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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scriptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="তাৰা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80)" title="তারা (দেবী) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তারা (দেবী)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara" title="Tara – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tara" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1r%C3%A1_(d%C3%A9v%C3%AD)" title="Tárá (déví) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tárá (déví)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(hinduismo)" title="Tara (hinduismo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tara (hinduismo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE_(%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE)" title="તારા (મહાવિદ્યા) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તારા (મહાવિદ્યા)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80)" title="तारा (देवी) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तारा (देवी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Hindu)" title="Tara (Hindu) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tara (Hindu)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0_(%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF)" title="താര (ദേവി) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താര (ദേവി)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯇꯥꯔꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯔꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ターラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ターラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE" title="ତାରା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତାରା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80)" title="ਤਾਰਾ (ਦੇਵੀ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਰਾ (ਦੇਵੀ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Indie)" title="Tara (Indie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tara (Indie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara" title="Tara – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F)" title="Тара (Махавидья) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тара (Махавидья)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F_(%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93)" title="තාරා (දේවී) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාරා (දේවී)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Mahavidya)" title="Tara (Mahavidya) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tara (Mahavidya)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81)" title="தாரா (இந்து) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாரா (இந்து)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="พระตารา (มหาวิทยา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระตารา (มหาวิทยา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C)" title="تارا (دیوی) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تارا (دیوی)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2462108#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Tara</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of The Ten <a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hindu_Goddess_Ugratara_(Violent_Tara)_LACMA_M.81.206.8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Hindu_Goddess_Ugratara_%28Violent_Tara%29_LACMA_M.81.206.8.jpg/220px-The_Hindu_Goddess_Ugratara_%28Violent_Tara%29_LACMA_M.81.206.8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Hindu_Goddess_Ugratara_%28Violent_Tara%29_LACMA_M.81.206.8.jpg/330px-The_Hindu_Goddess_Ugratara_%28Violent_Tara%29_LACMA_M.81.206.8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Hindu_Goddess_Ugratara_%28Violent_Tara%29_LACMA_M.81.206.8.jpg/440px-The_Hindu_Goddess_Ugratara_%28Violent_Tara%29_LACMA_M.81.206.8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Tara in a form of Ugra-Tara (Violent Tara) in Newari style.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">तारा</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> transliteration</th><td class="infobox-data">Tārā</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">Planet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data">Khadaga, flaying knife, skull</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Akṣobhya Bhairava</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the goddess <b>Tara</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">तारा</span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tārā</i></span>) is the second of the ten <a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a>. She is considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Adishakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Adishakti">Adishakti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>. Her three most famous forms are Ekajaṭā, Ugratara, and Nīlasarasvatī (also spelled Neelasaraswati, Neela Saraswati, or Neelsaraswati).<sup id="cite_ref-Shastri_1998_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shastri_1998-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her most famous centre of worship is the temple and the cremation ground of <a href="/wiki/Tarapith" title="Tarapith">Tarapith</a> in West Bengal, India. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tara_(Mahavidya)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The commonly known origin of Tara is from the 17th chapter of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rudrayamala" title="Rudrayamala">Rudrayāmala</a></i> which describes the initial unsuccessful attempts of the sage <a href="/wiki/Vasishtha" title="Vasishtha">Vasiṣṭha</a> in worshipping Tara, and the subsequent meeting with the god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in the form of Buddha in the region called Mahācīna (China) and his eventual success by the means of <i><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">kaula</a></i> rites. She is also described as the form of the <i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> is named <a href="/wiki/Ak%E1%B9%A3obhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Akṣobhya">Akṣobhya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bühnemann_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bühnemann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Svatantratantra</i>, Tara protects her devotees from difficult (ugra) dangers and so she is also known as Ugratārā.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated18_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goddess is all-pervading and also manifests on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated18_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_origin">Historical origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tara_(Mahavidya)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tara_lithograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tara_lithograph.jpg/220px-Tara_lithograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tara_lithograph.jpg/330px-Tara_lithograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tara_lithograph.jpg/440px-Tara_lithograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5375" /></a><figcaption>Tara lithograph</figcaption></figure> <p>Tara-related beliefs are probably an amalgamation of the beliefs linked to Bhīmā or Nīlā in the geographical region of <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oḍḍiyāna</a> which has experienced Buddhist and possibly Taoist influence. The syncretism between Shaivist and Buddhist cults created a congenial atmosphere for the formation of the traditions of Tārā, both a Hindu and a Buddhist goddess. Her pleasant forms were popular amongst the Buddhists, while the cult of Bhīmā-Ekajaṭā was popular mainly amongst the Shaivas, from whom it merged into Vajrayana Buddhism until it was reintroduced by Vasiṣtha from Mahācīna, which is identified on the basis of the Śaktisaṅgamatantra as a small geographical entity between <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailasa</a>, South East of the lake <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Manasarovar</a> and near Lake <a href="/wiki/Lake_Rakshastal" title="Lake Rakshastal">Rakshas Tal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bhattacharya_2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or alternatively located somewhere in Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the forms of the deity like Mahācīnakrama Tara, also known as Ugra-Tara, are worshipped in both Hindu and Buddhist systems. Her <i><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">sādhanā</a></i> described by Śāśvatavajra, which was included in the Buddhist collection of sadhanas called the Sādhanāśatapañcāśikā, which was incorporated in the <i>Phetkarīyatantra</i> and was quoted in tantric manuals like the <i>Bṛhat-tantrasāra</i> by Kṛṣṇānanda Agamavāgīśa with some aspects of the iconography and the subsequent interpretations differing between the Hindu and Buddhist systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Bühnemann_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bühnemann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tara_(Mahavidya)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kali_Tara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kali_Tara.jpg/300px-Kali_Tara.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kali_Tara.jpg/450px-Kali_Tara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kali_Tara.jpg/600px-Kali_Tara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Kali (left) and Tara (right) have similar iconography</figcaption></figure> <p>Tara is often described in these chapters as a fierce deity, holding kartrī (knife), <i>khaḍga</i> (sword), <i>chamara</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">Fly-whisk</a>) or <i>indivara</i> (lotus) and a single matted braid over her head. She is dark in complexion, tall, with a bulging belly, wears tiger pelts, with her left foot on the chest of a corpse and her right foot placed on a lion or between the thighs of the corpse. She has a terrifying laugh and is fearsome. The goddess Tīkṣṇakāntā, who is also considered a form of Tara in the <i>Kalika Purana</i>, has similar iconography with dark-complexion and a single braid (ekajaṭā), and is also pot-bellied.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhattacharya_2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindu goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> and Tara are similar in appearance. They both are described as standing upon a supine corpse sometimes identified with Shiva. However, while Kali is described as black, Tara is described as blue. Both wear minimal clothing, however Tara wears a tiger-skin skirt, while Kali wears only a girdle of severed human arms. Both wear a <a href="/wiki/Mundamala" title="Mundamala">garland of severed human heads</a>. Both have a lolling tongue, and blood oozes from their mouths. Their appearances are so strikingly similar that it is easy to mistake one for the other. Tara is shown standing in the <i>pratyalidha</i> stance (in which the left foot is forward). Her <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> (consort) is Akshobhya, a form of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> who is in the form of a <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">naga</a> (serpent) coiled around her matted hair. She wears a crown made of 5 skulls connected with plates of bone. Eight forms of Tara are attested in the <i>Māyātantra</i> quoted in the tantric compendium <i>Tantrasāra</i> and the names are Ekajaṭa, Ugra-Tara, Mahogra, Kameshvari-Tara, Chamunda, Nila-Sarasvati (Neelasaraswati or 'Blue Saraswati'), Vajra-Tara and Bhadrakali.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scriptures">Scriptures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tara_(Mahavidya)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scriptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tantric scriptures that describe the worship of Tara include <i>Tārātantra</i>, <i>Brahmayāmala,</i> <i>Rudrayāmala,</i> <i>Nīlatantra</i>/<i>Bṛhannīlatantra</i>, <i>Tārātantra</i>, <i>Nīlasarasvatītantra</i> as well as various tantric compendia like <i><a href="/wiki/Brihat_Tantrasara" title="Brihat Tantrasara">Tantrasara</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Agamavagisha" title="Krishnananda Agamavagisha">Agamavagisha</a>, <i>Prāṇatoṣiṇī</i>, <i>Tārābhaktisudhārṇava</i> by Narasiṃha Thakkura, or <i>Tārārahasya</i> by Brahmānanda Giri.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tara is mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, where it is said that her favourite place is Cīna<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (China) and also that Svarocisha Manu worshipped the deity on the banks of the Kalindi (<a href="/wiki/Yamunanagar" title="Yamunanagar">Yamuna</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also attested in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a>'</i>s 61st, 79th and 80th chapter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_traditions">Modern traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tara_(Mahavidya)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Bengal, the literary works of <a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a> gave a new phase to the classical secretive worship of Tara, and his devotionalism influenced the image of the deity. He addresses Tara as a daughter in his songs. <a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Sadhak Bamakhepa</a> also was a famous siddha of Tara in the modern era. These devotees introduced a public devotional dimension to the secretive tantric worship of this deity and emphasised her motherliness.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tara_(Mahavidya)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shastri_1998-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shastri_1998_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShastri1998" class="citation book cs1">Shastri, Hirananda (1998). <i>The Origin and Cult of Tara</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Cult+of+Tara&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shastri&rft.aufirst=Hirananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvalon" class="citation web cs1">Avalon, Arthur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/sas/sas08.htm">"Shakti and Shakta"</a>. <i>Sacred Texts</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Texts&rft.atitle=Shakti+and+Shakta&rft.aulast=Avalon&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Ftantra%2Fsas%2Fsas08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bühnemann-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bühnemann_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bühnemann_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühnemann" class="citation journal cs1">Bühnemann, Gudrun. "The Goddess Mahācīnakrama-Tārā (Ugra-Tārā) in Buddhist and Hindu Tantrism". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Goddess+Mah%C4%81c%C4%ABnakrama-T%C4%81r%C4%81+%28Ugra-T%C4%81r%C4%81%29+in+Buddhist+and+Hindu+Tantrism&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChnemann&rft.aufirst=Gudrun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated18-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated18_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated18_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pravrajika Vedantaprana, Saptahik Bartaman, Volume 28, Issue 23, Bartaman Private Ltd., 6, JBS Haldane Avenue, 700 105 (ed. 10 October 2015) p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhattacharya_2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhattacharya_2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhattacharya_2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2003" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya, Bikas Kumar (2003). <i>Tara in Hinduism:Study with Textual and Iconographical Documentation</i>. Eastern Book Linkers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8178540215" title="Special:BookSources/8178540215"><bdi>8178540215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tara+in+Hinduism%3AStudy+with+Textual+and+Iconographical+Documentation&rft.pub=Eastern+Book+Linkers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=8178540215&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Bikas+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kamakotimandali.com/2021/03/31/locating-mahachina/">"Locating Mahāchīna"</a>. <i>Sri Kamakoti Mandali</i>. 31 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sri+Kamakoti+Mandali&rft.atitle=Locating+Mah%C4%81ch%C4%ABna&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamakotimandali.com%2F2021%2F03%2F31%2Flocating-mahachina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.himalayanart.org/items/59743">"Tara (Buddhist Deity) (Himalayan Art)"</a>. <i>www.himalayanart.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Devi+Bhagavatam%3A+The+Seventh+Book%3A+Chapter+38&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fdb%2Fbk07ch38.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk10ch08.htm">"The Devi Bhagavatam: The Tenth Book: Chapter 8"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Devi+Bhagavatam%3A+The+Tenth+Book%3A+Chapter+8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fdb%2Fbk10ch08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2003" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya, Bikas Kumar (2003). <i>Tara in Hinduism:Study with Tetual and Iconographic Documentation</i>. Eastern Book Linkers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8178540215" title="Special:BookSources/8178540215"><bdi>8178540215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tara+in+Hinduism%3AStudy+with+Tetual+and+Iconographic+Documentation&rft.pub=Eastern+Book+Linkers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=8178540215&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Bikas+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tara_(Mahavidya)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee2002" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Sumanta (2002). <i>Logic in a Popular Form: Essays on Popular Religion in Bengal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Seagull_Books" title="Seagull Books">Seagull Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7046-162-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7046-162-6"><bdi>81-7046-162-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logic+in+a+Popular+Form%3A+Essays+on+Popular+Religion+in+Bengal&rft.pub=Seagull+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7046-162-6&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Sumanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1988" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David R. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzldwMHeS6IC&q=%22hindu+goddesses%22+kinsley"><i>Hindu Goddesses:Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06339-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06339-2"><bdi>0-520-06339-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3AVisions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-520-06339-2&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzldwMHeS6IC%26q%3D%2522hindu%2Bgoddesses%2522%2Bkinsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1997" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMW8WTrotKsC&q=Tantric+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine&pg=PP1"><i>Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās</i></a>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20499-7"><bdi>978-0-520-20499-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine%3A+The+Ten+Mah%C4%81vidy%C4%81s&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20499-7&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoMW8WTrotKsC%26q%3DTantric%2BVisions%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDivine%2BFeminine%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDaniel2004" class="citation book cs1">MacDaniel, June (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC&q=editions"><i>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516790-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516790-2"><bdi>0-19-516790-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offering+Flowers%2C+Feeding+Skulls%3A+Popular+Goddess+Worship+in+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516790-2&rft.aulast=MacDaniel&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaeJpIj9SdkC%26q%3Deditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDaniel1989" class="citation book cs1">MacDaniel, June (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZxE__t1rlEC"><i>The Madness of the Saints: Ecstatic Religion in Bengal</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-55723-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-55723-5"><bdi>0-226-55723-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Madness+of+the+Saints%3A+Ecstatic+Religion+in+Bengal&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-226-55723-5&rft.aulast=MacDaniel&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZxE__t1rlEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankaranarayanan1972" class="citation book cs1">Shankaranarayanan, Sri (1972). <i>The Ten Great Cosmic Powers</i>. Dipti Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85208-38-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-85208-38-7"><bdi>81-85208-38-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ten+Great+Cosmic+Powers&rft.pub=Dipti+Publications&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=81-85208-38-7&rft.aulast=Shankaranarayanan&rft.aufirst=Sri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATara+%28Mahavidya%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tara_(Mahavidya)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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<li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrakali" title="Bhadrakali">Bhadrakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/80px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani_(Matrika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrani (Matrika)">Indrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhinnamasta" title="Chhinnamasta">Chhinnamasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhumavati" title="Dhumavati">Dhumavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagalamukhi" title="Bagalamukhi">Bagalamukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalatmika" title="Kamalatmika">Kamalatmika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shailaputri" title="Shailaputri">Shailaputri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharini" title="Brahmacharini">Brahmacharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandraghanta" title="Chandraghanta">Chandraghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushmanda" title="Kushmanda">Kushmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandamata" title="Skandamata">Skandamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayani" title="Katyayani">Katyayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaratri" title="Kalaratri">Kalaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagauri" title="Mahagauri">Mahagauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhidhatri" title="Siddhidhatri">Siddhidhatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vimala_Temple" title="Vimala Temple">Bimala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taratarini_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Taratarini Temple">Taratarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulja_Bhavani_Temple" title="Tulja Bhavani Temple">Tulja Bhavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Kolhapur" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur">Mahalakshmi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Shakta_pithas" title="Category:Shakta pithas">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Regional variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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