratri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahagauri" title="Mahagauri">Mahagauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddhidhatri" title="Siddhidhatri">Siddhidhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_(goddess)" title="Annapurna (goddess)">Annapurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushiki" title="Kaushiki">Kaushiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitala" title="Shitala">Shitala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maheshwari" title="Maheshwari">Maheshwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindhyavasini" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhyavasini">Vindhyavasini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhramari" title="Bhramari">Bhramari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakambhari" title="Shakambhari">Shakambhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raktadantika" title="Raktadantika">Raktadantika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twarita" class="mw-redirect" title="Twarita">Twarita</a></li> <li>In North India- <a href="/wiki/Khodiyar" title="Khodiyar">Khodiyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahuchara_Mata" title="Bahuchara Mata">Bahuchara Mata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naina_Devi" title="Naina Devi">Naina Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Jwala</a> etc.</li> <li>In Western India- <a href="/wiki/Bhavani" title="Bhavani">Bhavani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saptashrungi" title="Saptashrungi">Saptashrungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekvira" title="Ekvira">Ekvira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Amba</a> etc.</li> <li>In East India-<a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kali" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina Kali">Dakshina Kali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamakhya" title="Kamakhya">Kamakhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagadhatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagadhatri">Jagadhatri</a> etc.</li> <li>In South India- <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi" title="Meenakshi">Meenakshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishalakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishalakshi">Vishalakshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakshi">Kamakshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Abhirami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mookambika" title="Mookambika">Mookambika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akilandeswari" title="Akilandeswari">Akilandeswari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariamman" title="Mariamman">Mariamman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karumariamman" title="Karumariamman">Karumariamman</a> etc.</li></ul> <p>All of these incarnations helped provide security to the world and even brought Shiva into the participation of worldly affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avatars_of_Lakshmi">Avatars of Lakshmi</h3></div> <p>Like Vishnu, his consort <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> incarnates as in many forms to help provide order and to enlighten the world with her consort. She has many forms, and just like Parvati, some of her forms are not consistent throughout all sects and interpretations of Hinduism. In Vaishnavism and some interpretations of Shaktism, Lakshmi is seen as Devi herself. She could be every Goddess as said in Vaishnavism and some interpretations of Shaktism, or just another form of Devi as seen in other interpretations of Shaktism and in Shaivism. With this in mind, Lakshmi's forms include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi">Mahalakshmi</a></li> <li>At 108 <a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">Divya Desam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtalakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtalakshmi">Ashtalakshmi</a> - Adi Lakshmi, Dhanya Lakshmi, Dhana Lakshmi, Gaja Lakshmi, Santana Lakshmi, Vidya Lakshmi, Veera Lakshmi, Vijaya Lakshmi</li> <li>With avatars of Vishnu - <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashtasakhi" title="Ashtasakhi">Ashtasakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">Gopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">Ashtabharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junior_wives_of_Krishna" title="Junior wives of Krishna">Junior wives of Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padmavathi" title="Padmavathi">Padmavathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayana" title="Lakshmi Narayana">Lakshmi Narayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a>, Dharini</li> <li>Singular forms - <a href="/wiki/Vedavati" title="Vedavati">Vedavati</a>, Chottanikkara Bhagavathy, <a href="/wiki/Mookambika" title="Mookambika">Mookambika</a> devi, <a href="/wiki/Vaishno_Devi" title="Vaishno Devi">Vaishno Devi</a>, As Kolhapur ambabai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narasimhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Narasimhi">Narasimhi</a></li> <li>3 forms of Lakshmi in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Vaishnava">Sri Vaishnava</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri">Sri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhūmi">Bhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nila_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nila Devi">Nila</a></li> <li>Mahavidya <a href="/wiki/Kamalatmika" title="Kamalatmika">Kamalatmika</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avatars_of_Brahma">Avatars of Brahma</h2></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a>, second scriptures of Sikhs written by Guru Gobind Singh, mentioned seven Brahma Avatars.<sup id="cite_ref-google_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a></li> <li>Baches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li>Khat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a></li></ol> <p>Khat avatar in this list refers to six different scholars who are considered to be founders of six schools of <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>, Brahma incarnated himself as <a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a> in response to a curse from Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avatars_of_Ganesha">Avatars of Ganesha</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a> declares that Ganesha incarnates to destroy demons and to help the gods and pious people.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimes_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimes-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two <a href="/wiki/Upapurana" title="Upapurana">Upapuranas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Purana" title="Ganesha Purana">Ganesha Purana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Purana" title="Mudgala Purana">Mudgala Purana</a> – detail the avatars of Ganesha. Both these upapuranas are core scriptures of the <a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a> sect – exclusively dedicated to Ganesha worship. </p><p>Four avatars of Ganesha are listed in the Ganesha Purana: Mohotkata, Mayūreśvara, Gajanana and Dhumraketu. Each avatar corresponds to a different yuga, has a different mount and different skin complexion, but all the avatars have a common purpose – to slay demons.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mudgala Puranam describes eight avatars of Ganesha:<sup id="cite_ref-Granoff_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granoff-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Vakratunda (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vakratuṇḍa</i></span>) ("twisting trunk"), his mount is a lion.</li> <li>Ekadanta ("single tusk"), his mount is a mouse.</li> <li>Mahodara ("big belly"), his mount is a mouse.</li> <li>Gajavaktra (or Gajānana) ("elephant face"), his mount is a mouse.</li> <li>Lambodara ("pendulous belly"), his mount is a mouse.</li> <li>Vikata (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vikaṭa</i></span>) ("unusual form", "misshapen"), his mount is a peacock.</li> <li>Vighnaraja (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vighnarāja</i></span>) ("king of obstacles"), his mount is the celestial serpent <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śeṣa</i></span>.</li> <li>Dhumravarna (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dhūmravarṇa</i></span>) ("grey color") corresponds to Śiva, his mount is a horse.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avatars_of_Varuna">Avatars of Varuna</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg/220px-Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg/330px-Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg/440px-Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jhulelal_(Hinduism)" title="Jhulelal (Hinduism)">Jhulelal</a>, incarnation of Varuna</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jhulelal_(Hinduism)" title="Jhulelal (Hinduism)">Jhulelal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/I%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADa-devat%C4%81_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iṣṭa-devatā (Hinduism)">Iṣṭa-devatā</a> (most-revered deity) of <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus" title="Sindhi Hindus">Sindhi Hindus</a>, is considered the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/27px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/41px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/54px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatars_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Avatars in the Mahabharata">Avatars in the Mahabharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Gautama Buddha in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_avatar_claimants" title="List of avatar claimants">List of avatar claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu eschatology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-buddha-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buddha_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddha, a real person, is included as an avatar of Vishnu in many Hindu texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200299_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200299-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a>, the female avatar of Vishnu, appears in stories about the Kurma avatar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002705_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002705-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jameslochtefeldavatar-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeldavatar_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeldavatar_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeldavatar_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Avatar" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, pages 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Parrinder1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" title="Geoffrey Parrinder">Geoffrey Parrinder</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VkV5AAAAMAAJ"><i>Avatar and Incarnation: The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions</i></a>. Oneworld. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-130-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-130-3"><bdi>978-1-85168-130-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avatar+and+Incarnation%3A+The+Divine+in+Human+Form+in+the+World%27s+Religions&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-130-3&rft.au=Geoffrey+Parrinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVkV5AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamsavatar_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1923" class="citation book cs1">Monier Monier-Williams (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA90"><i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Monier+Monier-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3NWAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298–99_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheth2002">Sheth 2002</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassuk1987p3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bassuk1987p3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassuk1987p3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassuk1987p3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassuk1987p3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_E_Bassuk1987" class="citation book cs1">Daniel E Bassuk (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ"><i>Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08642-9"><bdi>978-1-349-08642-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incarnation+in+Hinduism+and+Christianity%3A+The+Myth+of+the+God-Man&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-349-08642-9&rft.au=Daniel+E+Bassuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3iwCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405–409,_414–417-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405–409,_414–417_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405–409,_414–417_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405–409,_414–417_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHacker1978">Hacker 1978</a>, pp. 424, also 405–409, 414–417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rig Veda 3.53.8 (Maghavan); 6.47.18 (Indra)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swami Harshananda, <i>A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism</i>, Ramakrishna Math, Bangalore (2008) Vol.1, page 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gale's-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gale's_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gale's_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley2005" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (2005). Lindsay Jones (ed.). <i>Gale's Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 707–708. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865735-6"><bdi>978-0-02-865735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gale%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=707-708&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865735-6&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryant-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PT32"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> US. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514891-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514891-6&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0z02cZe8PU8C%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298–125-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298–125_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheth2002">Sheth 2002</a>, pp. 98–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawley-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hawley_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawleyVasudha_Narayanan2006" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John Stratton; Vasudha Narayanan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DLj1tYmoTQC&pg=PA174"><i>The life of Hinduism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1"><bdi>978-0-520-24914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24914-1&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=John+Stratton&rft.au=Vasudha+Narayanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DLj1tYmoTQC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Kinsley1998" class="citation book cs1">David R. Kinsley (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkCsrfghkZ4C"><i>Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 115–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1522-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1522-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1522-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine%3A+The+Ten+Mah%C4%81vidy%C4%81s&rft.pages=115-119&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1522-3&rft.au=David+R.+Kinsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgkCsrfghkZ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shiva" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, page 635</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laiengavatar-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laiengavatar_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laiengavatar_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLai_Ah_Eng2008" class="citation book cs1">Lai Ah Eng (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9MmNaNebFD8C"><i>Religious Diversity in Singapore</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-754-5"><bdi>978-981-230-754-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Diversity+in+Singapore&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-230-754-5&rft.au=Lai+Ah+Eng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9MmNaNebFD8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryanjonesavatar-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ryanjonesavatar_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ryanjonesavatar_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rft.au=James+D.+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002115–116_with_note_2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002115–116_with_note_2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002115–116_with_note_2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002115–116_with_note_2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheth2002">Sheth 2002</a>, pp. 115–116 with note 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enesbittavatar-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enesbittavatar_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enesbittavatar_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enesbittavatar_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_Nesbitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Eleanor Nesbitt (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai-rpcY-rrgC"><i>Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 16, 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157806-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157806-9"><bdi>978-0-19-157806-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=16%2C+24-25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157806-9&rft.au=Eleanor+Nesbitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAi-rpcY-rrgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), <i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415266048" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415266048">978-0415266048</a>, pp. xxxiv–xli</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200298_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheth2002">Sheth 2002</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Edwards_Abbott1980" class="citation book cs1">Justin Edwards Abbott (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-UmxAoX2wYC"><i>Life of Tukaram: Translation from Mahipati's Bhaktalilamrita</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 335–336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0170-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0170-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0170-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Tukaram%3A+Translation+from+Mahipati%27s+Bhaktalilamrita&rft.pages=335-336&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0170-7&rft.au=Justin+Edwards+Abbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-UmxAoX2wYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978415–417-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978415–417_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978415–417_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHacker1978">Hacker 1978</a>, pp. 415–417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978405–409-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker1978405–409_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHacker1978">Hacker 1978</a>, pp. 405–409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kimctap192-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kimctap192_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_C._H._Kim2008" class="citation book cs1">Sebastian C. H. Kim (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXh3iq94MWIC"><i>Christian Theology in Asia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 169–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47206-7"><bdi>978-1-139-47206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Theology+in+Asia&rft.pages=169-176&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-47206-7&rft.au=Sebastian+C.+H.+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhXh3iq94MWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002107–109-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002107–109_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheth2002">Sheth 2002</a>, pp. 107–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mercy Amba Oduyoye, H. M. Vroom, <i>One gospel – many cultures: case studies and reflections on cross-cultural theology</i>, Rodopi, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0897-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0897-7">978-90-420-0897-7</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002108-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002108_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002108_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheth2002">Sheth 2002</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200299-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200299_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200299_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200299_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth200299_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheth2002">Sheth 2002</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodheadPartridgeKawanami2016" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher; Kawanami, Hiroko (2016). <i>Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations</i> (3rd ed.). Routeledge. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85881-6"><bdi>978-0-415-85881-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+in+the+Modern+World%3A+Traditions+and+Transformations&rft.pages=44&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routeledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-415-85881-6&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Partridge%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Kawanami%2C+Hiroko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002228-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002228_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002228_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2005" class="citation book cs1">King, Anna S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FvH1aCXETwC&pg=PA32"><i>The intimate other: love divine in Indic religions</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2801-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2801-7"><bdi>978-81-250-2801-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+intimate+other%3A+love+divine+in+Indic+religions&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2801-7&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Anna+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FvH1aCXETwC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mishra-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mishra_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishra_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra1973" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Vibhuti Bhushan (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nAQ4AAAAIAAJ"><i>Religious beliefs and practices of North India during the early mediaeval period, Volume 1</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03610-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03610-9"><bdi>978-90-04-03610-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+beliefs+and+practices+of+North+India+during+the+early+mediaeval+period%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03610-9&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Vibhuti+Bhushan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnAQ4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rukmani-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rukmani_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRukmani1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Rukmani" title="T. S. Rukmani">Rukmani, T. S.</a> (1970). <i>A critical study of the Bhagavata Purana, with special reference to bhakti</i>. Chowkhamba Sanskrit studies. Vol. 77. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critical+study+of+the+Bhagavata+Purana%2C+with+special+reference+to+bhakti&rft.place=Varanasi&rft.series=Chowkhamba+Sanskrit+studies&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Chowkhamba+Sanskrit+Series&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Rukmani&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001160-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001160_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George M. (2008-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=matsya+saved+manu+seven+sages&pg=PA213"><i>Handbook of Hindu Mythology</i></a>. OUP USA. pp. 212–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533261-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+Mythology&rft.pages=212-213&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533261-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7LOZfwCDpEC%26dq%3Dmatsya%2Bsaved%2Bmanu%2Bseven%2Bsages%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002705-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002705_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 705.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=Kurma+churning+of+the+ocean&pg=PT709"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin UK. p. 709. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9"><bdi>978-81-8475-277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=709&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-277-9&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrk0AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DKurma%2Bchurning%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bocean%26pg%3DPT709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande2009" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XrFh2S8nlEC&dq=Varaha+Bhumi&pg=PA61"><i>Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations</i></a>. Gyan Publishing House. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-212-1016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-212-1016-4"><bdi>978-81-212-1016-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology+of+Vishnu+and+His+Incarnations&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-212-1016-4&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Laxman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XrFh2S8nlEC%26dq%3DVaraha%2BBhumi%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&dq=narasimha+prahlada&pg=PT859"><i>The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</i></a>. Penguin UK. p. 859. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-396-7"><bdi>978-81-8475-396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pages=859&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-396-7&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D87k0AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnarasimha%2Bprahlada%26pg%3DPT859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=vamana+three+strides&pg=PT1313"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin UK. p. 1312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9"><bdi>978-81-8475-277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=1312&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-277-9&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrk0AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dvamana%2Bthree%2Bstrides%26pg%3DPT1313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26dq%3DParashurama%2Bencyclopedia%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 353–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=353-354&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26dq%3DParashurama%2Bencyclopedia%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26dq%3DParashurama%2Bencyclopedia%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26dq%3DParashurama%2Bencyclopedia%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliadeAdams1987" class="citation book cs1">Eliade, Mircea; Adams, Charles J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L74iAAAAYAAJ&q=Buddha+delude+asuras+encyclopedia"><i>The Encyclopedia of Religion</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-909480-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-909480-8"><bdi>978-0-02-909480-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-909480-8&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft.au=Adams%2C+Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL74iAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DBuddha%2Bdelude%2Basuras%2Bencyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMani2015" class="citation book cs1">Mani, Vettam (2015-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=kalki+kali+yuga+encyclopedia&pg=PA376"><i>Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0597-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0597-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0597-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Comprehensive+Work+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Epic+and+Puranic+Literature&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0597-2&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Vettam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmvXsDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkalki%2Bkali%2Byuga%2Bencyclopedia%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/">"CHAPTER THREE"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vedabase.io&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+THREE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F1%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=Kurma+churning+of+the+ocean&pg=PT709"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin UK. p. 709. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9"><bdi>978-81-8475-277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=709&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-277-9&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrk0AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DKurma%2Bchurning%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bocean%26pg%3DPT709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 353–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=353-354&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26dq%3DParashurama%2Bencyclopedia%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrader1916" class="citation book cs1">Schrader, Friedrich Otto (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280365"><i>Introduction to the Pāñcarātra and the Ahirbudhnya saṃhitā</i></a>. Adyar Library. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280365/page/n54">42</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+P%C4%81%C3%B1car%C4%81tra+and+the+Ahirbudhnya+sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Adyar+Library&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.280365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glasenapp-1-2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glasenapp-1-2_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Glasenapp" title="Helmuth von Glasenapp">Helmuth von Glasenapp</a>: Madhva's Philosophie des Vishnu-Glaubens, Geistesströmungen des Ostens vol. 2, Bonn 1923, ch. Einleitung (p. *1-2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2002100_55-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheth2002">Sheth 2002</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holdrege2015p50-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holdrege2015p50_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holdrege2015p50_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holdrege2015p50_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holdrege2015p50_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_A._Holdrege2015" class="citation book cs1">Barbara A. Holdrege (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R9FgCgAAQBAJ"><i>Bhakti and Embodiment: Fashioning Divine Bodies and Devotional Bodies in Krsna Bhakti</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 50–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-66910-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-66910-4"><bdi>978-1-317-66910-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+and+Embodiment%3A+Fashioning+Divine+Bodies+and+Devotional+Bodies+in+Krsna+Bhakti&rft.pages=50-67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-66910-4&rft.au=Barbara+A.+Holdrege&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR9FgCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanmajit_Roy2002" class="citation book cs1">Janmajit Roy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lr9pFQPwhXYC"><i>Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 190–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0169-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0169-2"><bdi>978-81-269-0169-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Avat%C4%81ra+and+Divinity+of+Chaitanya&rft.pages=190-191&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0169-2&rft.au=Janmajit+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlr9pFQPwhXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassuk1987p143-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bassuk1987p143_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassuk1987p143_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_E_Bassuk1987" class="citation book cs1">Daniel E Bassuk (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ"><i>Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08642-9"><bdi>978-1-349-08642-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incarnation+in+Hinduism+and+Christianity%3A+The+Myth+of+the+God-Man&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-349-08642-9&rft.au=Daniel+E+Bassuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3iwCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittal2004" class="citation book cs1">Mittal, Sushil (2004). <i>The Hindu World</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-67414-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-67414-7"><bdi>978-0-203-67414-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-203-67414-7&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=Sushil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Smith2003" class="citation book cs1">David Smith (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC"><i>The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52865-8"><bdi>978-0-521-52865-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dance+of+Siva%3A+Religion%2C+Art+and+Poetry+in+South+India&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52865-8&rft.au=David+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTLlcGlkdjkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dasam_Granth_Sahib-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dasam_Granth_Sahib_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dasam_Granth_Sahib_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">SS Kapoor and MK Kapoor (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA17">Composition 8, 9 and 10</a>, <i>Dasam Granth</i>, Hemkunt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170103257" title="Special:BookSources/9788170103257">9788170103257</a>, pages 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torkel Brekke (2014), Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521450386" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521450386">978-0521450386</a>, pages 673, 675, 672–686;<br />Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh Gurus, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415266048" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415266048">978-0415266048</a>, pages xxxiv–xli</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SS Kapoor and MK Kapoor (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA17">Composition 8, 9 and 10</a>, <i>Dasam Granth</i>, Hemkunt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170103257" title="Special:BookSources/9788170103257">9788170103257</a>, pages 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghNorman_Gerald_BarrierW._H._McLeod2004" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Norman Gerald Barrier; W. H. McLeod (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xY_XAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sikhism and History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 136–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566708-0"><bdi>978-0-19-566708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+History&rft.pages=136-147&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566708-0&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Norman+Gerald+Barrier&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxY_XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Deol (2000), Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity (Editors: AS Mandair, C Shackle, G Singh), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700713899" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700713899">978-0700713899</a>, pages 31–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wocoleavatar-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wocoleavatar_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Owen_Cole2004" class="citation book cs1">William Owen Cole (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJnXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Understanding Sikhism</i></a>. Dunedin Academic. pp. 47–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-15-9"><bdi>978-1-903765-15-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Sikhism&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=Dunedin+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-903765-15-9&rft.au=William+Owen+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOJnXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_Singh2011" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh (2011). Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Global Religion</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6656-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6656-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-6656-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwJzAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2011" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique N. (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36996009">"Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 99–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911810002974">10.1017/S0021911810002974</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143431047">143431047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Taqiyya+and+Identity+in+a+South+Asian+Community&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-139&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143431047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911810002974&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36996009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1982" class="citation book cs1">Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982). <i>Avatar and incarnation</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520361-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520361-5"><bdi>978-0-19-520361-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avatar+and+incarnation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520361-5&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Edward+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhavamony2002p63-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhavamony2002p63_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhavamony2002p63_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony2002" class="citation book cs1">Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC"><i>Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives</i></a>. Rodopi. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1510-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1510-4"><bdi>978-90-420-1510-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu-Christian+Dialogue%3A+Theological+Soundings+and+Perspectives&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-420-1510-4&rft.au=Mariasusai+Dhavamony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpoUxxH4fPwwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitzV._Srinivasa_Sarma1981" class="citation book cs1">Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA543"><i>A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 543–544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0264-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0264-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=543-544&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0264-3&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=Moriz&rft.au=V.+Srinivasa+Sarma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRfuJFRV_O8C%26pg%3DPA543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SG Desai (1996), A critical study of the later Upanishads, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pages 109–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2000" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVtpFMPMulcC&pg=PA412"><i>A history of the Dvaita school of Vedānta and its literature: from the earliest beginnings to our own times</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1575-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1575-9"><bdi>978-81-208-1575-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Dvaita+school+of+Ved%C4%81nta+and+its+literature%3A+from+the+earliest+beginnings+to+our+own+times&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1575-9&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=B.+N.+Krishnamurti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVtpFMPMulcC%26pg%3DPA412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutgendorf2007" class="citation book cs1">Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&q=avatara++Shiva&pg=PT333"><i>Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530921-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530921-8"><bdi>978-0-19-530921-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanuman%27s+tale%3A+the+messages+of+a+divine+monkey&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530921-8&rft.aulast=Lutgendorf&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVFC2Nx-LP8C%26q%3Davatara%2B%2BShiva%26pg%3DPT333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvík1994" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvík (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C&q=Hanuman+Rudra&pg=PA10"><i>Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1122-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanum%C4%81n+in+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+and+the+R%C4%81macaritam%C4%81nasa+of+Tulas%C4%AB+D%C4%81sa&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1122-5&rft.au=Catherine+Ludv%C3%ADk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCXQN0qoAe0C%26q%3DHanuman%2BRudra%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontheimer1990" class="citation book cs1">Sontheimer, Gunther-Dietz (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129">"God as King for All: The Sanskrit Malhari Mahatmya and its context"</a>. In Hans Bakker (ed.). <i>The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09318-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09318-8"><bdi>978-90-04-09318-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+as+King+for+All%3A+The+Sanskrit+Malhari+Mahatmya+and+its+context&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sacred+Places+in+India+as+Reflected+in+Traditional+Literature&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09318-8&rft.aulast=Sontheimer&rft.aufirst=Gunther-Dietz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMcwUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span> p.118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontheimer1989" class="citation book cs1">Sontheimer, Gunther-Dietz (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLmuJhU3wC8C&pg=PA332">"Between Ghost and God: Folk Deity of the Deccan"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (ed.). <i>Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism</i>. State University of New York Press. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-981-9"><bdi>978-0-88706-981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Ghost+and+God%3A+Folk+Deity+of+the+Deccan&rft.btitle=Criminal+Gods+and+Demon+Devotees%3A+Essays+on+the+Guardians+of+Popular+Hinduism&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-981-9&rft.aulast=Sontheimer&rft.aufirst=Gunther-Dietz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLmuJhU3wC8C%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett200163-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett200163_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, p. 63: "There are strong links between Samkarsana/Sesa and Siva, so that it is not difficult to see in this pale companion of the dark Krsna a reminder of Siva's parity with Visnu, even though Visnu still has the lead."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Padma-Purana: Part IX</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1956. pp. 3164–3165. <q>The Lord, Visnu, took his place in the egg. Then with his mind devoted to the supreme spirit, Brahma meditated upon Visnu. At the end of the meditation a drop of perspiration was produced from his forehead. That drop, of the shape of a bubble, in a moment fell on the earth. O you of an excellent face, I, having three eyes, a trident, and adorned with the crown of the matted hair, was born from that bubble. With modesty I asked the lord of gods: "What shall I do?" Then God Visnu, with delight, thus spoke to me: "O Rudra, you will bring about a fierce-looking destruction of the world, (after) actually being (my) portion, viz. Samkarsana, O you of an excellent face."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Padma-Purana%3A+Part+IX&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=3164-3165&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahalik2010" class="citation news cs1">Mahalik, Er. Nirakar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2010/July/engpdf/87-90.pdf">"Lord Balarama"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Orissa Review</i>. <q>So Balarama became (Bala+Deva) Baladeva. Krishna and Balarama are regarded as Hari and Hara. Here Balarama is regarded as Lord Siva. Siva is helping Vishnu in every incarnation like Rama-Laxman in <a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta Yuga</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a> as Krishna-Balarama and in <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a> they are Jagannath and Balabhadra.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orissa+Review&rft.atitle=Lord+Balarama&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mahalik&rft.aufirst=Er.+Nirakar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazines.odisha.gov.in%2FOrissareview%2F2010%2FJuly%2Fengpdf%2F87-90.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2010" class="citation web cs1">Pattanaik, Devdutt (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620103809/http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/elder-brother-of-god.html">"Elder Brother of God"</a>. <i>Devdutt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/elder-brother-of-god.html">the original</a> on 2019-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-04</span></span>. <q>Some say that Krishna is Vishnu, Balarama is Shiva and Subhadra is Devi, thus the three siblings represent the three main schools of Hindu theism: Vaishnava, Shaiva and Shakta.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Devdutt&rft.atitle=Elder+Brother+of+God&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdevdutt.com%2Farticles%2Findian-mythology%2Fmahabharata%2Felder-brother-of-god.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2010" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (2010). <i>The Hindus: An Alternative History</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 508. <q>The gods complained to Shiva that Vishnu had entered the body of the Buddha on earth for their sake, but now the haters of religion, despising Brahmins and the dharma of class and stage of life, filled the earth. "Not a single man performs a ritual, for all have become heretics—Buddhists, Kapalikas, and so forth—and so we eat no offerings." Shiva consented to become incarnate as Shankara, to reestablish Vedic dharma, which keeps the universe happy, and to destroy evil behavior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindus%3A+An+Alternative+History&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SS Kapoor and MK Kapoor (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA17">Composition 10, Rudra Avtar</a>, <i>Dasam Granth</i>, Hemkunt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170103257" title="Special:BookSources/9788170103257">9788170103257</a>, page 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Triumph-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Triumph_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1990" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erENsMcblGAC&pg=PA32"><i>The triumph of the goddess: the canonical models and theological visions of the Devī-Bhāgavata Purāṇa</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0363-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0363-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-0363-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+triumph+of+the+goddess%3A+the+canonical+models+and+theological+visions+of+the+Dev%C4%AB-Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0363-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cheever+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DerENsMcblGAC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Cheever_Mackenzie1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxayHczql9EC&q=Devi+avatara"><i>The Devī Gītā: the song of the Goddess</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3940-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3940-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-3940-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dev%C4%AB+G%C4%ABt%C4%81%3A+the+song+of+the+Goddess&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3940-1&rft.au=Brown%2C+Cheever+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxayHczql9EC%26q%3DDevi%2Bavatara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span> verses 9.22cd-23ab</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinsley, David (1987, reprint 2005). <i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0394-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0394-9">81-208-0394-9</a>, p.35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapoor,_S.S." class="citation book cs1">Kapoor, S.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA16"><i>Dasam Granth</i></a>. Hemkunt Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170103257" title="Special:BookSources/9788170103257"><bdi>9788170103257</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dasam+Granth&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.isbn=9788170103257&rft.au=Kapoor%2C+S.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-h8ptzp0lUC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scimonk.com/index.php/2023/04/02/khat-avatar-of-brahma/">"Six Pillars of Indian Philosophy: Khat Avatar" </a>, <i>Scientific Monk</i>, Retrieved 21 April 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Skanda-Purana: Part XVII</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 2002. p. 130. <q>After seeing his (of Brahma) aberration on the altar at the time of marriage, Sambhu cursed him. He was then born as Yajnavalkya. Sakalya engaged Yajnavalkya in the royal palace for the performance of the Santi rites.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skanda-Purana%3A+Part+XVII&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimes-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1995" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, John A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aoqB4n95pSoC&pg=PT105"><i>Gaṇapati: song of the self</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2439-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2439-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-2439-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ga%E1%B9%87apati%3A+song+of+the+self&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2439-1&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaoqB4n95pSoC%26pg%3DPT105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimes, pp. 100–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granoff-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Granoff_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phyllis Granoff, "<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇeśa as Metaphor</i></span>," in Robert L. Brown (ed.) Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God, pp. 94–5, note 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0657-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0657-1">0-7914-0657-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1842760/1-exploring-jhulelal-symbol-interfaith-harmony-sindh">"Exploring Jhulelal – a symbol of interfaith harmony in Sindh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a></i>. Karachi. 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Exploring+Jhulelal+%E2%80%93+a+symbol+of+interfaith+harmony+in+Sindh&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1842760%2F1-exploring-jhulelal-symbol-interfaith-harmony-sindh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, T. (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0009.xml">"Avatāra"</a></span>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies Online: Hinduism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0009">10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+Online%3A+Hinduism&rft.atitle=Avat%C4%81ra&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0009&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195399318%2Fobo-9780195399318-0009.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span> Short introduction and bibliography of sources about <i>Avatāra</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Daniélou, Alain</a> (1991) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani"><i>The Myths and Gods of India</i></a>. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. pp. 164–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-354-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-354-7"><bdi>0-89281-354-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+and+Gods+of+India&rft.place=Rochester%2C+Vermont&rft.pages=164-187&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-89281-354-7&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythsgodsofindia00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHacker1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hacker, Paul (1978). "Zur Entwicklung der Avataralehre". In Schmithausen, Lambert (ed.). <i>Kleine Schriften</i>. Veröffentlichungen der Glasenapp-Stiftung (Book 15) (in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447048606" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447048606"><bdi>978-3447048606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zur+Entwicklung+der+Avataralehre&rft.btitle=Kleine+Schriften&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen+der+Glasenapp-Stiftung+%28Book+15%29&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3447048606&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2</i></a>. Rosen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1"><bdi>978-0-8239-2287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Vol.+1+%26+2&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchett2001" class="citation book cs1">Matchett, Freda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6znEVPmI8UsC"><i>Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: The Relationship Between Krishna and Vishnu</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1281-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%2C+Lord+or+Avatara%3F%3A+The+Relationship+Between+Krishna+and+Vishnu&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6&rft.aulast=Matchett&rft.aufirst=Freda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6znEVPmI8UsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheth2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sheth, Noel (January 2002). "Hindu Avatāra and Christian Incarnation: A Comparison". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_East_and_West" title="Philosophy East and West">Philosophy East and West</a></i>. <b>52</b> (1): 98–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2002.0005">10.1353/pew.2002.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1400135">1400135</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170278631">170278631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Hindu+Avat%C4%81ra+and+Christian+Incarnation%3A+A+Comparison&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-125&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170278631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1400135%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2002.0005&rft.aulast=Sheth&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvatar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/avatar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:avatar">avatar</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Avatar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Avatar">Avatar</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Avatar" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Avatar">Avatar</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Avatar" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Avatar">Avatar</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205094450/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/Avatars/Vishnu.html">Avatars (Incarnations or Descents) of Vishnu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213111031/http://home.online.no/~solibakk/firstava.html">Meher Baba's interpretation of the Avatar's origin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avatars_of_Vishnu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:VishnuAvatars" title="Template talk:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avatars_of_Vishnu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avatars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a><br />(for example)<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/60px-Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/90px-Vishnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/120px-Vishnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Other avatars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kumaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna_(avatar)" title="Yajna (avatar)">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)" title="Rishabha (Hinduism)">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prsnigarbha" title="Prsnigarbha">Prsnigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Hamsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div><small><sup><small>1</small></sup> The list of the "ten avatars" varies regionally. Two substitutions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> involve Balarama, Krishna, and Buddha. Krishna is almost always included; in exceptions, he is considered the source of all avatars.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83090#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010505">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Avatars (religion)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124710793">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Avatars (religion)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124710793">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="avatáry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph316279&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000224057&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295829105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avatar&oldid=1259722290">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avatar&oldid=1259722290</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Avatars_of_Vishnu" title="Category:Avatars of Vishnu">Avatars of Vishnu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">Hindu philosophical concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages">Wikipedia semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Sanskrit_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Sanskrit IPA">Pages with Sanskrit IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hindustani_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Hindustani IPA">Pages with Hindustani IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2023">Articles needing additional references from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_manual_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images">Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 18:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avatar&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59bbd5969d-5xldr","wgBackendResponseTime":136,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.724","walltime":"2.028","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11294,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":254544,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10326,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":315872,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1700.405 1 -total"," 31.93% 542.887 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.05% 357.917 57 Template:Cite_book"," 10.64% 180.954 39 Template:Sfn"," 8.78% 149.223 1 Template:Langx"," 7.59% 128.993 1 Template:Hinduism"," 7.37% 125.303 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.06% 103.094 12 Template:ISBN"," 4.91% 83.549 1 Template:VishnuAvatars"," 4.79% 81.370 1 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.076","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18789387,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBarbara_A._Holdrege2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown,_Cheever_Mackenzie1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatherine_Ludvík1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2014\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_E_Bassuk1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDaniélou1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_R._Kinsley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Smith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEleanor_Nesbitt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliadeAdams1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoffrey_Parrinder1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacker1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawleyVasudha_Narayanan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanmajit_Roy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2006\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFJustin_Edwards_Abbott1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapoor,_S.S.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLai_Ah_Eng2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutgendorf2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahalik2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatchett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrinder1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPashaura_Singh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPashaura_SinghNorman_Gerald_BarrierW._H._McLeod2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattanaik2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRukmani1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrader1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebastian_C._H._Kim2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSontheimer1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSontheimer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaradpande2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirani2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Owen_Cole2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinternitzV._Srinivasa_Sarma1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodheadPartridgeKawanami2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 7,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 9,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-hns\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 12,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-protected\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Section citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 39,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 7,\n [\"VishnuAvatars\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource1911Enc\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","31.0"],["?","300","25.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","40","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","3.4"],["type","20","1.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","20","1.7"],["[others]","160","13.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-hkfl5","timestamp":"20241128193504","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Avatar","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avatar","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83090","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83090","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-07T06:46:24Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T18:27:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/Dashavtar_closeup_national_museum_india.JPG","headline":"material appearance or incarnation of a deity on earth in Hinduism"}</script> </body> </html>