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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Insects_and_other_bugs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Insects and other bugs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Insects_and_other_bugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinguishing_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguishing_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Distinguishing features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Distribution and habitats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phylogeny and evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phylogeny_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phylogeny and evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>External phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Internal phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Early</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morphology and physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology and physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>External</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Three-part_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-part_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Three-part body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-part_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Segmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exoskeleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exoskeleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Exoskeleton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exoskeleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Internal systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nervous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Nervous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Digestive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Reproductive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Respiratory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Circulatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Sensory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reproduction and development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproduction and development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life-cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life-cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Life-cycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metamorphosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamorphosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Metamorphosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamorphosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incomplete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incomplete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Incomplete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incomplete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Complete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Light_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Light production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sound production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Chemical communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Care_of_young" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Care_of_young"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Care of young</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Care_of_young-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Locomotion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Locomotion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Walking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swimming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swimming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Swimming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swimming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Pollination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Parasitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Relationship to humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_to_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship to humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>As pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_beneficial_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_beneficial_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>In beneficial roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_beneficial_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_declines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_declines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Population declines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_declines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>In research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>In other products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>In religion and folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Insect</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 199 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-199" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">199 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%BF%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="ХьэпӀацӀэхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ХьэпӀацӀэхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insek" title="Insek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Insek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekten" title="Insekten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Insekten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A6%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%BD%E1%89%84" title="ሦስት አጽቄ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሦስት አጽቄ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivreh" title="Tivreh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tivreh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F" title="कीट – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कीट" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceorfd%C4%93or" title="Ceorfdēor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ceorfdēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="حشرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حشرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecta" title="Insecta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Insecta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%9A%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܪܚܫܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܚܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect%C3%A2" title="Insectâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Insectâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97" title="পতংগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পতংগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inseutos" title="Inseutos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inseutos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymbachu%27i" title="Tymbachu'i – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tymbachu'i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27iwi" title="Ch'iwi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ch'iwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99%C5%9F%C9%99ratlar" title="Həşəratlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həşəratlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="حشره‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حشره‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangga" title="Serangga – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Serangga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="কীটপতঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কীটপতঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kararangga" title="Kararangga – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kararangga" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khun-thi%C3%B4ng" title="Khun-thiông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khun-thiông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srangga" title="Srangga – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Srangga" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бөжәктәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөжәктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Насякомыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Насякомыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Вусякі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вусякі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekto" title="Insekto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Insekto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insek" title="Insek – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Insek" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Насекоми – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Насекоми" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekti" title="Insekti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Insekti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amprevan" title="Amprevan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amprevan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Хорхой шумуул – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хорхой шумуул" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectes" title="Insectes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Insectes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BF%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%C4%83" title="Хурт-кăпшанкă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хурт-кăпшанкă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekto" title="Insekto – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Insekto" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmyz" title="Hmyz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hmyz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insettu" title="Insettu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Insettu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pryf" title="Pryf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pryf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnee%C5%8Ba" title="Binneeŋa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Binneeŋa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekter" title="Insekter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Insekter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4" title="بخوش – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بخوش" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekten" title="Insekten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Insekten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_bij%C3%A1%C3%A1d_hast%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Chʼosh bijáád hastání – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh bijáád hastání" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putukad" title="Putukad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Putukad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Έντομα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντομα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82-%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сукст-унжат – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сукст-унжат" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecta" title="Insecta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Insecta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insektoj" title="Insektoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Insektoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecta" title="Insecta – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Insecta" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intsektu" title="Intsektu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Intsektu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%87" title="حشره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حشره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirwa" title="Kirwa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kirwa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skord%C3%BDr" title="Skordýr – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skordýr" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecte" title="Insecte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insecte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynsekten" title="Ynsekten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynsekten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecta" title="Insecta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Insecta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecta" title="Insecta – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Insecta" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanbh-fhr%C3%ACde" title="Meanbh-fhrìde – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Meanbh-fhrìde" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectos" title="Insectos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Insectos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Садоалла хӀамаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Садоалла хӀамаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9F%B2%E8%9F%BB%E5%AD%90" title="蟲蟻子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蟲蟻子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍉𐌼𐍉𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍉𐌼𐍉𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BBn-chh%C3%B9ng" title="Khûn-chhùng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khûn-chhùng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Хорха – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Хорха" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A4%EC%B6%A9" title="곤충 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="곤충" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Միջատներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջատներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F" title="कीट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कीट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekty" title="Insekty – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Insekty" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukci" title="Kukci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kukci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekta" title="Insekta – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Insekta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekto" title="Insekto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Insekto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekto" title="Insekto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Insekto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangga" title="Serangga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serangga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecto" title="Insecto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Insecto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecte" title="Insecte – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Insecte" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Сасчытæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сасчытæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skord%C3%BDr" title="Skordýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skordýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecta" title="Insecta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Insecta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חרקים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חרקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9wan_gegremetan" title="Kéwan gegremetan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kéwan gegremetan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bt%CA%8A_wondu_cikpetu" title="Tɛtʊ wondu cikpetu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛtʊ wondu cikpetu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9F" title="ಕೀಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೀಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectu" title="Insectu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Insectu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მწერები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მწერები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%9A%D9%85" title="کیٛوٚم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کیٛوٚم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жәндіктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жәндіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hweskeren" title="Hweskeren – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hweskeren" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inigwahabiri" title="Inigwahabiri – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inigwahabiri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadudu" title="Wadudu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wadudu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitutu" title="Kitutu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kitutu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%A8k" title="Ensèk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ensèk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%A8k" title="Ensèk – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ensèk" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AA%C5%9F_%C3%BB_m%C3%BBr" title="Mêş û mûr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mêş û mûr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Курт-кумурска – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Курт-кумурска" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Капшангы – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Капшангы" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inset" title="Inset – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Inset" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%89%D1%83%D1%89%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B8" title="Ущущулгъи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ущущулгъи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecta" title="Insecta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insecta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukai%C5%86i" title="Kukaiņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kukaiņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekten" title="Insekten – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Insekten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Пепеяр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Пепеяр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabzd%C5%BEiai" title="Vabzdžiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vabzdžiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekte" title="Insekte – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Insekte" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ek%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Nyama ekɛ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama ekɛ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inseto" title="Inseto – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Inseto" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inset" title="Inset – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Inset" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovarok" title="Rovarok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rovarok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Инсекти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инсекти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibikely" title="Bibikely – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bibikely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="പ്രാണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="कीटक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कीटक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_(Insecta)" title="ჭანდეფი (Insecta) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭანდეფი (Insecta)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%87" title="حشره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حشره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D9%88" title="بئو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بئو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangga" title="Serangga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serangga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8%CC%A4ng-ngi%C3%AA" title="Tè̤ng-ngiê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tè̤ng-ngiê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82-%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сукст-унжат – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сукст-унжат" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B6" title="Шавж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шавж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အင်းဆက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်းဆက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecten" title="Insecten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Insecten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekt" title="Insekt – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Insekt" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="किरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="किरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="की – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="की" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB" title="昆虫 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="昆虫" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzetto" title="Inzetto – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Inzetto" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Сагалматаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сагалматаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekten" title="Insekten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Insekten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekter" title="Insekter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Insekter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekt" title="Insekt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Insekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecta" title="Insecta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Insecta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%A5%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Шыҥа-копшаҥге – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шыҥа-копшаҥге" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilbiisa" title="Ilbiisa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ilbiisa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasharotlar" title="Hasharotlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hasharotlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F" title="ਕੀਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੀਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekten" title="Insekten – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Insekten" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%91%DB%92_%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%91%DB%92" title="کیڑے مکوڑے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیڑے مکوڑے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အေဉ်းသဲစ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အေဉ်းသဲစ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%A9%DB%90" title="خوځندکې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خوځندکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insek" title="Insek – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Insek" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inset" title="Inset – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Inset" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekten" title="Insekten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Insekten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owady" title="Owady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Owady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insetos" title="Insetos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Insetos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C4%B1b%C4%B1n-shirkeyler" title="Shıbın-shirkeyler – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shıbın-shirkeyler" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect%C4%83" title="Insectă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insectă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palama" title="Palama – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Palama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Хробач – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хробач" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Насекомые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Насекомые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D3%A9%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%B9%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Үөн-көйүүр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үөн-көйүүр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="जन्तुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जन्तुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حشرات – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="حشرات" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbalottu" title="Babbalottu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Babbalottu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect" title="Insect – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Insect" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekte" title="Insekte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Insekte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekti" title="Insekti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Insekti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzettu" title="Nzettu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nzettu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="කෘමියෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෘමියෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect" title="Insect – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Insect" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="جيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmyz" title="Hmyz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hmyz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDu%C5%BEelke" title="Žuželke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žuželke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xasharaad" title="Xasharaad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xasharaad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88" title="مێروو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێروو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Инсекти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инсекти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekt" title="Insekt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Insekt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegeremet" title="Gegeremet – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gegeremet" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%B6nteiset" title="Hyönteiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyönteiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egentliga_insekter" title="Egentliga insekter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Egentliga insekter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekto" title="Insekto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Insekto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="பூச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abur%C9%A3es" title="Aburɣes – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aburɣes" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D2%97%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бөҗәкләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөҗәкләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/kaykuwi" title="kaykuwi – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="kaykuwi" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="కీటకము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కీటకము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87" title="แมลง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมลง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%93%E1%88%BD%E1%88%AB" title="ሓሽራ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሓሽራ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ҳашара – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳашара" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBinis%C4%93kite" title="ʻinisēkite – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻinisēkite" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%B1" title="ᏨᏍᎪᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏨᏍᎪᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%A1k%C3%AAso" title="Meškêso – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Meškêso" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6cek" title="Böcek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Böcek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Комахи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حشرات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حشرات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non" title="Non – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Non" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecta" title="Insecta – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Insecta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavedid" title="Gavedid – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gavedid" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4n_tr%C3%B9ng" title="Côn trùng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Côn trùng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuk" title="Mutuk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mutuk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inseke" title="Inseke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Inseke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insektn" title="Insektn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Insektn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insekt%C3%B3" title="Insektó – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Insektó" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun%C3%B3or" title="Gunóor – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Gunóor" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB" title="昆虫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="昆虫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98" title="אינסעקט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינסעקט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2k%C3%B2r%C3%B2" title="Kòkòrò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kòkòrò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2" title="昆蟲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="昆蟲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabzd%C4%93" title="Vabzdē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vabzdē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Insect<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Carboniferous–Present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:84.615384615385px; width:135.38461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:98.539692307692px; width:121.46030769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:99.539692307692px; width:119.46030769231px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Insects_-_Neoptera_-_Paleoptera_-_Apterygota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Insects_-_Neoptera_-_Paleoptera_-_Apterygota.jpg/220px-Insects_-_Neoptera_-_Paleoptera_-_Apterygota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Insects_-_Neoptera_-_Paleoptera_-_Apterygota.jpg/330px-Insects_-_Neoptera_-_Paleoptera_-_Apterygota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Insects_-_Neoptera_-_Paleoptera_-_Apterygota.jpg/440px-Insects_-_Neoptera_-_Paleoptera_-_Apterygota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1210" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Insects have a three-part body: head with large <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(arthropod_anatomy)" title="Thorax (arthropod anatomy)">thorax</a> with three pairs of legs, and a segmented abdomen. Many groups also have two pairs of wings. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Insecta" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insecta</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeognatha" title="Archaeognatha">Archaeognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicondylia" title="Dicondylia">Dicondylia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygentoma" title="Zygentoma">Zygentoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Ectognatha</li> <li>Entomida</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Insect_world_of_motion.webm/220px--Insect_world_of_motion.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="121" data-mwtitle="Insect_world_of_motion.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Insect_world_of_motion.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Insect_world_of_motion.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Insect_world_of_motion.webm/Insect_world_of_motion.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Insect_world_of_motion.webm/Insect_world_of_motion.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Insect_world_of_motion.webm/Insect_world_of_motion.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Insect_world_of_motion.webm/Insect_world_of_motion.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Insect_world_of_motion.webm/Insect_world_of_motion.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Insect_world_of_motion.webm/Insect_world_of_motion.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Insect_world_of_motion.webm/Insect_world_of_motion.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Insects live in a world of motion. This <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala_terminalis" title="Acanthocephala terminalis">leaf-footed bug</a> climbs wind blown grass and flies off.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Insects</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">insectum</i></span></i>) are <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapod</a> <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <b>Insecta</b>. They are the largest group within the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a>. Insects have a <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitinous</a> <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a>, a three-part body (<a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology#Head" title="Insect morphology">head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorax (insect anatomy)">thorax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdomen_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdomen (insect anatomy)">abdomen</a>), three pairs of jointed <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">legs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a>, and a pair of <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>. Insects are the most diverse group of animals, with more than a million described <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>; they represent more than half of all animal species. </p><p>The insect <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> consists of a <a href="/wiki/Insect_brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect brain">brain</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">ventral nerve cord</a>. Most insects reproduce <a href="/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">by laying eggs</a>. Insects <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_insects" title="Respiratory system of insects">breathe air</a> through a system of <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">paired openings</a> along their sides, connected to <a href="/wiki/Trachea#Invertebrates" title="Trachea">small tubes</a> that take air directly to the tissues. The blood therefore does not carry oxygen; it is only partly contained in vessels, and some circulates in an open <a href="/wiki/Hemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemocoel">hemocoel</a>. Insect vision is mainly through their <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a>, with additional small <a href="/wiki/Ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocelli">ocelli</a>. Many insects can hear, using <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanal organs</a>, which may be on the legs or other parts of the body. Their <a href="/wiki/Insect_olfaction" title="Insect olfaction">sense of smell</a> is via receptors, usually on the antennae and the mouthparts. </p><p>Nearly all insects hatch from <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a>. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton, so development involves a series of <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">molts</a>. The immature stages often differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat. Groups that undergo <a href="/wiki/Holometabolism" title="Holometabolism">four-stage metamorphosis</a> often have a nearly immobile <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>. Insects that undergo <a href="/wiki/Hemimetabolism" title="Hemimetabolism">three-stage metamorphosis</a> lack a pupa, developing through a series of increasingly adult-like <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">nymphal</a> stages. The higher level relationship of the <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">insects</a> is unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> Era, including <a href="/wiki/Meganisoptera" title="Meganisoptera">giant dragonfly-like insects</a> with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to have <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolved</a> with <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>. </p><p>Adult insects typically move about by walking and flying; some can swim. Insects are the only invertebrates that can achieve sustained powered flight; <a href="/wiki/Insect_flight" title="Insect flight">insect flight</a> evolved just once. Many insects are at least partly <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">aquatic</a>, and have <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> with gills; in some species, the adults too are aquatic. Some species, such as <a href="/wiki/Gerridae" title="Gerridae">water striders</a>, can walk on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such as <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">social</a> and live in large, well-organized <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies</a>. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Earwig" title="Earwig">earwigs</a>, provide maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> can sense the <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a> of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: <a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets</a> <a href="/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulate</a>, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. <a href="/wiki/Firefly" title="Firefly">Lampyrid</a> <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a> communicate with light. </p><p>Humans regard many insects as <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, especially those that damage crops, and attempt to control them using <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a> and other techniques. Others are <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a>, and may act as <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vectors</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_diseases_caused_by_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diseases caused by insects">diseases</a>. Insect <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollinators</a> are essential to the reproduction of many flowering plants and so to their ecosystems. Many insects are ecologically beneficial as predators of pest insects, while a few provide direct economic benefit. Two species in particular are economically important and were domesticated many centuries ago: <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworms</a> for <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a> for <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>. Insects are consumed as food in 80% of the world's nations, by people in roughly 3,000 ethnic groups. Human activities are having serious effects on <a href="/wiki/Insect_biodiversity" title="Insect biodiversity">insect biodiversity</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>insect</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">insectum</i></span> from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">in</i></span>, "cut up",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as insects appear to be cut into three parts. The Latin word was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> who <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calqued</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔντομον</span></span> <i>éntomon</i> "insect" (as in <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a>) from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%94%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἔντομος">ἔντομος</a></span></span> <i>éntomos</i> "cut in pieces";<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s term for this <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology#Classification" title="Aristotle's biology">class of life in his biology</a>, also in reference to their notched bodies. The English word <i>insect</i> first appears in 1601 in <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a>'s translation of Pliny.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insects_and_other_bugs">Insects and other bugs</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinguishing_features">Distinguishing features</h3></div> <p>In common speech, insects and other terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> are often called <b>bugs</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entomologists to some extent reserve the name "bugs" for a narrow category of "<a href="/wiki/True_bugs" class="mw-redirect" title="True bugs">true bugs</a>", insects of the order <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicadas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shield_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Shield bug">shield bugs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldbauer_1998_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldbauer_1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other terrestrial arthropods, such as <a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodlouse" title="Woodlouse">woodlice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>, are sometimes confused with insects, since they have a jointed exoskeleton.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinery_intro_1993_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinery_intro_1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult insects are the only arthropods that ever have wings, with up to two pairs on the thorax. Whether winged or not, adult insects can be distinguished by their three-part body plan, with head, thorax, and abdomen; they have three pairs of legs on the thorax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200522–48_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200522–48-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Insects and other bugs that could be confused with them</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemeine_Heidelibelle_(Sympetrum_vulgatum)_4_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insect: Six legs, three-part body (head, thorax, abdomen), up to two pairs of wings"><img alt="Insect: Six legs, three-part body (head, thorax, abdomen), up to two pairs of wings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/214px-Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1377" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Insect</b>: Six legs, three-part body<br />(head, thorax, abdomen),<br />up to two pairs of wings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfsspinne_Trochosa_Rose-20190905-RM-081613_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spider: eight legs, two-part body"><img alt="Spider: eight legs, two-part body" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wolfsspinne_Trochosa_Rose-20190905-RM-081613_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-Wolfsspinne_Trochosa_Rose-20190905-RM-081613_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wolfsspinne_Trochosa_Rose-20190905-RM-081613_%28cropped%29.jpg/263px-Wolfsspinne_Trochosa_Rose-20190905-RM-081613_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wolfsspinne_Trochosa_Rose-20190905-RM-081613_%28cropped%29.jpg/350px-Wolfsspinne_Trochosa_Rose-20190905-RM-081613_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="2242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">Spider</a>: eight legs,<br />two-part body</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armadillidium_vulgare_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woodlouse: seven pairs of legs, seven body segments (plus head and tail)"><img alt="Woodlouse: seven pairs of legs, seven body segments (plus head and tail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Armadillidium_vulgare_001.jpg/175px-Armadillidium_vulgare_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Armadillidium_vulgare_001.jpg/263px-Armadillidium_vulgare_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Armadillidium_vulgare_001.jpg/350px-Armadillidium_vulgare_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Woodlouse" title="Woodlouse">Woodlouse</a>: seven pairs of legs, seven body segments (plus head and tail)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scolopendra_viridicornis_nigra_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Centipede: many legs, one pair per segment"><img alt="Centipede: many legs, one pair per segment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Scolopendra_viridicornis_nigra_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-Scolopendra_viridicornis_nigra_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Scolopendra_viridicornis_nigra_%28cropped%29.jpg/263px-Scolopendra_viridicornis_nigra_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Scolopendra_viridicornis_nigra_%28cropped%29.jpg/350px-Scolopendra_viridicornis_nigra_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="884" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">Centipede</a>: many legs,<br />one pair per segment</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milli%27s_on_the_back_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Millipede: many legs, two pairs per segment"><img alt="Millipede: many legs, two pairs per segment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Milli%27s_on_the_back_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-Milli%27s_on_the_back_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Milli%27s_on_the_back_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-Milli%27s_on_the_back_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Milli%27s_on_the_back_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Milli%27s_on_the_back_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="2090" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">Millipede</a>: many legs,<br />two pairs per segment</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity">Diversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insect_biodiversity" title="Insect biodiversity">Insect biodiversity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eukaryote_species_pie_tree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Eukaryote_species_pie_tree.png/390px-Eukaryote_species_pie_tree.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Eukaryote_species_pie_tree.png/585px-Eukaryote_species_pie_tree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Eukaryote_species_pie_tree.png/780px-Eukaryote_species_pie_tree.png 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>About half of all <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> are insects (left side of diagram).</figcaption></figure><p> Estimates of the total number of insect species vary considerably, suggesting that there are perhaps some 5.5 million insect species in existence, of which about one million have been described and named.<sup id="cite_ref-Stork2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stork2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These constitute around half of all <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> species, including <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most diverse insect <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a> are the Hemiptera (true bugs), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Diptera (true flies), Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, and bees), and Coleoptera (beetles), each with more than 100,000 described species.<sup id="cite_ref-Stork2018_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stork2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Insects are extremely diverse. Five groups each have over 100,000 described species.</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palomena_prasina_MHNT_L%C3%A9guevin_Blanc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="True bugs (Hemiptera)"><img alt="True bugs (Hemiptera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palomena_prasina_MHNT_L%C3%A9guevin_Blanc.jpg/168px-Palomena_prasina_MHNT_L%C3%A9guevin_Blanc.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palomena_prasina_MHNT_L%C3%A9guevin_Blanc.jpg/252px-Palomena_prasina_MHNT_L%C3%A9guevin_Blanc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palomena_prasina_MHNT_L%C3%A9guevin_Blanc.jpg/336px-Palomena_prasina_MHNT_L%C3%A9guevin_Blanc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="2632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">True bugs<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_butterfly_(Aglais_io)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera)"><img alt="Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Peacock_butterfly_%28Aglais_io%29_2.jpg/500px-Peacock_butterfly_%28Aglais_io%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Peacock_butterfly_%28Aglais_io%29_2.jpg/960px-Peacock_butterfly_%28Aglais_io%29_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3792" data-file-height="2528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Butterflies and moths<br />(<a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asilidae_by_kadavoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flies (Diptera)"><img alt="Flies (Diptera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Asilidae_by_kadavoor.jpg/300px-Asilidae_by_kadavoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Asilidae_by_kadavoor.jpg/451px-Asilidae_by_kadavoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Asilidae_by_kadavoor.jpg/600px-Asilidae_by_kadavoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flies<br />(<a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Specimen_of_Podalonia_tydei_(Le_Guillou,_1841)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wasps (Hymenoptera)"><img alt="Wasps (Hymenoptera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Specimen_of_Podalonia_tydei_%28Le_Guillou%2C_1841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/252px-Specimen_of_Podalonia_tydei_%28Le_Guillou%2C_1841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Specimen_of_Podalonia_tydei_%28Le_Guillou%2C_1841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/379px-Specimen_of_Podalonia_tydei_%28Le_Guillou%2C_1841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Specimen_of_Podalonia_tydei_%28Le_Guillou%2C_1841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/505px-Specimen_of_Podalonia_tydei_%28Le_Guillou%2C_1841%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wasps<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7-Spotted-Ladybug-Coccinella-septempunctata-sq1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beetles (Coleoptera)"><img alt="Beetles (Coleoptera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/7-Spotted-Ladybug-Coccinella-septempunctata-sq1.jpg/225px-7-Spotted-Ladybug-Coccinella-septempunctata-sq1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/7-Spotted-Ladybug-Coccinella-septempunctata-sq1.jpg/338px-7-Spotted-Ladybug-Coccinella-septempunctata-sq1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/7-Spotted-Ladybug-Coccinella-septempunctata-sq1.jpg/450px-7-Spotted-Ladybug-Coccinella-septempunctata-sq1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beetles<br />(<a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Coleoptera</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_and_habitats">Distribution and habitats</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Insects occur in habitats as varied as snow, freshwater, the tropics, desert, and even the sea.</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boreus_hyemalis_5930585_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The snow scorpionfly Boreus hyemalis on snow"><img alt="The snow scorpionfly Boreus hyemalis on snow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Boreus_hyemalis_5930585_%28cropped%29.jpg/241px-Boreus_hyemalis_5930585_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Boreus_hyemalis_5930585_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The snow scorpionfly <i><a href="/wiki/Boreus_hyemalis" title="Boreus hyemalis">Boreus hyemalis</a></i> on snow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dytiscus_marginalis_larva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The great diving beetle Dytiscus marginalis larva in a pond"><img alt="The great diving beetle Dytiscus marginalis larva in a pond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dytiscus_marginalis_larva.jpg/330px-Dytiscus_marginalis_larva.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dytiscus_marginalis_larva.jpg/500px-Dytiscus_marginalis_larva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dytiscus_marginalis_larva.jpg/960px-Dytiscus_marginalis_larva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The great diving beetle <i><a href="/wiki/Dytiscus_marginalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dytiscus marginalis">Dytiscus marginalis</a></i> larva in a pond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Orchid_Bee_(Euglossa_dilemma)_(7406599274).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The green orchid bee Euglossa dilemma of Central America"><img alt="The green orchid bee Euglossa dilemma of Central America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Green_Orchid_Bee_%28Euglossa_dilemma%29_%287406599274%29.jpg/247px-Green_Orchid_Bee_%28Euglossa_dilemma%29_%287406599274%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Green_Orchid_Bee_%28Euglossa_dilemma%29_%287406599274%29.jpg/371px-Green_Orchid_Bee_%28Euglossa_dilemma%29_%287406599274%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Green_Orchid_Bee_%28Euglossa_dilemma%29_%287406599274%29.jpg/494px-Green_Orchid_Bee_%28Euglossa_dilemma%29_%287406599274%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The green orchid bee <i><a href="/wiki/Euglossa_dilemma" title="Euglossa dilemma">Euglossa dilemma</a></i> of Central America</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SGR_laying_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The desert locust Schistocerca gregaria laying eggs in sand"><img alt="The desert locust Schistocerca gregaria laying eggs in sand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/SGR_laying_%28cropped%29.jpg/266px-SGR_laying_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/SGR_laying_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-SGR_laying_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/SGR_laying_%28cropped%29.jpg/533px-SGR_laying_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The desert locust <i><a href="/wiki/Schistocerca_gregaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Schistocerca gregaria">Schistocerca gregaria</a></i> laying eggs in sand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halobates_sp._(Heteroptera_Gerridae),_20_August_2011,_Castle_Beach,_Kailua_(Oahu),_Hawaii03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sea skater Halobates on a Hawaii beach"><img alt="Sea skater Halobates on a Hawaii beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Halobates_sp._%28Heteroptera_Gerridae%29%2C_20_August_2011%2C_Castle_Beach%2C_Kailua_%28Oahu%29%2C_Hawaii03_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-Halobates_sp._%28Heteroptera_Gerridae%29%2C_20_August_2011%2C_Castle_Beach%2C_Kailua_%28Oahu%29%2C_Hawaii03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Halobates_sp._%28Heteroptera_Gerridae%29%2C_20_August_2011%2C_Castle_Beach%2C_Kailua_%28Oahu%29%2C_Hawaii03_%28cropped%29.jpg/435px-Halobates_sp._%28Heteroptera_Gerridae%29%2C_20_August_2011%2C_Castle_Beach%2C_Kailua_%28Oahu%29%2C_Hawaii03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Halobates_sp._%28Heteroptera_Gerridae%29%2C_20_August_2011%2C_Castle_Beach%2C_Kailua_%28Oahu%29%2C_Hawaii03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sea skater <i><a href="/wiki/Halobates" title="Halobates">Halobates</a></i> on a Hawaii beach</div> </li> </ul> <p>Insects are distributed over every continent and almost every terrestrial habitat. There are many more species in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">rainforests</a>, than in temperate zones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston20148_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston20148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's regions have received widely differing amounts of attention from entomologists. The British Isles have been thoroughly surveyed, so that Gullan and Cranston 2014 state that the total of around 22,500 species is probably within 5% of the actual number there; they comment that Canada's list of 30,000 described species is surely over half of the actual total. They add that the 3,000 species of the American Arctic must be broadly accurate. In contrast, a large majority of the insect species of the tropics and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">southern hemisphere</a> are probably undescribed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston20148_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston20148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 30–40,000 species <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">inhabit freshwater</a>; very few insects, perhaps a hundred species, are marine.<sup id="cite_ref-Crook_2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crook_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insects such as <a href="/wiki/Snow_scorpionfly" title="Snow scorpionfly">snow scorpionflies</a> flourish in cold habitats including the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem" title="Boreal ecosystem">Arctic</a> and at high altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insects such as <a href="/wiki/Desert_locust" title="Desert locust">desert locusts</a>, ants, beetles, and termites are adapted to some of the hottest and driest environments on earth, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny_and_evolution">Phylogeny and evolution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_phylogeny">External phylogeny</h3></div> <p>Insects form a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, a natural group with a common ancestor, among the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-misof_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-misof-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> analysis by Kjer et al. (2016) places the insects among the <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a>, six-legged animals with segmented bodies; their closest relatives are the <a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">Diplura</a> (bristletails).<sup id="cite_ref-Kjer_Simon_Yavorskaya_2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kjer_Simon_Yavorskaya_2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Collembola" class="mw-redirect" title="Collembola">Collembola</a> (springtails) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchesella_cincta_(43480678534)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Orchesella_cincta_%2843480678534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Orchesella_cincta_%2843480678534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Orchesella_cincta_%2843480678534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Orchesella_cincta_%2843480678534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Orchesella_cincta_%2843480678534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Orchesella_cincta_%2843480678534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">Protura</a> (coneheads) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protura.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Protura.png/120px-Protura.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Protura.png/250px-Protura.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="187" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">Diplura</a> (two-pronged bristletails) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campodea_spec._(Campodeidae),_Elst_(Gld),_the_Netherlands_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Campodea_spec._%28Campodeidae%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Campodea_spec._%28Campodeidae%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Campodea_spec._%28Campodeidae%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Campodea_spec._%28Campodeidae%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Campodea_spec._%28Campodeidae%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Campodea_spec._%28Campodeidae%29%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Insecta</b> (=Ectognatha) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpionfly_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/150px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/200px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3182" data-file-height="2020" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_phylogeny">Internal phylogeny</h3></div> <p>The internal phylogeny is based on the works of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the <a href="/wiki/Polyneoptera" title="Polyneoptera">Polyneoptera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wipfler_Letsch_Frandsen_2019_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wipfler_Letsch_Frandsen_2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson et al. 2018 for the <a href="/wiki/Paraneoptera" title="Paraneoptera">Paraneoptera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kjer et al. 2016 for the <a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kjer_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kjer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numbers of described <a href="/wiki/Neontology#Extant_taxa_versus_extinct_taxa" title="Neontology">extant</a> species (boldface for groups with over 100,000 species) are from Stork 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Stork2018_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stork2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Insecta</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Monocondylia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocondylia">Monocondylia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeognatha" title="Archaeognatha">Archaeognatha</a> (hump-backed/jumping bristletails, 513 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch-borstehale_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png/70px-Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png/105px-Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png/140px-Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="226" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Dicondylia" title="Dicondylia">Dicondylia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zygentoma" title="Zygentoma">Zygentoma</a> (silverfish, firebrats, fishmoths, 560 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silverfish_2007-2_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Silverfish_2007-2_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Silverfish_2007-2_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Silverfish_2007-2_%28white_background%29.jpg/150px-Silverfish_2007-2_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Silverfish_2007-2_%28white_background%29.jpg/200px-Silverfish_2007-2_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2843" data-file-height="756" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Palaeoptera" title="Palaeoptera">Palaeoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata</a> (dragonflies and damselflies, 5,899 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrations_of_Exotic_Entomology_II_47_(%27LIBELLULA_AXILENA%27).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illustrations_of_Exotic_Entomology_II_47_%28%27LIBELLULA_AXILENA%27%29.jpg/70px-Illustrations_of_Exotic_Entomology_II_47_%28%27LIBELLULA_AXILENA%27%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illustrations_of_Exotic_Entomology_II_47_%28%27LIBELLULA_AXILENA%27%29.jpg/105px-Illustrations_of_Exotic_Entomology_II_47_%28%27LIBELLULA_AXILENA%27%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illustrations_of_Exotic_Entomology_II_47_%28%27LIBELLULA_AXILENA%27%29.jpg/140px-Illustrations_of_Exotic_Entomology_II_47_%28%27LIBELLULA_AXILENA%27%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="684" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ephemeroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeroptera">Ephemeroptera</a> (mayflies, 3,240 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isonychia_sicca.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Isonychia_sicca.jpeg/80px-Isonychia_sicca.jpeg" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Isonychia_sicca.jpeg/120px-Isonychia_sicca.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Isonychia_sicca.jpeg/160px-Isonychia_sicca.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="809" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">Neoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Polyneoptera" title="Polyneoptera">Polyneoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zoraptera" title="Zoraptera">Zoraptera</a> (angel insects, 37 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zorotypus_guineensis_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Zorotypus_guineensis_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Zorotypus_guineensis_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Zorotypus_guineensis_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Zorotypus_guineensis_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Zorotypus_guineensis_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Zorotypus_guineensis_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="437" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dermaptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermaptera">Dermaptera</a> (earwigs, 1,978 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earwig_on_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Earwig_on_white_background.jpg/60px-Earwig_on_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Earwig_on_white_background.jpg/90px-Earwig_on_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Earwig_on_white_background.jpg/120px-Earwig_on_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="861" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Plecoptera" title="Plecoptera">Plecoptera</a> (stoneflies, 3,743 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neoperla_clymene_hor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Neoperla_clymene_hor.png/70px-Neoperla_clymene_hor.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Neoperla_clymene_hor.png/105px-Neoperla_clymene_hor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Neoperla_clymene_hor.png/140px-Neoperla_clymene_hor.png 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="552" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera</a> (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, 23,855 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gryllidae_usda.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gryllidae_usda.png/50px-Gryllidae_usda.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gryllidae_usda.png/75px-Gryllidae_usda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gryllidae_usda.png/100px-Gryllidae_usda.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="340" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Notoptera" title="Notoptera">Notoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Grylloblattodea" class="mw-redirect" title="Grylloblattodea">Grylloblattodea</a> (ice crawlers, 34 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grylloblattidae_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grylloblattidae_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Grylloblattidae_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grylloblattidae_%28white_background%29.jpg/250px-Grylloblattidae_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="520" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mantophasmatodea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantophasmatodea">Mantophasmatodea</a> (gladiators, 15 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantophasma_zephyra_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mantophasma_zephyra_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Mantophasma_zephyra_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mantophasma_zephyra_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Mantophasma_zephyra_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mantophasma_zephyra_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Mantophasma_zephyra_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phasmatodea" title="Phasmatodea">Phasmatodea</a> (stick insects, 3,014 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stick_insect_line_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stick_insect_line_diagram.png/70px-Stick_insect_line_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stick_insect_line_diagram.png/105px-Stick_insect_line_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stick_insect_line_diagram.png/140px-Stick_insect_line_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="146" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Embioptera" title="Embioptera">Embioptera</a> (webspinners, 463 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Embia_major_hor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Embia_major_hor.png/80px-Embia_major_hor.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Embia_major_hor.png/120px-Embia_major_hor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Embia_major_hor.png/160px-Embia_major_hor.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="253" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Dictyoptera" title="Dictyoptera">Dictyoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mantodea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantodea">Mantodea</a> (mantises, 2,400 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stagmomantis_carolina_usda_hor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stagmomantis_carolina_usda_hor.png/80px-Stagmomantis_carolina_usda_hor.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stagmomantis_carolina_usda_hor.png/120px-Stagmomantis_carolina_usda_hor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stagmomantis_carolina_usda_hor.png/160px-Stagmomantis_carolina_usda_hor.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="333" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Blattodea" title="Blattodea">Blattodea</a> (cockroaches and termites, 7,314 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temnopteryx_species_Zebra_Cockroach_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Temnopteryx_species_Zebra_Cockroach_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Temnopteryx_species_Zebra_Cockroach_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Temnopteryx_species_Zebra_Cockroach_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Temnopteryx_species_Zebra_Cockroach_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Temnopteryx_species_Zebra_Cockroach_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Temnopteryx_species_Zebra_Cockroach_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3430" data-file-height="1635" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eumetabola" title="Eumetabola">Eumetabola</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Paraneoptera" title="Paraneoptera">Paraneoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psocodea" title="Psocodea">Psocodea</a> (book lice, barklice and sucking lice, 11,000 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psocoptera_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Psocoptera_%28white_background%29.jpg/45px-Psocoptera_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Psocoptera_%28white_background%29.jpg/68px-Psocoptera_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Psocoptera_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Psocoptera_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="225" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lipeurus_forficulatus_f.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lipeurus_forficulatus_f.png/40px-Lipeurus_forficulatus_f.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lipeurus_forficulatus_f.png/60px-Lipeurus_forficulatus_f.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lipeurus_forficulatus_f.png/80px-Lipeurus_forficulatus_f.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="642" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a> (true bugs, <b>103,590</b> spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT,_Montsin%C3%A9ry,_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg/75px-Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg/113px-Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg/150px-Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4328" data-file-height="2093" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thysanoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thysanoptera">Thysanoptera</a> (thrips, 5,864 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrips_(PSF)_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thrips_%28PSF%29_%28white_background%29.png/40px-Thrips_%28PSF%29_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thrips_%28PSF%29_%28white_background%29.png/60px-Thrips_%28PSF%29_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thrips_%28PSF%29_%28white_background%29.png/80px-Thrips_%28PSF%29_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1374" data-file-height="1490" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> (sawflies, wasps, bees, ants, <b>116,861</b> spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_wasp_white_bg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/70px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/105px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/140px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Neuropteroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropteroidea">Neuropteroidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Coleopterida" title="Coleopterida">Coleopterida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera</a> (twisted-wing flies, 609 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elenchus_koebelei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elenchus_koebelei.jpg/70px-Elenchus_koebelei.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elenchus_koebelei.jpg/105px-Elenchus_koebelei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elenchus_koebelei.jpg/140px-Elenchus_koebelei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a> (beetles, <b>386,500</b> spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_(Reitter,_1887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/50px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/75px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/100px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3935" data-file-height="2625" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neuropterida" title="Neuropterida">Neuropterida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Raphidioptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphidioptera">Raphidioptera</a> (snakeflies, 254 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphidia_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raphidia_icon.png/70px-Raphidia_icon.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raphidia_icon.png/105px-Raphidia_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raphidia_icon.png/140px-Raphidia_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="288" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera</a> (lacewings, 5,868 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmylus_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Megaloptera" title="Megaloptera">Megaloptera</a> (alderflies and dobsonflies, 354 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_(rotated).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png/70px-Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png/105px-Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png/140px-Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="751" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Panorpida" title="Panorpida">Panorpida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Amphiesmenoptera" title="Amphiesmenoptera">Amphiesmenoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> (butterflies and moths, <b>157,338</b> spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/60px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/90px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/120px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a> (caddisflies, 14,391 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg/70px-RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg/105px-RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg/140px-RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5649" data-file-height="4771" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Antliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Antliophora">Antliophora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a> (true flies, <b>155,477</b> spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_house_fly,_Musca_domestica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/70px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/105px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/140px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">Mecoptera</a> (scorpionflies, 757 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpionfly_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3182" data-file-height="2020" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Siphonaptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonaptera">Siphonaptera</a> (fleas, 2,075 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg/40px-Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg/80px-Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2870" data-file-height="2757" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>larvae, pupae</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>wings flex over abdomen</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i><a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">wings</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early">Early</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology#Classification" title="Aristotle's biology">Aristotle's biology § Classification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insecta_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae</a></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Diagram of Linnaeus's key to his seven orders of insect, 1758<sup id="cite_ref-Winsor_1976_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winsor_1976-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:95%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Aptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Aptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Aptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch-borstehale_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png/70px-Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png/105px-Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png/140px-Arch-borstehale_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="226" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">wingless </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Diptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Diptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Diptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_house_fly,_Musca_domestica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/70px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/105px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/140px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">2‑winged </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Coleoptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Coleoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Coleoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_(Reitter,_1887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/50px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/75px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/100px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3935" data-file-height="2625" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">forewings fully hardened </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Hemiptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Hemiptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT,_Montsin%C3%A9ry,_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg/75px-Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg/113px-Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg/150px-Dorisiana_bicolor_MHNT%2C_Montsin%C3%A9ry%2C_Guyane_dos_vol_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4328" data-file-height="2093" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">forewings partly hardened </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">dissimilar pairs </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Lepidoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Lepidoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/60px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/90px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/120px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">wings scaly </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Neuroptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Neuroptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Neuroptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmylus_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">no sting </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Hymenoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Hymenoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_wasp_white_bg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/70px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/105px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/140px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">sting </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">wings membranous </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">similar pairs </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">4‑winged </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">winged </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><b><a href="/wiki/Insecta_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Insecta</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> was the first to describe the insects as a distinct group. He placed them as the second-lowest level of animals on his <i><a href="/wiki/Scala_naturae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scala naturae">scala naturae</a></i>, above the <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneously generating</a> sponges and worms, but below the hard-shelled marine snails. His classification remained in use for many centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1758, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Linn1758_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> divided the animal kingdom into six classes including <a href="/wiki/Insecta_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Insecta</a>. He created seven orders of insect according to the structure of their wings. These were the wingless Aptera, the two-winged Diptera, and five four-winged orders: the Coleoptera with fully-hardened forewings; the Hemiptera with partly-hardened forewings; the Lepidoptera with scaly wings; the Neuroptera with membranous wings but no <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">sting</a>; and the Hymenoptera, with membranous wings and a sting.<sup id="cite_ref-Winsor_1976_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winsor_1976-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a>, in his 1809 <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophie_Zoologique" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophie Zoologique">Philosophie Zoologique</a></i>, treated the insects as one of nine invertebrate <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould2011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1817 <i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> grouped all animals into four <i>embranchements</i> ("branches" with different body plans), one of which was the articulated animals, containing arthropods and annelids.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement was followed by the embryologist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> in 1828, the zoologist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> in 1857, and the comparative anatomist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-Valentine2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentine2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1874, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms, one of which was Metazoa for the multicellular animals. It had five phyla, including the articulates.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valentine2004_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentine2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Insect_orders" title="Category:Insect orders">Category:Insect orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Insect_families" title="Category:Insect families">Category:Insect families</a></div> <p>Traditional morphology-based <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a> have usually given the <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a> the rank of <a href="/wiki/Superclass_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superclass (biology)">superclass</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005180_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005180-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), <a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">Collembola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">Protura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">Diplura</a>, the latter three being grouped together as the <a href="/wiki/Entognatha" title="Entognatha">Entognatha</a> on the basis of internalized mouth parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall_2009_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall_2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of phylogenetic data has brought about numerous changes in relationships above the level of <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall_2009_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall_2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects or <a href="/wiki/Apterygota" title="Apterygota">Apterygota</a>, and winged insects or <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a>. The Apterygota traditionally consisted of the primitively wingless orders <a href="/wiki/Archaeognatha" title="Archaeognatha">Archaeognatha</a> (jumping bristletails) and <a href="/wiki/Zygentoma" title="Zygentoma">Zygentoma</a> (silverfish). However, Apterygota is not <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>, as Archaeognatha are sister to all other insects, based on the arrangement of their <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (insect mouthpart)">mandibles</a>, while the Pterygota, the winged insects, emerged from within the <a href="/wiki/Dicondylia" title="Dicondylia">Dicondylia</a>, alongside the Zygentoma.<sup id="cite_ref-BlankeEtal_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlankeEtal-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pterygota (<a href="/wiki/Palaeoptera" title="Palaeoptera">Palaeoptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">Neoptera</a>) are winged and have <a href="/wiki/Sclerite" title="Sclerite">hardened plates</a> on the outside of their body segments; the Neoptera have muscles that allow their wings to fold flat over the abdomen. Neoptera can be divided into groups with incomplete metamorphosis (<a href="/wiki/Polyneoptera" title="Polyneoptera">Polyneoptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraneoptera" title="Paraneoptera">Paraneoptera</a>) and those with complete metamorphosis (<a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a>). The molecular finding that the traditional <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">louse</a> orders <a href="/wiki/Mallophaga" title="Mallophaga">Mallophaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anoplura" class="mw-redirect" title="Anoplura">Anoplura</a> are within <a href="/wiki/Psocoptera" title="Psocoptera">Psocoptera</a> has led to the new taxon <a href="/wiki/Psocodea" title="Psocodea">Psocodea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phasmatodea" title="Phasmatodea">Phasmatodea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embiidina" class="mw-redirect" title="Embiidina">Embiidina</a> have been suggested to form the Eukinolabia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera form a monophyletic group, <a href="/wiki/Dictyoptera" title="Dictyoptera">Dictyoptera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fleas are now thought to be closely related to boreid mecopterans.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_insects" title="Evolution of insects">Evolution of insects</a></div> <p>The oldest fossil that may be a primitive wingless insect is <i><a href="/wiki/Leverhulmia" title="Leverhulmia">Leverhulmia</a></i> from the Early <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Windyfield_chert" class="mw-redirect" title="Windyfield chert">Windyfield chert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known flying insects are from the mid-<a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, around 328–324 million years ago. The group subsequently underwent a rapid <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">explosive diversification</a>. Claims that they originated substantially earlier, during the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> (some 400 million years ago) based on <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a> estimates, are unlikely to be correct, given the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">large-scale radiations</a> of insects have occurred: <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a> (from about 300 million years ago), <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a> (from about 250 million years ago), <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a> (both from about 150 million years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-Wiegmann_Trautwein_Winkler_Barr_2011_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiegmann_Trautwein_Winkler_Barr_2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remarkably successful <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> (wasps, bees, and ants) appeared some 200 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> period, but achieved their wide diversity more recently in the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> era, which began 66 million years ago. Some highly successful insect groups evolved in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>, a powerful illustration of <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a>. Insects were among the earliest terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> and acted as major selection agents on plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Biology-coevolution_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology-coevolution-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants evolved chemical <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">defenses against this herbivory</a> and the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such insects often advertise their toxicity using <a href="/wiki/Warning_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning colors">warning colors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The giant dragonfly-like insect Meganeura monyi grew to wingspans of 75 cm (2 ft 6 in) in the late Carboniferous, around 300 million years ago.[39]"><img alt="The giant dragonfly-like insect Meganeura monyi grew to wingspans of 75 cm (2 ft 6 in) in the late Carboniferous, around 300 million years ago.[39]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg/430px-Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg/644px-Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg/859px-Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7357" data-file-height="4626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The giant dragonfly-like insect <i><a href="/wiki/Meganeura_monyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Meganeura monyi">Meganeura monyi</a></i> grew to wingspans of 75 cm (2 ft 6 in) in the late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, around 300 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moravocoleus_permianus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beetle Moravocoleus permianus, fossil and reconstruction, from the Early Permian"><img alt="Beetle Moravocoleus permianus, fossil and reconstruction, from the Early Permian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moravocoleus_permianus.jpg/322px-Moravocoleus_permianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moravocoleus_permianus.jpg/482px-Moravocoleus_permianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moravocoleus_permianus.jpg/643px-Moravocoleus_permianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Beetle</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tshekardocoleidae" title="Tshekardocoleidae">Moravocoleus permianus</a></i>, fossil and reconstruction, from the Early <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossil_Wasp_(_Iberomaimetsha_).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hymenoptera such as this Iberomaimetsha from the Early Cretaceous, around 100 million years ago."><img alt="Hymenoptera such as this Iberomaimetsha from the Early Cretaceous, around 100 million years ago." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fossil_Wasp_%28_Iberomaimetsha_%29.jpg/361px-Fossil_Wasp_%28_Iberomaimetsha_%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Fossil_Wasp_%28_Iberomaimetsha_%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> such as this <i><a href="/wiki/Maimetshidae" title="Maimetshidae">Iberomaimetsha</a></i> from the Early <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, around 100 million years ago.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology_and_physiology">Morphology and physiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology" title="Insect morphology">Insect morphology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External">External</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg/300px-Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg/450px-Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg/600px-Insect_anatomy_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Insect morphology<br /> <b>A</b>- Head <b>B</b>- Thorax <b>C</b>- Abdomen <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><div class="image-key"><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antenna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ocellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocellus">ocellus</a> (lower)</li><li>ocellus (upper)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eye</a></li><li>brain (cerebral <a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglia</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Prothorax" title="Prothorax">prothorax</a></li><li>dorsal blood vessel</li><li><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrate trachea">tracheal</a> tubes (trunk with <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracle</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mesothorax" title="Mesothorax">mesothorax</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metathorax" title="Metathorax">metathorax</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">forewing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">hindwing</a></li><li>midgut (stomach)</li><li>dorsal tube (heart)</li><li>ovary</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindgut" title="Hindgut">hindgut</a> (intestine, rectum, anus)</li><li>anus</li><li>oviduct</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">nerve cord (abdominal ganglia)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malpighian_tubule_system" title="Malpighian tubule system">Malpighian tubules</a></li><li>tarsal pads</li><li>claws</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">tarsus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">tibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">femur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">trochanter</a></li><li>foregut (crop, gizzard)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">thoracic ganglion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">coxa</a></li><li>salivary gland</li><li><a href="/wiki/Subesophageal_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Subesophageal ganglion">subesophageal ganglion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts" title="Insect mouthparts">mouthparts</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three-part_body">Three-part body</h4></div> <p>Insects have a <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segmented</a> body supported by an <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_exoskeleton" title="Arthropod exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a>, the hard outer covering made mostly of <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>. The body is organized into three <a href="/wiki/Tagma_(biology)" title="Tagma (biology)">interconnected units</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology#Head" title="Insect morphology">head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorax (insect anatomy)">thorax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdomen_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdomen (insect anatomy)">abdomen</a>. The head supports a pair of sensory <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>, a pair of <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a>, zero to three simple eyes (or <a href="/wiki/Ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocelli">ocelli</a>) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts" title="Insect mouthparts">mouthparts</a>. The thorax carries the three pairs of legs and up to two pairs of <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">wings</a>. The abdomen contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200522–48_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200522–48-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Segmentation">Segmentation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology" title="Insect morphology">Insect morphology</a></div> <p>The head is enclosed in a hard, heavily <a href="/wiki/Sclerotin" title="Sclerotin">sclerotized</a>, unsegmented <a href="/wiki/Head_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Head capsule">head capsule</a>, which contains most of the sensing organs, including the antennae, compound eyes, ocelli, and mouthparts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReshCarde200913_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReshCarde200913-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thorax is composed of three sections named (from front to back) the <a href="/wiki/Prothorax" title="Prothorax">prothorax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesothorax" title="Mesothorax">mesothorax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metathorax" title="Metathorax">metathorax</a>. The prothorax carries the first pair of legs. The mesothorax carries the second pair of legs and the front wings. The metathorax carries the third pair of legs and the hind wings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200522–48_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200522–48-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReshCarde200913_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReshCarde200913-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abdomen is the largest part of the insect, typically with 11–12 segments, and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each segment of the abdomen has sclerotized upper and lower plates (the tergum and sternum), connected to adjacent sclerotized parts by membranes. Each segment carries a pair of <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReshCarde200913_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReshCarde200913-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exoskeleton">Exoskeleton</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_cuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod cuticle">Arthropod cuticle</a></div> <p>The outer skeleton, the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_cuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod cuticle">cuticle</a>, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, a thin and waxy water-resistant outer layer without <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, and a lower layer, the thick chitinous procuticle. The procuticle has two layers: an outer exocuticle and an inner endocuticle. The tough and flexible endocuticle is built from numerous layers of fibrous chitin and proteins, criss-crossing each other in a sandwich pattern, while the exocuticle is rigid and sclerotized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200522–24_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200522–24-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an adaptation to life on land, insects have an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that uses atmospheric oxygen to harden their cuticle, unlike crustaceans which use heavy calcium compounds for the same purpose. This makes the insect exoskeleton a lightweight material.<sup id="cite_ref-AsanHashEver23_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsanHashEver23-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_systems">Internal systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insect_physiology" title="Insect physiology">Insect physiology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nervous">Nervous</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> of an insect consists of a <a href="/wiki/Insect_brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect brain">brain</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">ventral nerve cord</a>. The head capsule is made up of six fused segments, each with either a pair of <a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglia</a>, or a cluster of nerve cells outside of the brain. The first three pairs of ganglia are fused into the brain, while the three following pairs are fused into a structure of three pairs of ganglia under the insect's <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Subesophageal_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Subesophageal ganglion">subesophageal ganglion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200557_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200557-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic">thoracic</a> segments have one ganglion on each side, connected into a pair per segment. This arrangement is also seen in the first eight segments of the abdomen. Many insects have fewer ganglia than this.<sup id="cite_ref-INSECTS:_ROLE_OF_THE_SPIRACLES_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSECTS:_ROLE_OF_THE_SPIRACLES-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insects are capable of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digestive">Digestive</h4></div> <p>An insect uses its digestive system to extract nutrients and other substances from the food it consumes.<sup id="cite_ref-genent_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genent-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is extensive variation among different <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomic order">orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">life stages</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Caste_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste (insect)">castes</a> in the digestive system of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alimentary_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimentary canal">gut</a> runs lengthwise through the body. It has three sections, with paired <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a> and salivary reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200570–77_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200570–77-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By moving its mouthparts the insect mixes its food with saliva.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duncan1939_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan1939-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some insects, like <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">flies</a>, expel <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a> onto their food to break it down, but most insects digest their food in the gut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENation200131_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENation200131-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">foregut</a> is lined with cuticule as protection from tough food. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Buccal_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccal cavity">mouth</a>, pharynx, and <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a> which stores food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200570_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200570-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digestion starts in the mouth with enzymes in the saliva. Strong muscles in the pharynx pump fluid into the mouth, lubricating the food, and enabling certain insects to feed on blood or from the <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> transport vessels of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENation200130–31_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENation200130–31-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">midgut</a>, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections, <a href="/wiki/Microvillus" title="Microvillus">microvilli</a>, increase the surface area of the wall to absorb nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENation200132_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENation200132-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Hindgut" title="Hindgut">hindgut</a>, undigested food particles are joined by <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> to form fecal pellets; most of the water is absorbed, leaving a dry pellet to be eliminated. Insects may have one to hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Malpighian_tubule_system" title="Malpighian tubule system">Malpighian tubules</a>. These remove nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph of the insect and regulate osmotic balance. Wastes and solutes are emptied directly into the alimentary canal, at the junction between the midgut and hindgut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200571–72,_78–80_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200571–72,_78–80-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reproductive">Reproductive</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insect_reproductive_system" title="Insect reproductive system">Insect reproductive system</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Insect_reproductive_system" title="Insect reproductive system">reproductive system of female insects</a> consist of a pair of <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>, accessory glands, one or more <a href="/wiki/Spermatheca" title="Spermatheca">spermathecae</a> to store sperm, and ducts connecting these parts. The ovaries are made up of a variable number of egg tubes, <a href="/wiki/Ovarioles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovarioles">ovarioles</a>. Female insects make eggs, receive and store sperm, manipulate sperm from different males, and lay eggs. Accessory glands produce substances to maintain sperm and to protect the eggs. They can produce glue and protective substances for coating eggs, or tough coverings for a batch of eggs called <a href="/wiki/Ootheca" title="Ootheca">oothecae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReshCarde2009880_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReshCarde2009880-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For males, the reproductive system consists of one or two <a href="/wiki/Testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis">testes</a>, suspended in the body cavity by <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrate trachea">tracheae</a>. The testes contain sperm tubes or follicles in a membranous sac. These connect to a duct that leads to the outside. The terminal portion of the duct may be sclerotized to form the <a href="/wiki/Intromittent_organ" title="Intromittent organ">intromittent organ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aedeagus" title="Aedeagus">aedeagus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReshCarde2009885_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReshCarde2009885-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Respiratory">Respiratory</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_insects" title="Respiratory system of insects">Respiratory system of insects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png/220px-Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png/330px-Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png/440px-Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>The tube-like heart (green) of the mosquito <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles_gambiae" title="Anopheles gambiae">Anopheles gambiae</a></i> extends horizontally across the body, interlinked with the diamond-shaped <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing#Muscles" title="Insect wing">wing muscles</a> (also green) and surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardial cells</a> (red). Blue depicts <a href="/wiki/Cell_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell nuclei">cell nuclei</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_insects" title="Respiratory system of insects">Insect respiration</a> is accomplished without <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>. Instead, insects have a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrate trachea">tracheae</a> and tracheoles. In most insects, air is taken in through paired <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a>, openings on the sides of the abdomen and thorax. The respiratory system limits the size of insects. As insects get larger, <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Invertebrates" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> via spiracles becomes less efficient, and thus the heaviest insect currently weighs less than 100 g. However, with increased atmospheric oxygen levels, as were present in the late <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, larger insects were possible, such as dragonflies with wingspans of more than two feet (60 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gas exchange patterns in insects range from continuous and <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusive</a> ventilation, to <a href="/wiki/Discontinuous_gas_exchange" title="Discontinuous gas exchange">discontinuous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200565–68_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200565–68-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPE_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPE-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aquins_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aquins-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circulatory">Circulatory</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Insect_physiology#Circulatory_system" title="Insect physiology">Insect physiology § Circulatory system</a></div> <p>Because oxygen is delivered directly to tissues via tracheoles, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced. The insect circulatory system is open; it has no <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a>, and instead consists of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube that pulses <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristaltically</a>. This dorsal blood vessel is divided into two sections: the heart and aorta. The dorsal blood vessel circulates the <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">hemolymph</a>, arthropods' fluid analog of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, from the rear of the body cavity forward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200561–65_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200561–65-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemolymph is composed of plasma in which <a href="/wiki/Hemocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemocytes">hemocytes</a> are suspended. Nutrients, hormones, wastes, and other substances are transported throughout the insect body in the hemolymph. Hemocytes include many types of cells that are important for immune responses, wound healing, and other functions. Hemolymph pressure may be increased by muscle contractions or by swallowing air into the digestive system to aid in molting.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sensory">Sensory</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Insect_physiology#Sensory_organs" title="Insect physiology">Insect physiology § Sensory organs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg/170px-Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg/255px-Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg/340px-Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption>Most insects have a pair of large <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> and other sensory organs such as antennae able to detect movements and chemical stimuli on their heads.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many insects possess numerous specialized <a href="/wiki/Sensilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensilla">sensory organs</a> able to detect stimuli including limb position (<a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Campaniform_sensilla" title="Campaniform sensilla">campaniform sensilla</a>, light, <a href="/wiki/Hygroreception" title="Hygroreception">water</a>, chemicals (senses of <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">smell</a>), sound, and heat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston201495–124_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston201495–124-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some insects such as <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a> can perceive <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> wavelengths, or detect <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">polarized light</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> of male moths can detect the <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a> of female moths over distances of over a kilometer.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a trade-off between visual acuity and chemical or tactile acuity, such that most insects with well-developed eyes have reduced or simple antennae, and vice versa. Insects perceive sound by different mechanisms, such as thin vibrating membranes (<a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympana</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston201497–103_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston201497–103-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds. Hearing has evolved independently at least 19 times in different insect groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_Nowotny_2021_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_Nowotny_2021-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most insects, except some <a href="/wiki/Rhaphidophoridae" title="Rhaphidophoridae">cave crickets</a>, are able to perceive light and dark. Many have acute vision capable of detecting small and rapid movements. The eyes may include simple eyes or <a href="/wiki/Ocellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocellus">ocelli</a> as well as larger <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a>. Many species can detect light in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> wavelengths, with color vision. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that UV-green-blue <a href="/wiki/Trichromacy" title="Trichromacy">trichromacy</a> existed from at least the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> period, some 400 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-insvision_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insvision-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The individual lenses in compound eyes are immobile, but fruit flies have photoreceptor cells underneath each lens which move rapidly in and out of focus, in a series of movements called photoreceptor microsaccades. This gives them, and possibly many other insects, a much clearer image of the world than previously assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An insect's <a href="/wiki/Insect_olfaction" title="Insect olfaction">sense of smell</a> is via <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemical receptors</a>, usually on the antennae and the mouthparts. These detect both airborne <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile compounds</a> and odorants on surfaces, including pheromones from other insects and compounds released by food plants. Insects use olfaction to locate mating partners, food, and places to lay eggs, and to avoid predators. It is thus an extremely important sense, enabling insects to discriminate between thousands of volatile compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Carraher_Dalziel_Jordan_2015_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carraher_Dalziel_Jordan_2015-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some insects are capable of <a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">magnetoreception</a>; ants and bees navigate using it both locally (near their nests) and when migrating.<sup id="cite_ref-Wajnberg_2010_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wajnberg_2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Schwarziana_quadripunctata" title="Schwarziana quadripunctata">Brazilian stingless bee</a> detects magnetic fields using the hair-like <a href="/wiki/Sensillum" title="Sensillum">sensilla</a> on its antennae.<sup id="cite_ref-Esquivel_2005_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquivel_2005-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucano_2005_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucano_2005-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction_and_development">Reproduction and development</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life-cycles">Life-cycles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG/220px-Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG/330px-Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG/440px-Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">Butterflies</a> mating </figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of insects hatch from <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a>. The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg, enclosed by a shell (<a href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion</a>) that consists of maternal tissue. In contrast to eggs of other arthropods, most insect eggs are drought resistant. This is because inside the chorion two additional membranes develop from embryonic tissue, the <a href="/wiki/Amnion" title="Amnion">amnion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</a>. This serosa secretes a <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> rich in <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> that protects the embryo against desiccation.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of insects, like aphids and tsetse flies, are <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparity" title="Ovoviviparity">ovoviviparous</a>: their eggs develop entirely inside the female, and then hatch immediately upon being laid.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgraw-hill_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgraw-hill-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other species, such as in the cockroach genus <i><a href="/wiki/Diploptera" title="Diploptera">Diploptera</a></i>, are <a href="/wiki/Viviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviparous">viviparous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestating</a> inside the mother and <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">born alive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005129,_131,_134–135_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005129,_131,_134–135-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some insects, like <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">parasitoid wasps</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Polyembryony" title="Polyembryony">polyembryonic</a>, meaning that a single fertilized egg divides into many separate embryos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005136–137_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005136–137-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insects may be <a href="/wiki/Voltinism" title="Voltinism">univoltine</a>, bivoltine or multivoltine, having one, two or many broods in a year.<sup id="cite_ref-OdonateGlossary_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OdonateGlossary-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphid-giving-birth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aphid-giving-birth.jpg/220px-Aphid-giving-birth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aphid-giving-birth.jpg/330px-Aphid-giving-birth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aphid-giving-birth.jpg/440px-Aphid-giving-birth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">Aphid</a> giving birth to live female young by <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a> from unfertilized eggs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm/220px-seek%3D80-Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="167" data-mwtitle="Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm/Acanthocephala_terminalis_egg_depositing.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A female <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala_terminalis" title="Acanthocephala terminalis">leaf-footed bug</a> deposits an egg before flying off.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other developmental and reproductive variations include <a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">haplodiploidy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paedomorphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paedomorphosis">paedomorphosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peramorphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Peramorphosis">peramorphosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, parthenogenesis, and more rarely <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditism">hermaphroditism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005143_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005143-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">haplodiploidy</a>, which is a type of <a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">sex-determination system</a>, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> an individual receives. This system is typical in bees and wasps.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some insects are <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenetic</a>, meaning that the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggs <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilized</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a>. Many aphids undergo a cyclical form of parthenogenesis in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer, aphids are generally female and parthenogenetic; in the autumn, males may be produced for sexual reproduction. Other insects produced by parthenogenesis are bees, wasps and ants; in their <a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">haplodiploid</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> females spawn many females and a few <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> males.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgraw-hill_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgraw-hill-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metamorphosis">Metamorphosis</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">Metamorphosis</a> in insects is the process of development that converts young to adults. There are two forms of metamorphosis: incomplete and complete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incomplete">Incomplete</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hemimetabolism" title="Hemimetabolism">Hemimetabolism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locust_instars_NMNS_(aligned).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Locust_instars_NMNS_%28aligned%29.jpg/440px-Locust_instars_NMNS_%28aligned%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Locust_instars_NMNS_%28aligned%29.jpg/660px-Locust_instars_NMNS_%28aligned%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Locust_instars_NMNS_%28aligned%29.jpg/880px-Locust_instars_NMNS_%28aligned%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4376" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hemimetabolism" title="Hemimetabolism">Incomplete metamorphosis</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a> with multiple <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instars</a>. Egg is not shown. The largest specimen is adult.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hemimetabolism" title="Hemimetabolism">Hemimetabolous</a> insects, those with incomplete metamorphosis, change gradually after hatching from the <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">egg</a> by undergoing a series of <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">molts</a> through stages called <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instars</a>, until the final, <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</a>, stage is reached. An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton, which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect's growth. The molting process begins as the insect's <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> secretes a new <a href="/wiki/Epicuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicuticle">epicuticle</a> inside the old one. After this new epicuticle is secreted, the epidermis releases a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle. When this stage is complete, the insect makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air; this makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where it was thinnest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005142_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005142-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004P523To524_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004P523To524-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complete">Complete</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holometabolism" title="Holometabolism">Holometabolism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarch_life-cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Monarch_life-cycle.jpg/440px-Monarch_life-cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Monarch_life-cycle.jpg/660px-Monarch_life-cycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Monarch_life-cycle.jpg/880px-Monarch_life-cycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7497" data-file-height="2588" /></a><figcaption>Life-cycle of butterfly, undergoing <a href="/wiki/Holometabolism" title="Holometabolism">complete metamorphosis</a> from egg through <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillar</a> larvae to <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a> and adult</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Holometabolism" title="Holometabolism">Holometabolism</a>, or complete metamorphosis, is where the insect changes in four stages, an egg or <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Insect_larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect larvae">larva</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a> and the adult or <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">imago</a>. In these species, an egg hatches to produce a larva, which is generally worm-like in form. This can be eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grub-like), campodeiform (elongated, flattened and active), elateriform (wireworm-like) or vermiform (maggot-like). The larva grows and eventually becomes a pupa, a stage marked by reduced movement. There are three <a href="/wiki/Pupa#Types" title="Pupa">types of pupae</a>: obtect, exarate or coarctate. Obtect pupae are compact, with the legs and other appendages enclosed. Exarate pupae have their legs and other appendages free and extended. Coarctate pupae develop inside the larval skin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005151_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005151-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insects undergo considerable change in form during the pupal stage, and emerge as adults. Butterflies are well-known for undergoing complete metamorphosis; most insects use this life cycle. Some insects have evolved this system to <a href="/wiki/Hypermetamorphosis" title="Hypermetamorphosis">hypermetamorphosis</a>. Complete metamorphosis is a trait of the most diverse insect group, the <a href="/wiki/Endopterygota" class="mw-redirect" title="Endopterygota">Endopterygota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005143_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005143-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication">Communication</h2></div> <p>Insects that produce sound can generally hear it. Most <a href="/wiki/Animal_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal hearing">insects can hear</a> only a <a href="/wiki/Hearing_range" title="Hearing range">narrow range</a> of <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a> related to the frequency of the sounds they can produce. Mosquitoes can hear up to 2 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kilohertz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain predatory and parasitic insects can detect the characteristic sounds made by their prey or hosts, respectively. Likewise, some nocturnal moths can perceive the <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a> emissions of <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, which helps them <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_avoidance" title="Ultrasound avoidance">avoid predation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200587–94_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200587–94-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_production">Light production</h3></div> <p>A few insects, such as <a href="/wiki/Mycetophilidae" title="Mycetophilidae">Mycetophilidae</a> (Diptera) and the beetle families <a href="/wiki/Lampyridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampyridae">Lampyridae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phengodidae" title="Phengodidae">Phengodidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elateridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Elateridae">Elateridae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staphylinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylinidae">Staphylinidae</a> are <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioluminescent">bioluminescent</a>. The most familiar group are the <a href="/wiki/Fireflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireflies">fireflies</a>, beetles of the family Lampyridae. Some species are able to control this light generation to produce flashes. The function varies with some species using them to attract mates, while others use them to lure prey. Cave dwelling larvae of <i><a href="/wiki/Arachnocampa" title="Arachnocampa">Arachnocampa</a></i> (Mycetophilidae, fungus gnats) glow to lure small flying insects into sticky strands of silk.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fireflies of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Photuris" title="Photuris">Photuris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimic</a> the flashing of female <i><a href="/wiki/Photinus_(beetle)" title="Photinus (beetle)">Photinus</a></i> species to attract males of that species, which are then captured and devoured.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colors of emitted light vary from dull blue (<i>Orfelia fultoni</i>, Mycetophilidae) to the familiar greens and the rare reds (<i>Phrixothrix tiemanni</i>, Phengodidae).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_production">Sound production</h3></div> <p>Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages. In <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a> and crickets, this is achieved by <a href="/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicadas</a> make the loudest sounds among the insects by producing and amplifying sounds with special modifications to their body to form <a href="/wiki/Tymbal" title="Tymbal">tymbals</a> and associated musculature. The African <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicada</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Brevisana_brevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brevisana brevis">Brevisana brevis</a></i> has been measured at 106.7 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a> at a distance of 50 cm (20 in).<sup id="cite_ref-walker_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some insects, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea" title="Helicoverpa zea">Helicoverpa zea</a></i> moths, <a href="/wiki/Hawk_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawk moth">hawk moths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedylidae" title="Hedylidae">Hedylid</a> butterflies, can hear <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_avoidance" title="Ultrasound avoidance">take evasive action</a> when they sense that they have been detected by bats.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some moths produce ultrasonic clicks that warn predatory bats of their unpalatability (acoustic <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some palatable moths have evolved to mimic these calls (acoustic <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claim that some moths can <a href="/wiki/Echolocation_jamming#Jamming_by_prey" title="Echolocation jamming">jam bat sonar</a> has been revisited. Ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions suggest the palatable tiger moth really does defend against attacking big brown bats using ultrasonic clicks that jam bat sonar.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Grasshoppers.ogg" title="File:Grasshoppers.ogg">Grasshopper stridulation</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Grasshoppers.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Grasshoppers.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Grasshoppers.ogg/Grasshoppers.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Several unidentified grasshoppers stridulating</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Very low sounds are produced in various species of <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantodea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantodea">Mantodea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera</a>. These low sounds are produced by the insect's movement, amplified by stridulatory structures on the insect's muscles and joints; these sounds can be used to warn or communicate with other insects. Most sound-making insects also have <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanal organs</a> that can perceive airborne sounds. Some <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">hemipterans</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Corixidae" title="Corixidae">water boatmen</a>, communicate via underwater sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Field_cricket_Gryllus_pennsylvanicus.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Field_cricket_Gryllus_pennsylvanicus.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Field_cricket_Gryllus_pennsylvanicus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Field_cricket_Gryllus_pennsylvanicus.ogg/Field_cricket_Gryllus_pennsylvanicus.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AField_cricket_Gryllus_pennsylvanicus.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Cricket in garage with familiar call</figcaption></figure> <p>Communication using surface-borne vibrational signals is more widespread among insects because of size constraints in producing air-borne sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insects cannot effectively produce low-frequency sounds, and high-frequency sounds tend to disperse more in a dense environment (such as <a href="/wiki/Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliage">foliage</a>), so insects living in such environments communicate primarily using substrate-borne vibrations.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some species use vibrations for communicating, such as to attract mates as in the songs of the <a href="/wiki/Shield_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Shield bug">shield bug</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nezara_viridula" title="Nezara viridula">Nezara viridula</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vibrations can also be used to communicate between species; <a href="/wiki/Lycaenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycaenid">lycaenid</a> caterpillars, which <a href="/wiki/Myrmecophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmecophile">form a mutualistic association with ants</a> communicate with ants in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_hissing_cockroach" title="Madagascar hissing cockroach">Madagascar hissing cockroach</a> has the ability to press air through its spiracles to make a hissing noise as a sign of aggression;<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Death%27s-head_hawkmoth" title="Death's-head hawkmoth">death's-head hawkmoth</a> makes a squeaking noise by forcing air out of their pharynx when agitated, which may also reduce aggressive worker honey bee behavior when the two are close.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_communication">Chemical communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_communication_in_insects" title="Chemical communication in insects">Chemical communication in insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insect_olfaction" title="Insect olfaction">Insect olfaction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pheromonal_glands_in_ants.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pheromonal_glands_in_ants.png/220px-Pheromonal_glands_in_ants.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pheromonal_glands_in_ants.png/330px-Pheromonal_glands_in_ants.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Pheromonal_glands_in_ants.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Social insects such as ants have multiple types of <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromonal</a> glands, producing different <a href="/wiki/Semiochemical" title="Semiochemical">semiochemicals</a> for <a href="/wiki/Chemical_communication_in_insects" title="Chemical communication in insects">communication with other insects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200596–105_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200596–105-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Many insects have evolved <a href="/wiki/Chemical_communication_in_insects" title="Chemical communication in insects">chemical means for communication</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Semiochemical" title="Semiochemical">semiochemicals</a> are often derived from plant metabolites including those meant to attract, repel and provide other kinds of information. <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">Pheromones</a> are used for attracting mates of the opposite sex, for aggregating <a href="/wiki/Conspecificity" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecificity">conspecific</a> individuals of both sexes, for deterring other individuals from approaching, to mark a trail, and to trigger aggression in nearby individuals. <a href="/wiki/Allomone" title="Allomone">Allomones</a> benefit their producer by the effect they have upon the receiver. <a href="/wiki/Kairomone" title="Kairomone">Kairomones</a> benefit their receiver instead of their producer. Synomones benefit the producer and the receiver. While some chemicals are targeted at individuals of the same species, others are used for communication across species. The use of scents is especially well-developed in social insects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200596–105_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200596–105-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Cuticular_hydrocarbons"></span><span id="Cuticular_hydrocarbon"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Cuticular hydrocarbons </span></span> are nonstructural materials produced and secreted to the cuticle surface to fight <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>. They are important, too, as pheromones, especially in social insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Yan-Liebig-2021_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yan-Liebig-2021-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_behavior">Social behavior</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg/121px-Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg/182px-Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg/242px-Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Nasutitermes_triodiae" title="Nasutitermes triodiae">cathedral mound</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">eusocial</a> <a href="/wiki/Mound-building_termites" title="Mound-building termites">mound-building termites</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee_waggle_dance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bee_waggle_dance.png/163px-Bee_waggle_dance.png" decoding="async" width="163" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bee_waggle_dance.png/245px-Bee_waggle_dance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bee_waggle_dance.png/326px-Bee_waggle_dance.png 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>'s figure-eight <a href="/wiki/Waggle_dance" title="Waggle dance">waggle dance</a>. An orientation 45° to the right of ‘up' on the comb indicates food 45° to the right of the sun. The dancer's rapid waggling blurs her abdomen.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Social insect">Social insects</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">eusocial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They live together in such large well-organized colonies of genetically similar individuals that they are sometimes considered <a href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism">superorganisms</a>. In particular, reproduction is largely limited to a <a href="/wiki/Gyne" title="Gyne">queen caste</a>; other females are <a href="/wiki/Worker_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker caste">workers</a>, prevented from reproducing by <a href="/wiki/Worker_policing" title="Worker policing">worker policing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bees</a> have evolved a system of abstract symbolic communication where a behavior is used to represent and convey specific information about the environment. In this communication system, called <a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">dance language</a>, the angle at which a bee dances represents a direction relative to the sun, and the length of the dance represents the distance to be flown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005309–311_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005309–311-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">Bumblebees</a> too have some social communication behaviors. <i><a href="/wiki/Bombus_terrestris" title="Bombus terrestris">Bombus terrestris</a></i>, for example, more rapidly learns about visiting unfamiliar, yet rewarding flowers, when they can see a conspecific foraging on the same species.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only insects that live in nests or colonies possess fine-scale spatial orientation. Some can <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">navigate</a> unerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of similar holes, after a trip of several kilometers. In <a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">philopatry</a>, insects that <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernate</a> are able to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few insects seasonally <a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">migrate</a> large distances between different geographic regions, as in the continent-wide <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly_migration" title="Monarch butterfly migration">monarch butterfly migration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200514_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200514-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Care_of_young">Care of young</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eusocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusocial">Eusocial</a> insects build nests, guard eggs, and provide food for offspring full-time. Most insects, however, lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates. A small number provide <a href="/wiki/Parental_care" title="Parental care">parental care</a>, where they at least guard their eggs, and sometimes guard their offspring until adulthood, possibly even feeding them. Many wasps and bees construct a nest or burrow, <a href="/wiki/Mass_provisioning" title="Mass provisioning">store provisions</a> in it, and lay an egg upon those provisions, providing no further care.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight">Flight</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insect_flight" title="Insect flight">Insect flight</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoverfly_September_2007-7_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hoverfly_September_2007-7_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hoverfly_September_2007-7_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hoverfly_September_2007-7_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Hoverfly_September_2007-7_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hoverfly_September_2007-7_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hoverfly_September_2007-7_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Insects such as <a href="/wiki/Hoverflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoverflies">hoverflies</a> are capable of rapid and agile <a href="/wiki/Insect_flight" title="Insect flight">flight</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Insects are the only group of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> to have developed flight. The ancient groups of insects in the Palaeoptera, the dragonflies, damselflies and mayflies, operate their wings directly by paired muscles attached to points on each wing base that raise and lower them. This can only be done at a relatively slow rate. All other insects, the Neoptera, have <a href="/wiki/Indirect_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect flight">indirect flight</a>, in which the flight muscles cause rapid oscillation of the thorax: there can be more wingbeats than nerve impulses commanding the muscles. One pair of flight muscles is aligned vertically, contracting to pull the top of the thorax down, and the wings up. The other pair runs longitudinally, contracting to force the top of the thorax up and the wings down.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most insects gain <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic lift">aerodynamic lift</a> by creating a spiralling <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortex</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">leading edge</a> of the wings.<sup id="cite_ref-aerodynamics_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerodynamics-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small insects like thrips with tiny feathery wings gain lift using the <a href="/wiki/Clap_and_fling" class="mw-redirect" title="Clap and fling">clap and fling</a> mechanism; the wings are clapped together and pulled apart, flinging vortices into the air at the leading edges and at the wingtips.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evolution of <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">insect wings</a> has been <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing#Hypotheses" title="Insect wing">a subject of debate</a>; it has been suggested they came from modified gills, flaps on the spiracles, or an appendage, the epicoxa, at the base of the legs.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, entomologists have favored evolution of wings from lobes of the <a href="/wiki/Notum" title="Notum">notum</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Pleuron_(insect_anatomy)" title="Pleuron (insect anatomy)">pleuron</a>, or more likely both.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> age, the dragonfly-like <i><a href="/wiki/Meganeura" title="Meganeura">Meganeura</a></i> had as much as a 50 cm (20 in) wide wingspan. The appearance of gigantic insects is consistent with high atmospheric oxygen at that time, as the respiratory system of insects constrains their size.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest flying insects today are much smaller, with the largest wingspan belonging to the white witch moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Thysania_agrippina" title="Thysania agrippina">Thysania agrippina</a></i>), at approximately 28 cm (11 in).<sup id="cite_ref-BIR_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIR-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, small insects are swept along by the <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing winds</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although many larger insects <a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">migrate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">Aphids</a> are transported long distances by low-level <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet streams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walking">Walking</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Walking#Insects" title="Walking">Walking § Insects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm/250px--Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="45" data-mwtitle="Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1200" data-height="900" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm/Alternating_Tripod_Gait.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Spatial and temporal stepping pattern of walking desert ants performing an alternating tripod gait. Recording rate: 500 fps, Playback rate: 10 fps.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many adult insects use six legs for walking, with an alternating <a href="/wiki/Tripod_gait" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripod gait">tripod gait</a>. This allows for rapid walking with a stable stance; it has been studied extensively in <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroaches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward, while the front and rear right leg and the middle left leg are lifted and moved forward to a new position. When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle, the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn.<sup id="cite_ref-Locomotion_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Locomotion-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, turning, avoiding obstacles, climbing or slippery surfaces, four (tetrapodal) or more feet (<a href="/wiki/Walking#Insects" title="Walking">wave-gait</a>) may be touching the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cockroaches are among the fastest insect runners and, at full speed, adopt a bipedal run. More sedate locomotion is seen in the well-<a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged</a> stick insects (<a href="/wiki/Phasmatodea" title="Phasmatodea">Phasmatodea</a>). A small number of species such as <a href="/wiki/Water_strider" class="mw-redirect" title="Water strider">Water striders</a> can move on the surface of water; their claws are recessed in a special groove, preventing the claws from piercing the water's surface film.<sup id="cite_ref-aquins_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aquins-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ocean-skaters in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Halobates" title="Halobates">Halobates</a></i> even live on the surface of open oceans, a habitat that has few insect species.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swimming">Swimming</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic insects">Aquatic insects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notonecta_glauca01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Notonecta_glauca01.jpg/220px-Notonecta_glauca01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Notonecta_glauca01.jpg/330px-Notonecta_glauca01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Notonecta_glauca01.jpg/440px-Notonecta_glauca01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Backswimmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Backswimmer">backswimmer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Notonecta_glauca" title="Notonecta glauca">Notonecta glauca</a></i> underwater, showing its paddle-like hindleg adaptation</figcaption></figure> <p>A large number of insects live either part or the whole of their lives underwater. In many of the more primitive orders of insect, the immature stages are aquatic. In some groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Water_beetle" title="Water beetle">water beetles</a>, the adults too are aquatic.<sup id="cite_ref-aquins_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aquins-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these species are adapted for under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">naiads</a> use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other insects such as the <a href="/wiki/Staphylinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylinidae">rove beetle</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Stenus" title="Stenus">Stenus</a></i> emit <a href="/wiki/Pygidium#Insects" title="Pygidium">pygidial</a> gland <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a> secretions that reduce surface tension; this enables them to move on the surface of water by <a href="/wiki/Marangoni_effect" title="Marangoni effect">Marangoni propulsion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insect_ecology" title="Insect ecology">Insect ecology</a></div> <p>Insects play many critical roles in <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, including soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wildlife nutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchowalter20063,_572_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchowalter20063,_572-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, termites modify the environment around their nests, encouraging grass growth;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2014257_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2014257-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a> are <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a>; dung beetles <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycle</a> biological materials into forms useful to other <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2014261–264_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2014261–264-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insects are responsible for much of the process by which <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> is created.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston20053,_218–228_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston20053,_218–228-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense">Defense</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Defense_in_insects" title="Defense in insects">Defense in insects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reduvius_personatus,_Masked_Hunter_Bug_nymph_camouflaged_with_sand_grains.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Reduvius_personatus%2C_Masked_Hunter_Bug_nymph_camouflaged_with_sand_grains.JPG/220px-Reduvius_personatus%2C_Masked_Hunter_Bug_nymph_camouflaged_with_sand_grains.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Reduvius_personatus%2C_Masked_Hunter_Bug_nymph_camouflaged_with_sand_grains.JPG/330px-Reduvius_personatus%2C_Masked_Hunter_Bug_nymph_camouflaged_with_sand_grains.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Reduvius_personatus%2C_Masked_Hunter_Bug_nymph_camouflaged_with_sand_grains.JPG/440px-Reduvius_personatus%2C_Masked_Hunter_Bug_nymph_camouflaged_with_sand_grains.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Reduvius_personatus" title="Reduvius personatus">Reduvius personatus</a></i>, the masked hunter bug <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">nymph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflages</a> itself with sand grains to avoid <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Insects are mostly small, soft bodied, and fragile compared to larger lifeforms. The immature stages are small, move slowly or are immobile, and so all stages are exposed to <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitism</a>. Insects accordingly employ multiple <a href="/wiki/Defense_in_insects" title="Defense in insects">defensive strategies</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>, toxicity and active defense.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans126_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans126-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Defense_in_insects#Hiding" title="Defense in insects">insects rely on camouflage</a> to avoid being noticed by their predators or prey.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common among <a href="/wiki/Leaf_beetle" title="Leaf beetle">leaf beetles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weevil" title="Weevil">weevils</a> that feed on wood or vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans126_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans126-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stick_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick insect">Stick insects</a> mimic the forms of sticks and leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-bedford_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bedford-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many insects use <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a> to deceive predators into avoiding them. In <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a>, edible species, such as of <a href="/wiki/Hoverflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoverflies">hoverflies</a> (the mimics), gain a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the models).<sup id="cite_ref-Evans126_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans126-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ritland_&_Brower_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritland_&_Brower-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</a>, inedible species, such as of wasps and bees, resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators who need to learn that those insects are inedible. <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> butterflies, many of which are toxic, form Müllerian complexes, advertising their inedibility.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_defense#Terrestrial_arthropods" title="Chemical defense">Chemical defense</a> is common among Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright warning colors (<a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a>), as in the <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</a>. As larvae, they obtain their <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar#Chemical_defences" title="Caterpillar">toxicity</a> by sequestering chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may vomit violently, learning not to eat insects with similar markings; this is the basis of Müllerian mimicry.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Ground_beetle" title="Ground beetle">ground beetles</a> of the family Carabidae actively defend themselves, spraying chemicals from their abdomen with great accuracy, to repel predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans126_139-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans126-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollination">Pollination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">Entomophily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg/220px-Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg/330px-Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg/440px-Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">European honey bee</a> carrying pollen in a <a href="/wiki/Pollen_basket" title="Pollen basket">pollen basket</a> back to the hive</figcaption></figure> <p>Pollination is the process by which <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. The majority of <a href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">pollination is by insects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USFS_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFS-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is a <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualism</a>. The various flower traits, such as bright colors and <a href="/wiki/Insect_pheromones" title="Insect pheromones">pheromones</a> that <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolved</a> with their pollinators, have been called <a href="/wiki/Pollination_syndrome" title="Pollination syndrome">pollination syndromes</a>, though around one third of flowers cannot be assigned to a single syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-Ollerton_Alarcón_Waser_Price_2009_pp._1471–1480_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ollerton_Alarcón_Waser_Price_2009_pp._1471–1480-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasitism">Parasitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">Parasitoid wasp</a></div> <p>Many insects are <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a>. The largest group, with over 100,000 species<sup id="cite_ref-Polaszek_Vilhemsen_2023_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polaszek_Vilhemsen_2023-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and perhaps over a million,<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_Bagley_Beer_Hippee_2018_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_Bagley_Beer_Hippee_2018-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consists of a single <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">parasitoid wasps</a> among the Hymenoptera.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_Kopylov_2020_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_Kopylov_2020-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are parasites of other insects, eventually killing their hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-Polaszek_Vilhemsen_2023_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polaszek_Vilhemsen_2023-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are hyper-parasites, as their hosts are other parasitoid wasps.<sup id="cite_ref-Polaszek_Vilhemsen_2023_148-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polaszek_Vilhemsen_2023-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several groups of insects can be considered as either <a href="/wiki/Micropredator" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropredator">micropredators</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ectoparasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoparasites">external parasites</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Rollinson_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollinson-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PoulinRandhawa2015_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoulinRandhawa2015-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, many <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">hemipteran</a> bugs have piercing and sucking mouthparts, adapted for feeding on plant sap,<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while species in groups such as <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">hematophagous</a>, feeding on the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-PoulinRandhawa2015_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoulinRandhawa2015-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_2357_Spotted_alfalfa_aphid_being_attacked_by_parasitic_wasp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A parasitoid wasp ovipositing into an aphid[155]"><img alt="A parasitoid wasp ovipositing into an aphid[155]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2357_Spotted_alfalfa_aphid_being_attacked_by_parasitic_wasp.jpg/180px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2357_Spotted_alfalfa_aphid_being_attacked_by_parasitic_wasp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2357_Spotted_alfalfa_aphid_being_attacked_by_parasitic_wasp.jpg/270px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2357_Spotted_alfalfa_aphid_being_attacked_by_parasitic_wasp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2357_Spotted_alfalfa_aphid_being_attacked_by_parasitic_wasp.jpg/360px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2357_Spotted_alfalfa_aphid_being_attacked_by_parasitic_wasp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1219" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">parasitoid wasp</a> ovipositing into an <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphid</a><sup id="cite_ref-WilsonSwincer1982_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilsonSwincer1982-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilting_a_twig_(4608641762).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plant parasite or micropredator: a coreid bug sucking plant sap"><img alt="Plant parasite or micropredator: a coreid bug sucking plant sap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wilting_a_twig_%284608641762%29.jpg/115px-Wilting_a_twig_%284608641762%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wilting_a_twig_%284608641762%29.jpg/172px-Wilting_a_twig_%284608641762%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wilting_a_twig_%284608641762%29.jpg/229px-Wilting_a_twig_%284608641762%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plant parasite or <a href="/wiki/Micropredator" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropredator">micropredator</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Coreidae" title="Coreidae">coreid</a> bug sucking plant sap</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_human_head_louse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Human head-lice are directly transmitted obligate ectoparasites."><img alt="Human head-lice are directly transmitted obligate ectoparasites." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Male_human_head_louse.jpg/180px-Male_human_head_louse.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Male_human_head_louse.jpg/270px-Male_human_head_louse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Male_human_head_louse.jpg/360px-Male_human_head_louse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2570" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pediculus_humanus_capitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediculus humanus capitis">Human head-lice</a> are directly transmitted <a href="/wiki/Obligate_parasite" title="Obligate parasite">obligate</a> ectoparasites.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_humans">Relationship to humans</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pests">As pests</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aedes_aegypti_biting_human.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aedes_aegypti_biting_human.jpg/200px-Aedes_aegypti_biting_human.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aedes_aegypti_biting_human.jpg/300px-Aedes_aegypti_biting_human.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aedes_aegypti_biting_human.jpg/400px-Aedes_aegypti_biting_human.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1895" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_aegypti" title="Aedes aegypti">Aedes aegypti</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> mosquito, is a <a href="/wiki/Disease_vector" title="Disease vector">vector</a> of several <a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">diseases</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pest_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Pest insect">Pest insect</a></div> <p>Many insects are considered <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> by humans. These include parasites of people and livestock, such as <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimex" title="Cimex">bed bugs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a> act as <a href="/wiki/Disease_vector" title="Disease vector">vectors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">several diseases</a>. Other pests include insects like <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a> that damage wooden structures; herbivorous insects such as <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a>, aphids, and <a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">thrips</a> that destroy agricultural crops, or like <a href="/wiki/Wheat_weevil" title="Wheat weevil">wheat weevils</a> damage stored agricultural produce. Farmers have often attempted to control insects with chemical <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a>, but increasingly rely on <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a>. This uses one organism to reduce the population density of a pest organism; it is a key element of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">integrated pest management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biological control is favored because insecticides can cause harm to ecosystems far beyond the intended pest targets.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_beneficial_roles">In beneficial roles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology#Beneficial_insects" title="Economic entomology">Economic entomology § Beneficial insects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:008_F%C3%A0brica_de_seda_Yodgorlik,_Imom_Zahiriddin_Ko%27chasi_138_(Marguilan),_bullint_els_capolls_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/008_F%C3%A0brica_de_seda_Yodgorlik%2C_Imom_Zahiriddin_Ko%27chasi_138_%28Marguilan%29%2C_bullint_els_capolls_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-008_F%C3%A0brica_de_seda_Yodgorlik%2C_Imom_Zahiriddin_Ko%27chasi_138_%28Marguilan%29%2C_bullint_els_capolls_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/008_F%C3%A0brica_de_seda_Yodgorlik%2C_Imom_Zahiriddin_Ko%27chasi_138_%28Marguilan%29%2C_bullint_els_capolls_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-008_F%C3%A0brica_de_seda_Yodgorlik%2C_Imom_Zahiriddin_Ko%27chasi_138_%28Marguilan%29%2C_bullint_els_capolls_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/008_F%C3%A0brica_de_seda_Yodgorlik%2C_Imom_Zahiriddin_Ko%27chasi_138_%28Marguilan%29%2C_bullint_els_capolls_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-008_F%C3%A0brica_de_seda_Yodgorlik%2C_Imom_Zahiriddin_Ko%27chasi_138_%28Marguilan%29%2C_bullint_els_capolls_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="2273" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">Silkworms</a> were <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> for <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> over 5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, silk cocoons are being unrolled. </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> of flowering plants by insects including <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">flies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, is economically important.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value of insect pollination of crops and fruit trees was estimated in 2021 to be about $34 billion in the US alone.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insects produce useful substances such as <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Crane1990_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane1990-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bees</a> have been cultured by humans for thousands of years for honey.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beekeeping in pottery vessels began about 9,000 years ago in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-9kya_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9kya-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworm</a> has greatly affected human history, as <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">silk-driven trade</a> established relationships between China and the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insects that feed on or parasitise other insects are beneficial to humans if they thereby reduce damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a> feed on crops, causing economic loss, but <a href="/wiki/Ladybug" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladybug">ladybugs</a> feed on aphids, and can be used <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">to control them</a>. Insects account for the vast majority of insect consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005328–348,_400_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2005328–348,_400-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fly larvae (<a href="/wiki/Maggot" title="Maggot">maggots</a>) were formerly <a href="/wiki/Maggot_therapy" title="Maggot therapy">used to treat wounds</a> to prevent or stop <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>, as they would only consume dead flesh. This treatment is finding modern usage in some hospitals. Insects have gained attention as potential sources of drugs and other medicinal substances.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult insects, such as crickets and insect larvae of various kinds, are commonly used as fishing bait.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_declines">Population declines</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></div> <p>At least 66 insect species extinctions have been recorded since 1500, many of them on oceanic islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs2017_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs2017-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Declines in insect abundance</a> have been attributed to human activity in the form of artificial lighting,<sup id="cite_ref-Owens2018_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owens2018-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> land use changes such as urbanization or farming,<sup id="cite_ref-Tscharntke2005_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tscharntke2005-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pesticide use,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and invasive species.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 research review suggested that a large proportion of insect species is threatened with extinction in the 21st century,<sup id="cite_ref-Wyckhuys2019_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyckhuys2019-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the details have been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A larger 2020 meta-study, analyzing data from 166 long-term surveys, suggested that populations of terrestrial insects are indeed decreasing rapidly, by about 9% per decade.<sup id="cite_ref-vanKlink2020_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanKlink2020-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_research">In research</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/200px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/300px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/400px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>The fruit fly <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> is a widely used <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a>, the common fruit fly <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> for studies in the <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">genetic linkage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">interactions between genes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomal</a> genetics, <a href="/wiki/Evo-devo" class="mw-redirect" title="Evo-devo">development</a>, behavior and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. Because genetic systems are well conserved among eukaryotes, understanding basic cellular processes like <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> in fruit flies can help to understand those processes in other eukaryotes, including humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierce_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierce-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of <i>D. melanogaster</i> was <a href="/wiki/Genome_project" title="Genome project">sequenced</a> in 2000, reflecting the organism's important role in biological research. It was found that 70% of the fly genome is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a>, supporting the theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2000_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2000-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects as food</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witchetty_grub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Witchetty_grub.jpg/200px-Witchetty_grub.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Witchetty_grub.jpg/300px-Witchetty_grub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Witchetty_grub.jpg/400px-Witchetty_grub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Witchetty_grub" title="Witchetty grub">Witchetty grubs</a> are prized as high-protein foods by Aboriginal Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceurstemont_2013_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceurstemont_2013-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Insects are consumed as food in 80% of the world's nations, by people in roughly 3,000 ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramos-Elorduy_1998_44_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos-Elorduy_1998_44-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Africa, locally abundant species of <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a> are a common traditional human food source.<sup id="cite_ref-buginfo_asfood_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buginfo_asfood-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, especially <a href="/wiki/Deep-fried" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-fried">deep-fried</a> <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicadas</a>, are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacies</a>. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> in human <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200510–13_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200510–13-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most first-world countries, however, <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">entomophagy</a> (the eating of insects), is <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also recommended by <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">armed forces</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Survival_skills" title="Survival skills">survival</a> food for troops in adversity.<sup id="cite_ref-buginfo_asfood_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buginfo_asfood-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the abundance of insects and a worldwide concern of food shortages, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> considers that people throughout the world may have to eat insects as a food staple. Insects are noted for their nutrients, having a high content of protein, minerals and fats and are already regularly eaten by one-third of the world's population.<sup id="cite_ref-investvine_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-investvine-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_products">In other products</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Black_soldier_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Black soldier fly">Black soldier fly</a> larvae can provide <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and fats for use in <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insect cooking oil, insect butter and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_alcohol" title="Fatty alcohol">fatty alcohols</a> <a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">can be made from</a> such insects as the superworm (<i><a href="/wiki/Zophobas_morio" class="mw-redirect" title="Zophobas morio">Zophobas morio</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insect species including the black soldier fly or the <a href="/wiki/Housefly" title="Housefly">housefly</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Maggot_farming" title="Maggot farming">maggot</a> forms, and beetle larvae such as <a href="/wiki/Mealworms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mealworms">mealworms</a>, can be processed and <a href="/wiki/Insects_as_feed" title="Insects as feed">used as feed</a> for farmed animals including chicken, fish and pigs.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species of insects are sold and kept as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_religion_and_folklore">In religion and folklore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">Insects in mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_brooklynmuseum_Scarab_with_Separate_Wings_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WLA_brooklynmuseum_Scarab_with_Separate_Wings_3.jpg/220px-WLA_brooklynmuseum_Scarab_with_Separate_Wings_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WLA_brooklynmuseum_Scarab_with_Separate_Wings_3.jpg/330px-WLA_brooklynmuseum_Scarab_with_Separate_Wings_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WLA_brooklynmuseum_Scarab_with_Separate_Wings_3.jpg/440px-WLA_brooklynmuseum_Scarab_with_Separate_Wings_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="1459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">scarab</a> with separate wings, c. 712-342 BC</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Scarabaeidae" title="Scarabaeidae">Scarab beetles</a> held religious and cultural symbolism in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanistic</a> Old World cultures. The ancient <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> regarded <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicadas</a> as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> literature, the epic poem of <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> has allusions to <a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata</a> that signify the impossibility of immortality. Among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aborigines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a> language groups, honey ants and <a href="/wiki/Witchetty_grub" title="Witchetty grub">witchetty grubs</a> served as personal clan totems. In the case of the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">'San' bush-men</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahari">Kalahari</a>, it is the <a href="/wiki/Praying_mantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying mantis">praying mantis</a> that holds much cultural significance including creation and <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">zen</a>-like patience in waiting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston20059_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston20059-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">Entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoentomology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnoentomology">Ethnoentomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals" title="Flying and gliding animals">Flying and gliding animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insect-borne_diseases" title="Category:Insect-borne diseases">Insect-borne diseases</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of New Zealand">Museum of New Zealand</a> notes that "in everyday conversation", <i>bug</i> "refers to land arthropods with at least six legs, such as insects, spiders, and centipedes".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a chapter on "Bugs That Are Not Insects", entomologist Gilbert Walbauer specifies centipedes, millipedes, arachnids (spiders, <a href="/wiki/Opiliones" title="Opiliones">daddy longlegs</a>, scorpions, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Chigger">chiggers</a> and ticks) as well as the few terrestrial crustaceans (<a href="/wiki/Sowbug" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowbug">sowbugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pillbug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillbug">pillbugs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Waldbauer_1998_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldbauer_1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dinseco1">"insĕco"</a>. <i>A Latin Dictionary</i>. Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ins%C4%95co&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton+T.&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059%253Aentry%253Dinseco1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liddell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liddell_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e)/ntomos">"ἔντομος"</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%94%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29%2Fntomos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarperMcCormack,_Dan2001" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas; McCormack, Dan (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=insect&allowed_in_frame=0">"Online Etymological Dictionary"</a>. LogoBee.com. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111164850/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=insect&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=LogoBee.com&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=McCormack%2C+Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dinsect%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ezglot.com/words.php?w=insect&l=eng">"insect translations"</a>. <i>ezglot.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ezglot.com&rft.atitle=insect+translations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezglot.com%2Fwords.php%3Fw%3Dinsect%26l%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/discover-collections/read-watch-play/science/your-bug-questions-answered/what-bug-insects-arachnids">"What is a bug? Insects, arachnids, and myriapods"</a> at Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa website. Accessed 10 March 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waldbauer_1998-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waldbauer_1998_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waldbauer_1998_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldbauer1998" class="citation book cs1">Waldbauer, Gilbert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handybuganswerbo00wald/page/5/mode/2up"><i>The Handy Bug Answer Book</i></a>. Visible Ink. pp. 1, <span class="nowrap">5–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578590490" title="Special:BookSources/9781578590490"><bdi>9781578590490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handy+Bug+Answer+Book&rft.pages=1%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Visible+Ink&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781578590490&rft.aulast=Waldbauer&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandybuganswerbo00wald%2Fpage%2F5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chinery_intro_1993-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chinery_intro_1993_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChinery1993" class="citation book cs1">Chinery, Michael (1993). 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(26 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6294958">"Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>115</b> (50): <span class="nowrap">12775–</span>12780. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..11512775J">2018PNAS..11512775J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1815820115">10.1073/pnas.1815820115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6294958">6294958</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30478043">30478043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Phylogenomics+and+the+evolution+of+hemipteroid+insects&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12775-%3C%2Fspan%3E12780&rft.date=2018-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6294958%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..11512775J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30478043&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1815820115&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kevin+P.&rft.au=Dietrich%2C+Christopher+H.&rft.au=Friedrich%2C+Frank&rft.au=Beutel%2C+Rolf+G.&rft.au=Wipfler%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Peters%2C+Ralph+S.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Julie+M.&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Malte&rft.au=Donath%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Walden%2C+Kimberly+K.+O.&rft.au=Kozlov%2C+Alexey+M.&rft.au=Podsiadlowski%2C+Lars&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Meusemann%2C+Karen&rft.au=Vasilikopoulos%2C+Alexandros&rft.au=Waterhouse%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Stephen+L.&rft.au=Weirauch%2C+Christiane&rft.au=Swanson%2C+Daniel+R.&rft.au=Percy%2C+Diana+M.&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Nate+B.&rft.au=Terry%2C+Irene&rft.au=Liu%2C+Shanlin&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Xin&rft.au=Misof%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Hugh+M.&rft.au=Yoshizawa%2C+Kazunori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6294958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kjer-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kjer_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKjerSimonYavorskayaBeutel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kjer, Karl M.; <a href="/wiki/Chris_Simon_(biologist)" title="Chris Simon (biologist)">Simon, Chris</a>; Yavorskaya, Margarita; Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5014063">"Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society Interface</i>. <b>13</b> (121): 121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2016.0363">10.1098/rsif.2016.0363</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5014063">5014063</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27558853">27558853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+Interface&rft.atitle=Progress%2C+pitfalls+and+parallel+universes%3A+a+history+of+insect+phylogenetics&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=121&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5014063%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27558853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsif.2016.0363&rft.aulast=Kjer&rft.aufirst=Karl+M.&rft.au=Simon%2C+Chris&rft.au=Yavorskaya%2C+Margarita&rft.au=Beutel%2C+Rolf+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5014063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winsor_1976-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winsor_1976_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winsor_1976_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinsor1976" class="citation journal cs1">Winsor, Mary P. 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Bloomsbury. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-3622-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-3622-4"><bdi>978-1-4088-3622-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lagoon%3A+How+Aristotle+Invented+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-3622-4&rft.aulast=Leroi&rft.aufirst=Armand+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linn1758-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linn1758_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542"><i>Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i></a> (in Latin) (<a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th</a> ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Entomology+%E2%80%93+Digestive+and+Excritory+system&rft.pub=NC+state+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cals.ncsu.edu%2Fcourse%2Fent425%2Flibrary%2Ftutorials%2Finternal_anatomy%2Fdigestive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuenoTanakade_Lima_NogueiraFox2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bueno, Odair Correa; Tanaka, Francisco André Ossamu; de Lima Nogueira, Neusa; Fox, Eduardo Gonçalves Paterson; Rossi, Mônica Lanzoni; Solis, Daniel Russ (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3835044">"On the morphology of the digestive system of two Monomorium ant species"</a>. <i>Journal of Insect Science</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1673%2F031.013.7001">10.1673/031.013.7001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3835044">3835044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24224520">24224520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Insect+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+morphology+of+the+digestive+system+of+two+Monomorium+ant+species&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3835044%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24224520&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1673%2F031.013.7001&rft.aulast=Bueno&rft.aufirst=Odair+Correa&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Francisco+Andr%C3%A9+Ossamu&rft.au=de+Lima+Nogueira%2C+Neusa&rft.au=Fox%2C+Eduardo+Gon%C3%A7alves+Paterson&rft.au=Rossi%2C+M%C3%B4nica+Lanzoni&rft.au=Solis%2C+Daniel+Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3835044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200570–77-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200570–77_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGullanCranston2005">Gullan & Cranston 2005</a>, pp. 70–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/library/tutorials/internal_anatomy/digestive.html">"General Entomology – Digestive and Excretory system"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Entomology+%E2%80%93+Digestive+and+Excretory+system&rft.pub=North+Carolina+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cals.ncsu.edu%2Fcourse%2Fent425%2Flibrary%2Ftutorials%2Finternal_anatomy%2Fdigestive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan1939-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duncan1939_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1939" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Carl D. (1939). <i>A Contribution to The Biology of North American Vespine Wasps</i> (1st ed.). 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Argonne National Laboratory. 8 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.aps.anl.gov/APS-Science-Highlight/2007/What-Keeps-Bugs-from-Being-Bigger">the original</a> on 14 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Keeps+Bugs+from+Being+Bigger%3F&rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2007-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.aps.anl.gov%2FAPS-Science-Highlight%2F2007%2FWhat-Keeps-Bugs-from-Being-Bigger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200565–68-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston200565–68_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGullanCranston2005">Gullan & Cranston 2005</a>, pp. 65–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPE-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPE_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChownNicholson2004" class="citation book cs1">Chown, S. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851549-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851549-4"><bdi>978-0-19-851549-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insect+Physiological+Ecology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-851549-4&rft.aulast=Chown&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+S.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aquins-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aquins_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aquins_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aquins_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_W._MerrittKenneth_W._CumminsMartin_B._Berg2007" class="citation book cs1">Richard W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circulatory+System&rft.place=NC+State+University&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Department+of+Entomology%2C+NC+State+University&rft.date=2006-02-17&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cals.ncsu.edu%2Fcourse%2Fent425%2Ftutorial%2Fcirculatory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTriplehorn2005" class="citation book cs1">Triplehorn, Charles (2005). <i>Borror and DeLong's introduction to the study of insects</i>. Johnson, Norman F., Borror, Donald J. (7th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Value+of+Ecological+Services+Provided+by+Insects&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=311-323%2813%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1641%2F0006-3568%282006%2956%5B311%3ATEVOES%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Losey&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+Mace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordinfo.info%2Funit%2F3562%3Fletter%3DI%26spage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston20053,_218–228-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston20053,_218–228_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGullanCranston2005">Gullan & Cranston 2005</a>, pp. 3, 218–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans126-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans126_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans126_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans126_139-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans126_139-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvansBellamy2000" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Arthur V.; Bellamy, Charles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ_hfpMo8oAC&pg=PA31"><i>An Inordinate Fondness for Beetles</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22323-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22323-3"><bdi>978-0-520-22323-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inordinate+Fondness+for+Beetles&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22323-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Arthur+V.&rft.au=Bellamy%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZ_hfpMo8oAC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612201555/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140321-insects-fossil-camouflage-mimicry-pictures/">"Photos: Masters of Disguise – Amazing Insect Camouflage"</a>. 24 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140321-insects-fossil-camouflage-mimicry-pictures/">the original</a> on 12 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photos%3A+Masters+of+Disguise+%E2%80%93+Amazing+Insect+Camouflage&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F03%2F140321-insects-fossil-camouflage-mimicry-pictures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bedford-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bedford_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBedford1978" class="citation journal cs1">Bedford, Geoffrey O. (1978). "Biology and Ecology of the Phasmatodea". <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">125–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.en.23.010178.001013">10.1146/annurev.en.23.010178.001013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Biology+and+Ecology+of+the+Phasmatodea&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.en.23.010178.001013&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritland_&_Brower-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ritland_&_Brower_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitlandBrower1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ritland, D. B.; <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Brower" title="Lincoln Brower">Brower, Lincoln P.</a> (1991). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/factsheet_pollinator.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Investor&rft.atitle=UN%3A+Insects+are+%27food+of+the+future%27+%28video%29&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft.aulast=Maierbrugger&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestvine.com%2Fun-bugs-are-food-of-the-future-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerheyenOomsVogelsVreysen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Verheyen, Geert; Ooms, Tom; Vogels, Liesbeth; Vreysen, Steven; Bovy, Ann; Van Miert, Sabine; Meersman, Filip (1 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326671736">"Insects as an Alternative Source for the Production of Fats for Cosmetics"</a>. <i>Journal of Cosmetic Science</i>. <b>69</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30052193">30052193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cosmetic+Science&rft.atitle=Insects+as+an+Alternative+Source+for+the+Production+of+Fats+for+Cosmetics&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30052193&rft.aulast=Verheyen&rft.aufirst=Geert&rft.au=Ooms%2C+Tom&rft.au=Vogels%2C+Liesbeth&rft.au=Vreysen%2C+Steven&rft.au=Bovy%2C+Ann&rft.au=Van+Miert%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Meersman%2C+Filip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F326671736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410150413/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/sponsor-content-from-pest-pot-can-insects-feed-the-world">"From Pest to Pot: Can Insects Feed the World?"</a>. <i>National Geographic Culture</i>. 15 August 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/sponsor-content-from-pest-pot-can-insects-feed-the-world">the original</a> on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Culture&rft.atitle=From+Pest+to+Pot%3A+Can+Insects+Feed+the+World%3F&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2Fsponsor-content-from-pest-pot-can-insects-feed-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/food-of-larvae">"How AgriProtein makes chicken food from maggots"</a>. <i>Wired UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=How+AgriProtein+makes+chicken+food+from+maggots&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Farticle%2Ffood-of-larvae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBugs" class="citation web cs1">Bugs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ms-verlag.de/magazine/bugs">"Bugs – das Wirbellosenmagazin"</a>. <i>NTV Verlag</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405111133"><i>The Insects: An Outline of Entomology</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1113-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-1113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insects%3A+An+Outline+of+Entomology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1113-3&rft.aulast=Gullan&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Cranston%2C+P.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781405111133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGullanCranston2014" class="citation book cs1">Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. 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Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-84616-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-84616-2"><bdi>978-1-118-84616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insects%3A+An+Outline+of+Entomology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-84616-2&rft.aulast=Gullan&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Cranston%2C+P.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlF5hBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNation2001" class="citation book cs1">Nation, James L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3v2tOvz1uQC"><i>Insect Physiology and Biochemistry</i></a> (1st ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1181-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1181-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-1181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insect+Physiology+and+Biochemistry&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1181-9&rft.aulast=Nation&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3v2tOvz1uQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReshCarde2009" class="citation book cs1">Resh, Vincent H.; Carde, Ring T. (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of Insects</i> (2 ed.). Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374144-8"><bdi>978-0-12-374144-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Insects&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374144-8&rft.aulast=Resh&rft.aufirst=Vincent+H.&rft.au=Carde%2C+Ring+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchowalter2006" class="citation book cs1">Schowalter, Timothy Duane (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PD6R-AEvwEC"><i>Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Epproach</i></a> (2nd (illustrated) ed.). Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088772-9"><bdi>978-0-12-088772-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603221311/https://books.google.com/books?id=3PD6R-AEvwEC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insect+Ecology%3A+An+Ecosystem+Epproach&rft.edition=2nd+%28illustrated%29&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-12-088772-9&rft.aulast=Schowalter&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3PD6R-AEvwEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_spider" title="Sea spider">Pycnogonida (sea spiders)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Euchelicerata" class="mw-redirect" title="Euchelicerata">Euchelicerata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiphosura" title="Xiphosura">Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandibulata" title="Mandibulata">Mandibulata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">Chilopoda (centipedes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphyla" title="Symphyla">Symphyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauropoda" title="Pauropoda">Pauropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">Diplopoda (millipedes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustacea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">Ostracoda (seed shrimps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">Pentastomida (tongue worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiura">Branchiura (fish lice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thecostraca" title="Thecostraca">Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantulocarida" title="Tantulocarida">Tantulocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">Protura (coneheads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">Collembola (springtails)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insecta (insects)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>italic</i> are paraphyletic groups</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Insect_orders330" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orders_of_Insects" title="Template:Orders of Insects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orders_of_Insects" title="Template talk:Orders of Insects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orders_of_Insects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orders of Insects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Insect_orders330" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insect</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Insect_orders" title="Category:Insect orders">orders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>(unranked): <a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a></li> <li>Subphylum: <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Extant330" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monocondylia30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeognatha" title="Archaeognatha">Monocondylia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeognatha" title="Archaeognatha">Archaeognatha <small>(jumping bristletails)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insect_collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Insect_collage.png/75px-Insect_collage.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Insect_collage.png/113px-Insect_collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Insect_collage.png/150px-Insect_collage.png 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="2887" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dicondylia" title="Dicondylia">D<br />i<br />c<br />o<br />n<br />d<br />y<br />l<br />i<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygentoma" title="Zygentoma">Zygentoma <small>(silverfish, firebrats)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">P<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />y<br />g<br />o<br />t<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palaeoptera15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeoptera" title="Palaeoptera">Palaeoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">Ephemeropteroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">Ephemeroptera <small>(mayflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odonatoptera" title="Odonatoptera">Odonatoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata <small>(dragonflies, damselflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">N<br />e<br />o<br />p<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polyneoptera86" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Polyneoptera" title="Polyneoptera">Polyneoptera</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plecoptera" title="Plecoptera">Plecoptera <small>(stoneflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earwig" title="Earwig">Dermaptera <small>(earwigs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embioptera" title="Embioptera">Embioptera <small>(webspinners)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasmatodea" title="Phasmatodea">Phasmatodea <small>(stick and leaf insects)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera <small>(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoraptera" title="Zoraptera">Zoraptera <small>(angel insects)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Notoptera" title="Notoptera">Notoptera<br /><small>(Xenonomia)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae" title="Grylloblattidae">Grylloblattodea <small>(ice-crawlers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantophasmatidae" title="Mantophasmatidae">Mantophasmatodea <small>(gladiators)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dictyoptera" title="Dictyoptera">Dictyoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blattodea" title="Blattodea">Blattodea <small>(cockroaches, termites)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantis" title="Mantis">Mantodea <small>(mantises)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eumetabola" title="Eumetabola">E<br />u<br />m<br />e<br />t<br />a<br />b<br />o<br />l<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Paraneoptera_*86" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paraneoptera" title="Paraneoptera">Paraneoptera</a></i><abbr title="Eumetabola = (Psocodea + (rest of Paraneoptera + Holometabola))"> *</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psocodea" title="Psocodea">Psocodea <small>(barklice, lice)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">Thysanoptera <small>(thrips)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera <small>(cicadas, aphids, true bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">H<br />o<br />l<br />o<br />m<br />e<br />t<br />a<br />b<br />o<br />l<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera <small>(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Neuropteroidea</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Coleopterida" title="Coleopterida">Coleopterida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera <small>(twisted-winged parasites)</small></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Coleoptera <small>(beetles)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Neuropterida" title="Neuropterida">Neuropterida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snakefly" title="Snakefly">Raphidioptera <small>(snakeflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaloptera" title="Megaloptera">Megaloptera <small>(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera <small>(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panorpida" title="Panorpida">Panorpida<br /><small><span class="nobold">(Mecopterida)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:2em;"><span class="nobold">Antliophora</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="A clade comprising paraphyletic order Mecoptera and monophyletic order Siphonaptera."><i><a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">Mecoptera <small>(scorpionflies)</small></a></i> + <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">Siphonaptera <small>(fleas)</small></a></abbr></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">Diptera <small>(gnats, mosquitoes, flies)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:2em;"><a href="/wiki/Amphiesmenoptera" title="Amphiesmenoptera">Amphiesmenoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddisfly" title="Caddisfly">Trichoptera <small>(caddisflies)</small></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera <small>(moths, butterflies)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-size:90%;"><div> <ul><li>Four most speciose orders are marked in <b>bold</b></li> <li><i>Italic</i> are paraphyletic groups</li> <li>Based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/236">Sasaki <i>et al.</i> (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Extinct330" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extinct</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiocarenodea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethiocarenodea">Aethiocarenodea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roachoid" title="Roachoid">Blattoptera <small>(roachoids)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloneurodea" title="Caloneurodea">Caloneurodea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Campylopteridae">Campylopteridae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbotriplurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbotriplurida (page does not exist)">Carbotriplurida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxoplectoptera" title="Coxoplectoptera">Coxoplectoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphanopterodea" title="Diaphanopterodea">Diaphanopterodea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoblattodea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoblattodea (page does not exist)">Eoblattodea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eudiaphanoptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eudiaphanoptera (page does not exist)">Eudiaphanoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Geroptera">Geroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosselytrodea" title="Glosselytrodea">Glosselytrodea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraridea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraridea (page does not exist)">Heraridea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoperlida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypoperlida (page does not exist)">Hypoperlida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapeyriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapeyriidae">Lapeyriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meganisoptera" title="Meganisoptera">Meganisoptera <small>(griffinflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasecoptera" title="Megasecoptera">Megasecoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miomoptera" title="Miomoptera">Miomoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeodictyoptera" title="Palaeodictyoptera">Palaeodictyoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paoliida" title="Paoliida">Paoliida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permoplectoptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permoplectoptera (page does not exist)">Permoplectoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permothemistida" title="Permothemistida">Permothemistida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protanisoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Protanisoptera">Protanisoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protelytroptera" title="Protelytroptera">Protelytroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protephemerida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protephemerida (page does not exist)">Protephemerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protorthoptera" title="Protorthoptera">Protorthoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protozygoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozygoptera">Protozygoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntonoptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntonoptera (page does not exist)">Syntonoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanoptera" title="Titanoptera">Titanoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadophlebioptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Triadophlebioptera">Triadophlebioptera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/25px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/38px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/50px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Insecta" class="extiw" title="species:Insecta">Wikispecies</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_interactions_with_insects236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_Japanese_culture" title="Insects in Japanese culture">Insects in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rats,_Lice_and_History" title="Rats, Lice and History">Rats, Lice and History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories,<br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_and_humans" title="Category:Insects and humans">Insects and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides">Pesticides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/17px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/26px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/34px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4018" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4018" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Insecta</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1390" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1390">Q1390</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Insecta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Insecta">Insecta</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Insecta/">Insecta</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Insecta">Insecta</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=82">82</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/52">52</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/H6">H6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/344">344</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1INSEC">1INSEC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:4">4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/e1ed93e8-a324-41b1-bfe0-48ae4c2e0d58">e1ed93e8-a324-41b1-bfe0-48ae4c2e0d58</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/216">216</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47158">47158</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1096">1096</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=99208">99208</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=50557">50557</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/dd35a426-1309-4fef-b664-68c32e849434">dd35a426-1309-4fef-b664-68c32e849434</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1062253">1062253</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=56637">56637</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/">insecta</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C8C4569D-5212-9366-6EFE-B1B6EDEFE016">C8C4569D-5212-9366-6EFE-B1B6EDEFE016</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Taxonomicon: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=17192">17192</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1307">1307</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/9584517B-E62D-4456-B9A0-6B65B8273B6C">9584517B-E62D-4456-B9A0-6B65B8273B6C</a></span></span></li></ul> 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>199 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b574f7ddb-vdlqm","wgBackendResponseTime":358,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.655","walltime":"3.178","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30863,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":870711,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":34178,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":64,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":850674,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":24,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2684.339 1 -total"," 38.25% 1026.853 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.32% 679.640 39 Template:Clade"," 20.43% 548.302 98 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.74% 261.440 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 7.06% 189.545 21 Template:Navbox"," 6.62% 177.698 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 6.52% 175.050 41 Template:Sfn"," 5.58% 149.804 36 Template:Cite_book"," 4.07% 109.205 29 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[\"CITEREFCatorArthurHarringtonHoy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeurstemont2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChinery1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChownNicholson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColbornvom_SaalSoto1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorcoranBarber,_Jesse_R.Conner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrane1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrook\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamsDams1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidsonLyon1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeVries1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Wit1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDossey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrakeFarrow,_R._A.1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDudley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDukas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErwin1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsquivelWajnbergdo_NascimentoPinho2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansBellamy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbesBagleyBeerHippee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabowskaGodlewska,_ElzbietaSchmidt,_JoachimDaun-Gruhn,_Silvia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimaldi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullan,_P.J.Cranston,_P.S.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullanCranston2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullanCranston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaeckel1874\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarperMcCormack,_Dan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolldobler1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHristovConner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes,_William_O._H.Oldroyd,_Benjamin_P.Beekman,_MadeleineRatnieks,_Francis_L._W.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHågvar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIkawaOkabe,_HidehikoHoshizaki,_SugihikoKamikado,_Takahiro2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsRezendeLamersvan_der_Zee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJahnAlmazan,_L_.P.Pacia,_J.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJockuschOber2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonDietrichFriedrichBeutel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonYoshizawaSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordanPatchGrozingerKhanna2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemppainenScalesRazban_HaghighiTakalo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendall2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKjerSimonYavorskayaBeutel2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKricher1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabandeira1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeadbeater,_E.Chittka,_L.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeroi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisShort1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnaeus1758\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinsenmairJander,_R.1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloydGentry2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoTokudaWatanabeRose2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoseyVaughan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucanoCernicchiaroWajnbergEsquivel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaierbrugger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrittCumminsBerg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMichels1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiklasStritih,_NatašaČokl,_AndrejVirant-Doberlet,_Meta2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillPickard,_R._S.1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMisof2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoritzKirchnerCrewe1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakamaruIwasabNakanishic2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNation2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelsonFraser,_Jean1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNevoColl2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNormile2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOllertonAlarcónWaserPrice2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwensLewis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierce2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolaszekVilhemsen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulinRandhawa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPugsley1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamos-ElorduyMenzel,_Peter1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReshCarde2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_W._MerrittKenneth_W._CumminsMartin_B._Berg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitlandBrower1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoffet-Salque2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuppert,_E._E.Fox,_R._S.Barnes,_R._D.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalt1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSane2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanfordDietz1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchachatGoldsteinDesalleBobo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneiderman1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchowalter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermanPechter,_Edward_A.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpangler1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStork2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSánchez-BayoWyckhuys2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanakaOhsaki2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorLewis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerry,_M._D.Whiting,_M._F.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheiss1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriplehorn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTscharntkeKleinKruessSteffan-Dewenter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVainker2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentine2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerheyenOomsVogelsVreysen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirant-DoberletČokl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerVan_Driesche2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWajnbergAcosta-Avalos,_D.Alves,_O.C.de_Oliveira,_J.F.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldbauer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrenNowotny2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeis-Fogh1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiting2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiegmannTrautweinWinklerBarr2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWigglesworth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonSwincerWalden1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinsor1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWipflerLetschFrandsenKapli2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanLiebig2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYates\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuShenYuan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangKopylovRasnitsynZheng2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Klink2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Arthropods\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 98,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 29,\n [\"Clade\"] = 39,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"EOL\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossilrange\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 7,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Image key\"] = 1,\n [\"Insects in culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"Orders of Insects\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 41,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","14.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","11.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.0"],["recursiveClone 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