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<span>Software use on non-bit-slice hardware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_use_on_non-bit-slice_hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bit-sliced_quantum_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bit-sliced_quantum_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bit-sliced quantum computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bit-sliced_quantum_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bit slicing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-Slice" title="Bit-Slice – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bit-Slice" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bit slicing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="بیت برش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیت برش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="비트 슬라이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비트 슬라이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitszelet_technika" title="Bitszelet technika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bitszelet technika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="ビットスライス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビットスライス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bit slicing" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микропроцессорная секция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микропроцессорная секция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-slice" title="Bit-slice – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bit-slice" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bit-banding" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-banding">Bit-banding</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">processor</a> construction technique. For bit slicing as <i>bit plane separation</i> used in computer graphics and image processing, see <a href="/wiki/Bit_plane" title="Bit plane">Bit plane</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Микропроцессорная секция">the corresponding article</a> in Russian</b>.  <i><small>(May 2017)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 120%;">Computer architecture bit widths</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Bit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-bit_computing" title="1-bit computing">1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/18-bit_computing" title="18-bit computing">18</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/26-bit_computing" title="26-bit computing">26</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_490" title="UNIVAC 490">30</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/31-bit_computing" title="31-bit computing">31</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/36-bit_computing" title="36-bit computing">36</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/45-bit_computing" title="45-bit computing">45</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/60-bit_computing" title="60-bit computing">60</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/256-bit_computing" title="256-bit computing">256</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/512-bit_computing" title="512-bit computing">512</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">bit slicing</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">Application</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing#16-bit_application" title="16-bit computing">16</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing#32-bit_application" title="32-bit computing">32</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing#64-bit_applications" title="64-bit computing">64</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">Binary floating-point</a> <a href="/wiki/Precision_(computer_science)" title="Precision (computer science)">precision</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format" title="Half-precision floating-point format">16</a> (×½)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Minifloat" title="Minifloat">24</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" title="Single-precision floating-point format">32</a> (×1)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_precision" title="Extended precision">40</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format" title="Double-precision floating-point format">64</a> (×2)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_precision" title="Extended precision">80</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format" title="Quadruple-precision floating-point format">128</a> (×4)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Octuple-precision_floating-point_format" title="Octuple-precision floating-point format">256</a> (×8)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/Decimal_floating_point" title="Decimal floating point">Decimal floating-point</a> <a href="/wiki/Precision_(computer_science)" title="Precision (computer science)">precision</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decimal32_floating-point_format" title="Decimal32 floating-point format">32</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Decimal64_floating-point_format" title="Decimal64 floating-point format">64</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Decimal128_floating-point_format" title="Decimal128 floating-point format">128</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_architecture_bit_widths" title="Template:Computer architecture bit widths"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_architecture_bit_widths" title="Template talk:Computer architecture bit widths"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_architecture_bit_widths" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer architecture bit widths"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Bit slicing</b> is a technique for constructing a <a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processor</a> from modules of processors of smaller bit width, for the purpose of increasing the word length; in theory to make an arbitrary <i>n</i>-bit <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU). Each of these component modules processes one <a href="/wiki/Bit_field" title="Bit field">bit field</a> or "slice" of an <a href="/wiki/Operand" title="Operand">operand</a>. The grouped processing components would then have the capability to process the chosen full <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">word-length</a> of a given software design. </p><p>Bit slicing more or less died out due to the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>. Recently it has been used in <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic units</a> (ALUs) for <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum computer">quantum computers</a> and as a software technique, e.g. for <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> in <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> CPUs.<sup id="cite_ref-Benadjila_2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benadjila_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_details">Operational details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_slicing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operational details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bit-slice processors (BSPs) usually include <a href="/wiki/1-bit_computing" title="1-bit computing">1-</a>, <a href="/wiki/2-bit_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="2-bit computing">2-</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-</a>, <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-</a> or <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU) and control lines (including <a href="/wiki/Carry_(arithmetic)" title="Carry (arithmetic)">carry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_overflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic overflow">overflow</a> signals that are internal to the processor in non-bitsliced <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> designs). </p><p>For example, two 4-bit ALU chips could be arranged side by side, with control lines between them, to form an 8-bit ALU (result need not be power of two, e.g. three 1-bit units can make a 3-bit ALU,<sup id="cite_ref-CMSC_2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMSC_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus 3-bit (or <i>n</i>-bit) CPU, while 3-bit, or any CPU with higher odd number of bits, hasn't been manufactured and sold in volume). Four 4-bit ALU chips could be used to build a 16-bit ALU. It would take eight chips to build a 32-bit word ALU. The designer could add as many slices as required to manipulate longer word lengths. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Microsequencer" title="Microsequencer">microsequencer</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_ROM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Control ROM (page does not exist)">control ROM</a> would be used to execute logic to provide data and control signals to regulate function of the component ALUs. </p><p>Known bit-slice microprocessors: </p> <ul><li>2-bit slice: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_3000" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 3000">Intel 3000</a> family (1974, now discontinued), e.g. Intel 3002 with Intel 3001, second-sourced by <a href="/wiki/Signetics" title="Signetics">Signetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intersil" title="Intersil">Intersil</a><sup id="cite_ref-cpushack_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpushack-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signetics" title="Signetics">Signetics</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=8X02&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8X02 (page does not exist)">8X02</a> family (1977, now discontinued)<sup id="cite_ref-Signetics_1977_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Signetics_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>4-bit slice: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Semiconductor" title="National Semiconductor">National</a> IMP family, consisting primarily of the IMP-00A/520 RALU (also known as MM5750) and various masked ROM microcode and control chips (CROMs, also known as MM5751) <ul><li>National <a href="/w/index.php?title=GPC/P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPC/P (page does not exist)">GPC/P</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=IMP-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IMP-4 (page does not exist)">IMP-4</a> (1973),<sup id="cite_ref-NatSemi_IMP-4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatSemi_IMP-4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> second-sourced by <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockwell Semiconductor">Rockwell</a></li> <li>National <a href="/w/index.php?title=IMP-8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IMP-8 (page does not exist)">IMP-8</a>, an 8-bit processor based on the IMP chipset, using two RALU chips and one CROM chip</li> <li>National <a href="/wiki/IMP-16" title="IMP-16">IMP-16</a>, a 16-bit processor based on the IMP chipset, e.g. four RALU chips with one each IMP16A/521D and IMP16A/522D CROM chips (additional optional CROM chips could provide instruction set additionis)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> <a href="/wiki/Am2900" class="mw-redirect" title="Am2900">Am2900</a> family (1975), e.g. AM2901, AM2901A,<sup id="cite_ref-Klar_1989_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klar_1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AM2903<sup id="cite_ref-Klar_1989_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klar_1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_Memories" title="Monolithic Memories">Monolithic Memories</a> 5700/6700 family (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-Monolithic_6701_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monolithic_6701-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monolithic_5700_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monolithic_5700-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MMI_5701_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMI_5701-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MMI_6701_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMI_6701-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. MMI 5701 / MMI 6701, second-sourced by <a href="/wiki/ITT_Semiconductors" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Semiconductors">ITT Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_SBP0400" title="Texas Instruments SBP0400">Texas Instruments SBP0400</a> (1975) and SBP0401, cascadable up to 16 bits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_SN74181" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Instruments SN74181">Texas Instruments SN74181</a> (1970)</li> <li>Texas Instruments <a href="/wiki/List_of_7400-series_integrated_circuits#74281" title="List of 7400-series integrated circuits">SN74S281</a> with <a href="/wiki/List_of_7400-series_integrated_circuits#74282" title="List of 7400-series integrated circuits">SN74S282</a></li> <li>Texas Instruments <a href="/wiki/List_of_7400-series_integrated_circuits#74481" title="List of 7400-series integrated circuits">SN74S481</a> with <a href="/wiki/List_of_7400-series_integrated_circuits#74482" title="List of 7400-series integrated circuits">SN74S482</a> (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-SN74S481_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN74S481-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild</a> 33705<sup id="cite_ref-Klar_1989_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klar_1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairchild_9400&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairchild 9400 (page does not exist)">Fairchild 9400</a> (MACROLOGIC), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairchild_4700&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairchild 4700 (page does not exist)">4700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> M10800 family (1979),<sup id="cite_ref-MC10800_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC10800-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. <a href="/wiki/Motorola_MC10800" title="Motorola MC10800">MC10800</a><sup id="cite_ref-Klar_1989_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klar_1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a> RP-16, a 16-bit processor consisting of seven integrated circuits, using four RALU chips and three CROM chips.</li></ul></li> <li>8-bit slice:</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMD_U830C_U834C_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/IMD_U830C_U834C_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-IMD_U830C_U834C_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/IMD_U830C_U834C_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-IMD_U830C_U834C_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/IMD_U830C_U834C_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-IMD_U830C_U834C_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>U830C</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-Phase_Systems" title="Four-Phase Systems">Four-Phase Systems</a> AL1 (1969, considered to be the first microprocessor used in a commercial product, now discontinued)</li> <li>Texas Instruments <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_SN74AS888" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Instruments SN74AS888">SN54AS888 / SN74AS888</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairchild_100K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairchild 100K (page does not exist)">Fairchild 100K</a><sup id="cite_ref-Klar_1989_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klar_1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentrum_Mikroelektronik_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden">ZMD</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=U830C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U830C (page does not exist)">U830C</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/U830C" class="extiw" title="de:U830C">de</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-Kurth-Groß-Hunger_2021_IS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurth-Groß-Hunger_2021_IS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oppelt_2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppelt_2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salomon_2007_U830C_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salomon_2007_U830C-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1978/1981), cascadable up to 32 bit</li></ul></li> <li>16-bit slice: <ul><li>AMD <a href="/wiki/Am29100" class="mw-redirect" title="Am29100">Am29100</a> family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synopsys" title="Synopsys">Synopsys</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=49C402&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="49C402 (page does not exist)">49C402</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFT_Robotron" class="mw-redirect" title="ZFT Robotron">ZFT Robotron</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFTM_Dresden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZFTM Dresden (page does not exist)">ZFTM Dresden</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=U840&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U840 (page does not exist)">U840</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/U830C#Nachfolger_U84x" class="extiw" title="de:U830C">de</a>]</span> (1979/1982), unreleased</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_necessity">Historical necessity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_slicing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical necessity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bit slicing, although not called that at the time, was also used in computers before <a href="/wiki/Large-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-scale integration">large-scale integrated circuits</a> (LSI, the predecessor to today's <a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">VLSI</a>, or very-large-scale integration circuits). The first bit-sliced machine was <a href="/wiki/EDSAC_2" title="EDSAC 2">EDSAC 2</a>, built at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_Mathematical_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory">University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory</a> in 1956–1958. </p><p>Prior to the mid-1970s and late 1980s there was some debate over how much bus width was necessary in a given computer system to make it function. Silicon chip technology and parts were much more expensive than today. Using multiple simpler, and thus less expensive, ALUs was seen as a way to increase computing power in a cost-effective manner. While <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> microprocessors were being discussed at the time, few were in production. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1100" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIVAC 1100">UNIVAC 1100</a> series mainframes (one of the oldest series, originating in the 1950s) has a <a href="/wiki/36-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="36-bit">36-bit</a> architecture, and the 1100/60 introduced in 1979 used nine <a href="/wiki/Motorola_MC10800" title="Motorola MC10800">Motorola MC10800</a> 4-bit ALU<sup id="cite_ref-MC10800_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC10800-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chips to implement the needed word width while using modern integrated circuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Univac_1100_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Univac_1100-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time 16-bit processors were common but expensive, and 8-bit processors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Z80" class="mw-redirect" title="Z80">Z80</a>, were widely used in the nascent home-computer market. </p><p>Combining components to produce bit-slice products allowed engineers and students to create more powerful and complex computers at a more reasonable cost, using off-the-shelf components that could be custom-configured. The complexities of creating a new computer architecture were greatly reduced when the details of the ALU were already specified (and <a href="/wiki/Debug" class="mw-redirect" title="Debug">debugged</a>). </p><p>The main advantage was that bit slicing made it economically possible in smaller processors to use <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">bipolar transistors</a>, which switch much faster than <a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a> or <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> transistors. This allowed much higher clock rates, where speed was needed –  for example, for <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">DSP</a> functions or <a href="/wiki/Matrix_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix transformation">matrix transformation</a> –  or, as in the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a>, the combination of flexibility and speed, before discrete CPUs were able to deliver that. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_slicing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_use_on_non-bit-slice_hardware">Software use on non-bit-slice hardware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_slicing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Software use on non-bit-slice hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In more recent times, the term bit slicing was reused by Matthew Kwan<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to refer to the technique of using a general-purpose CPU to implement multiple parallel simple <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machines</a> using general logic instructions to perform single-instruction multiple-data (<a href="/wiki/SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD">SIMD</a>) operations. This technique is also known as <a href="/wiki/SIMD_within_a_register" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD within a register">SIMD within a register</a> (SWAR). </p><p>This was initially in reference to <a href="/wiki/Eli_Biham" title="Eli Biham">Eli Biham</a>'s 1997 article <i>A Fast New DES Implementation in Software</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-DES_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DES-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which achieved significant gains in performance of <a href="/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard" title="Data Encryption Standard">DES</a> by using this method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bit-sliced_quantum_computers">Bit-sliced quantum computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_slicing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bit-sliced quantum computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To simplify the circuit structure and reduce the hardware cost of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum computer">quantum computers</a> (proposed to run the <a href="/wiki/MIPS_instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="MIPS instruction set">MIPS32 instruction set</a>) a 50 GHz <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting</a> "4-bit bit-slice arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for 32-bit rapid single-flux-quantum microprocessors was demonstrated".<sup id="cite_ref-Tang_2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang_2016-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_slicing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_slicing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Benadjila_2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benadjila_2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenadjilaGuoLomnéPeyrin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Benadjila, Ryad; Guo, Jian; Lomné, Victor; Peyrin, Thomas (2014-03-21) [2013-07-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/445">"Implementing Lightweight Block Ciphers on x86 Architectures"</a>. <i>Cryptology Archive</i>. Report 2013/445. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817033913/https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/445">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/sum2003/cmsc311/Notes/Comb/onebitALU.html">the original</a> on 2017-05-08. <q>[…] Here's how you would put three 1-bit ALU to create a 3-bit ALU […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.umd.edu&rft.atitle=How+to+Create+a+1-bit+ALU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.umd.edu%2Fclass%2Fsum2003%2Fcmsc311%2FNotes%2FComb%2FonebitALU.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+slicing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpushack-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cpushack_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpushack.com/tag/3002/">"3002 - The CPU Shack Museum"</a>. <i>cpushack.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=darkside.com.au&rft.atitle=Bitslice+DES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darkside.com.au%2Fbitslice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+slicing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DES-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DES_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiham1997" class="citation journal cs1">Biham, Eli (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.technion.ac.il/users/wwwb/cgi-bin/tr-info.cgi?1997/CS/CS0891">"A Fast New DES Implementation in Software"</a>. <i>cs.technion.ac.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cs.technion.ac.il&rft.atitle=A+Fast+New+DES+Implementation+in+Software&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Biham&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.technion.ac.il%2Fusers%2Fwwwb%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftr-info.cgi%3F1997%2FCS%2FCS0891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+slicing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tang_2016-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tang_2016_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangTakataTanakaFujimaki2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tang, Guang-Ming; Takata, Kensuke; Tanaka, Masamitsu; Fujimaki, Akira; Takagi, Kazuyoshi; Takagi, Naofumi (January 2016) [2015-12-09]. "4-bit Bit-Slice Arithmetic Logic Unit for 32-bit RSFQ Microprocessors". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Applied_Superconductivity" title="IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity">IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity</a></i>. <b>26</b> (1): 2507125. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ITAS...2607125T">2016ITAS...2607125T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTASC.2015.2507125">10.1109/TASC.2015.2507125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25478156">25478156</a>. 1300106. <q>[…] 4-bit bit-slice arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for 32-bit rapid single-flux-quantum microprocessors was demonstrated. The proposed ALU covers all of the ALU operations for the MIPS32 instruction set. […] It consists of 3481 <a href="/wiki/Josephson_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephson junction">Josephson junctions</a> with an area of 3.09 × 1.66 mm<sup>2</sup>. It achieved the target frequency of 50 GHz and a latency of 524 ps for a 32-bit operation, at the designed <a href="/wiki/DC_bias" title="DC bias">DC bias</a> voltage of 2.5 mV […] Another 8-bit parallel ALU has been designed and fabricated with target processing frequency of 30 GHz […] To achieve comparable performance to CMOS parallel microprocessors operating at 2–3 GHz, 4-bit bit-slice processing should be performed with a clock frequency of several tens of gigahertz. Several bit-serial arithmetic circuits have been successfully demonstrated with high-speed clocks of above 50 GHz […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Applied+Superconductivity&rft.atitle=4-bit+Bit-Slice+Arithmetic+Logic+Unit+for+32-bit+RSFQ+Microprocessors&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2507125&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25478156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTASC.2015.2507125&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016ITAS...2607125T&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Guang-Ming&rft.au=Takata%2C+Kensuke&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Masamitsu&rft.au=Fujimaki%2C+Akira&rft.au=Takagi%2C+Kazuyoshi&rft.au=Takagi%2C+Naofumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+slicing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_slicing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickBrick1980" class="citation book cs1">Mick, John; Brick, James (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/components/amd/bitslice/Mick_Bit-Slice_Microprocessor_Design_1980.pdf"><i>Bit-Slice Microprocessor Design</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-041781-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-041781-4"><bdi>0-07-041781-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bit-Slice+Microprocessor+Design&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-07-041781-4&rft.aulast=Mick&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Brick%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fcomponents%2Famd%2Fbitslice%2FMick_Bit-Slice_Microprocessor_Design_1980.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+slicing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_slicing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021214351/http://plaintext.crypto.lo.gy/article/378/untwisted-bit-sliced-tea-time">"Untwisted: Bit-sliced TEA time"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plaintext.crypto.lo.gy/article/378/untwisted-bit-sliced-tea-time">the original</a> on 2013-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Untwisted%3A+Bit-sliced+TEA+time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplaintext.crypto.lo.gy%2Farticle%2F378%2Funtwisted-bit-sliced-tea-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+slicing" class="Z3988"></span> –  a bitslicing primer presenting a pedagogical bitsliced implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm" title="Tiny Encryption Algorithm">Tiny Encryption Algorithm</a> (TEA), a <a href="/wiki/Block_cipher" title="Block cipher">block cipher</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878691#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014466">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007282684805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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