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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"House_of_war"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"House_of_war""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 "House of war" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"House_of_war"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canaanite_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canaanite_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Canaanite period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canaanite_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israelite_and_Judean_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israelite_and_Judean_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Israelite and Judean period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israelite_and_Judean_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Classical period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Ottoman era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Christian population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance_and_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance_and_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Religious significance and commemoration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_significance_and_commemoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious significance and commemoration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance_and_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birthplace_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birthplace_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Birthplace of Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birthplace_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christmas_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christmas_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Christmas celebrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christmas_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religious_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religious_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Other religious festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religious_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embroidery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embroidery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Embroidery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embroidery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mother-of-pearl_carving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mother-of-pearl_carving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Mother-of-pearl carving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mother-of-pearl_carving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_centers_and_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_centers_and_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cultural centers and museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_centers_and_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Local government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Local government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Mayors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bethlehem</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" > 135 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%8D%E1%88%94%E1%88%9D" title="ቤተ ልሔም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤተ ልሔም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%BE%C3%BEle%C3%A6m" title="Beþþleæm – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Beþþleæm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بيت لحم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيت لحم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlem" title="Betlem – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Betlem" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A0%DC%9A%DC%A1" title="ܒܝܬ ܠܚܡ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܠܚܡ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A7%D5%B4" title="Բեթղեհէմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բեթղեհէմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n" title="Belén – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Belén" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%E1%BA%BD" title="Velẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Velẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beytl%C9%99hm" title="Beytləhm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beytləhm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="বেথলেহেম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেথলেহেম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitul_Lahmi" title="Baitul Lahmi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Baitul Lahmi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pek-l%C4%AB-h%C3%AAng" title="Pek-lī-hêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pek-lī-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Віфлеем – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віфлеем" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бэтлеем – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэтлеем" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Витлеем – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Витлеем" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_(Palestina)" title="Bethlehem (Palestina) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bethlehem (Palestina)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlem" title="Betlem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Betlem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вифлеем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вифлеем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_(lungsod_sa_Kayutaang_Palestinhon)" title="Bethlehem (lungsod sa Kayutaang Palestinhon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bethlehem (lungsod sa Kayutaang Palestinhon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betl%C3%A9m" title="Betlém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Betlém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlemme" title="Betlemme – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Betlemme" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petlemm" title="Petlemm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Petlemm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AD%CE%BC" title="Βηθλεέμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βηθλεέμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n" title="Belén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Belén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet-Le%C4%A5em" title="Bet-Leĥem – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bet-Leĥem" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betleem" title="Betleem – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Betleem" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بیت‌لحم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیت‌لحم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethl%C3%A9em" title="Bethléem – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bethléem" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehim" title="Betlehim – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Betlehim" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beithil" title="Beithil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beithil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n" title="Belén – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Belén" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BC" title="𐌱𐌴𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌴𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%93%A4%EB%A0%88%ED%97%B4" title="베들레헴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베들레헴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B4" title="Բեթղեհեմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեթղեհեմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE" title="बेथलहम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेथलहम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem" title="Bethlem – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bethlem" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вифлеем – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вифлеем" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlemme" title="Betlemme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Betlemme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D" title="בית לחם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית לחם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8tl%C3%A9hem" title="Bètléhem – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bètléhem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೆಥ್‌ಲೆಹೆಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಥ್‌ಲೆಹೆಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вифлеем – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Вифлеем" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%97-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბეით-ლაჰმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეით-ლაჰმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehemu" title="Bethlehemu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bethlehemu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8tley%C3%A8m" title="Bètleyèm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bètleyèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethleem" title="Bethleem – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bethleem" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93tleme" title="Bētleme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bētleme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betliejus" title="Betliejus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Betliejus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%9Bt%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bm%C9%9B" title="Bɛtɛlɛmɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bɛtɛlɛmɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlem" title="Betlem – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Betlem" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE" title="बेथलेहम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बेथलेहम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Витлеем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витлеем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehema" title="Betlehema – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Betlehema" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%82" title="ബെത്‌ലഹേം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെത്‌ലഹേം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlem" title="Betlem – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Betlem" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterehema" title="Peterehema – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Peterehema" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE" title="बेथलेहेम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेथलेहेम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بيت لحم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيت لحم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ik-l%C3%A9-h%C3%A8ng" title="Báik-lé-hèng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Báik-lé-hèng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бетлеем – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бетлеем" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бетлехем – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бетлехем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဗက်လင်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗက်လင်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlum" title="Betlum – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Betlum" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE" title="बेथलेहम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेथलेहम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%84%E3%83%AC%E3%83%98%E3%83%A0" title="ベツレヘム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベツレヘム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel%C3%A8m" title="Betelèm – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Betelèm" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytullahm" title="Baytullahm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baytullahm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬੇਥਲਹਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਥਲਹਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بیت لحم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیت لحم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بیت لحم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بیت لحم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9tl%C3%A9%C3%A8m" title="Bétléèm – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bétléèm" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlejem" title="Betlejem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Betlejem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_(Palestina)" title="Belém (Palestina) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Belém (Palestina)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betleem" title="Betleem – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Betleem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilin" title="Wilin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wilin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вифлеем – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вифлеем" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Бэтлэһэм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бэтлэһэм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlemme" title="Betlemme – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Betlemme" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehemi" title="Betlehemi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Betlehemi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlemmi" title="Betlemmi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Betlemmi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem_(s%C3%ADdlo)" title="Betlehem (sídlo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Betlehem (sídlo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlejym" title="Betlejym – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Betlejym" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytulaxam" title="Baytulaxam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baytulaxam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بەیت لەحم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەیت لەحم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Витлејем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Витлејем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betlehem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belen" title="Belen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Belen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெத்லகேம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெத்லகேம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1" title="เบธเลเฮม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบธเลเฮม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyt%C3%BCllahim" title="Beytüllahim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beytüllahim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CC%B1italami" title="Ba̱italami – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ba̱italami" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%94%D0%BC" title="Вифлеєм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вифлеєм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="بیت لحم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیت لحم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%90%D8%AE%DB%90%D9%85" title="بېتلېخېم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېتلېخېم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betleme" title="Betleme – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Betleme" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viflejem" title="Viflejem – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Viflejem" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betleyem" title="Betleyem – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Betleyem" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belen" title="Belen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Belen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betleyem" title="Betleyem – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Betleyem" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%86%B7" title="白冷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="白冷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D" title="בית לחם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בית לחם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%86%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="白冷城 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白冷城" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beytullahim" title="Beytullahim – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Beytullahim" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bethlehem" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E6%81%86" title="伯利恆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伯利恆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5776#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bethlehem (disambiguation)">Bethlehem (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Municipality type A in Palestine</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement 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.infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bethlehem</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_Authority" title="List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority">Municipality type A</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Arabic transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>بيت لحم‎</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Beit Laḥm (official) Bayt Laḥm (unofficial)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Hebrew transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></th><td 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href="/wiki/File:A_Churches_in_Bethlehem2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rock garden, Ryōan-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/A_Churches_in_Bethlehem2.jpg/129px-A_Churches_in_Bethlehem2.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/A_Churches_in_Bethlehem2.jpg/194px-A_Churches_in_Bethlehem2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/A_Churches_in_Bethlehem2.jpg/258px-A_Churches_in_Bethlehem2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="border:1;;height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monmaru-goden, Nijo-jo castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bethlehem_Mosque.jpg/130px-Bethlehem_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bethlehem_Mosque.jpg/195px-Bethlehem_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bethlehem_Mosque.jpg/260px-Bethlehem_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2182" data-file-height="1454" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="border:1;;height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saint_Catherine,_Bethlehem,_2019_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fushimi Inari-Taisha shrine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Church_of_Saint_Catherine%2C_Bethlehem%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/133px-Church_of_Saint_Catherine%2C_Bethlehem%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Church_of_Saint_Catherine%2C_Bethlehem%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/200px-Church_of_Saint_Catherine%2C_Bethlehem%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Church_of_Saint_Catherine%2C_Bethlehem%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/266px-Church_of_Saint_Catherine%2C_Bethlehem%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5136" data-file-height="3672" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="border:1;;height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_International_Center_(Bethlehem)_1706_(507874294).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_International_Center_%28Bethlehem%29_1706_%28507874294%29.jpg/126px-The_International_Center_%28Bethlehem%29_1706_%28507874294%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_International_Center_%28Bethlehem%29_1706_%28507874294%29.jpg/189px-The_International_Center_%28Bethlehem%29_1706_%28507874294%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_International_Center_%28Bethlehem%29_1706_%28507874294%29.jpg/252px-The_International_Center_%28Bethlehem%29_1706_%28507874294%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div style="border:1;;height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF_2.jpg/263px-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF_2.jpg/395px-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF_2.jpg/526px-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1791" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a>, Graffiti on the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_the_Milk_Grotto" title="Chapel of the Milk Grotto">Chapel of the Milk Grotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Bethlehem)" title="Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem)">Mosque of Omar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manger_Square" title="Manger Square">Manger Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Catherine,_Bethlehem" title="Church of Saint Catherine, Bethlehem">Church of St. Catherine</a> and skyline of the city</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Municipal_Seal_of_Bethlehem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Bethlehem"><img alt="Official logo of Bethlehem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Municipal_Seal_of_Bethlehem.svg/77px-Municipal_Seal_of_Bethlehem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Municipal_Seal_of_Bethlehem.svg/115px-Municipal_Seal_of_Bethlehem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Municipal_Seal_of_Bethlehem.svg/154px-Municipal_Seal_of_Bethlehem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="244" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Municipal Seal (<a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">PNA</a>)</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Bank_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bethlehem is located in the West Bank"><img alt="Bethlehem is located in the West Bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/West_Bank_location_map.svg/250px-West_Bank_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/West_Bank_location_map.svg/375px-West_Bank_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/West_Bank_location_map.svg/500px-West_Bank_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="736" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.433%;left:67.246%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Bethlehem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Bethlehem</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Bethlehem within the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></div>Show map of the West Bank</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_location_map_wide.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bethlehem is located in State of Palestine"><img alt="Bethlehem is located in State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Palestine_location_map_wide.png/250px-Palestine_location_map_wide.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Palestine_location_map_wide.png/375px-Palestine_location_map_wide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Palestine_location_map_wide.png/500px-Palestine_location_map_wide.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.751%;left:57.938%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Bethlehem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Bethlehem</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Bethlehem within the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a></div>Show map of State of Palestine</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bethlehem&params=31_42_16_N_35_12_23_E_region:PS_type:city(28591)">31°42′16″N 35°12′23″E / 31.70444°N 35.20639°E / 31.70444; 35.20639</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Governorate" title="Bethlehem Governorate">Bethlehem</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1400 BCE (est.)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Area A City</a> (from 1995)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Head of Municipality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Salman" title="Anton Salman">Anton Salman</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_Authority" title="List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority">Municipality type A</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,611 <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a> (10.611 km2 or 4.097 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2017)<a href="#cite_note-palestinepopulations-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_Authority" title="List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority">Municipality type A</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">28,591</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">97,559</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bethlehemi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data">House of Meat (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>); House of Bread (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem-city.org/en">www.bethlehem-city.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Bethlehem (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɛθlɪhɛm/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بيت لحم, Bayt Laḥm, <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/58\/ArBethlehem.ogg\/ArBethlehem.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ArBethlehem.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/ArBethlehem.ogg/ArBethlehem.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">pronunciation</a><a href="/wiki/File:ArBethlehem.ogg" title="File:ArBethlehem.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: בֵּית לֶחֶם Bēṯ Leḥem) is a city in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli-occupied West Bank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>, located about ten kilometres (six miles) south of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. It is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Governorate" title="Bethlehem Governorate">Bethlehem Governorate</a>, and as of 2017 had a population of 28,591 people.<a href="#cite_note-palestinepopulations-2">[2]</a> The city's economy is largely <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Tourism in the State of Palestine">tourist-driven</a>; international tourism peaks around and during <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> embark on a pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a>, revered as the location of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-BH-4">[4]</a> A possible first mention of Bethlehem is in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna correspondence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, dated to 1350–1330 BCE, although that reading is uncertain. In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the period of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> is described; it identifies Bethlehem as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the city is identified as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the city of Bethlehem was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, but later rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, who commissioned the Church of the Nativity in 327 CE. In 529, the Church of the Nativity was heavily damaged by <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> involved in the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_revolts" title="Samaritan revolts">Samaritan revolts</a>; following the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, it was rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. Later, during the rule of several <a href="/wiki/Caliphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphates">Caliphates</a>, Bethlehem became part of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a> in 637. <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> continued to rule the city until 1099, when it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>, who replaced the local Christian <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> clergy with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> ones. In the mid-13th century, Bethlehem's walls were demolished by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>. However, they were rebuilt by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 16th century when it came to control the region.<a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a> After the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Bethlehem was part of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> until 1948, and later of the West Bank that was <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. During the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six_Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Day War">Six Day War</a>, Bethlehem was occupied by Israel along with the rest of the West Bank. Since the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> between Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a>, Bethlehem has been designated as part of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Area A of the West Bank</a>, nominally rendering it as being under <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_Authority" title="List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority">Palestinian control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a> Movement around the city is limited due to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a>. While it was historically a city of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a>, Bethlehem now has a majority of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a>; while it is still home to a significant population of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a>, this community has dwindled significantly, from about 86 per cent in 1950 to about 10 per cent in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Presently, Bethlehem has become encircled by dozens of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, which significantly hinder the ability of <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> in the city to openly access their land and livelihoods, which has contributed to the exodus of Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-Plp-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The current name for Bethlehem in local languages is <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/58\/ArBethlehem.ogg\/ArBethlehem.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Bayt La\u1e25m<\/i><\/span><\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ArBethlehem.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/ArBethlehem.ogg/ArBethlehem.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Bayt Laḥm</a><a href="/wiki/File:ArBethlehem.ogg" title="File:ArBethlehem.ogg">ⓘ</a> /Bēt laḥm/ in Arabic (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بيت لحم), literally meaning "house of meat", and Bet Leḥem in Hebrew (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: בֵּית לֶחֶם), literally "house of bread" or "house of food."<a href="#cite_note-CIIP-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The city was called in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Βηθλεέμ <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Greek pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[bɛːtʰle.ém]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Bethleem.<a href="#cite_note-Losch-11">[11]</a> In Aramaic, the name of Bethlehem was simply the Hebrew name בית לחם, and was pronounced as Beit Lekhem. Evidence for this spelling can be inferred based on the fact that the spelling ܒܝܬܠܚܡ can be found in the Syriac Aramaic version of the bible in Matthew 2<a href="#cite_note-SyrBib-12">[12]</a> as well as other parts of the book. The letters ܒܝܬܠܚܡ transliterate to ביתלחם. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA290&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA290 (page does not exist)">Amarna letter EA290</a> makes reference to a town bīt-ninurta which has been read as Bit-Lachmi by scholar <a href="/wiki/W._F._Albright" class="mw-redirect" title="W. F. Albright">W. F. Albright</a>, following a proposal by Otto Schroeder in 1815 and making it a potential first historical reference to Bethlehem. This reading is, however, uncertain and has met with objections.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""House_of_the_god_Lahmu"">"House of the god Lahmu"</h3></div> Canaanite and Israelite toponyms starting with beth are interpreted to mean "house of", with 'house' understood as 'temple' and the second part of the name indicating the deity the local temple was dedicated to.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mum-15">[15]</a> Accordingly, one longstanding suggestion in scholarship is that the name Bethlehem derives from the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> fertility god <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Laḫmu</a> and his consort sister <a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> lahmo being the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Chaldean</a> word for "fertility".<a href="#cite_note-Losch-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mum-15">[15]</a> Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> believed that this hypothesis, first put forth by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schr%C3%B6der" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Schröder">Otto Schröder</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schr%C3%B6der_(Assyriologie)" class="extiw" title="de:Otto Schröder (Assyriologie)">de</a>], was "certainly accurate".<a href="#cite_note-18">[a]</a> Albright noted that the pronunciation of the name had remained essentially the same for 3,500 years, even if the perceived meaning had shifted over time: "'Temple of the God Lakhmu' in Canaanite, 'House of Bread' in Hebrew and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, 'House of Meat' in Arabic."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1936-17">[17]</a> While Schröder's theory is not widely accepted,<a href="#cite_note-CIIP-9">[9]</a> it continues to find favour in academic literature over the later literal translations.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""House_of_war"">"House of war"</h3></div> Another suggestion is an association with the root l-h-m "to fight", leading to the meaning of "house of war" or "house of fighting", but this is thought unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-CIIP-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canaanite_period">Canaanite period</h3></div> The earliest reference to Bethlehem appears in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna correspondence</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BCE). In one of his six letters to Pharaoh, <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Heba" title="Abdi-Heba">Abdi-Heba</a>, the Egyptian-appointed governor of Jerusalem, appeals for aid in retaking Bit-Laḫmi in the wake of disturbances by <a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Apiru</a> mercenaries:<a href="#cite_note-OX-20">[19]</a> "Now even a town near Jerusalem, Bit-Lahmi by name, a village which once belonged to the king, has fallen to the enemy... Let the king hear the words of your servant Abdi-Heba, and send archers to restore the imperial lands of the king!" It is thought that the similarity of this name to its modern forms indicates that it was originally a settlement of Canaanites who shared a Semitic cultural and linguistic heritage with the later arrivals.<a href="#cite_note-IDHP4-21">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Laḫmu</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Akkadian</a> god of fertility,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> worshipped by the <a href="/wiki/Canaan#In_Jewish_and_Christian_scriptures" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> as Leḥem.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some time in the third millennium BCE, Canaanites erected a temple on the hill now known as the Hill of the Nativity, probably dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Laḫmu</a>. The temple, and subsequently the town that formed around it, was then known as Beit Lahama, "House (Temple) of Lahmu".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By <a href="/wiki/1200s_BC_(decade)" title="1200s BC (decade)">1200 BC</a>, the area of Bethlehem, as well as much of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">region</a>, was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>, which led the region to be known to the Greeks as "Philistia", later corrupted to "<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Loschp51-23">[22]</a> A burial ground discovered in spring 2013, and surveyed in 2015 by a joint Italian–Palestinian team found that the necropolis covered 3 hectares (more than 7 acres) and originally contained more than 100 tombs in use between roughly 2200 BCE and 650 BCE. The archaeologists were able to identify at least 30 tombs.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israelite_and_Judean_period">Israelite and Judean period</h3></div> Archaeological confirmation of Bethlehem as a city in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> was uncovered in 2012 at the archaeological dig at the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a> in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Bulla_(seal)" title="Bulla (seal)">bulla</a> (seal impression in dried clay) in <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">ancient Hebrew script</a> that reads "From the town of Bethlehem to the King." According to the excavators, it was used to seal the string closing a shipment of grain, wine, or other goods sent as a tax payment in the 8th or 7th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_106.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>David, pouring out water drawn from the well of Bethlehem in this 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a>, which illustrates <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#23:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Samuel">2 Samuel 23:15–17</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical scholars</a> believe Bethlehem, located in the "hill country" of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, may be the same as the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Ephrath" title="Ephrath">Ephrath</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> which means "fertile", as there is a reference to it in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Book of Micah</a> as Bethlehem Ephratah.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> also calls it Beth-Lehem <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Judah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> describes it as the "City of David".<a href="#cite_note-qjukjz-29">[28]</a> It is first mentioned in the Bible as the place where the matriarch <a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a> died and was buried "by the wayside" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2048:7&version=nrsv">Genesis 48:7</a>). <a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a>, the traditional grave site, stands at the entrance to Bethlehem. According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a>, the valley to the east is where <a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> gleaned the fields and returned to town with <a href="/wiki/Naomi_(biblical_figure)" title="Naomi (biblical figure)">Naomi</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a>, Bethlehem is mentioned as the home of <a href="/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)" title="Jesse (biblical figure)">Jesse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> father of King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel</a>, and the site of David's <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">anointment</a> by the prophet <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> It was from the well of Bethlehem that three of his warriors brought him water when he was hiding in the cave of <a href="/wiki/Adullam" title="Adullam">Adullam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Writing in the 4th century, the <a href="/wiki/Itinerarium_Burdigalense" title="Itinerarium Burdigalense">Pilgrim of Bordeaux</a> reported that the sepulchers of David, <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asaph_(biblical_figure)" title="Asaph (biblical figure)">Asaph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)" title="Jesse (biblical figure)">Jesse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> were located near Bethlehem.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/290px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/435px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/580px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption>Adoration of the Shepherds (1622) by the Dutch painter <a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Honthorst" title="Gerard van Honthorst">Gerard van Honthorst</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospels of Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was born in Bethlehem.<a href="#cite_note-Brownrigg-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders1993-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-36">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> Matthew 1:18–2:23<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> Luke 2:1–39<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> represent <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as having been born in Bethlehem,<a href="#cite_note-Brownrigg-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders1993-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-36">[35]</a> known in Aramaic by the Hebrew name בית לחם (Beit Lekhem). Modern scholars, however, regard the two accounts as contradictory<a href="#cite_note-Sanders1993-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-36">[35]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, the earliest gospel, mentions nothing about Jesus having been born in Bethlehem, saying only that he came from <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-36">[35]</a> Current scholars are divided on the actual birthplace of Jesus: some believe he was actually born in Nazareth,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> while others still hold that he was born in Bethlehem.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Nonetheless, the tradition that Jesus was born in Bethlehem was prominent in the early church.<a href="#cite_note-Brownrigg-34">[33]</a> In around 155, the apologist <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> recommended that those who doubted Jesus was really born in Bethlehem could go there and visit the very cave where he was supposed to have been born.<a href="#cite_note-Brownrigg-34">[33]</a> The same cave is also referenced by the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a> and the fourth-century church historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brownrigg-34">[33]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 132–136 CE) was crushed, the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> converted the Christian site above the Grotto into a shrine dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> god <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, to honour his favourite, the Greek youth <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Giuseppe_Ricciotti_1948_p._276-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In around 395 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> wrote in a letter: "Bethlehem... belonging now to us... was overshadowed by a grove of <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Tammuz</a>, that is to say, <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, and in the cave where once the infant Christ cried, the lover of <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> was lamented."<a href="#cite_note-Taylor1993-45">[44]</a> Many scholars have taken this letter as evidence that the cave of the nativity over which the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> was later built had at one point been a shrine to the ancient Near Eastern fertility god Tammuz.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor1993-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Eusebius, however, mentions nothing about the cave having been associated with Tammuz<a href="#cite_note-Taylor1993-45">[44]</a> and there are no other Patristic sources that suggest Tammuz had a shrine in Bethlehem.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor1993-45">[44]</a> Peter Welten has argued that the cave was never dedicated to Tammuz<a href="#cite_note-Taylor1993-45">[44]</a> and that Jerome misinterpreted Christian mourning over the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> as a pagan ritual over Tammuz's death.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor1993-45">[44]</a> Joan E. Taylor has countered this contention by arguing that Jerome, as an educated man, could not have been so naïve as to mistake Christian mourning over the Massacre of the Innocents as a pagan ritual for Tammuz.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor1993-45">[44]</a> In 326–328, the empress <a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helena</a>, widowed <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">consort</a> of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a> and mother of the ruling emperor, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, made a pilgrimage to Syria-Palaestina, in the course of which she visited the ruins of Bethlehem.<a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brownrigg-34">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> was built at her initiative over the cave where Jesus was purported to have been born.<a href="#cite_note-Brownrigg-34">[33]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Revolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Revolts">Samaritan revolt</a> of 529, Bethlehem was sacked and its walls and the Church of the Nativity destroyed; they were rebuilt on the orders of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brownrigg-34">[33]</a> In 614, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persian Sassanid Empire</a>, supported by <a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish rebels</a>, invaded <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palestina Prima</a> and captured Bethlehem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2018234-47">[46]</a> A story recounted in later sources holds that they refrained from destroying the church on seeing the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magi</a> depicted in <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> clothing in a mosaic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1991523–528-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem,_Palestine_(Holy_Land)_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg/220px-1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg/330px-1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg/440px-1698_de_Bruijin_View_of_Bethlehem%2C_Palestine_%28Holy_Land%29_-_Geographicus_-_Bethlehem-bruijn-1698.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>1698 sketch by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Bruijn" title="Cornelis de Bruijn">Cornelis de Bruijn</a></figcaption></figure> In 637, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(637)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (637)">Jerusalem was captured</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Muslim armies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">'Umar ibn al-Khattāb</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a>, promised that the Church of the Nativity would be preserved for Christian use.<a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Bethlehem)" title="Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem)">mosque</a> dedicated to Umar was built upon the place in the city where he prayed, next to the church.<a href="#cite_note-ATT-49">[48]</a> Bethlehem then passed through the control of the Islamic caliphates of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> in the 8th century, then the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a> in the 9th century. A <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> geographer recorded in the mid-9th century that a well preserved and much venerated church existed in the town. In 985, the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasi</a> visited Bethlehem, and referred to its church as the "Basilica of Constantine, the equal of which does not exist anywhere in the country-round."<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In 1009, during the reign of the sixth Fatimid Caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a>, the Church of the Nativity was ordered to be demolished, but was spared by local Muslims, because they had been permitted to worship in the structure's southern transept.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In 1099, Bethlehem was captured by the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">Crusaders</a>, who fortified it and built a new monastery and cloister on the north side of the Church of the Nativity. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> clergy were removed from their <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">sees</a> and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Latin</a> clerics. Up until that point the official Christian presence in the region was Greek Orthodox. On Christmas Day 1100, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin I</a>, first king of the Frankish <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, was crowned in Bethlehem, and that year a Latin episcopate was also established in the town.<a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a> In 1187, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> who led the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Muslim Ayyubids</a>, captured Bethlehem from the Crusaders. The Latin clerics were forced to leave, allowing the Greek Orthodox clergy to return. Saladin agreed to the return of two Latin priests and two deacons in 1192. However, Bethlehem suffered from the loss of the pilgrim trade, as there was a sharp decrease of European pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Count_of_Nevers" title="William IV, Count of Nevers">William IV, Count of Nevers</a> had promised the Christian bishops of Bethlehem that if Bethlehem should fall under Muslim control, he would welcome them in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Clamecy,_Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Clamecy, Nièvre">Clamecy</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, France. As a result, the Bishop of Bethlehem duly took up residence in the hospital of Panthenor, Clamecy, in 1223. Clamecy remained the continuous '<a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">in partibus infidelium</a>' seat of the Bishopric of Bethlehem for almost 600 years, until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Bethlehem, along with Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, was briefly ceded to the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> by a treaty between <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> and Ayyubid Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil</a> in 1229, in return for a ten-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders. The treaty expired in 1239, and Bethlehem was recaptured by the Muslims in 1244.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> In 1250, with the coming to power of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Rukn al-Din Baibars</a>, tolerance of Christianity declined. Members of the clergy left the city, and in 1263 the town walls were demolished. The Latin clergy returned to Bethlehem the following century, establishing themselves in the monastery adjoining the Basilica of the Nativity. The Greek Orthodox were given control of the basilica and shared control of the Milk Grotto with the Latins and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg/220px-Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg/330px-Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg/440px-Bethlehem_Polenov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A painting of Bethlehem by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Polenov" title="Vasily Polenov">Vasily Polenov</a>, 1882</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bethlehem_1898.jpg/220px-Bethlehem_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bethlehem_1898.jpg/330px-Bethlehem_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bethlehem_1898.jpg/440px-Bethlehem_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>View of Bethlehem, Christmas Day 1898</figcaption></figure> From 1517, during the years of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> control, custody of the Basilica was bitterly disputed between the Catholic and Greek <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a> By the end of the 16th century, Bethlehem had become one of the largest villages in the District of Jerusalem, and was subdivided into seven quarters.<a href="#cite_note-Singer-54">[53]</a> The Basbus family served as the heads of Bethlehem among other leaders during this period.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The Ottoman tax record and census from 1596 indicates that Bethlehem had a population of 1,435, making it the 13th largest village in Palestine at the time. Its total revenue amounted to 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">akce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petersen141-56">[55]</a> Bethlehem paid taxes on wheat, barley and grapes. The Muslims and Christians were organized into separate communities, each having its own leader. Five leaders represented the village in the mid-16th century, three of whom were Muslims. Ottoman tax records suggest that the Christian population was slightly more prosperous or grew more grain than grapes (the former being a more valuable commodity).<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> From 1831 to 1841, Palestine was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali Dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. During this period, the town suffered <a href="/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee earthquake of 1837">an earthquake</a> as well as the destruction of the Muslim quarter in 1834 by Egyptian troops, apparently as a reprisal for the murder of a favored loyalist of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_revolt_in_Palestine" title="Peasants' revolt in Palestine">Peasants' revolt in Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In 1841, Bethlehem came under Ottoman rule once again and remained so until the end of World War I. Under the Ottomans, Bethlehem's inhabitants faced unemployment, <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">compulsory military service</a>, and heavy taxes, resulting in mass emigration, particularly to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a> An American missionary in the 1850s reported a population of under 4,000, nearly all of whom belonged to the Greek Church. He also noted that a lack of water limited the town's growth.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Socin" title="Albert Socin">Socin</a> found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that Bethlehem had a population of 179 Muslims in 59 houses, 979 "Latins" in 256 houses, 824 "Greeks" in 213 houses, and 41 Armenians in 11 houses, a total of 539 houses. The population count only included men.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hartmann" title="Martin Hartmann">Hartmann</a> found that Bethlehem had 520 houses.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg/220px-AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg/330px-AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg/440px-AN_AERIAL_PHOTO_OF_THE_CITY_BETHLEHEM._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9D.D332-057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Bethlehem 1937</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg/220px-2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg/330px-2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg/440px-2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Bethlehem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>2018 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations</a> map of the area, showing the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation</a> arrangements.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palestine_stamp.jpg/220px-Palestine_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palestine_stamp.jpg/330px-Palestine_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palestine_stamp.jpg/440px-Palestine_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>1927 stamp from the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> period, showcasing <a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a> (or Bilal bin Rabah Mosque) in Bethlehem</figcaption></figure> Bethlehem was part of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> from 1920 to 1948.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">1947 resolution to partition Palestine</a>, Bethlehem was included in the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)">international enclave of Jerusalem</a> to be administered by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> captured the city during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Many refugees from areas captured by <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> forces in 1947–48 fled to the Bethlehem area, primarily settling in what became the official refugee camps of <a href="/wiki/%27Azza" title="'Azza">'Azza</a> (Beit Jibrin) and <a href="/wiki/Aida_Camp" title="Aida Camp">'Aida</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Dheisheh" title="Dheisheh">Dheisheh</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The influx of refugees significantly transformed Bethlehem's Christian majority into a Muslim one.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Jordan retained control of the city until the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, when Bethlehem was captured by Israel, along with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>. Following the Six-Day War, Israel took control of the city. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg/220px-Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg/330px-Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg/440px-Die_Mauer_von_Bethlehem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2537" data-file-height="2537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a> in Bethlehem in 2012</figcaption></figure> During the early months of <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>, on 5 May 1989, Milad Anton Shahin, aged 12, was shot dead by <a href="/wiki/Israeli_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli army">Israeli soldiers</a>. Replying to a Member of <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> in August 1990 Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzak_Rabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzak Rabin">Yitzak Rabin</a> stated that a group of reservists in an observation post had come under attack by stone throwers. The commander of the post, a senior non-commissioned officer, fired two <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic bullets">plastic bullets</a> in deviation of operational rules. No evidence was found that this caused the boy's death. The officer was found guilty of illegal use of a weapon and sentenced to 5 months imprisonment, two of them actually in prison doing public service. He was also demoted.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> On December 21, 1995, Israeli troops withdrew from Bethlehem,<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> and three days later the city came under the administration and military control of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord" title="Oslo II Accord">Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> When the Palestinian Authority assumed control in 1995, it publicly extended the boundaries of Bethlehem, allegedly to secure a Muslim majority.<a href="#cite_note-AK-70">[69]</a> This expansion incorporated over 30,000 Muslims from nearby refugee camps into the city.<a href="#cite_note-AK-70">[69]</a> Yasser Arafat, then the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), unilaterally replaced the predominantly Christian city council with a leadership that was largely Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-AK-70">[69]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Palestinian Intifada</a> in 2000–2005, Bethlehem's infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> industry were damaged.<a href="#cite_note-OCHA-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In 2002, it was a primary combat zone in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield" title="Operation Defensive Shield">Operation Defensive Shield</a>, a major military counteroffensive by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israeli Defense Forces</a> (IDF).<a href="#cite_note-BBC-73">[72]</a> The IDF <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Church_of_the_Nativity_in_Bethlehem" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem">besieged the Church of the Nativity</a>, where dozens of Palestinian militants had sought refuge. The siege lasted 39 days. Several militants were killed. It ended with an agreement to exile 13 of the militants to foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-siege_timeline-74">[73]</a> Today, the city is surrounded by two bypass roads for <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlers</a>, leaving the inhabitants squeezed between thirty-seven Jewish enclaves, where a quarter of all West Bank settlers, roughly 170,000, live; the gap between the two roads is closed by the 8-metre high <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a>, which cuts Bethlehem off from its sister city Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg/170px-The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg/255px-The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg/340px-The_walled_off_hotel_outlook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Walled_Off_Hotel" title="The Walled Off Hotel">The Walled Off Hotel</a>, owned and decorated by <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a></figcaption></figure>Christian families that have lived in Bethlehem for hundreds of years are being forced to leave as land in Bethlehem is seized, and homes bulldozed, for construction of thousands of new Israeli homes.<a href="#cite_note-Plp-8">[8]</a> Land seizures for Israeli settlements have also prevented construction of a new hospital for the inhabitants of Bethlehem, as well as the barrier separating dozens of Palestinian families from their farmland and Christian communities from their places of worship.<a href="#cite_note-Plp-8">[8]</a> Christians have reportedly suffered persecution under the Palestinian Authority, leading to emigration.<a href="#cite_note-AK-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/International_Christian_Concern" title="International Christian Concern">International Christian Concern</a>, there are reports of Christians suffering sexual harassments, kidnappings, forced marriages, extortion and murder of converts by Muslims and PA officials.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethl%C3%A9em_r%C3%A9sidence.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bethl%C3%A9em_r%C3%A9sidence.JPG/220px-Bethl%C3%A9em_r%C3%A9sidence.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bethl%C3%A9em_r%C3%A9sidence.JPG/330px-Bethl%C3%A9em_r%C3%A9sidence.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bethl%C3%A9em_r%C3%A9sidence.JPG/440px-Bethl%C3%A9em_r%C3%A9sidence.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Residence of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_of_Betharram" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Betharram">Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Betharram</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> Bethlehem is located at an elevation of about 775 meters (2,543 ft) <a href="/wiki/Metres_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres above sea level">above sea level</a>, 30 meters (98 ft) higher than nearby <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Bethlehem is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judean Mountains</a>. The city is located 73 kilometers (45 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, 75 kilometers (47 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, 59 kilometers (37 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and 10 kilometers (6 mi) south of Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Nearby cities and towns include <a href="/wiki/Beit_Safafa" title="Beit Safafa">Beit Safafa</a> and Jerusalem to the north, <a href="/wiki/Beit_Jala" title="Beit Jala">Beit Jala</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Husan" title="Husan">Husan</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Al-Khader" title="Al-Khader">al-Khadr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artas,_Bethlehem" title="Artas, Bethlehem">Artas</a> to the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Beit_Sahour" title="Beit Sahour">Beit Sahour</a> to the east. Beit Jala and the latter form an <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">agglomeration</a> with Bethlehem. The <a href="/wiki/Aida_Camp" title="Aida Camp">Aida</a> and <a href="/wiki/%27Azza" title="'Azza">Azza</a> refugee camps are located within the city limits.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> In the center of Bethlehem is its old city. The old city consists of eight quarters, laid out in a mosaic style, forming the area around the Manger Square. The quarters include the Christian an-Najajreh, al-Farahiyeh, al-Anatreh, al-Tarajmeh, al-Qawawsa and Hreizat quarters and al-Fawaghreh—the only Muslim quarter.<a href="#cite_note-BPS-83">[82]</a> Most of the Christian quarters are named after the Arab <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid</a> clans that settled there.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Al-Qawawsa Quarter was formed by <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christian</a> emigrants from the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Tuqu%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuqu'">Tuqu'</a> in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Zeiter-85">[84]</a> There is also a <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Syriac</a> quarter outside of the old city,<a href="#cite_note-BPS-83">[82]</a> whose inhabitants originate from <a href="/wiki/Midyat" title="Midyat">Midyat</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96merli,_Mardin" title="Ömerli, Mardin">Ma'asarte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The total population of the old city is about 5,000.<a href="#cite_note-BPS-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> Bethlehem has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: Csa), with hot and dry summers and mild, wetter winters. Winter temperatures (mid-December to mid-March) can be cool and rainy. January is the coldest month, with temperatures ranging from 1 to 13 degree Celsius (33–55 °F). From May through September, the weather is warm and sunny. August is the hottest month, with a high of 30 degrees Celsius (86 °F). Bethlehem receives an average of 700 millimeters (28 in) of rainfall annually, 70% between November and January.<a href="#cite_note-BMC-87">[86]</a> Bethlehem's average annual relative <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> is 60% and reaches its highest rates between January and February. Humidity levels are at their lowest in May. Night dew may occur in up to 180 days per year. The city is influenced by the Mediterranean Sea breeze that occurs around mid-day. However, Bethlehem is affected also by annual waves of hot, dry, sandy and dust Khamaseen winds from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>, during April, May and mid-June.<a href="#cite_note-BMC-87">[86]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Bethlehem </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (54) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 (55) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 (61) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 (72) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (79) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 (82) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 (86) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 (86) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 (82) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (79) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20 (68) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 (57) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22 (72) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 (45) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (50) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 (57) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17 (63) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (66) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (66) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17 (63) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15 (59) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 (52) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 (45) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12 (54) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: myweather2.com<a href="#cite_note-weather2-88">[87]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1867</td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,000–4,000<a href="#cite_note-Miller-89">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Village_Statistics,_1945" title="Village Statistics, 1945">1945</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">8,820<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-1945p24-91">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td style="text-align:center;">22,453<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983</td> <td style="text-align:center;">16,300<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td style="text-align:center;">21,930<a href="#cite_note-PCBSCensus-94">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td style="text-align:center;">25,266<a href="#cite_note-PCBSCensus-94">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td style="text-align:center;">28,591<a href="#cite_note-PrelimCensus2017-95">[94]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_of_Omar_with_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mosque_of_Omar_with_city.jpg/220px-Mosque_of_Omar_with_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mosque_of_Omar_with_city.jpg/330px-Mosque_of_Omar_with_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mosque_of_Omar_with_city.jpg/440px-Mosque_of_Omar_with_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Bethlehem)" title="Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem)">Mosque of Omar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Evangelical Lutheran Christmas Church</a>, and the Salesian Church of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Defter" title="Defter">Ottoman tax records</a>, Christians made up roughly 60% of the population in the early 16th century, while the Christian and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> populations became equal by the middle of that century. However, there were no Muslim inhabitants counted by the end of the century, with a recorded population of 287 adult male taxpayers. Christians, like all non-Muslims throughout the Ottoman Empire, were required to pay the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> tax.<a href="#cite_note-Singer-54">[53]</a> In 1867, an American visitor describes the town as having a population of 3,000 to 4,000, of whom about 100 were <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, 300 were Muslim and "the remainder belonging to the Latin and Greek Churches with a few Armenians."<a href="#cite_note-Miller-89">[88]</a> Another report from the same year puts the Christian population at 3,000, with an additional 50 Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Malet1868-96">[95]</a> An 1885 source put the population at approximately 6,000 of "principally Christians, Latins and Greeks" with no Jewish inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-JewishIntelligenceVol1-97">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine" title="1922 census of Palestine">census of 1922</a> lists Bethlehem as having 6,658 residents (5,838 Christians, 818 Muslims, and two Jews),<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> increasing in <a href="/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine" title="1931 census of Palestine">1931</a> to 6,804 (5,588 Christians, 1,219 Muslims, five with no religion, and two Jews) with 506 in nearby suburbs (251 Muslims, 216 Christians, and 39 Jews).<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The 1938 village statistics list the population as 7,520 with 499 in nearby suburbs (including 42 Jews).<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Village_Statistics,_1945" title="Village Statistics, 1945">1945 village statistics</a> list Bethlehem's population as 8,820 (6,430 Christians, 2,370 Muslims, and 20 "other").<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In 1948, the religious makeup of the city was 85% Christian, mostly of the Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic denominations, and 13% Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-AP-102">[101]</a> In the 1967 census taken by Israel authorities, the town of Bethlehem proper numbered 14,439 inhabitants, its 7,790 Muslim inhabitants represented 53.9% of the population, while the Christians of various denominations numbered 6,231 or 46.1%.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In the PCBS's 1997 census, the city had a population of 21,670, including a total of 6,570 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">refugees</a>, accounting for 30.3% of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-PCBSCensus-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In 1997, the age distribution of Bethlehem's inhabitants was 27.4% under the age of 10, 20% from 10 to 19, 17.3% from 20 to 29, 17.7% from 30 to 44, 12.1% from 45 to 64 and 5.3% above the age of 65. There were 11,079 males and 10,594 females.<a href="#cite_note-PCBSCensus-94">[93]</a> In the 2007 PCBS census, Bethlehem had a population of 25,266, of which 12,753 were males and 12,513 were females. There were 6,709 housing units, of which 5,211 were households. The average household consisted of 4.8 family members.<a href="#cite_note-PCBS07-105">[104]</a> By 2017, the population was 28,591.<a href="#cite_note-PrelimCensus2017-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_population">Christian population</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:55.Bethlehem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/55.Bethlehem.jpg/170px-55.Bethlehem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/55.Bethlehem.jpg/254px-55.Bethlehem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/55.Bethlehem.jpg/339px-55.Bethlehem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Four Bethlehemi Christian women, 1911</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> in the 630s, the local Christians were <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabized</a> even though large numbers were ethnically Arabs of the Ghassanid clans.<a href="#cite_note-beth-106">[105]</a> Bethlehem's two largest Arab Christian clans trace their ancestry to the Ghassanids, including al-Farahiyyah and an-Najajreh.<a href="#cite_note-beth-106">[105]</a> The former have descended from the Ghassanids who migrated from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Musa" title="Wadi Musa">Wadi Musa</a> area in present-day <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and an-Najajreh descend from <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-beth-106">[105]</a> Another Bethlehem clan, al-Anatreh, also trace their ancestry to the Ghassanids.<a href="#cite_note-beth-106">[105]</a> The percentage of Christians in the town has been in a steady decline since the mid-twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-AP-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malek2017-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lidman2016-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2013-109">[108]</a> In 1947, Christians made up 85% of the population, but by 1998, the figure had declined to 40%.<a href="#cite_note-AP-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malek2017-107">[106]</a> In 2005, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayor_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayor of Bethlehem (page does not exist)">mayor of Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Batarseh" title="Victor Batarseh">Victor Batarseh</a>, explained that "due to the stress, either physical or psychological, and the bad economic situation, many people are emigrating, either Christians or Muslims, but it is more apparent among Christians, because they already are a minority."<a href="#cite_note-VOA-110">[109]</a> The Palestinian Authority is officially committed to equality for Christians, although there have been incidents of violence against them by the <a href="/wiki/Preventive_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive Security Force">Preventive Security Service</a> and militant factions.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In 2006, a <a href="/wiki/John_Zogby" title="John Zogby">Zogby</a> poll that interviewed more than 1,000 Palestinian Christians from Bethlehem found that 79% of the respondents cited the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation</a> as source of difficulties leading the emigration of their community.<a href="#cite_note-AJ1-113">[112]</a> In the same year, the Palestinian Centre for Research and Cultural Dialogue conducted a poll among the city's Christians according to which 90% said they had had Muslim friends, 73.3% agreed that the PNA treated Christian heritage in the city with respect and 78% attributed the exodus of Christians to the Israeli blockade.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The only mosque in the Old City is the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Bethlehem)" title="Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem)">Mosque of Omar</a>, located in the Manger Square.<a href="#cite_note-ATT-49">[48]</a> By 2016, the Christian population of Bethlehem had declined to only 16%.<a href="#cite_note-Lidman2016-108">[107]</a> The Christian population's proportion of Bethlehem fell from 87% in the 1950s to 12% in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> A study by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> concluded that the decline in the Arab Christian population of the area was partially a result of a lower <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> among Christians than among Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-Lidman2016-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Connor-116">[115]</a> but also partially due to the fact that Christians were more likely to emigrate from the region than any other religious group.<a href="#cite_note-Lidman2016-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Connor-116">[115]</a> The seizure of Christian land by Muslim mafias and the bias of the Palestinian Judicial system have been cited as reasons leading to emigration.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Amon Ramnon, a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research">Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research</a>, stated that the reason why more Christians were emigrating than Muslims is because it is easier for Arab Christians to integrate into western communities than for Arab Muslims, since many of them attend church-affiliated schools, where they are taught European languages.<a href="#cite_note-Lidman2016-108">[107]</a> A higher percentage of Christians in the region are urban-dwellers, which also makes it easier for them to emigrate and assimilate into western populations.<a href="#cite_note-Lidman2016-108">[107]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical analysis</a> of the Christian exodus cited lack of economic and educational opportunity, especially due to the Christians' <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle-class</a> status and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>, 10% of the Christian population have left the city.<a href="#cite_note-VOA-110">[109]</a> However, it is likely that there are many other factors, most of which are shared with the Palestinian population as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heading_to_Bethlehem_Gloria_in_Excelsis_Deo_by_ArmAg_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Heading_to_Bethlehem_Gloria_in_Excelsis_Deo_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg/220px-Heading_to_Bethlehem_Gloria_in_Excelsis_Deo_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Heading_to_Bethlehem_Gloria_in_Excelsis_Deo_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg/330px-Heading_to_Bethlehem_Gloria_in_Excelsis_Deo_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Heading_to_Bethlehem_Gloria_in_Excelsis_Deo_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg/440px-Heading_to_Bethlehem_Gloria_in_Excelsis_Deo_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4884" data-file-height="2506" /></a><figcaption>High-rise construction in Bethlehem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacir_palace.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jacir_palace.JPG/220px-Jacir_palace.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jacir_palace.JPG/330px-Jacir_palace.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jacir_palace.JPG/440px-Jacir_palace.JPG 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/InterContinental" title="InterContinental">InterContinental</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacir_Palace" title="Jacir Palace">Jacir Palace</a></figcaption></figure> Shopping is a major attraction, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> season. The city's main streets and old markets are lined with shops selling <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_handicrafts" title="Palestinian handicrafts">Palestinian handicrafts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> spices, jewelry and oriental sweets such as <a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">baklawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Olive <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">wood carvings</a> <a href="#cite_note-BethTour-121">[120]</a> are the item most purchased by tourists visiting Bethlehem.<a href="#cite_note-handicrafts-122">[121]</a> Religious handicrafts include ornaments handmade from <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">mother-of-pearl</a>, as well as olive wood statues, boxes, and crosses.<a href="#cite_note-BethTour-121">[120]</a> Other industries include stone and marble-cutting, textiles, furniture and furnishings.<a href="#cite_note-ChamberInfo-123">[122]</a> Bethlehem factories also produce paints, plastics, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>, pharmaceuticals, construction materials and food products, mainly pasta and confectionery.<a href="#cite_note-ChamberInfo-123">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cremisan_Valley" title="Cremisan Valley">Cremisan Wine</a>, founded in 1885, is a winery run by monks in the Monastery of Cremisan. The grapes are grown mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Khader" title="Al-Khader">al-Khader</a> district. In 2007, the monastery's wine production was around 700,000 liters per year.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> In 2008, Bethlehem hosted the largest <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Investment_Conference" title="Palestine Investment Conference">economic conference</a> to date in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>. It was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian Prime Minister</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of the Palestinian National Authority">Finance Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Salam_Fayyad" title="Salam Fayyad">Salam Fayyad</a> to convince more than a thousand businessmen, bankers and government officials from throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to invest in the West Bank and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>. A total of 1.4 billion US dollars was secured for business investments in the Palestinian territories.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Tourism is Bethlehem's main industry.<a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2013-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCHA-71">[70]</a> Unlike other Palestinian localities prior to 2000, the majority of the employed residents did not have jobs in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-OCHA-71">[70]</a> More than 20% of the working population is employed in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-CityEconomy-126">[125]</a> Tourism accounts for approximately 65% of the city's economy and 11% of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The city has more than two million visitors every year.<a href="#cite_note-CityEconomy-126">[125]</a> Tourism in Bethlehem ground to a halt for over a decade after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2013-109">[108]</a> but gradually began to pick back up in the early 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2013-109">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Schneider_Electric" title="Schneider Electric">Schneider Electric</a> operates a facility in the Multidisciplinary Industrial Park of Bethlehem, which was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian government">Palestinian government</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> is one of Bethlehem's major <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attractions</a> and a magnet for Christian pilgrims. It stands in the center of the city — a part of the <a href="/wiki/Manger_Square" title="Manger Square">Manger Square</a> — over a grotto or cave called the Holy Crypt, where Jesus is believed to have been born. Nearby is the Milk Grotto where the Holy Family took refuge on their Flight to Egypt and next door is the cave where <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">St. Jerome</a> spent thirty years creating the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, the dominant Latin version of the Bible until the Reformation.<a href="#cite_note-BMH-6">[6]</a> There are over thirty hotels in Bethlehem.<a href="#cite_note-Patience-129">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacir_Palace" title="Jacir Palace">Jacir Palace</a>, built in 1910 near the church, is one of Bethlehem's most successful hotels and its oldest. It was closed down in 2000 due to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, but reopened in 2005 as the Jacir Palace InterContinental at Bethlehem.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The hotel is managed by world renowned international brand — the <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Hotel_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercontinental Hotel Group">Intercontinental Hotel Group</a> (IHG) and is second IHG hotel in the country after <a href="/wiki/Seven_Arches_Hotel" title="Seven Arches Hotel">IHG</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance_and_commemoration">Religious significance and commemoration</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birthplace_of_Jesus">Birthplace of Jesus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_birthplace_in_Bethlehem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jesus_birthplace_in_Bethlehem.jpg/220px-Jesus_birthplace_in_Bethlehem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jesus_birthplace_in_Bethlehem.jpg/330px-Jesus_birthplace_in_Bethlehem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jesus_birthplace_in_Bethlehem.jpg/440px-Jesus_birthplace_in_Bethlehem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Silver star marking the place where Jesus was born according to Christian tradition</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_cradle_space,_Bethleham.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Christ_cradle_space%2C_Bethleham.jpeg/220px-Christ_cradle_space%2C_Bethleham.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Christ_cradle_space%2C_Bethleham.jpeg/330px-Christ_cradle_space%2C_Bethleham.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Christ_cradle_space%2C_Bethleham.jpeg/440px-Christ_cradle_space%2C_Bethleham.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Altar of the Magi opposite the Holy Manger, Nativity Grotto</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_Christmas2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bethlehem_Christmas2.JPG/170px-Bethlehem_Christmas2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bethlehem_Christmas2.JPG/255px-Bethlehem_Christmas2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bethlehem_Christmas2.JPG/340px-Bethlehem_Christmas2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Catholic procession on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_tree,_Bethlehem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Christmas_tree%2C_Bethlehem.jpg/170px-Christmas_tree%2C_Bethlehem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Christmas_tree%2C_Bethlehem.jpg/255px-Christmas_tree%2C_Bethlehem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Christmas_tree%2C_Bethlehem.jpg/340px-Christmas_tree%2C_Bethlehem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a> in Bethlehem; behind it, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> says that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' parents traveled from <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born.<a href="#cite_note-qjukjz-29">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> mentions Bethlehem as the place of birth,<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> and adds that King Herod was told that a 'King of the Jews' had been born in the town, prompting Herod to order the killing of all the boys who were two years old or under in the town and surrounding area. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a>, warned of Herod's impending action by an <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">angel of the Lord</a>, decided to flee to Egypt with his family and then later settled in Nazareth after Herod's death. Early Christian traditions describe <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as being born in Bethlehem: in one account, a verse in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Book of Micah</a> is interpreted as a prophecy that the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> would be born there.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The second century <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> stated in his <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_with_Trypho" title="Dialogue with Trypho">Dialogue with Trypho</a> (written c. 155–161) that the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> had taken refuge in a cave outside of the town and then placed Jesus in a manger.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> of Alexandria, writing around the year 247, referred to a cave in the town of Bethlehem which local people believed was the birthplace of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> This cave was possibly one which had previously been a site of the cult of <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (deity)">Tammuz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> and the Gospel of John do not include a nativity narrative, but refer to him only as being from Nazareth.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> In a 2005 article in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)" title="Archaeology (magazine)">Archaeology</a> magazine, archaeologist Aviram Oshri points to an absence of evidence for the settlement of Bethlehem near Jerusalem at the time when Jesus was born, and postulates that Jesus was born in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_of_Galilee" title="Bethlehem of Galilee">Bethlehem of Galilee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> However, other archaeologists argue that there is evidence that Bethlehem of Judea was inhabited at that time.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a>: 6–10  In a 2011 article in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a> magazine, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Murphy-O%27Connor" title="Jerome Murphy-O'Connor">Jerome Murphy-O'Connor</a> argues for the traditional position that Jesus was born in Bethlehem near Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christmas_celebrations">Christmas celebrations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_Christmas_pilgrims_enter_town_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bethlehem_Christmas_pilgrims_enter_town_1890.jpg/220px-Bethlehem_Christmas_pilgrims_enter_town_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bethlehem_Christmas_pilgrims_enter_town_1890.jpg/330px-Bethlehem_Christmas_pilgrims_enter_town_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bethlehem_Christmas_pilgrims_enter_town_1890.jpg/440px-Bethlehem_Christmas_pilgrims_enter_town_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Christmas pilgrims, 1890</figcaption></figure> Christmas rites are held in Bethlehem on three different dates: December 25 is the traditional date by the Roman Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations, but Greek, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syrian Orthodox</a> Christians celebrate Christmas on January 6 and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Orthodox</a> Christians on January 19. Most Christmas processions pass through Manger Square, the plaza outside the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Basilica of the Nativity</a>. Roman Catholic services take place in <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Catherine,_Bethlehem" title="Church of Saint Catherine, Bethlehem">St. Catherine's Church</a> and Protestants often hold services at Shepherds' Fields.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_religious_festivals">Other religious festivals</h3></div> Bethlehem celebrates festivals related to saints and prophets associated with Palestinian folklore. One such festival is the annual <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day" title="Saint George's Day">Feast of Saint George</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">al-Khadr</a>) on May 5–6. During the celebrations, Greek Orthodox Christians from the city march in procession to the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Khader" title="Al-Khader">al-Khader</a> to baptize newborns in the waters around the <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Monastery,_Al-Khader" title="St. George's Monastery, Al-Khader">Monastery of St. George</a> and sacrifice a sheep in ritual.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The Feast of St. <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> is commemorated by a procession to Mar Elias, a Greek Orthodox monastery north of Bethlehem. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embroidery">Embroidery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_costumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian costumes">Palestinian costumes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_woman_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bethlehem_woman_edited.jpg/170px-Bethlehem_woman_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bethlehem_woman_edited.jpg/255px-Bethlehem_woman_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bethlehem_woman_edited.jpg/340px-Bethlehem_woman_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Woman in traditional Bethlehem costume</figcaption></figure> The women embroiderers of Bethlehem were known for their bridalwear.<a href="#cite_note-PCA2-146">[145]</a> Bethlehem embroidery was renowned for its "strong overall effect of colors and metallic brilliance."<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Less formal dresses were made of indigo fabric with a sleeveless coat (bisht) from locally woven wool worn over top. Dresses for special occasions were made of striped silk with winged sleeves with a short taqsireh jacket known as the Bethlehem jacket. The taqsireh was made of <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">broadcloth</a>, usually with heavy embroidery.<a href="#cite_note-PCA2-146">[145]</a> Bethlehem work was unique in its use of couched gold or silver cord, or silk cord onto the silk, wool, felt or velvet used for the garment, to create stylized floral patterns with free or rounded lines. This technique was used for "royal" <a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">wedding dresses</a> (thob malak), taqsirehs and the shatwehs worn by married women. It has been traced by some to <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, and by others to the formal costumes of the Ottoman Empire's elite. As a Christian village, local women were also exposed to the detailing on church vestments with their heavy embroidery and silver brocade.<a href="#cite_note-PCA2-146">[145]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_Dress_(Palestinian_Thobe).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bethlehem traditional dress"><img alt="Bethlehem traditional dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg/68px-Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg/102px-Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg/135px-Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2477" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bethlehem traditional dress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chest_panel_from_Bethlehem_dress_(Palestinian_Thobe).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chest panel from Bethlehem dress"><img alt="Chest panel from Bethlehem dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chest_panel_from_Bethlehem_dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg/96px-Chest_panel_from_Bethlehem_dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chest_panel_from_Bethlehem_dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg/144px-Chest_panel_from_Bethlehem_dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chest_panel_from_Bethlehem_dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg/192px-Chest_panel_from_Bethlehem_dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="3167" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chest panel from Bethlehem dress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Embroidery_from_Bethlehem_Dress_(Palestinian_Thobe).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embroidery detail"><img alt="Embroidery detail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Embroidery_from_Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg/120px-Embroidery_from_Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Embroidery_from_Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg/180px-Embroidery_from_Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Embroidery_from_Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg/240px-Embroidery_from_Bethlehem_Dress_%28Palestinian_Thobe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="833" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embroidery detail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_Jacket_(taqsireh).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taqsireh jacket embroidered with Palestinian patterns"><img alt="Taqsireh jacket embroidered with Palestinian patterns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bethlehem_Jacket_%28taqsireh%29.jpg/120px-Bethlehem_Jacket_%28taqsireh%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bethlehem_Jacket_%28taqsireh%29.jpg/180px-Bethlehem_Jacket_%28taqsireh%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bethlehem_Jacket_%28taqsireh%29.jpg/240px-Bethlehem_Jacket_%28taqsireh%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="1579" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taqsireh jacket embroidered with Palestinian patterns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_mus%C3%A9e_des_traditions_populaires_(Amman,_Jordanie)_(24116263437).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shatweh, a headdresses worn by married women"><img alt="Shatweh, a headdresses worn by married women" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Le_mus%C3%A9e_des_traditions_populaires_%28Amman%2C_Jordanie%29_%2824116263437%29.jpg/120px-Le_mus%C3%A9e_des_traditions_populaires_%28Amman%2C_Jordanie%29_%2824116263437%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Le_mus%C3%A9e_des_traditions_populaires_%28Amman%2C_Jordanie%29_%2824116263437%29.jpg/180px-Le_mus%C3%A9e_des_traditions_populaires_%28Amman%2C_Jordanie%29_%2824116263437%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Le_mus%C3%A9e_des_traditions_populaires_%28Amman%2C_Jordanie%29_%2824116263437%29.jpg/240px-Le_mus%C3%A9e_des_traditions_populaires_%28Amman%2C_Jordanie%29_%2824116263437%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="1477" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shatweh, a headdresses worn by married women</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother-of-pearl_carving">Mother-of-pearl carving</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mother-of-pearl_carving_in_Bethlehem" title="Mother-of-pearl carving in Bethlehem">Mother-of-pearl carving in Bethlehem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Workers_in_mother-of-pearl2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Workers_in_mother-of-pearl2.jpg/220px-Workers_in_mother-of-pearl2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Workers_in_mother-of-pearl2.jpg/330px-Workers_in_mother-of-pearl2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Workers_in_mother-of-pearl2.jpg/440px-Workers_in_mother-of-pearl2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6516" data-file-height="4916" /></a><figcaption>Craftsmen working with <a href="/wiki/Mother-of-Pearl_carving_in_Bethlehem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-of-Pearl carving in Bethlehem">mother-of-pearl</a>, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> The art of mother-of-pearl carving is said to have been a Bethlehem tradition since the 15th century when it was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a> from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> A constant stream of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> generated a demand for these items, which also provided jobs for women.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The industry was noted by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pococke" title="Richard Pococke">Richard Pococke</a>, who visited Bethlehem in 1727.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_centers_and_museums">Cultural centers and museums</h3></div> Bethlehem is home to the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Heritage_Center" title="Palestinian Heritage Center">Palestinian Heritage Center</a>, established in 1991. The center aims to preserve and promote Palestinian embroidery, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_art" title="Palestinian art">art</a> and folklore.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> The International Center of Bethlehem is another cultural center that concentrates primarily on the culture of Bethlehem. It provides language and guide training, woman's studies and <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">arts and crafts</a> displays, and training.<a href="#cite_note-BH-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_PHC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Inside_the_PHC.JPG/220px-Inside_the_PHC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Inside_the_PHC.JPG/330px-Inside_the_PHC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Inside_the_PHC.JPG/440px-Inside_the_PHC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Inside of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Heritage_Center" title="Palestinian Heritage Center">Palestinian Heritage Center</a></figcaption></figure> The Bethlehem branch of <a href="/wiki/The_Edward_Said_National_Conservatory_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music">the Edward Said National Conservatory of Music</a> has about 500 students. Its primary goals are to teach children music, train teachers for other schools, sponsor music research, and the study of Palestinian folklore music.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Bethlehem has several museums: The Crib of the Nativity Theatre and Museum offers visitors 31 three-dimensional models depicting the significant stages of the life of Jesus. Its theater presents a 20-minute animated show. The <a href="/wiki/Badd_Giacaman_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Badd Giacaman Museum">Badd Giacaman Museum</a>, located in the Old City of Bethlehem, dates back to the 18th century and is primarily dedicated to the history and process of <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-BH-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baituna_al-Talhami_Museum" title="Baituna al-Talhami Museum">Baituna al-Talhami Museum</a>, established in 1972, contains displays of Bethlehem culture.<a href="#cite_note-BH-4">[4]</a> The International Museum of Nativity was built by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) to exhibit "high artistic quality in an evocative atmosphere".<a href="#cite_note-BH-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Palestine Museum of Natural History">Palestine Museum of Natural History</a> is the first of its kind and is based on Bethlehem University campus.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_government">Local government</h2></div> Bethlehem is the muhfaza (seat) or district capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Governorate" title="Bethlehem Governorate">Bethlehem Governorate</a>. Bethlehem held its first municipal elections in 1876, after the mukhtars ("heads") of the quarters of Bethlehem's Old City (excluding the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Quarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syriac Quarter (page does not exist)">Syriac Quarter</a>) made the decision to elect a local council of seven members to represent each clan in the town. A <a href="/wiki/Basic_law" title="Basic law">Basic Law</a> was established so that if the victor for mayor was a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, his deputy should be of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-BME-154">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestinian_Government_Bureau,_Betlehem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Palestinian_Government_Bureau%2C_Betlehem.jpg/220px-Palestinian_Government_Bureau%2C_Betlehem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Palestinian_Government_Bureau%2C_Betlehem.jpg/330px-Palestinian_Government_Bureau%2C_Betlehem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Palestinian_Government_Bureau%2C_Betlehem.jpg/440px-Palestinian_Government_Bureau%2C_Betlehem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Governorate" title="Bethlehem Governorate">Bethlehem Governorate</a> building</figcaption></figure> Throughout, Bethlehem's rule by the British and Jordan, the Syriac Quarter was allowed to participate in the election, as were the Ta'amrah <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a> and Palestinian refugees, hence ratifying the number of municipal members in the council to 11. In 1976, an amendment was passed to allow women to vote and become council members and later the voting age was increased from 21 to 25.<a href="#cite_note-BME-154">[153]</a> There are several branches of political parties on the council, including <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a>, and secular. The leftist factions of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) such as the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a> (PFLP) and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_People%27s_Party" title="Palestinian People's Party">Palestinian People's Party</a> (PPP) usually dominate the reserved seats. <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> gained the majority of the open seats in the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_local_elections,_2004%E2%80%932005" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian local elections, 2004–2005">Palestinian municipal elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayors">Mayors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem-Nativity-207.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bethlehem-Nativity-207.jpg/220px-Bethlehem-Nativity-207.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bethlehem-Nativity-207.jpg/330px-Bethlehem-Nativity-207.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bethlehem-Nativity-207.jpg/440px-Bethlehem-Nativity-207.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>Bethlehem Municipality building in <a href="/wiki/Manger_Square" title="Manger Square">Manger Square</a></figcaption></figure> In the October 2012 municipal elections, Fatah member Vera Baboun won, becoming the first female <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayor_of_Bethlehem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayor of Bethlehem (page does not exist)">mayor of Bethlehem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kuttabmonitor-156">[155]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Abu_Saadeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Abu Saadeh (page does not exist)">Mikhail Abu Saadeh</a> – 1876</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalil_Yaqub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalil Yaqub (page does not exist)">Khalil Yaqub</a> – 1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Jacir" title="Suleiman Jacir">Suleiman Jacir</a> – 1884</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Issa_Abdullah_Marcus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Issa Abdullah Marcus (page does not exist)">Issa Abdullah Marcus</a> – 1888</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqub_Khalil_Elias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaqub Khalil Elias (page does not exist)">Yaqub Khalil Elias</a> – 1892</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Mansur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanna Mansur (page does not exist)">Hanna Mansur</a> – 1895–1915</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salim_Issa_al-Batarseh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salim Issa al-Batarseh (page does not exist)">Salim Issa al-Batarseh</a> – 1916–17</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salah_Giries_Jaqaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salah Giries Jaqaman (page does not exist)">Salah Giries Jaqaman</a> – 1917–1921</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musa_Qattan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musa Qattan (page does not exist)">Musa Qattan</a> – 1921–1925</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Ibrahim_Miladah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanna Ibrahim Miladah (page does not exist)">Hanna Ibrahim Miladah</a> – 1926–1928</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicoloa_Attalah_Shain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicoloa Attalah Shain (page does not exist)">Nicoloa Attalah Shain</a> – 1929–1933</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Issa_al-Qawwas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanna Issa al-Qawwas (page does not exist)">Hanna Issa al-Qawwas</a> – 1936–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Basil_Bandak" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa Basil Bandak">Issa Basil Bandak</a> – 1946–1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Bandak" title="Elias Bandak">Elias Bandak</a> – 1951–1953</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afif_Salm_Batarseh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afif Salm Batarseh (page does not exist)">Afif Salm Batarseh</a> – 1952–53</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Bandak" title="Elias Bandak">Elias Bandak</a> – 1953–1957</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyub_Musallam" title="Ayyub Musallam">Ayyub Musallam</a> – 1958–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Bandak" title="Elias Bandak">Elias Bandak</a> – 1963–1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Freij" title="Elias Freij">Elias Freij</a> – 1972–1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Nasser" title="Hanna Nasser">Hanna Nasser</a> – 1997–2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Batarseh" title="Victor Batarseh">Victor Batarseh</a> 2005–2012<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Baboun" title="Vera Baboun">Vera Baboun</a> – 2012–2017<a href="#cite_note-kuttabmonitor-156">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Salman" title="Anton Salman">Anton Salman</a> – 2017–2022</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Hanania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanna Hanania (page does not exist)">Hanna Hanania</a> 2022–present</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_Banksy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bethlehem_Banksy.jpg/220px-Bethlehem_Banksy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bethlehem_Banksy.jpg/330px-Bethlehem_Banksy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bethlehem_Banksy.jpg/440px-Bethlehem_Banksy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a> mural in <a href="/wiki/Beit_Sahour" title="Beit Sahour">Beit Sahour</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics">Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (PCBS), in 1997, approximately 84% of Bethlehem's population over the age of 10 was literate. Of the city's population, 10,414 were enrolled in schools (4,015 in <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary school</a>, 3,578 in secondary and 2,821 in high school). About 14.1% of high school students received diplomas.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> There were 135 schools in the <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Governorate" title="Bethlehem Governorate">Bethlehem Governorate</a> in 2006; 100 run the <a href="/wiki/Education_Minister_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Education Minister of the Palestinian National Authority">Education Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority</a>, seven by the <a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">United Nations Relief and Works Agency</a> (UNRWA) and 28 were private.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_University_main_building.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bethlehem_University_main_building.jpeg/220px-Bethlehem_University_main_building.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bethlehem_University_main_building.jpeg/330px-Bethlehem_University_main_building.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bethlehem_University_main_building.jpeg/440px-Bethlehem_University_main_building.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_University" title="Bethlehem University">Bethlehem University</a> main building</figcaption></figure> Bethlehem is home to <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_University" title="Bethlehem University">Bethlehem University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Christian co-educational institution of higher learning founded in 1973 in the Lasallian tradition, open to students of all faiths. Bethlehem University is the first university established in the West Bank, and can trace its roots to 1893 when the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Brothers_of_the_Christian_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools">De La Salle Christian Brothers</a> opened schools throughout Palestine and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem-street2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bethlehem-street2.JPG/170px-Bethlehem-street2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bethlehem-street2.JPG/255px-Bethlehem-street2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bethlehem-street2.JPG/340px-Bethlehem-street2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A street in Bethlehem</figcaption></figure> Bethlehem has three bus stations owned by private companies which offer service to Jerusalem, Beit Jala, Beit Sahour, <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahalin" title="Nahalin">Nahalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battir" title="Battir">Battir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Khader" title="Al-Khader">al-Khader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ubeidiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ubeidiya">al-Ubeidiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beit_Fajjar" title="Beit Fajjar">Beit Fajjar</a>. There are two taxi stations that make trips to Beit Sahour, Beit Jala, Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Tuqu%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuqu'">Tuqu'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a>. There are also two car rental departments: Murad and 'Orabi. Buses and taxis with West Bank licenses are not allowed to enter Israel, including Jerusalem, without a permit.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The Israeli construction of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">West Bank barrier</a> has affected Bethlehem politically, socially, and economically. The barrier is located along the northern side of the town's built-up area, within distance of houses in the Aida <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camp</a> on one side, and the Jerusalem municipality on the other.<a href="#cite_note-OCHA-71">[70]</a> Most entrances and exits from the Bethlehem agglomeration to the rest of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> are currently subjected to <a href="/wiki/Israeli_checkpoint" title="Israeli checkpoint">Israeli checkpoints</a> and roadblocks. The level of access varies based on Israeli security directives. Travel for Bethlehem's Palestinian residents from the West Bank into <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> is regulated by a permit-system.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Palestinians require a permit to enter the Jewish holy site of <a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a>. Israeli citizens are barred from entering Bethlehem and the nearby biblical <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Pools" title="Solomon's Pools">Solomon's Pools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OCHA-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the State of Palestine">List of twin towns and sister cities in the State of Palestine</a></div> Bethlehem is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, U.A.E.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>, Colombia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a>, USA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chivasso" title="Chivasso">Chivasso</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a>, Chile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cori,_Lazio" title="Cori, Lazio">Cori</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Creil" title="Creil">Creil</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, Peru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara"><img alt="Western Sahara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dakhla,_Western_Sahara" title="Dakhla, Western Sahara">Dakhla</a>, Western Sahara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Este,_Veneto" title="Este, Veneto">Este</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Faggiano" title="Faggiano">Faggiano</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli,_Apulia" title="Gallipoli, Apulia">Gallipoli</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7ajnsielem" title="Għajnsielem">Għajnsielem</a>, Malta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland, U.K.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greccio" title="Greccio">Greccio</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montevarchi" title="Montevarchi">Montevarchi</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a>, Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pratovecchio_Stia" title="Pratovecchio Stia">Pratovecchio Stia</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sarpsborg" title="Sarpsborg">Sarpsborg</a>, Norway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Steyr" title="Steyr">Steyr</a>, Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Villa_Alemana" title="Villa Alemana">Villa Alemana</a>, Chile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Spain</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_of_Galilee" title="Bethlehem of Galilee">Bethlehem of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Carmarthenshire" title="Bethlehem, Carmarthenshire">Bethlehem, Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The explanation of Bet-leḥem as the "House of (the god) Lahmu" is due to Otto Schröder, OLZ, 1915, pp. 294 f. This explanation is certainly correct [...]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1936-17">[17]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem-city.org/en/members-of-the-municipal-council">"Members of the Municipal Council"</a>. Bethlehem municipality. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020154252/http://www.bethlehem-city.org/en/members-of-the-municipal-council">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bethlehem+municipality&rft.atitle=Members+of+the+Municipal+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethlehem-city.org%2Fen%2Fmembers-of-the-municipal-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-palestinepopulations-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palestinepopulations_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palestinepopulations_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf">"Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments: Census 2017"</a> (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved October 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Results+of+the+Population%2C+Housing+and+Establishments%3A+Census+2017&rft.pub=Palestinian+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcbs.gov.ps%2FDownloads%2Fbook2364-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmanKatz2006" class="citation news cs1">Kaufman, David; Katz, Marisa S. (April 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615222743/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16westbank.html">"In the West Bank, Politics and Tourism Remain Bound Together Inextricably – New York Times"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16westbank.html">the original</a> on June 15, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+West+Bank%2C+Politics+and+Tourism+Remain+Bound+Together+Inextricably+%E2%80%93+New+York+Times&rft.date=2006-04-16&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Katz%2C+Marisa+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F16%2Ftravel%2F16westbank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BH-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BH_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BH_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BH_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BH_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BH_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004839/http://www.bethlehemhotel.com/to-visit-bethlehem">"Places to Visit In & Around Bethlehem"</a>. Bethlehem Hotel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehemhotel.com/to-visit-bethlehem">the original</a> on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places+to+Visit+In+%26+Around+Bethlehem&rft.pub=Bethlehem+Hotel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethlehemhotel.com%2Fto-visit-bethlehem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> 2 Chronicles 11:5–6 (Note: Though v. 6 is frequently translated to say simply that Rehoboam built the city, the Hebrew phrase in v. 5, just prior, וַיִּ֧בֶן עָרִ֛ים לְמָצ֖וֹר wayyiḇen ‘ārîm lemāṣôr means "(and) he built cities into fortresses". Verse 5 is cited by at least one prominent Hebrew lexicon in illustration of this fact. See Koehler, L., Baumgartner, W., Richardson, M. E. J., & Stamm, J. J., The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (electronic edition; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994–2000), entry for the pertinent root בנה bnh, p. 139. Def. 3 reads as follows: "—3. with לְ to develop buildings: עָרִים לְמָצוֹר cities into fortresses 2C[hronicles] 11:5".) </li> <li id="cite_note-BMH-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMH_6-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113150138/http://www.bethlehem-city.org/English/City/index.php">"History and Mithology of Bethlehem"</a>. Bethlehem Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem-city.org/English/City/index.php">the original</a> on January 13, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Mithology+of+Bethlehem&rft.pub=Bethlehem+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethlehem-city.org%2FEnglish%2FCity%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2024" class="citation web cs1">Swan, Melanie (August 2, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/world/article/in-bethlehem-the-christian-population-is-shrinking-and-afraid-x7qpmhkrz">"In Bethlehem, the Christian population is shrinking and afraid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. Retrieved August 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=In+Bethlehem%2C+the+Christian+population+is+shrinking+and+afraid&rft.date=2024-08-02&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Fworld%2Farticle%2Fin-bethlehem-the-christian-population-is-shrinking-and-afraid-x7qpmhkrz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plp-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plp_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plp_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plp_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilp2013" class="citation news cs1">Philp, Catherine (December 24, 2013). "Settlements choke peace in the little town of Bethlehem". <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. pp. 28–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Settlements+choke+peace+in+the+little+town+of+Bethlehem&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=2013-12-24&rft.aulast=Philp&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIIP-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIIP_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIIP_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIIP_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/663773367">Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: a multi-lingual corpus of the inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad</a>. Vol. IV: Iudaea / Idumaea. Eran Lupu, Marfa Heimbach, Naomi Schneider, Hannah Cotton. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">de Gruyter</a>. 2010. p. 635. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022219-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022219-7"><bdi>978-3-11-022219-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/663773367">663773367</a>. <q>The name Bethlehem (Hebr. Bet Leḥem; LXX Βηθλέεμ; Βαιθλέεμ; Aramaic Bêt leḥem) combines the Hebrew words bayit "house" and leḥem "bread" and thus means "house of bread/food." Some claim that it is connected with the verb root lḥm "to fight," whence it would mean "house of war/fighting." That seems less likely. It has also been suggested that there is a connection with the name of the Mesopotamian goddess, Laḫmu, the mother of Anšar (sky) and Kišar (earth) in the Babylonian creation myth, Enuma Elish, but this is generally rejected.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+inscriptionum+Iudaeae%2FPalaestinae%3A+a+multi-lingual+corpus+of+the+inscriptions+from+Alexander+to+Muhammad&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=635&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F663773367&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022219-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F663773367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaromZadok2023" class="citation journal cs1">Marom, Roy; Zadok, Ran (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0cs6f5k5">"Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)"</a>. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 139 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=Early-Ottoman+Palestinian+Toponymy%3A+A+Linguistic+Analysis+of+the+%28Micro-%29Toponyms+in+Haseki+Sultan%27s+Endowment+Deed+%281552%29&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Marom&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Zadok%2C+Ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F0cs6f5k5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Losch-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Losch_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Losch_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosch,_Richard_R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Losch, Richard R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5GJaakRvPgC&pg=PA51">The uttermost part of the earth: a guide to places in the Bible</a> (Illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2805-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2805-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-2805-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122131920/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5GJaakRvPgC&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+uttermost+part+of+the+earth%3A+a+guide+to+places+in+the+Bible&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2805-7&rft.au=Losch%2C+Richard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5GJaakRvPgC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SyrBib-12"><a href="#cite_ref-SyrBib_12-0">^</a> Syriac Bible - Matthew 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.syriacbible.nl/matthew/2.htm">https://www.syriacbible.nl/matthew/2.htm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlincoe2017" class="citation book cs1">Blincoe, Nicholas (November 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJOYDgAAQBAJ&dq=Albright+was+quick+to+pick+up+on+Schroeder%27s+claim+to+have+found+the+first+mention+of+Bethlehem.+But+he+offered+a+different+and+far+simpler+translation.+He+argued+that+the+cuneiform&pg=PT51">Bethlehem: Biography of a Town</a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-584-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-584-0"><bdi>978-1-56858-584-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bethlehem%3A+Biography+of+a+Town&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-584-0&rft.aulast=Blincoe&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJOYDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAlbright%2Bwas%2Bquick%2Bto%2Bpick%2Bup%2Bon%2BSchroeder%2527s%2Bclaim%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bfound%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bmention%2Bof%2BBethlehem.%2BBut%2Bhe%2Boffered%2Ba%2Bdifferent%2Band%2Bfar%2Bsimpler%2Btranslation.%2BHe%2Bargued%2Bthat%2Bthe%2Bcuneiform%26pg%3DPT51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainey1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anson_Rainey" title="Anson Rainey">Rainey, A. F.</a> (October 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356743">"The Toponymics of Eretz-Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research">BASOR</a> (231): 1–17 (6). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356743">10.2307/1356743</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X">0003-097X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356743">1356743</a>. Retrieved May 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BASOR&rft.atitle=The+Toponymics+of+Eretz-Israel&rft.issue=231&rft.pages=1-17+%286%29&rft.date=1978-10&rft.issn=0003-097X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356743%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356743&rft.aulast=Rainey&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mum-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mum_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mum_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1986" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, G. R. H. (January 1, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zatw.1986.98.1.56/html">"The Mother-Maid at Bethlehem"</a>. Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 98 (1): 56–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzatw.1986.98.1.56">10.1515/zatw.1986.98.1.56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0103">1613-0103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170130221">170130221</a>. <q>The form of the name Bethlehem certainly connotes that the latter element is not a common noun but a proper noun, the name of a god who has his temple (house) there - cf. Beth Shemesh etc. Accordingly the literal version, House of Bread, has been put down as folk etymology. Divine names can be found to fit the bill; e.g., Lahmu and Lahamu mentioned in the Babylonian creation epic as offspring of Apsu and Tiamat (v. Staples, AJSL 52, 149—50). Since, however, the name as generally understood is so apt for an agricultural fertility cult centre, it is possible that the question has not been fully probed (cf. Interpreters' Bible Vol. 2, 853).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft&rft.atitle=The+Mother-Maid+at+Bethlehem&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-72&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170130221%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-0103&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzatw.1986.98.1.56&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=G.+R.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fzatw.1986.98.1.56%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/Bethlehem#etymonline_v_30442">"Bethledhem"</a>. Etymology Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymology+Online&rft.atitle=Bethledhem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2FBethlehem%23etymonline_v_30442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1936-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1936_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1936_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbright1936">Albright 1936</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasilewski2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wasilewski, E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21906%2Frbl.187">"Pastoral exhortations – a key to preliminary homiletic research"</a>. The Biblical and Liturgical Movement. 69 (2): 125–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21906%2Frbl.187">10.21906/rbl.187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+and+Liturgical+Movement&rft.atitle=Pastoral+exhortations+%E2%80%93+a+key+to+preliminary+homiletic+research&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-142&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21906%2Frbl.187&rft.aulast=Wasilewski&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21906%252Frbl.187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OX-20"><a href="#cite_ref-OX_20-0">^</a> "Oxford Archeological Guides: The Holy Land", <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Murphy-O%27Connor" title="Jerome Murphy-O'Connor">Jerome Murphy-O'Connor</a>, pp. 198–199, Oxford University Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288013-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288013-0">978-0-19-288013-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDHP4-21"><a href="#cite_ref-IDHP4_21-0">^</a> "International Dictionary of Historic Places: Vol 4, Middle East and Africa", Trudy Ring, K.A Berney, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger, p. 133, Taylor & Francis, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-03-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-03-9">978-1-884964-03-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosch,_Richard_R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Losch, Richard R. (2005). The Uttermost Part of the Earth: A Guide to Places in the Bible. Wm. A. Eerdmans. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uttermost+Part+of+the+Earth%3A+A+Guide+to+Places+in+the+Bible&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Wm.+A.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Losch%2C+Richard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loschp51-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Loschp51_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosch,_Richard_R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Losch, Richard R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5GJaakRvPgC&pg=PA51">The uttermost part of the earth: a guide to places in the Bible</a> (Illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2805-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2805-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-2805-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122131920/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5GJaakRvPgC&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+uttermost+part+of+the+earth%3A+a+guide+to+places+in+the+Bible&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2805-7&rft.au=Losch%2C+Richard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5GJaakRvPgC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/53939-ancient-burial-ground-found-near-bethlehem.html">"Ancient Burial Ground with 100 Tombs Found Near Biblical Bethlehem"</a>. LiveScience.com. March 4, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307164013/http://www.livescience.com/53939-ancient-burial-ground-found-near-bethlehem.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LiveScience.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Burial+Ground+with+100+Tombs+Found+Near+Biblical+Bethlehem&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F53939-ancient-burial-ground-found-near-bethlehem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1938&module_id=#as">"Israel Antiquities Authority"</a>. antiquities.org.il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527123200/http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1938&module_id=#as">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=antiquities.org.il&rft.atitle=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2Farticle_Item_eng.asp%3Fsec_id%3D25%26subj_id%3D240%26id%3D1938%26module_id%3D%23as&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2035:16&version=nrsv">Gen. 35:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2048:7&version=nrsv">Gen. 48:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ruth%204:11&version=nrsv">Ruth 4:11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Micah%205:2&version=nrsv">Micah 5:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%2017:12&version=nrsv">1 Sam 17:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-qjukjz-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qjukjz_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qjukjz_29-1">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#2:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2:4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%2016:1&version=nrsv">1Sam 16:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%2016:4–13&version=nrsv">1Sam 16:4–13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%2023:13–17&version=nrsv">2Sam 23:13–17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224014259/http://www.centuryone.com/bordeaux.html">"The Bordeaux Pilgrim @"</a>. Centuryone.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centuryone.com/bordeaux.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bordeaux+Pilgrim+%40&rft.pub=Centuryone.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centuryone.com%2Fbordeaux.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brownrigg-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brownrigg_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownrigg_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownrigg_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownrigg_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownrigg_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownrigg_34-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownrigg_34-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownrigg_34-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownrigg2002" class="citation book cs1">Brownrigg, Ronald (2002) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JXqBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123">"Jesus: The Birth Stories"</a>. Who's Who in the New Testament. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. pp. 121–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-01712-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-01712-8"><bdi>978-0-203-01712-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529123059/https://books.google.com/books?id=JXqBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus%3A+The+Birth+Stories&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=121-123&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-01712-8&rft.aulast=Brownrigg&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJXqBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders1993-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders1993_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders1993_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders1993_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1993). The Historical Figure of Jesus. London, England, New York City, New York, Ringwood, Australia, Toronto, Ontario, and Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. pp. 85–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014499-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014499-4"><bdi>978-0-14-014499-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.place=London%2C+England%2C+New+York+City%2C+New+York%2C+Ringwood%2C+Australia%2C+Toronto%2C+Ontario%2C+and+Auckland%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pages=85-88&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014499-4&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casey2010-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_36-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Casey, Maurice</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC&pg=PA194">Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching</a>. New York City, New York and London, England: T & T Clark. pp. 145–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529123059/https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC&pg=PA194">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=145-158&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXK0auknD0YC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#1:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">1:18–2:23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#2:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">2:1–39</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond Edward (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dd1XAAAAYAAJ">The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49447-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49447-2"><bdi>978-0-385-49447-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Messiah%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Infancy+Narratives+in+the+Gospels+of+Matthew+and+Luke&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-385-49447-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDd1XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1991" class="citation book cs1">Meier, John P. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zODYAAAAMAAJ">A Marginal Jew: The roots of the problem and the person</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9"><bdi>978-0-385-26425-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew%3A+The+roots+of+the+problem+and+the+person&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-385-26425-9&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzODYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1999" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJjmCwAAQBAJ">Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512474-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512474-3"><bdi>978-0-19-512474-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512474-3&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJjmCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy_O'Connor2015" class="citation web cs1">Murphy O'Connor, Jerome (August 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/bible-review/16/1/14">"Bethlehem…Of Course"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815030904/https://www.baslibrary.org/bible-review/16/1/14">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Bethlehem%E2%80%A6Of+Course&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft.aulast=Murphy+O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baslibrary.org%2Fbible-review%2F16%2F1%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giuseppe_Ricciotti_1948_p._276-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Giuseppe_Ricciotti_1948_p._276_43-0">^</a> Giuseppe Ricciotti, Vita di Gesù Cristo, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana (1948) p. 276 n. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Maier, Paul L., "The First Christmas: The True and Unfamiliar Story." 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor1993-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1993_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1993_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1993_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1993_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1993_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1993_45-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1993_45-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1993" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Joan E. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWAXbCNxH6YC&pg=PA96">Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814785-5"><bdi>978-0-19-814785-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529123100/https://books.google.com/books?id=KWAXbCNxH6YC&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+and+the+Holy+Places%3A+The+Myth+of+Jewish-Christian+Origins&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814785-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWAXbCNxH6YC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Marcello Craveri, The Life of Jesus, Grove Press (1967) pp. 35–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2018234-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2018234_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlein2018">Klein 2018</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1991523–528-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1991523–528_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1991">Russell 1991</a>, pp. 523–528. </li> <li id="cite_note-ATT-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ATT_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATT_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729223029/http://www.atlastours.net/holyland/mosque_of_omar.html">"Mosque of Omar, Bethlehem"</a>. Atlas Travel and Tourist Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlastours.net/holyland/mosque_of_omar.html">the original</a> on July 29, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mosque+of+Omar%2C+Bethlehem&rft.pub=Atlas+Travel+and+Tourist+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlastours.net%2Fholyland%2Fmosque_of_omar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> le Strange, 1890, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/298/mode/1up">298</a>–300. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140216143054/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/bethlehem-church-of-the-nativity">"Church of the Nativity – Bethlehem"</a>. Bethlehem, West Bank, Israel: Sacred-destinations.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/bethlehem-church-of-the-nativity">the original</a> on February 16, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+the+Nativity+%E2%80%93+Bethlehem&rft.place=Bethlehem%2C+West+Bank%2C+Israel&rft.pub=Sacred-destinations.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-destinations.com%2Fisrael%2Fbethlehem-church-of-the-nativity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> de Sivry, L: "Dictionnaire de Géographie Ecclésiastique", p. 375., 1852 ed, from ecclesiastical record of letters between the Bishops of Bethlehem 'in partibus' to the bishops of Auxerre. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Paul Reed, 2000, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-Singer-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singer_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singer_54-1">b</a> Singer, 1994, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA80">80</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231205315/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA80">Archived</a> December 31, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Singer, 1994, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA33">33</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231205315/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA33">Archived</a> December 31, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen141-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen141_56-0">^</a> Petersen, 2005, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Singer, 1994, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA84">84</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231205315/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA84">Archived</a> December 31, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Thomson, 1860, p. 647. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> W. 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Thomson, p. 647. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Socin, 1879, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/146/mode/1up">146</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Hartmann, 1883, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n932/mode/1up">124</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63429/Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014172813/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63429/Bethlehem">Archived</a> October 14, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729204009/http://imeu.net/news/article00125.shtml">"IMEU: Maps: 2.7 – Jerusalem and the Corpus Separatum proposed in 1947"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imeu.net/news/article00125.shtml">the original</a> on July 29, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMEU%3A+Maps%3A+2.7+%E2%80%93+Jerusalem+and+the+Corpus+Separatum+proposed+in+1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimeu.net%2Fnews%2Farticle00125.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/jerusalem/land/timeline2.html">A Jerusalem Timeline, 3,000 Years of The City's History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109171903/http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/jerusalem/land/timeline2.html">Archived</a> January 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2001–02) <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">National Public Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113114509/http://www.bethlehem.ps/about/">"About Bethlehem"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem.ps/about/">the original</a> on November 13, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Bethlehem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethlehem.ps%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> The Centre for <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural Heritage</a> Preservation via Bethlehem.ps. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem.ps/facts/population.php">Population in the Bethlehem District</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] Bethlehem.ps. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Talmor, Ronny (translated by Ralph Mandel) (1990) The Use of Firearms - By the Security Forces in the Occupied Territories. <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/publication/199007_use_of_firearms_eng.doc">download</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914221355/http://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/publication/199007_use_of_firearms_eng.doc">Archived</a> September 14, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 75 MK <a href="/wiki/Yair_Tsaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Yair Tsaban">Yair Tsaban</a> to defence ministers <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> & <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a> p.81 Rabin's reply </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729174648/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/19941995.htm">"Palestine Facts Timeline: 1994–1995"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Academic_Society_for_the_Study_of_International_Affairs" title="Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs">Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/19941995.htm">the original</a> on July 29, 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7146980.stm">the original</a> on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Better+times+return+to+Bethlehem&rft.date=2007-12-22&rft.aulast=Patience&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7146980.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiatraveltips.com/news05/129-JacirPalace.shtml">Jacir Palace, InterContinental Bethlehem re-opens for business</a> InterContinental Hotels Group <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051039/http://www.asiatraveltips.com/news05/129-JacirPalace.shtml">Archived</a> December 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus:_Apocalyptic_Prophet_of_the_New_Millennium" title="Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium">Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</a>, Oxford University Press 1999, page 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Freed, 2004, p. 77. (citing <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Micah#5:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Micah">Micah 5:2</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Taylor, 1993, pp. 99–100. "Joseph ... took up his quarters in a certain cave near the village; and while they were there Mary brought forth the Christ and placed him in a manger, and here the Magi who came from Arabia found him."(Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho, chapter LXXVIII). </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> In Bethlehem the cave is pointed out where he was born, and the manger in the cave where he was wrapped in swaddling clothes. And the rumor is in those places, and among foreigners of the Faith, that indeed Jesus was born in this cave who is worshipped and reverenced by the Christians. (Origen, <a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a>, book I, chapter LI). </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Taylor, 1993, pp. 96–104./ref> Many modern scholars question the idea that Jesus was born in Bethlehem, seeing the biblical stories not as historical accounts but as symbolic narratives invented to present the birth as fulfillment of prophecy and imply a connection to the lineage of King David.ref>Vermes, 2006, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Sanders, 1993, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Crossan and Watts, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Dunn, 2003, pp. 344–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Marcus J. Borg, Meeting Jesus for the First Time (Harper San Francisco, 1995) page 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Mills and Bullard, 1990, pp. 445–446. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+6:1-4">Mark 6:1–4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130205521/http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+6:1-4">Archived</a> November 30, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1:46">John 1:46</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Aviram Oshri, "Where was Jesus Born?", Archaeology, Volume 58 Number 6, November/December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigroMontanariGuariTamburrini2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nigro, Lorenzo; Montanari, Daria; Guari, Alessandra; Tamburrini, Maria; Izzo, Pierfrancesco; Ghayyada, Mohammed; Titi, Iman; Yasine, Jehad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53131%2FVO2724-587X2017_2">"New archaeological features in Bethlehem (Palestine): the Italian-Palestinian rescue season of 2016"</a>. Vicino Oriente. 21: 5–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53131%2FVO2724-587X2017_2">10.53131/VO2724-587X2017_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F1023455">11573/1023455</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2724-587X">2724-587X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vicino+Oriente&rft.atitle=New+archaeological+features+in+Bethlehem+%28Palestine%29%3A+the+Italian-Palestinian+rescue+season+of+2016&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=5-57&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F1023455&rft.issn=2724-587X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.53131%2FVO2724-587X2017_2&rft.aulast=Nigro&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft.au=Montanari%2C+Daria&rft.au=Guari%2C+Alessandra&rft.au=Tamburrini%2C+Maria&rft.au=Izzo%2C+Pierfrancesco&rft.au=Ghayyada%2C+Mohammed&rft.au=Titi%2C+Iman&rft.au=Yasine%2C+Jehad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.53131%252FVO2724-587X2017_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310091422/http://www.bib-arch.org/online-exclusives/nativity-03.asp">Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, Bethlehem ... 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Retrieved April 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=montpellier.fr&rft.atitle=Jumelages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montpellier.fr%2F30-six-villes-jumelees-a-montpellier-un-jumelage-sur-4-continents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1936" class="citation journal cs1">Albright, W. 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Russell">Russell, James R.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/christianity-i">"CHRISTIANITY i. In Pre-Islamic Persia: Literary Sources"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 5. pp. 523–528. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117015540/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/christianity-i">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2012. 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Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26658-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26658-5"><bdi>978-0-312-26658-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Templars&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-26658-5&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=P.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E.P.</a> (1993). "The Historical Figure of Jesus".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sawsan & <a href="/wiki/Qustandi_Shomali" title="Qustandi Shomali">Shomali, Q.</a>, Bethlehem 2000. A Guide to Bethlehem and it Surroundings. Waldbrol, Flamm Druck Wagener GMBH, 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Singer_(historian)" title="Amy Singer (historian)">Singer, A.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C">Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials: Rural Administration Around Sixteenth-Century Jerusalem</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47679-9"><bdi>978-0-521-47679-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231205315/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Peasants+and+Ottoman+Officials%3A+Rural+Administration+Around+Sixteenth-Century+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47679-9&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrsAw_mk1d0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocin1879" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Socin" title="Albert Socin">Socin, A.</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut">"Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem"</a>. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut/page/135">135</a>–163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=Alphabetisches+Verzeichniss+von+Ortschaften+des+Paschalik+Jerusalem&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=135-163&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Socin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzeitschriftdesde01deut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, J.E.</a> (1993). Christians and the Holy Places. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+and+the+Holy+Places&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1860" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_McClure_Thomson" title="William McClure Thomson">Thomson, W.M.</a> (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S44XAAAAYAAJ">The Land and the Book</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+and+the+Book&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=W.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_S44XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Vermes, G.</a> (2006). The Nativity: History and Legend. Penguin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nativity%3A+History+and+Legend&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethlehem" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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title="wikivoyage:Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem-city.org/">Bethlehem Municipality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Bethlehem_536/index.html">Welcome To The City of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbethlehem.org/">Open Bethlehem civil society project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/photojournal/2008/12/24/pictures-of-the-day-84/">Photo: Christmas in Bethlehem, 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123213618/https://blogs.wsj.com/photojournal/2008/12/24/pictures-of-the-day-84/">Archived</a> November 23, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehemfairtrade.org/">Bethlehem Fair Trade Artisans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem.edu/">Bethlehem University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vprofile.arij.org/bethlehem/images/areal/Bethlehem_ap_en.jpg">Bethlehem aerial photo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_Research_Institute%E2%80%93Jerusalem" title="Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem">Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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id="Bethlehem_Governorate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Governorate" title="Bethlehem Governorate">Bethlehem Governorate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities administered by the Palestinian National Authority">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jala" title="Beit Jala">Beit Jala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Sahour" title="Beit Sahour">Beit Sahour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bethlehem (Beit Lahm)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Governate_of_Bethlehem.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bethlehem Governorate"><img alt="Bethlehem Governorate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Governate_of_Bethlehem.png/50px-Governate_of_Bethlehem.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Governate_of_Bethlehem.png/75px-Governate_of_Bethlehem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Governate_of_Bethlehem.png/100px-Governate_of_Bethlehem.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1223" /></a> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/50px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/75px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/100px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality_(Palestinian_Authority)" title="Municipality (Palestinian Authority)">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battir" title="Battir">Battir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Fajjar" title="Beit Fajjar">Beit Fajjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawha" title="Al-Dawha">al-Dawha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husan" title="Husan">Husan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannatah" title="Jannatah">Jannatah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rakhme" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhme">Rakhme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Asakra" title="Al-Asakra">al-Asakra</a>, Khallet al Karaneen, Al ‘Ukab, Harmala, and Abu Njeim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khader" title="Al-Khader">al-Khader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahalin" title="Nahalin">Nahalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuqu%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuqu'">Tuqu'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ubeidiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ubeidiya">al-Ubeidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atara" title="Za'atara">Za'atara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Village_council_(Palestinian_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Village council (Palestinian Authority)">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Arab_al-Rashayida" title="'Arab al-Rashayida">'Arab al-Rashayida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artas,_Bethlehem" title="Artas, Bethlehem">Artas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ta%27mir" title="Beit Ta'mir">Beit Ta'mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Salah" title="Dar Salah">Dar Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindaza" title="Hindaza">Hindaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jab%27a" title="Jab'a">Jab'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubbet_ad-Dib" title="Jubbet ad-Dib">Jubbet ad-Dib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhdum" title="Juhdum">Juhdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurat_ash-Sham%27a" title="Jurat ash-Sham'a">Jurat ash Sham'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khallet_al-Haddad" title="Khallet al-Haddad">Khallet al-Haddad</a></li> <li>Khallet al-Louza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Beit_Zakariyyah" title="Khirbet Beit Zakariyyah">Khirbet Beit Zakariyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisan_(Palestine)" title="Kisan (Palestine)">Kisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masara" title="Al-Masara">al-Ma'sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maniya" title="Al-Maniya">al-Maniya</a></li> <li>Marah Ma'alla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marah_Rabah" title="Marah Rabah">Marah Rabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaman" title="Nuaman">Nuaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Salamuna" title="Umm Salamuna">Umm Salamuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash-Shawawra" title="Ash-Shawawra">ash-Shawawra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Arayis" title="Wadi al-Arayis">Wadi al-Arayis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Fukin" title="Wadi Fukin">Wadi Fukin</a></li> <li>Wadi an-Nis</li> <li>Wadi Rahhal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Walaja" title="Al-Walaja">al-Walaja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_the_Milk_Grotto" title="Chapel of the Milk Grotto">Chapel of the Milk Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_the_Shepherds%27_Field" title="Chapel of the Shepherds' Field">Chapel of the Shepherds' Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Catherine,_Bethlehem" title="Church of Saint Catherine, Bethlehem">Church of Saint Catherine, Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Bethlehem)" title="Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem)">Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Monastery,_Al-Khader" title="St. George's Monastery, Al-Khader">St. George's Monastery, Al-Khader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadiyya_Mosque" title="Al-Hamadiyya Mosque">Al-Hamadiyya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Theodosius" title="Monastery of Saint Theodosius">Monastery of Saint Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Saba" title="Mar Saba">Mar Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Palestinian refugee camps">Refugee camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aida_Camp" title="Aida Camp">Aida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Azza" title="'Azza">'Azza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dheisheh" title="Dheisheh">Dheisheh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Pools" title="Solomon's Pools">Solomon's Pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98Ayn_Fashkhah" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Ayn Fashkhah">‘Ayn Fashkhah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_administered_by_the_State_of_Palestine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_administered_by_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Template:Cities administered by the State of Palestine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_administered_by_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Template talk:Cities administered by the State of Palestine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_administered_by_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities administered by the State of Palestine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_administered_by_the_State_of_Palestine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_Authority" title="List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority">Cities</a> administered by the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dis" title="Abu Dis">Abu Dis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Jenin" title="Arraba, Jenin">Arraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Na%27im" title="Bani Na'im">Bani Na'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Sahour" title="Beit Sahour">Beit Sahour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jala" title="Beit Jala">Beit Jala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ummar" title="Beit Ummar">Beit Ummar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitunia" title="Beitunia">Beitunia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bireh" title="Al-Bireh">al-Bireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dhahiriya" title="Ad-Dhahiriya">ad-Dhahiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura,_Hebron" title="Dura, Hebron">Dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Eizariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Eizariya">al-Eizariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halhul" title="Halhul">Halhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idna" title="Idna">Idna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabatiya" title="Qabatiya">Qabatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalqilya" title="Qalqilya">Qalqilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ram" title="Al-Ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawabi" title="Rawabi">Rawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ir" title="Sa'ir">Sa'ir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salfit" title="Salfit">Salfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Samu" title="As-Samu">as-Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarqumiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarqumiya">Tarqumiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubas_(city)" title="Tubas (city)">Tubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulkarm" title="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27bad" title="Ya'bad">Ya'bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yamun" title="Al-Yamun">al-Yamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatta,_Hebron" title="Yatta, Hebron">Yatta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abasan_al-Kabira" title="Abasan al-Kabira">Abasan al-Kabira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Suheila" title="Bani Suheila">Bani Suheila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Hanoun" title="Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Lahia" title="Beit Lahia">Beit Lahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Balah" title="Deir al-Balah">Deir al-Balah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalia" title="Jabalia">Jabalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis" title="Khan Yunis">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Zawayda" title="Az-Zawayda">az-Zawayda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*From 14 June 2007, the Gaza Strip has been under de facto <a href="/wiki/Hamas_government_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Hamas government in the Gaza Strip">Hamas governance</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)">Blue Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day">St. Stephen's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Gift-bringers</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of Saint Nicholas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931964)" title="Christmas in the United States (1946–1964)">Post-War United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music#Popular_Christmas_songs" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (Billboard)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In modern society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes">Food and drink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Dinner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#EEE8AA;background-color:#EEE8AA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="Template:New Testament places associated with Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="Template talk:New Testament places associated with Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament places associated with Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#EEE8AA;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86non" class="mw-redirect" title="Ænon">Aenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Karraza" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbat Karraza">Chorazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinneret_(archaeological_site)" title="Kinneret (archaeological site)">Gennesaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Transfiguration" title="Mount of Transfiguration">Mount of Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nein" title="Nein">Nain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#EEE8AA;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Bethesda" title="Pool of Bethesda">Bethesda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethphage" title="Bethphage">Bethphage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbatha" title="Gabbatha">Gabbatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Jerusalem Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#EEE8AA;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Bethabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Caesarea Philippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Gerasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Road to Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Sychar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#EEE8AA"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nativity_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nativity_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/220px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/330px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/440px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bethlehem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi#Gifts" title="Biblical Magi">Gifts of the Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:18" title="Matthew 1:18">Matthew 1:18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:19" title="Matthew 1:19">Matthew 1:19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:20" title="Matthew 1:20">Matthew 1:20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:21" title="Matthew 1:21">Matthew 1:21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:22" title="Matthew 1:22">Matthew 1:22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:23" title="Matthew 1:23">Matthew 1:23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:24" title="Matthew 1:24">Matthew 1:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:25" title="Matthew 1:25">Matthew 1:25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:11" title="Matthew 2:11">Matthew 2:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_art" title="Category:Adoration of the Magi in art">In art</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">Manger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Saint Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">In art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Category:Films about the Nativity of Jesus">In film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batlejka" title="Batlejka">Batlejka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_village" title="Christmas village">Christmas village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Jesus_theft" title="Baby Jesus theft">theft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertep_(Serbian)" title="Vertep (Serbian)">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Category:Nativity of Jesus in art">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Capital_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Capital_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Arab Capital of Culture">Arab Capital of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> 1996 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> 1997 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> 1998 (<a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> 1999 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> 2000 (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2001 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> 2002 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> 2003 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaʽa</a> 2004 (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> 2005 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Arab Capital of Culture">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> <a href="/wiki/2007_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Arab Capital of Culture">2007</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2008 Arab Capital of Culture">2008</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/2009_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2009 Arab Capital of Culture">2009</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2010 Arab Capital of Culture">2010</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> 2012 (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> 2013 (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> 2014 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> 2015 (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a> 2016 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> 2017 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> 2018 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> 2019 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bethlehem</a> 2020 (<a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> 2021 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2022 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> 2023 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5776#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129025607">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1219551/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4006104-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82056740">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13162840x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13162840x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453223">Spain</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/1673">Vatican</a><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/1676">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564525405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059250987606706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/bc502b7c-67cc-49d7-97a5-64d9c8f4c464">MusicBrainz area</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/687856">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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