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view-display-id-page_1 js-view-dom-id-99fa4aa8b01833d760a005582037cb7afeb07426c4bafa51a1a96af8417a0ab3"> <div class="view-header"> <section about="/year/2008-access-infrastructure" id="taxonomy-term-21" class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--view-mode-full vocabulary-vocabulary-4"> </section> </div> <div class="view-content view-rows"> <div class="views-row"> <article data-history-node-id="141" role="article" about="/2008-access-infrastructure" class="node node--id-141 node--type-book node--view-mode-teaser"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h2 class="node__title"><a href="/2008-access-infrastructure" class="node__title-link" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">2008 - Access to Infrastructure</span> </a></h2></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node--field-book-cover field-formatter-image field-name-field-book-cover field-type-image field-label-hidden has-single"><figure class="field-type-image__figure image-count-1"><div class="field-type-image__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/giswatch2008_0.png?itok=pr_mfSQo" width="66" height="85" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-thumbnail" /> </div> </figure></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-summary-or-trimmed field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><p>Global Information Society Watch 2008 is the second in a series of yearly reports critically covering the state of the information society from the perspectives of civil society organisations across the world. Global Information Society Watch or GISWatch has three interrelated goals:</p></div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Themes</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/infrastructure" hreflang="en">Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="node__links"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><span class="node-readmore__link-wrapper"><a href="/2008-access-infrastructure" rel="tag" title="2008 - Access to Infrastructure" class="node-readmore__link" hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about 2008 - Access to Infrastructure</span></a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"> <article data-history-node-id="239" role="article" about="/measuring-progress/2008-access-infrastructure/toward-better-measures-global-ict-adoption-and-use" class="node node--id-239 node--type-measuring-progress node--view-mode-teaser"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h2 class="node__title"><a href="/measuring-progress/2008-access-infrastructure/toward-better-measures-global-ict-adoption-and-use" class="node__title-link" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Toward better measures of global ICT adoption and use</span> </a></h2></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_008---access-to-infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/year/2008-access-infrastructure" hreflang="en">2008 - Access to Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authors</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--mike-jensen"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/mjensen" hreflang="en">Mike Jensen</a></span> </div><div class="field__item field__item--amy-k-mahan"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/amykmahan" hreflang="en">Amy K. Mahan</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-summary-or-trimmed field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><h2>Introduction</h2> <p>Efforts to agree on the most appropriate indicators to use for measuring disparities in information and communications technology (ICT) adoption and progress toward information society goals have continued in 2008. However as yet global consensus has not been reached and debate continues over what indicators would best take into account the growing broadband divide, what constitutes “universal access”, and how to accommodate local realities regarding data availability, especially in developing countries.</p></div></div> </div> <div class="node__links"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><span class="node-readmore__link-wrapper"><a href="/measuring-progress/2008-access-infrastructure/toward-better-measures-global-ict-adoption-and-use" rel="tag" title="Toward better measures of global ICT adoption and use" class="node-readmore__link" hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Toward better measures of global ICT adoption and use</span></a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"> <article data-history-node-id="238" role="article" about="/institutional-overview/infrastructure/institutional-overview" class="node node--id-238 node--type-institutional-overview node--promoted node--view-mode-teaser"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h2 class="node__title"><a href="/institutional-overview/infrastructure/institutional-overview" class="node__title-link" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Institutional overview</span> </a></h2></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Report Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_008---access-to-infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/year/2008-access-infrastructure" hreflang="en">2008 - Access to Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authors</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--david-souter"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/dsouter" hreflang="en">David Souter</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-summary-or-trimmed field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><p>This overview chapter is concerned with ways in which global institutions have addressed access to infrastructure since the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), particularly during the last year (2007-2008). The policies and practice of global institutions usually change gradually rather than dramatically. The chapter therefore seeks to put their role in context. Its first section reviews key issues in recent debate about access to infrastructure. The second section considers recent developments in institutional policy and future access challenges.</p></div></div> </div> <div class="node__links"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><span class="node-readmore__link-wrapper"><a href="/institutional-overview/infrastructure/institutional-overview" rel="tag" title="Institutional overview" class="node-readmore__link" hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Institutional overview</span></a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"> <article data-history-node-id="237" role="article" about="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/accessing-content" class="node node--id-237 node--type-thematic-report node--view-mode-teaser"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h2 class="node__title"><a href="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/accessing-content" class="node__title-link" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Accessing content</span> </a></h2></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_008---access-to-infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/year/2008-access-infrastructure" hreflang="en">2008 - Access to Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authored by</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--daniel-pimienta"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/dpimienta" hreflang="en">Daniel Pimienta</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-organization field-formatter-string field-name-field-organization field-type-string field-label-inline clearfix has-single"><h3 class="field__label">Organization</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item">Networks and Development Foundation (FUNREDES)</div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-summary-or-trimmed field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><h2>Introduction</h2></div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-entity-reference field-label-above"><h3 class="field__label">Themes</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/infrastructure" hreflang="en">Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="node__links"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><span class="node-readmore__link-wrapper"><a href="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/accessing-content" rel="tag" title="Accessing content" class="node-readmore__link" hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Accessing content</span></a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"> <article data-history-node-id="236" role="article" about="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/spectrum-management" class="node node--id-236 node--type-thematic-report node--view-mode-teaser"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h2 class="node__title"><a href="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/spectrum-management" class="node__title-link" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Spectrum management</span> </a></h2></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_008---access-to-infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/year/2008-access-infrastructure" hreflang="en">2008 - Access to Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authored by</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--ben-akoh"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/bakoh" hreflang="en">Ben Akoh</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-organization field-formatter-string field-name-field-organization field-type-string field-label-inline clearfix has-single"><h3 class="field__label">Organization</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item">Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA)</div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-summary-or-trimmed field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><h2>The “brick” – weighing down innovation in Ethiopia </h2></div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-entity-reference field-label-above"><h3 class="field__label">Themes</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/infrastructure" hreflang="en">Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="node__links"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><span class="node-readmore__link-wrapper"><a href="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/spectrum-management" rel="tag" title="Spectrum management" class="node-readmore__link" hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Spectrum management</span></a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"> <article data-history-node-id="235" role="article" about="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/trends-technology" class="node node--id-235 node--type-thematic-report node--view-mode-teaser"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h2 class="node__title"><a href="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/trends-technology" class="node__title-link" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Trends in technology</span> </a></h2></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_008---access-to-infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/year/2008-access-infrastructure" hreflang="en">2008 - Access to Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authored by</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--russell-southwood"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/rsouthwood" hreflang="en">Russell Southwood</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-organization field-formatter-string field-name-field-organization field-type-string field-label-inline clearfix has-single"><h3 class="field__label">Organization</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item">Balancing Act</div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-summary-or-trimmed field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><h2>Bandwidth, the petrol of the new global economy</h2> <p>Put simply, bandwidth is what carries voice and data from one place to another. Bandwidth is the petrol of the new global economy; and cheap international bandwidth is an essential component for any developing country to remain competitive in a changing world.</p></div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-entity-reference field-label-above"><h3 class="field__label">Themes</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/infrastructure" hreflang="en">Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="node__links"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><span class="node-readmore__link-wrapper"><a href="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/trends-technology" rel="tag" title="Trends in technology" class="node-readmore__link" hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Trends in technology</span></a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"> <article data-history-node-id="234" role="article" about="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/open-standards" class="node node--id-234 node--type-thematic-report node--view-mode-teaser"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h2 class="node__title"><a href="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/open-standards" class="node__title-link" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Open standards</span> </a></h2></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_008---access-to-infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/year/2008-access-infrastructure" hreflang="en">2008 - Access to Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authored by</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--sunil-abraham"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/sabraham" hreflang="en">Sunil Abraham</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-organization field-formatter-string field-name-field-organization field-type-string field-label-inline clearfix has-single"><h3 class="field__label">Organization</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item">Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore</div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-summary-or-trimmed field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><p>Most computer users today remain “digitally colonised” (Bhattacharya, 2008) due to our unquestioning use of proprietary standards. As users of proprietary standards we usually forget that we lose the right to access our own files the moment the licence for the associated software expires. For example, if I were to store data, information or knowledge in .doc, .xls or .ppt format, my ability to read my own files expires the moment the licence for my copy of Microsoft Office expires.</p></div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-entity-reference field-label-above"><h3 class="field__label">Themes</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/infrastructure" hreflang="en">Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="node__links"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><span class="node-readmore__link-wrapper"><a href="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/open-standards" rel="tag" title="Open standards" class="node-readmore__link" hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Open standards</span></a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"> <article data-history-node-id="232" role="article" about="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/net-neutrality" class="node node--id-232 node--type-thematic-report node--view-mode-teaser"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h2 class="node__title"><a href="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/net-neutrality" class="node__title-link" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Net neutrality</span> </a></h2></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_008---access-to-infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/year/2008-access-infrastructure" hreflang="en">2008 - Access to Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authored by</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--peter-lange"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/plange" hreflang="en">Peter Lange</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-organization field-formatter-string field-name-field-organization field-type-string field-label-inline clearfix has-single"><h3 class="field__label">Organization</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item">Intelligent Networx</div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-summary-or-trimmed field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><h2>The end of the internet as we know it?</h2></div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-entity-reference field-label-above"><h3 class="field__label">Themes</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/infrastructure" hreflang="en">Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="node__links"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><span class="node-readmore__link-wrapper"><a href="/thematic-report/2008-access-infrastructure/net-neutrality" rel="tag" title="Net neutrality" class="node-readmore__link" hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Net neutrality</span></a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"> <article data-history-node-id="230" role="article" about="/report-introduction/2008-access-infrastructure/introduction-access-infrastructure" class="node node--id-230 node--type-report-introduction node--promoted node--view-mode-teaser"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h2 class="node__title"><a href="/report-introduction/2008-access-infrastructure/introduction-access-infrastructure" class="node__title-link" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Introduction: Access to infrastructure</span> </a></h2></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-above"><h3 class="field__label">Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_008---access-to-infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/year/2008-access-infrastructure" hreflang="en">2008 - Access to Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authored by</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--willie-currie"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/wcurrie" hreflang="en">Willie Currie</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-summary-or-trimmed field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><p>2008 was a year in which there was much focus on the issue of universal access to information and communications technologies (ICTs) and the internet.</p></div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-entity-reference field-label-above"><h3 class="field__label">Themes</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/infrastructure" hreflang="en">Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="node__links"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><span class="node-readmore__link-wrapper"><a href="/report-introduction/2008-access-infrastructure/introduction-access-infrastructure" rel="tag" title="Introduction: Access to infrastructure" class="node-readmore__link" hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Introduction: Access to infrastructure</span></a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"> <article data-history-node-id="229" role="article" about="/report-introduction/2008-access-infrastructure/preface" class="node node--id-229 node--type-report-introduction node--promoted node--view-mode-teaser"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h2 class="node__title"><a href="/report-introduction/2008-access-infrastructure/preface" class="node__title-link" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Preface</span> </a></h2></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-above"><h3 class="field__label">Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_008---access-to-infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/year/2008-access-infrastructure" hreflang="en">2008 - Access to Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authored by</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--anriette-esterhuysen"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/aesterhuysen" hreflang="en">Anriette Esterhuysen</a></span> </div><div class="field__item field__item--loe-schout"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/lschout" hreflang="en">Loe Schout</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-summary-or-trimmed field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><p>This year’s thematic focus for Global Information Society Watch (GISWatch) is “access to infrastructure”. The Geneva Plan of Action that emerged from the first phase of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) declared information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure an “essential foundation for the Information Society” and identified it as one of six main action lines.</p></div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-entity-reference field-label-above"><h3 class="field__label">Themes</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--infrastructure"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/infrastructure" hreflang="en">Infrastructure</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="node__links"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><span class="node-readmore__link-wrapper"><a href="/report-introduction/2008-access-infrastructure/preface" rel="tag" title="Preface" class="node-readmore__link" hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Preface</span></a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> </article> </div> </div> <nav class="pager pager--full" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h3 id="pagination-heading" class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h3> <div class="pager__items"> <ul class="pager__items__num-pages js-pager__items"><li class="pager__item pager__item--num pager__item--num-first is-active"><a href="?page=0" class="pager__link pager__link--is-active" title="Current page"> <span class="visually-hidden">Current page</span> <span class="pager__key">1</span> </a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--num"><a href="?page=1" class="pager__link" title="Go to page 2"> <span class="visually-hidden">Page</span> <span class="pager__key">2</span> </a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--num"><a href="?page=2" class="pager__link" title="Go to page 3"> <span class="visually-hidden">Page</span> <span class="pager__key">3</span> </a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--num"><a href="?page=3" class="pager__link" title="Go to page 4"> <span class="visually-hidden">Page</span> <span class="pager__key">4</span> </a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--num"><a href="?page=4" class="pager__link" title="Go to page 5"> <span class="visually-hidden">Page</span> <span class="pager__key">5</span> </a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--num pager__item--num-last"><a href="?page=5" class="pager__link" title="Go to page 6"> <span class="visually-hidden">Page</span> <span class="pager__key">6</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="pager__items__next-last js-pager__items"><li class="pager__item pager__item--next pager__item--text"> <a href="?page=1" class="pager__link" title="Go to next page" rel="next"> <span class="visually-hidden">Next page</span> <span class="pager__next" aria-hidden="true">››</span> </a> </li><li class="pager__item pager__item--last pager__item--text"> <a href="?page=5" class="pager__link" title="Go to last page"> <span class="visually-hidden">Last page</span> <span class="pager__last" aria-hidden="true">Last »</span> </a> </li></ul></div> </nav> <div class="feed-icons"> <a href="https://www.giswatch.org/taxonomy/term/21/feed" class="feed-icon"> <svg version="1.1" class="feed-icon-rss" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20"> <g> <path class="feed-icon-rss__path" d="M2.7,14.5c-0.8,0-1.4,0.3-1.9,0.8C0.3,15.9,0,16.5,0,17.3c0,0.8,0.3,1.4,0.8,1.9 C1.3,19.7,2,20,2.7,20s1.4-0.3,1.9-0.8c0.5-0.5,0.8-1.2,0.8-1.9c0-0.8-0.3-1.4-0.8-1.9C4.1,14.8,3.5,14.5,2.7,14.5z"/> <path class="feed-icon-rss__path" d="M9,11C7.9,9.9,6.7,9.1,5.3,8.4C3.9,7.8,2.5,7.4,1,7.3H0.9c-0.2,0-0.4,0.1-0.6,0.2 C0.1,7.7,0,7.9,0,8.2v1.9c0,0.2,0.1,0.4,0.2,0.6C0.4,10.9,0.6,11,0.8,11c2.2,0.2,4,1.1,5.6,2.6C7.9,15.2,8.8,17,9,19.2 c0,0.2,0.1,0.4,0.3,0.6C9.5,19.9,9.7,20,9.9,20h1.9c0.3,0,0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3c0.2-0.2,0.3-0.4,0.2-0.7c-0.1-1.5-0.5-3-1.1-4.3 C10.9,13.3,10.1,12.1,9,11z"/> <path class="feed-icon-rss__path" d="M18.3,11.9c-1-2.3-2.4-4.3-4.2-6c-1.8-1.8-3.8-3.2-6-4.2C5.8,0.7,3.4,0.1,1,0h0 C0.7,0,0.5,0.1,0.3,0.3C0.1,0.4,0,0.6,0,0.9v2c0,0.2,0.1,0.4,0.2,0.6s0.4,0.3,0.6,0.3c2,0.1,4,0.6,5.8,1.4s3.4,1.9,4.8,3.3 c1.3,1.3,2.4,2.9,3.3,4.8c0.8,1.8,1.3,3.8,1.4,5.8c0,0.2,0.1,0.4,0.3,0.6c0.2,0.2,0.4,0.2,0.6,0.2h2c0.3,0,0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3 c0.2-0.2,0.3-0.4,0.3-0.7C19.9,16.6,19.3,14.2,18.3,11.9z"/> </g> </svg><span class="visually-hidden">SubscribeSubscribe to 2008 - 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