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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9207333%2FMolecular_characterization_and_antimicrobial_susceptibility_patterns_of_Clostridium_difficile_strains_isolated_from_hospitals_in_south_east_Scotland%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":35486229,"identifier":"Attachment_35486229","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":9207333,"created_at":"2014-11-09T10:21:38.312-08:00","from_world_paper_id":127906928,"updated_at":"2024-11-14T13:11:30.690-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Clostridium difficile isolates (n5149) collected in south-east Scotland between August and October 2005 were typed by four different methods and their susceptibility to seven different antibiotics was determined. The aims were to define the types of strain occurring in this region and to determine whether there were any clonal relationships among them with respect to genotype and antibiotic resistance pattern. Ribotyping revealed that 001 was the most common type (n5113, 75.8 %), followed by ribotype 106 (12 isolates, 8.1 %). The majority of the isolates (96.6 %, n5144) were of toxinotype 0, with two toxinotype V isolates and single isolates of toxinotypes I, IV and XIII. PCR and restriction analysis of the fliC gene from 147 isolates gave two restriction patterns: 145 of pattern VII and two of pattern I. Binary toxin genes were detected in only three isolates: two isolates of ribotype 126, toxinotype V, and one isolate of ribotype 023, toxinotype IV. S-types showed more variation, with 64.5 % (n540) of the common S-type (4939) and 21 % (n513) of S-type 4741, with six other S-types (one to three isolates each). All ribotype 001 isolates were of the same S-type (4939), with three isolates of other ribotypes being this S-type. No resistance was found to metronidazole or vancomycin, with resistance to tetracycline only found in 4.3 % of the isolates. A high proportion of isolates were resistant to clindamycin (62.9 %), moxifloxacin, ceftriaxone (both 87.1 %) and erythromycin (94.8 %). Resistance to three antibiotics (erythromycin, clindamycin and ceftriaxone) was seen in 66 isolates, with erythromycin, ceftriaxone and moxifloxacin resistance seen in 96 isolates. Resistance to all four of these antibiotics was found in 62 isolates and resistance to five (the above plus tetracycline) in one isolate: a ribotype 001, toxinotype 0 strain. Whilst ribotype 001 was the most commonly encountered type, there was no evidence of clonal relationships when all other typing and antibiotic resistance patterns were taken into account.","publication_date":"2007,,","publication_name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"35486228"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from hospitals in south-east Scotland","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [21092445]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":35486229,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from hospitals in south-east Scotland”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/35486229/mini_magick20190314-17760-1g658tq.png?1552564932" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from hospitals in south-east Scotland</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21092445" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KarlaSanchez15"><img alt="Profile image of Karla Sanchez" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/21092445/5818275/6611257/s65_karla.sanchez.jpg_oh_182b197ff3f63cd5f6fe8f2b0ec609e9_oe_54f373ae___gda___1424913191_199da93649fb0e8b2a8e02942fbcd71e" />Karla Sanchez</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2007, Journal of Medical Microbiology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">9 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 9207333; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=9207333"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Clostridium difficile isolates (n5149) collected in south-east Scotland between August and October 2005 were typed by four different methods and their susceptibility to seven different antibiotics was determined. The aims were to define the types of strain occurring in this region and to determine whether there were any clonal relationships among them with respect to genotype and antibiotic resistance pattern. Ribotyping revealed that 001 was the most common type (n5113, 75.8 %), followed by ribotype 106 (12 isolates, 8.1 %). The majority of the isolates (96.6 %, n5144) were of toxinotype 0, with two toxinotype V isolates and single isolates of toxinotypes I, IV and XIII. PCR and restriction analysis of the fliC gene from 147 isolates gave two restriction patterns: 145 of pattern VII and two of pattern I. Binary toxin genes were detected in only three isolates: two isolates of ribotype 126, toxinotype V, and one isolate of ribotype 023, toxinotype IV. S-types showed more variation, with 64.5 % (n540) of the common S-type (4939) and 21 % (n513) of S-type 4741, with six other S-types (one to three isolates each). All ribotype 001 isolates were of the same S-type (4939), with three isolates of other ribotypes being this S-type. No resistance was found to metronidazole or vancomycin, with resistance to tetracycline only found in 4.3 % of the isolates. A high proportion of isolates were resistant to clindamycin (62.9 %), moxifloxacin, ceftriaxone (both 87.1 %) and erythromycin (94.8 %). Resistance to three antibiotics (erythromycin, clindamycin and ceftriaxone) was seen in 66 isolates, with erythromycin, ceftriaxone and moxifloxacin resistance seen in 96 isolates. Resistance to all four of these antibiotics was found in 62 isolates and resistance to five (the above plus tetracycline) in one isolate: a ribotype 001, toxinotype 0 strain. Whilst ribotype 001 was the most commonly encountered type, there was no evidence of clonal relationships when all other typing and antibiotic resistance patterns were taken into account.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":35486229,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/9207333/Molecular_characterization_and_antimicrobial_susceptibility_patterns_of_Clostridium_difficile_strains_isolated_from_hospitals_in_south_east_Scotland"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":35486229,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/9207333/Molecular_characterization_and_antimicrobial_susceptibility_patterns_of_Clostridium_difficile_strains_isolated_from_hospitals_in_south_east_Scotland"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The collection of 83 toxigenic C. difficile isolates obtained from this hospitalbased survey was used to identify antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Among the C. difficile isolates analyzed, 48 (57.8%) belonged to PCR ribotype 027, 21 (25.3%) to its closely related PCR ribotype 176, and 14 (16.9%) to different PCR ribotypes. Seventy one (85.5%) isolates were resistant to erythromycin, whereas 23 (27.7%) had high-level clindamycin resistance, having minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) greater than 256 mg/L. All strains were ciprofloxacin resistant and 69 (83.1%) were moxifloxacin resistant. Seventy-three (87.9%) strains were imipenem resistant, but only 2 (2.4%) strains were resistant to tetracycline. All strains were sensitive to tigecycline. Metronidazole and vancomycin were generally effective against the C. difficile isolates, both having an MIC 90 value of 0.75 mg/L. Isolates belonging to PCR ribotype 027 and the closely related PCR ribotype 176, showed higher resistance. All ribotype 027 and 176 C. difficile isolates demonstrated high-level resistance to erythromycin (MIC ! 256 mg/L), and 95,2% of ribotype 176 isolates were co-resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin. The MIC of moxifloxacin for this epidemic strain was very high (!32 mg/L). Resistance to erythromycin, moxifloxacin, and rifampicin was observed in 15 (18%) of the isolates, all of which belonged to PCR ribotype 027. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as resistance at least to three classes of antimicrobial agents was observed in 85.5% (n ¼ 71) of toxigenic C. difficile strains.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile strains belonging to different polymerase chain reaction ribotypes isolated in Poland in 2012","attachmentId":99619003,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98203380/Antimicrobial_susceptibility_patterns_of_Clostridium_difficile_strains_belonging_to_different_polymerase_chain_reaction_ribotypes_isolated_in_Poland_in_2012","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98203380/Antimicrobial_susceptibility_patterns_of_Clostridium_difficile_strains_belonging_to_different_polymerase_chain_reaction_ribotypes_isolated_in_Poland_in_2012"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="13789475" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13789475/In_vitro_antibiotic_susceptibility_profile_of_Clostridium_difficile_excluding_PCR_ribotype_027_outbreak_strain_in_Hungary">In vitro antibiotic susceptibility profile of Clostridium difficile excluding PCR ribotype 027 outbreak strain in Hungary</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32894416" href="https://u-szeged.academia.edu/EditUrb%C3%A1n">Edit Urbán</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43927686" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElisabethNagy" rel="nofollow">Elisabeth Nagy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Anaerobe, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Our study showed the antibiotic susceptibility profile of toxigenic Clostridium difficile isolated from nosocomial and community-acquired CDI between 2008 and 2010. MICs of 200 C. difficile strains were determined using E ® test method in the case of erythromycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin, rifampicin, and metronidazole. All strains were susceptible to metronidazole in the study period. Resistance rates to erythromycin, clindamycin and moxifloxacin were 31%, 29.5%, and 21.5%, respectively. In the case of rifampicin, the MIC range was quite wide, 11.5% of the tested strains proved to be highly resistant (MIC !32 mg/ml) to rifampicin. When we compared these results with our earlier findings from 2006 to 2007, only minor changes in susceptibility over the time-periods could be observed in the case of erythromycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin, and rifampicin, but metronidazole susceptibility did not show changes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"In vitro antibiotic susceptibility profile of Clostridium difficile excluding PCR ribotype 027 outbreak strain in Hungary","attachmentId":44947268,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13789475/In_vitro_antibiotic_susceptibility_profile_of_Clostridium_difficile_excluding_PCR_ribotype_027_outbreak_strain_in_Hungary","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13789475/In_vitro_antibiotic_susceptibility_profile_of_Clostridium_difficile_excluding_PCR_ribotype_027_outbreak_strain_in_Hungary"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="57860138" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57860138/Molecular_characterization_and_antimicrobial_susceptibility_of_Clostridium_difficile_isolated_from_rabbits_raised_for_meat_production">Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from rabbits raised for meat production</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36628140" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LucaBano">Luca Bano</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Veterinary Microbiology, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Clostridium difficile isolates (n5149) collected in southeast Scotland between August and October 2005 were typed by four different methods and their susceptibility to seven different antibiotics was determined. The aims were to define the types of strain occurring in this region and to determine whether there were any clonal relationships among them with respect to genotype and antibiotic resistance pattern. Ribotyping revealed that 001 was the most common type (n5113, 75.8 %), followed by ribotype 106 (12 isolates, 8.1 %). The majority of the isolates (96.6 %, n5144) were of toxinotype 0, with two toxinotype V isolates and single isolates of toxinotypes I, IV and XIII. PCR and restriction analysis of the fliC gene from 147 isolates gave two restriction patterns: 145 of pattern VII and two of pattern I. Binary toxin genes were detected in only three isolates: two isolates of ribotype 126, toxinotype V, and one isolate of ribotype 023, toxinotype IV. S-types showed more variation, with 64.5 % (n540) of the common S-type (4939) and 21 % (n513) of S-type 4741, with six other S-types (one to three isolates each). All ribotype 001 isolates were of the same S-type (4939), with three isolates of other ribotypes being this S-type. No resistance was found to metronidazole or vancomycin, with resistance to tetracycline only found in 4.3 % of the isolates. A high proportion of isolates were resistant to clindamycin (62.9 %), moxifloxacin, ceftriaxone (both 87.1 %) and erythromycin (94.8 %). Resistance to three antibiotics (erythromycin, clindamycin and ceftriaxone) was seen in 66 isolates, with erythromycin, ceftriaxone and moxifloxacin resistance seen in 96 isolates. Resistance to all four of these antibiotics was found in 62 isolates and resistance to five (the above plus tetracycline) in one isolate: a ribotype 001, toxinotype 0 strain. Whilst ribotype 001 was the most commonly encountered type, there was no evidence of clonal relationships when all other typing and antibiotic resistance patterns were taken into account.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from rabbits raised for meat production","attachmentId":72554317,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57860138/Molecular_characterization_and_antimicrobial_susceptibility_of_Clostridium_difficile_isolated_from_rabbits_raised_for_meat_production","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57860138/Molecular_characterization_and_antimicrobial_susceptibility_of_Clostridium_difficile_isolated_from_rabbits_raised_for_meat_production"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="53647844" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53647844/Surveillance_for_Antibiotic_Resistance_in_and_lt_i_and_gt_Clostridium_difficile_and_lt_i_and_gt_Strains_Isolated_from_Patients_in_a_Tertiary_Care_Center">Surveillance for Antibiotic Resistance in &lt;i&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/i&gt; Strains Isolated from Patients in a Tertiary Care Center</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68747244" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChetanaVaishnavi">Chetana Vaishnavi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Advances in Microbiology, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Clostridium difficile is the major etiological agent of nosocomial diarrhea primarily precipitated by antimicrobial therapy. We prospectively investigated the antibiogram profile of C. difficile strains isolated from patients reporting to a tertiary care hospital in North India. Fecal samples obtained from 1110 suspected cases of C. difficile infection were cultured for isolation of C. difficile. Colonies suspected as those of C. difficile were identified by phenotypic and molecular methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of C. difficile isolates for different classes of antibiotics was determined using the Epsilon test for vancomycin, metronidazole, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin. The fecal samples cultured for C. difficile belonged to 709 (63.9%) males and 401 (36.1%) females. The mean age of the patients was 38.7 years. C. difficile was cultured from 174 (15.7%) of the total samples. Antibiotic resistance was largely observed towards clindamycin (57.5%) and ciprofloxacin (38.5%) but was significantly low towards metronidazole (1.72%) and nil (0%) towards vancomycin. C. difficile isolates had a high degree of resistance towards clindamycin and ciprofloxacin with low level of resistance to metronidazole and none towards vancomycin. Antibiogram surveillance of C. difficile will help for clinical practice and add to the epidemiological data of the organisms.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Surveillance for Antibiotic Resistance in \u0026lt;i\u0026gt;Clostridium difficile\u0026lt;/i\u0026gt; Strains Isolated from Patients in a Tertiary Care Center","attachmentId":70394162,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53647844/Surveillance_for_Antibiotic_Resistance_in_and_lt_i_and_gt_Clostridium_difficile_and_lt_i_and_gt_Strains_Isolated_from_Patients_in_a_Tertiary_Care_Center","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53647844/Surveillance_for_Antibiotic_Resistance_in_and_lt_i_and_gt_Clostridium_difficile_and_lt_i_and_gt_Strains_Isolated_from_Patients_in_a_Tertiary_Care_Center"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="13789474" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13789474/Assessment_of_changes_in_the_epidemiology_of_Clostridium_difficile_isolated_from_diarrheal_patients_in_Hungary">Assessment of changes in the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile isolated from diarrheal patients in Hungary</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32894416" href="https://u-szeged.academia.edu/EditUrb%C3%A1n">Edit Urbán</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32967598" href="https://u-szeged.academia.edu/J%C3%B3zsefS%C3%B3ki">József Sóki</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33020781" href="https://u-szeged.academia.edu/JS%C3%B3ki">József Sóki</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43927686" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElisabethNagy" rel="nofollow">Elisabeth Nagy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Anaerobe, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">150 Clostridium difficile strains isolated from diarrheal feces were collected from three parts of Hungary and the presence of genes responsible for toxin A and B, and binary toxin production were examined. MIC distribution against clindamycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin and rifampin of 80 toxigenic strains selected from the above-mentioned strains and 20 large clostridial toxins (LCTs)positive strains chosen from our earlier strain collection were determined. 80% of the examined 150 strains were positive for both tcdA and tcdB, and no toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive isolates were found during the study period. 5.3% of toxigenic strains proved to be positive for binary toxin too. Among binary toxin-positive strains, one strain showed the same pattern characteristic of PCR ribotype 027. Comparison of recent findings and our earlier results, the prevalence of toxin-producing and binary toxin-positive strains among C. difficile isolated from diarrheal specimens increased. No metronidazole resistant isolate was detected among strains isolated in 2002-2003 and 2006-2007. The rates of resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin and rifampin among strains isolated between 2006 and 2007 were 25%, 27.5%, 25% and 6.3%, respectively. Erythromycin resistance was frequently associated with clindamycin and moxifloxacin resistance, however this resistant phenotype was not found among strains isolated in 2002-2003.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessment of changes in the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile isolated from diarrheal patients in Hungary","attachmentId":44947267,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13789474/Assessment_of_changes_in_the_epidemiology_of_Clostridium_difficile_isolated_from_diarrheal_patients_in_Hungary","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13789474/Assessment_of_changes_in_the_epidemiology_of_Clostridium_difficile_isolated_from_diarrheal_patients_in_Hungary"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="98818866" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98818866/Surveillance_of_antibiotic_resistance_among_common_Clostridium_difficile_ribotypes_in_Hong_Kong">Surveillance of antibiotic resistance among common Clostridium difficile ribotypes in Hong Kong</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223772419" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasKwong4">Thomas Kwong</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scientific reports, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is rapidly increasing and it poses a major health burden globally. However, data regarding the epidemiology of CDI in Asia are limited. We aimed to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common ribotypes of toxigenic C. difficile in Hong Kong. Fifty-three PCR ribotypes were identified among 284 toxigenic C. difficile clinical isolates. The five most prevalent ribotypes were 002 (13%), 017 (12%), 014 (10%), 012 (9.2%), and 020 (9.5%). All tested C. difficile strains remained susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin, meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam, but highly resistant to cephalosporins. Of the fluoroquinolones, highest resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed (99%), followed by levofloxacin (43%) and moxifloxacin (23%). The two newly emerged PCR ribotypes, 017 and 002, demonstrated high levels of co-resistance towards clindamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and moxifloxacin. PCR ribotypes 017 and 002 with mu...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Surveillance of antibiotic resistance among common Clostridium difficile ribotypes in Hong Kong","attachmentId":100067975,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98818866/Surveillance_of_antibiotic_resistance_among_common_Clostridium_difficile_ribotypes_in_Hong_Kong","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98818866/Surveillance_of_antibiotic_resistance_among_common_Clostridium_difficile_ribotypes_in_Hong_Kong"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="118037816" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118037816/Molecular_characterization_toxin_detection_and_resistance_testing_of_human_clinical_Clostridium_difficile_isolates_from_Lebanon">Molecular characterization, toxin detection and resistance testing of human clinical Clostridium difficile isolates from Lebanon</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32690430" href="https://aub-lb.academia.edu/GhassanDbaibo">Ghassan Dbaibo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile is the main cause for nosocomial diarrhoea in industrialised nations. Epidemiologic data on the pathogen's occurrence in other world regions are still scarce. In this context we characterized with phenotypic and molecular genetic methods C. difficile isolates stemming from hospitalised patients with diarrhoea in Lebanon. From 129 stool samples of symptomatic patients at a tertiary care University hospital in Lebanon, a total of 107 C. difficile strains were cultivated and underwent ribotyping, toxin gene detection and antibiotic resistance testing. Ribotype 014 (RT014, 16.8%) predominated, followed by RT002 (9.3%), RT106 (8.4%) and RT070 (6.5%). Binary toxin gene-positive isolates (RT023, RT078 and RT126) were rarely detected and RT027 was absent. Interestingly, within one isolate only the toxin A gene (tcdA) was detected. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) revealed strong strain diversity in most RTs. The isolates were sensitive to metronidazole and vancomycin, and only a small proportion of strains displayed resistance against moxifloxacin, rifampicin, and clarithromycin (5.6%, 1.9%, and 2.8%), respectively. The data indicate that the genetic strain composition of Lebanese strains differs markedly from the situation seen in Europe and North America. Especially the epidemic RTs seen in the latter regions were almost absent in Lebanon. Interestingly, most strains showed almost no resistance to commonly used antibiotics that are suspected to play a major role in the development of C. difficile infection, despite frequent use of these antibiotics in Lebanon. Thus, the role of antimicrobial resistance as a major driving force for infection development remains uncertain in this area.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Molecular characterization, toxin detection and resistance testing of human clinical Clostridium difficile isolates from Lebanon","attachmentId":113756547,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118037816/Molecular_characterization_toxin_detection_and_resistance_testing_of_human_clinical_Clostridium_difficile_isolates_from_Lebanon","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118037816/Molecular_characterization_toxin_detection_and_resistance_testing_of_human_clinical_Clostridium_difficile_isolates_from_Lebanon"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="69444440" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69444440/Characterization_of_clinical_Clostridium_difficile_isolates_by_PCR_ribotyping_and_detection_of_toxin_genes_in_Austria_2006_2007">Characterization of clinical Clostridium difficile isolates by PCR ribotyping and detection of toxin genes in Austria, 2006-2007</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="128024453" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlfredIndra">Alfred Indra</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In order to assess the lethality of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) and the PCR ribotypes prevalent in Austria, the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety requested isolates of C. difficile from patients in a structured but arbitrary sampling scheme. In the allocated period from February 2006 to January 2007, local hospital laboratories within each of the nine provinces were asked to submit C. difficile isolates from at least ten cases of CDAD. Confirmation of species identification, toxin detection, susceptibility testing against four antimicrobial agents and typing using a PCR ribotyping method were performed at the reference laboratory. In total, 149 isolates of putative C. difficile were submitted, from which 142 were included for study. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns revealed resistance to clindamycin in 57 % and high-level resistance to moxifloxacin in 38 % of isolates tested. CDAD manifested as diarrhoea (including eight cases of bloody diarrhoea) i...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Characterization of clinical Clostridium difficile isolates by PCR ribotyping and detection of toxin genes in Austria, 2006-2007","attachmentId":79540580,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69444440/Characterization_of_clinical_Clostridium_difficile_isolates_by_PCR_ribotyping_and_detection_of_toxin_genes_in_Austria_2006_2007","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69444440/Characterization_of_clinical_Clostridium_difficile_isolates_by_PCR_ribotyping_and_detection_of_toxin_genes_in_Austria_2006_2007"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="13562403" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13562403/Prospective_study_of_Clostridium_difficile_infections_in_Europe_with_phenotypic_and_genotypic_characterisation_of_the_isolates">Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32903431" href="https://sorbonne-fr.academia.edu/FBarbut">F. Barbut</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32745996" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/IanPoxton">Ian Poxton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A 2-month prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections was conducted in 38 hospitals from 14 different European countries in order to obtain an overview of the phenotypic and genotypic features of clinical isolates of C. difficile during 2005. Of 411 isolates from diarrhoeagenic patients with suspected C. difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD), 354 were toxigenic, of which 86 (24.3%) were toxin-variant strains. Major toxinotypes included toxinotypes 0 (n = 268), V (n = 28), VIII (n = 22) and III (n = 25). MICs of metronidazole, vancomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin and tetracycline were determined using the Etest method. All the toxigenic strains were fully-susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. Resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline and moxifloxacin was found in 44.4%, 46.1%, 9.2% and 37.5% of the isolates, respectively. Sixty-six different PCR ribotypes were characterised, with the 027 epidemic strain accounting for 6.2% of isolates. This strain was positive for binary toxin genes, had an 18-bp deletion in the tcdC gene, and was resistant to both erythromycin and moxifloxacin. The mean incidence of CDAD was 2.45 cases ⁄ 10 000 patient-days, but this figure varied widely among the participating hospitals. Patients infected with the 027 strain were more likely to have a severe disease (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.19-9.16, p 0.008) and to have been specifically treated with metronidazole or vancomycin (OR 7.46, 95% CI 1.02-154, p 0.02). Ongoing epidemiological surveillance of cases of CDAD, with periodic characterisation of the strains involved, is required to detect clustering of cases in time and space and to monitor the emergence of specific highly virulent clones.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates","attachmentId":45212820,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13562403/Prospective_study_of_Clostridium_difficile_infections_in_Europe_with_phenotypic_and_genotypic_characterisation_of_the_isolates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13562403/Prospective_study_of_Clostridium_difficile_infections_in_Europe_with_phenotypic_and_genotypic_characterisation_of_the_isolates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="97752392" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97752392/Molecular_types_and_antimicrobial_susceptibility_patterns_of_Clostridium_difficile_isolates_in_different_epidemiological_settings_in_a_tertiary_care_center_in_Israel">Molecular types and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile isolates in different epidemiological settings in a tertiary care center in Israel</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="240455602" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WNaamnih">Wasef Na'amnih</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The aims of this prospective study were to examine the correlation between the molecular types and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile isolates with the source of acquisition and the occurrence of C. difficile infections (CDI) in a tertiary center in Israel. All available isolates from communityacquired (CA) CDI episodes (n = 43) and matching numbers of isolates from community-onset, hospital acquired (CO-HA, n = 67) and HA-CDI (n = 56) and 32 cases of recurrent CDI were typed and tested for susceptibility to vancomycin and metronidazole. The most common types were SlpA hr-02 (21%), SlpA hr-05/ PCR-ribotype-014 (12%), PCR-ribotype-027 (10%) and SlpA cr-02 (10%). The PCR-ribotype-027 was most common in the CO-HA group and the hr-05 type was more common in the CA group. Non-susceptibility to metronidazole and/or vancomycin was found in 4/7 of re-infection isolates. Our study shows that CA-CDI is uncommon and is caused by similar strains as HA-CDI, albeit with different rates.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Molecular types and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile isolates in different epidemiological settings in a tertiary care center in Israel","attachmentId":99289484,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97752392/Molecular_types_and_antimicrobial_susceptibility_patterns_of_Clostridium_difficile_isolates_in_different_epidemiological_settings_in_a_tertiary_care_center_in_Israel","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97752392/Molecular_types_and_antimicrobial_susceptibility_patterns_of_Clostridium_difficile_isolates_in_different_epidemiological_settings_in_a_tertiary_care_center_in_Israel"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":35486229,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":35486229,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_35486229" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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