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href="#Direct-to-home_and_direct_broadcast_satellite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Direct-to-home and direct broadcast satellite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct-to-home_and_direct_broadcast_satellite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_receive-only" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_receive-only"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Television receive-only</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_receive-only-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_satellite_relayed_broadcasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_satellite_relayed_broadcasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First satellite relayed broadcasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_satellite_relayed_broadcasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_direct_satellite_TV_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_direct_satellite_TV_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Development of the direct satellite TV industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_direct_satellite_TV_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TVRO/C-band_satellite_era,_1980–1986" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TVRO/C-band_satellite_era,_1980–1986"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>TVRO/C-band satellite era, 1980–1986</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TVRO/C-band_satellite_era,_1980–1986-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1987 to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite television</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تلفاز فضائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلفاز فضائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_per_sat%C3%A9lite" title="Televisión per satélite – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Televisión per satélite" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="স্যাটেলাইট টেলিভিশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্যাটেলাইট টেলিভিশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сателитна телевизия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сателитна телевизия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelitska_televizija" title="Satelitska televizija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Satelitska televizija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3_per_sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit" title="Televisió per satèl·lit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Televisió per satèl·lit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelitn%C3%AD_televize" title="Satelitní televize – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Satelitní televize" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit-tv" title="Satellit-tv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Satellit-tv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitenrundfunk" title="Satellitenrundfunk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Satellitenrundfunk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliittelevisioon" title="Satelliittelevisioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Satelliittelevisioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Δορυφορική τηλεόραση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δορυφορική τηλεόραση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_por_sat%C3%A9lite" title="Televisión por satélite – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Televisión por satélite" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelita_televido" title="Satelita televido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Satelita televido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelite_bidezko_telebista" title="Satelite bidezko telebista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Satelite bidezko telebista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="تلویزیون ماهواره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلویزیون ماهواره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_par_satellite" title="Télévision par satellite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télévision par satellite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1" title="위성방송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위성방송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelitska_televizija" title="Satelitska televizija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Satelitska televizija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi_satelit" title="Televisi satelit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Televisi satelit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisione_satellitare" title="Televisione satellitare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Televisione satellitare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="טלוויזיה בלוויין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלוויזיה בלוויין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="ഉപഗ്രഹ ടെലിവിഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപഗ്രഹ ടെലിവിഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="تلفزيون ستالايت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تلفزيون ستالايت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisyen_satelit" title="Televisyen satelit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Televisyen satelit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Сансрын телевиз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сансрын телевиз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliettelevisie" title="Satelliettelevisie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Satelliettelevisie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81" title="衛星放送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="衛星放送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitt-TV" title="Satellitt-TV – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Satellitt-TV" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telewizja_satelitarna" title="Telewizja satelitarna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telewizja satelitarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o_por_sat%C3%A9lite" title="Televisão por satélite – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Televisão por satélite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiziune_prin_satelit" title="Televiziune prin satelit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Televiziune prin satelit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Спутниковое телевидение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спутниковое телевидение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizioni_satelitor" title="Televizioni satelitor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Televizioni satelitor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Satellite television" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="دیشی مانگی دەستکردی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیشی مانگی دەستکردی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelitska_televizija" title="Satelitska televizija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Satelitska televizija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelitska_televizija" title="Satelitska televizija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Satelitska televizija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliittitelevisio" title="Satelliittitelevisio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Satelliittitelevisio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit-TV" title="Satellit-TV – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Satellit-TV" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="செய்மதித் தொலைக்காட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செய்மதித் தொலைக்காட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="โทรทัศน์ผ่านดาวเทียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรทัศน์ผ่านดาวเทียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D3%A3" title="Телевизиони моҳвораӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Телевизиони моҳвораӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijital_uydu" title="Dijital uydu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dijital uydu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Супутникове телебачення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Супутникове телебачення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh_v%E1%BB%87_tinh" title="Truyền hình vệ tinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền hình vệ tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="卫星电视 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卫星电视" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9E%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="衞星電視 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="衞星電視" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="卫星电视 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卫星电视" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Broadcasting of television using artificial satellites</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the television channel "Satellite Television" launched in 1982, see <a href="/wiki/Sky_One#History" title="Sky One">Sky One § History</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sat_TV_dishes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sat_TV_dishes.jpg/220px-Sat_TV_dishes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sat_TV_dishes.jpg/330px-Sat_TV_dishes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sat_TV_dishes.jpg/440px-Sat_TV_dishes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A number of satellite dishes</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Satellite television</b> is a service that delivers <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> programming to viewers by relaying it from a <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a> orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signals are received via an outdoor <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">parabolic antenna</a> commonly referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter" title="Low-noise block downconverter">low-noise block downconverter</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_TV_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Satellite_TV_diagram.png/220px-Satellite_TV_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Satellite_TV_diagram.png/330px-Satellite_TV_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Satellite_TV_diagram.png/440px-Satellite_TV_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing how modern satellite television works</figcaption></figure> <p>A satellite receiver decodes the desired <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television program</a> for viewing on a <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a>. Receivers can be external <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a>, or a built-in <a href="/wiki/Television_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Television tuner">television tuner</a>. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services. It is usually the only television available in many remote geographic areas without <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial television</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> service. Different receivers are required for the two types. Some transmissions and channels are unencrypted and therefore <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a>, while many other channels are transmitted with encryption. <a href="/wiki/Free-to-view" title="Free-to-view">Free-to-view</a> channels are encrypted but not charged-for, while <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> requires the viewer to subscribe and pay a monthly fee to receive the programming.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern systems signals are relayed from a communications satellite on the <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a> (8–12 GHz) or <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a> (12–18 GHz) frequencies requiring only a small dish less than a meter in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-m101_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m101-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first satellite TV systems were a now-obsolete type known as <a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">television receive-only</a>. These systems received weaker analog signals transmitted in the <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> (4–8 GHz) from <a href="/wiki/Fixed_Service_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed Service Satellite">FSS</a> type satellites, requiring the use of large 2–3-meter dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed "big dish" systems, and were more expensive and less popular.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early systems used <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog signals</a>, but modern ones use <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(broadcasting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital signal (broadcasting)">digital signals</a> which allow transmission of the modern television standard <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a>, due to the significantly improved <a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency" title="Spectral efficiency">spectral efficiency</a> of digital broadcasting. As of 2022, <a href="/wiki/Star_One_D2" title="Star One D2">Star One D2</a> from Brazil is the only remaining satellite broadcasting in analog signals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The satellites used for broadcasting television are usually in a <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> 36,000 km (22,000 mi) above the earth's <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. The advantage of this orbit is that the satellite's orbital period equals the rotation rate of the Earth, so the satellite appears at a fixed position in the sky. Thus the satellite dish antenna which receives the signal can be aimed permanently at the location of the satellite and does not have to track a moving satellite. A few systems instead use a highly elliptical orbit with <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> of +/−63.4 degrees and an orbital period of about twelve hours, known as a <a href="/wiki/Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit">Molniya orbit</a>. </p><p>Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an <a href="/wiki/Uplink" class="mw-redirect" title="Uplink">uplink</a> facility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uplink satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">transponders</a> tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993330_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattan1993330-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transponder re-transmits the signals back to Earth at a different frequency (a process known as translation, used to avoid interference with the uplink signal), typically in the 10.7-12.7 GHz band, but some still transmit in the <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> (4–8 GHz), <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub>-band</a> (12–18 GHz), or both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leg of the signal path from the satellite to the receiving Earth station is called the downlink.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993327_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattan1993327-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical satellite has up to 32 <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub>-band</a> or 24 <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> transponders, or more for <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub></a>/<a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C</a> hybrid satellites. Typical transponders each have a bandwidth between 27 and 50 MHz. Each geostationary <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> satellite needs to be spaced 2° longitude from the next satellite to avoid interference; for <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub></a> the spacing can be 1°. This means that there is an upper limit of 360/2 = 180 geostationary <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> satellites or 360/1 = 360 geostationary <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub>-band</a> satellites. <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> transmission is susceptible to terrestrial interference while <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub>-band</a> transmission is affected by <a href="/wiki/Rain_fade" title="Rain fade">rain</a> (as water is an excellent absorber of microwaves at this particular frequency). The latter is even more adversely affected by ice crystals in thunder clouds. On occasion, <a href="/wiki/Sun_outage" title="Sun outage">sun outage</a> will occur when the sun lines up directly behind the geostationary satellite to which the receiving antenna is pointed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirro1993279_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirro1993279-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The downlink satellite signal, quite weak after traveling the great distance (see <a href="/wiki/Path_loss" title="Path loss">path loss</a>), is collected with a <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">parabolic</a> receiving dish, which reflects the weak signal to the dish's focal point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli200960_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinoli200960-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a <a href="/wiki/Feedhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedhorn">feedhorn</a> or collector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli200927_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinoli200927-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feedhorn is a section of <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a> with a flared front-end that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and conducts them to a probe or pickup connected to a <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter" title="Low-noise block downconverter">low-noise block downconverter</a> (LNB).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LNB amplifies the signals and <a href="/wiki/Downconverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Downconverter">downconverts</a> them to a lower block of <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">intermediate frequencies</a> (IF), usually in the <a href="/wiki/L-band" class="mw-redirect" title="L-band">L-band</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> satellite television systems used a <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_amplifier" title="Low-noise amplifier">low-noise amplifier</a> (LNA) connected to the feedhorn at the focal point of the dish.<sup id="cite_ref-ewww_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewww-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amplified signal, still at the higher microwave frequencies, had to be fed via very expensive low-loss 50-ohm impedance <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable#Hard_line" title="Coaxial cable">gas filled hardline</a> <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> with relatively complex <a href="/wiki/N_connector" title="N connector">N-connectors</a> to an indoor receiver or, in other designs, a downconverter (a mixer and a voltage-tuned oscillator with some filter circuitry) for downconversion to an intermediate frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-ewww_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewww-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The channel selection was controlled typically by a voltage tuned oscillator with the tuning voltage being fed via a separate cable to the headend, but this design evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-ewww_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewww-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Designs for <a href="/wiki/Microstrip" title="Microstrip">microstrip</a>-based converters for <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> frequencies were adapted for the 4 GHz <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hrmz_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrmz-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central to these designs was concept of block downconversion of a range of frequencies to a lower, more easily handled IF.<sup id="cite_ref-hrmz_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrmz-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal-euro-sat-lnb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Universal-euro-sat-lnb.jpg/200px-Universal-euro-sat-lnb.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Universal-euro-sat-lnb.jpg/300px-Universal-euro-sat-lnb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Universal-euro-sat-lnb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Back view of a linear polarised <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter" title="Low-noise block downconverter">LNB</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable can be used to connect the indoor receiver to the satellite television dish and LNB, and that the technology for handling the signal at <a href="/wiki/L-band" class="mw-redirect" title="L-band">L-band</a> and UHF was far cheaper than that for handling the signal at <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-mji2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mji2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shift to cheaper technology from the hardline and N-connectors of the early <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> systems to the cheaper and simpler 75-ohm cable and <a href="/wiki/F_connector" title="F connector">F-connectors</a> allowed the early satellite television receivers to use, what were in reality, modified <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> television tuners which selected the satellite television channel for down conversion to a lower <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">intermediate frequency</a> centered on 70 MHz, where it was demodulated.<sup id="cite_ref-mji2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mji2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift allowed the satellite television <a href="/wiki/Direct_To_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct To Home">DTH</a> industry to change from being a largely hobbyist one where only small numbers of systems costing thousands of US dollars were built, to a far more commercial one of mass production.<sup id="cite_ref-mji2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mji2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, service providers use the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">intermediate frequency</a> ranges of 950–2150 MHz to carry the signal from the LNBF at the dish down to the receiver. This allows for the transmission of UHF signals along the same span of coaxial wire at the same time. In some applications (<a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> AU9-S and AT-9), ranges of the lower <a href="/wiki/B-band" class="mw-redirect" title="B-band">B-band</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Exactly which frequencies? B-band is ambiguous (July 2016)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup> and 2250–3000 MHz, are used. Newer LNBFs in use by DirecTV, called SWM (Single Wire Multiswitch), are used to implement <a href="/wiki/Single_cable_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Single cable distribution">single cable distribution</a> and use a wider frequency range of 2–2150 MHz.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The satellite receiver or <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a> demodulates and converts the signals to the desired form (outputs for television, audio, data, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodd2002308_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodd2002308-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, the receiver includes the capability to selectively <a href="/wiki/Unscramble" class="mw-redirect" title="Unscramble">unscramble</a> or <a href="/wiki/Decrypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Decrypt">decrypt</a> the received signal to provide premium services to some subscribers; the receiver is then called an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_receiver/decoder" title="Integrated receiver/decoder">integrated receiver/decoder</a> or IRD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodd200272_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodd200272-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low-loss cable (e.g. <a href="/wiki/RG-6" title="RG-6">RG-6</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RG-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RG-11 (page does not exist)">RG-11</a>, etc.) is used to connect the receiver to the LNBF or LNB.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RG-59" title="RG-59">RG-59</a> is not recommended for this application as it is not technically designed to carry frequencies above 950 MHz, but may work in some circumstances, depending on the quality of the coaxial wire, signal levels, cable length, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A practical problem relating to home satellite reception is that an LNB can basically only handle a single receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because the LNB is translating two different <a href="/wiki/Circular_polarization" title="Circular polarization">circular polarizations</a> (right-hand and left-hand) and, in the case of K-band, two different frequency bands (lower and upper) to the same frequency range on the cable.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on which frequency and polarization a transponder is using, the satellite receiver has to switch the LNB into one of four different modes in order to receive a specific "channel".<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is handled by the receiver using the <a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC</a> protocol to control the LNB mode.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If several satellite receivers are to be attached to a single dish, a so-called <a href="/wiki/Multiswitch" title="Multiswitch">multiswitch</a> will have to be used in conjunction with a special type of LNB.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also LNBs available with a multi-switch already integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This problem becomes more complicated when several receivers are to use several dishes (or several LNBs mounted in a single dish) pointing to different satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common solution for consumers wanting to access multiple satellites is to deploy a single dish with a single LNB and to rotate the dish using an electric motor. The axis of rotation has to be set up in the north–south direction and, depending on the geographical location of the dish, have a specific vertical tilt. Set up properly the motorized dish when turned will sweep across all possible positions for satellites lined up along the <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> directly above the equator. The dish will then be capable of receiving any geostationary satellite that is visible at the specific location, i.e. that is above the horizon. The <a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC</a> protocol has been extended to encompass commands for steering dish rotors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are five major components in a satellite system: the programming source, the broadcast center, the satellite, the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">receiver</a>. "Direct broadcast" satellites used for transmission of satellite television signals are generally in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> 37,000 km (23,000 mi) above the earth's <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sspt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sspt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for using this orbit is that the satellite circles the Earth at the same rate as the Earth rotates, so the satellite appears at a fixed point in the sky. Thus satellite dishes can be aimed permanently at that point, and do not need a tracking system to turn to follow a moving satellite. A few satellite TV systems use satellites in a <a href="/wiki/Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit">Molniya orbit</a>, a highly <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbit">elliptical</a> orbit with <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> of +/-63.4 degrees and an orbital period of about twelve hours. </p><p>Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an <a href="/wiki/Uplink" class="mw-redirect" title="Uplink">uplink</a> facility.<sup id="cite_ref-sspt_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sspt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uplink facilities transmit the signal to the satellite over a narrow beam of <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a>, typically in the <a href="/wiki/C_band_(NATO)" title="C band (NATO)">C-band</a> frequency range due to its resistance to <a href="/wiki/Rain_fade" title="Rain fade">rain fade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sspt_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sspt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uplink satellite dishes are very large, often as much as 9 to 12 metres (30 to 40 feet) in diameter<sup id="cite_ref-sspt_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sspt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to achieve accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite, to improve reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-sspt_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sspt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">transponders</a> tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-sspt_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sspt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transponder then converts the signals to <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a>, a process known as "translation," and transmits them back to earth to be received by home satellite stations.<sup id="cite_ref-sspt_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sspt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DTH_Satellite_Dish_-_India_-_IMG_3474.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DTH_Satellite_Dish_-_India_-_IMG_3474.jpg/220px-DTH_Satellite_Dish_-_India_-_IMG_3474.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DTH_Satellite_Dish_-_India_-_IMG_3474.jpg/330px-DTH_Satellite_Dish_-_India_-_IMG_3474.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DTH_Satellite_Dish_-_India_-_IMG_3474.jpg/440px-DTH_Satellite_Dish_-_India_-_IMG_3474.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="2327" /></a><figcaption>A DTH Satellite dish from India.</figcaption></figure> <p>The downlinked satellite signal, weaker after traveling the great distance (see <a href="/wiki/Path_loss" title="Path loss">path loss</a>), is collected by using a rooftop <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">parabolic</a> receiving dish ("<a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a>"), which reflects the weak signal to the dish's focal point.<sup id="cite_ref-sseipv6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sseipv6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mounted on brackets at the dish's <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focal point</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Feedhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedhorn">feedhorn</a><sup id="cite_ref-sseipv6_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sseipv6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which passes the signals through a <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a> to a device called a <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-noise block converter">low-noise block converter</a> (LNB) or low noise converter (LNC) attached to the horn.<sup id="cite_ref-sseipv6_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sseipv6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LNB amplifies the weak signals, filters the block of frequencies in which the satellite television signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies to a lower frequency range in the <a href="/wiki/L-band" class="mw-redirect" title="L-band">L-band</a> range.<sup id="cite_ref-sseipv6_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sseipv6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signal is then passed through a <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> into the residence to the satellite television receiver, a <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a> next to the television. </p><p>The reason for using the LNB to do the frequency translation at the dish is so that the signal can be carried into the residence using cheap <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a>. To transport the signal into the house at its original <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a> <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> frequency would require an expensive <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a>, a metal pipe to carry the radio waves.<sup id="cite_ref-mji2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mji2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cable connecting the receiver to the LNB are of the low loss type <a href="/wiki/RG-6" title="RG-6">RG-6</a>, quad shield RG-6, or RG-11.<sup id="cite_ref-egt_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egt-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RG-59" title="RG-59">RG-59</a> is not recommended for this application as it is not technically designed to carry frequencies above 950 MHz, but will work in many circumstances, depending on the quality of the coaxial wire.<sup id="cite_ref-egt_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egt-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shift to more affordable technology from the 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>ohm impedance cable and <a href="/wiki/N_connector" title="N connector">N-connectors</a> of the early <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> systems to the cheaper 75<span class="nowrap"> </span>ohm technology and <a href="/wiki/F-connector" class="mw-redirect" title="F-connector">F-connectors</a> allowed the early satellite television receivers to use, what were in reality, modified <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> television tuners which selected the satellite television channel for down conversion to another lower <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">intermediate frequency</a> centered on 70 MHz where it was demodulated.<sup id="cite_ref-mji2_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mji2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An LNB can only handle a single receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the fact that the LNB is mapping two different circular polarisations – right hand and left hand – and in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub>-band</a> two different reception bands – lower and upper – to one and the same frequency band on the cable, and is a practical problem for home satellite reception.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on which frequency a transponder is transmitting at and on what polarisation it is using, the satellite receiver has to switch the LNB into one of four different modes in order to receive a specific desired program on a specific transponder.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The receiver uses the <a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC</a> protocol to control the LNB mode, which handles this.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If several satellite receivers are to be attached to a single dish a so-called <a href="/wiki/Multiswitch" title="Multiswitch">multiswitch</a> must be used in conjunction with a special type of LNB.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also LNBs available with a multi-switch already integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This problem becomes more complicated when several receivers use several dishes or several LNBs mounted in a single dish are aimed at different satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist2_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a> selects the channel desired by the user by filtering that channel from the multiple channels received from the satellite, converts the signal to a lower <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">intermediate frequency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Decryption">decrypts</a> the <a href="/wiki/Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</a> signal, <a href="/wiki/Demodulation" title="Demodulation">demodulates</a> the radio signal and sends the resulting video signal to the television through a cable.<sup id="cite_ref-egt_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egt-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To decrypt the signal the receiver box must be "activated" by the satellite company. If the customer fails to pay their monthly bill the box is "deactivated" by a signal from the company, and the system will not work until the company reactivates it. Some receivers are capable of <a href="/wiki/Decrypting" class="mw-redirect" title="Decrypting">decrypting</a> the received signal itself. These receivers are called <a href="/wiki/Integrated_receiver/decoder" title="Integrated receiver/decoder">integrated receiver/decoders</a> or IRDs.<sup id="cite_ref-egt_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egt-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analog television which was distributed via satellite was usually sent scrambled or unscrambled in <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, or <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> television broadcast standards. The analog signal is <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency modulated">frequency modulated</a> and is converted from an FM signal to what is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a>. This baseband comprises the video signal and the audio subcarrier(s). The audio subcarrier is further demodulated to provide a raw audio signal. </p><p>Later signals were digitized television signals or multiplex of signals, typically <a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">QPSK</a>. In general, digital television, including that transmitted via satellites, is based on open standards such as <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a>/<a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a> or <a href="/wiki/ISDB-S" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-S">ISDB-S</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Conditional_access" title="Conditional access">conditional access</a> encryption/scrambling methods include <a href="/wiki/NDS_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="NDS Group">NDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BISS" class="mw-redirect" title="BISS">BISS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conax" title="Conax">Conax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digicipher" class="mw-redirect" title="Digicipher">Digicipher</a>, Irdeto, <a href="/wiki/Cryptoworks" title="Cryptoworks">Cryptoworks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DG_Crypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DG Crypt (page does not exist)">DG Crypt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_digital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta digital (page does not exist)">Beta digital</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SECA_Mediaguard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SECA Mediaguard (page does not exist)">SECA Mediaguard</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logiways&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logiways (page does not exist)">Logiways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagravision" title="Nagravision">Nagravision</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerVu" title="PowerVu">PowerVu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viaccess" title="Viaccess">Viaccess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Videocipher" title="Videocipher">Videocipher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VideoGuard" title="VideoGuard">VideoGuard</a>. Many conditional access systems have been compromised. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sun_outage">Sun outage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sun outage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An event called <a href="/wiki/Sun_outage" title="Sun outage">sun outage</a> occurs when the sun lines up directly behind the satellite in the field of view of the receiving satellite dish.<sup id="cite_ref-scsd_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scsd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This happens for about a 10-minute period daily around midday, twice every year for a two-week period in the spring and fall around the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a>. During this period, the sun is within the <a href="/wiki/Main_lobe" title="Main lobe">main lobe</a> of the dish's reception pattern, so the strong microwave <a href="/wiki/Radio_noise" title="Radio noise">noise</a> emitted by the sun on the same frequencies used by the satellite's transponders drowns out reception.<sup id="cite_ref-scsd_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scsd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct-to-home_and_direct_broadcast_satellite">Direct-to-home and direct broadcast satellite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Direct-to-home and direct broadcast satellite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG/250px-Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG/375px-Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG/500px-Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>DBS satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Direct-to-home</b> (DTH) can either refer to the communications satellites themselves that deliver service or the actual television service. Most satellite television customers in developed television markets get their programming through a <b>direct broadcast satellite</b> (DBS) provider.<sup id="cite_ref-tr101198_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr101198-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signals are transmitted using <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a> (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.<sup id="cite_ref-m101_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m101-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Programming for satellite television channels comes from multiple sources and may include live studio feeds.<sup id="cite_ref-itea_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itea-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broadcast center assembles and packages programming into channels for transmission and, where necessary, encrypts the channels. The signal is then sent to the <a href="/wiki/Uplink" class="mw-redirect" title="Uplink">uplink</a><sup id="cite_ref-introsatcom_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introsatcom-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is transmitted to the satellite. With some broadcast centers, the studios, administration and up-link are all part of the same campus.<sup id="cite_ref-popmechAug94_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popmechAug94-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite then <a href="/wiki/Heterodyne" title="Heterodyne">translates</a> and broadcasts the channels.<sup id="cite_ref-Intelsat_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intelsat-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most systems use the <a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a> standard for transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-tr101198_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr101198-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> services, the data stream is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment. While the underlying reception technology is similar, the pay television technology is proprietary, often consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Conditional-access_module" title="Conditional-access module">conditional-access module</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart card</a>. This measure assures satellite television providers that only authorized, paying <a href="/wiki/Subscriber" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriber">subscribers</a> have access to pay television content but at the same time can allow <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> channels to be viewed even by the people with standard equipment available in the market. </p><p>Some countries operate satellite television services which can be received for free, without paying a subscription fee. This is called <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> satellite television. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> is likely the leader in free-to-air with approximately 250 digital channels (including 83 <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> channels and various regional channels) broadcast from the <a href="/wiki/Astra_19.2%C2%B0E" title="Astra 19.2°E">Astra 19.2°E</a> satellite constellation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are not marketed as a DBS service, but are received in approximately 18 million homes, as well as in any home using the <i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Deutschland" title="Sky Deutschland">Sky Deutschland</a></i> commercial DBS system. All German analogue satellite broadcasts ceased on 30 April 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> has approximately 160 digital channels (including the regional variations of <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> channels, <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> channels, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 5 (UK)">Channel 5</a>) that are broadcast without encryption from the <a href="/wiki/Astra_28.2%C2%B0E" title="Astra 28.2°E">Astra 28.2°E</a> satellite constellation, and receivable on any <a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a> receiver (a <a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a> receiver is required for certain high definition television services). Most of these channels are included within the <a href="/wiki/Sky_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky (United Kingdom)">Sky</a> <a href="/wiki/EPG" class="mw-redirect" title="EPG">EPG</a>, and an increasing number within the <a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a> EPG. </p><p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s national broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a>, promotes a free-to-air DBS package as "<a href="/wiki/DD_Free_Dish" title="DD Free Dish">DD Free Dish</a>", which is provided as in-fill for the country's terrestrial transmission network. It is broadcast from <a href="/wiki/GSAT-15" title="GSAT-15">GSAT-15</a> at 93.5°E and contains about 80 FTA channels. </p><p>While originally launched as <a href="/wiki/Backhaul_(TV_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backhaul (TV industry)">backhaul</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">digital terrestrial television</a> service, a large number of French channels are free-to-air on satellites at 5°W, and have recently been announced as being official in-fill for the DTT network. </p><p>In North America (United States, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>) there are over 80 FTA digital channels available on <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_19" title="Galaxy 19">Galaxy 19</a> (with the majority being ethnic or religious in nature). Other FTA satellites include <a href="/wiki/AMC-4" title="AMC-4">AMC-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMC-6" title="AMC-6">AMC-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_18" title="Galaxy 18">Galaxy 18</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satmex" title="Satmex">Satmex</a> 5. A company called <a href="/wiki/GloryStar" class="mw-redirect" title="GloryStar">GloryStar</a> promotes FTA religious broadcasters on <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_19" title="Galaxy 19">Galaxy 19</a>. </p><p>Satellite TV has seen a decline in consumers since the 2010s due to the <a href="/wiki/Cord-cutting" title="Cord-cutting">cord-cutting</a> trend where people are shifting towards internet-based <a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming television</a> and free <a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air television">over-the-air television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_receive-only">Television receive-only</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Television receive-only"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_dish_1_C-Band.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Satellite_dish_1_C-Band.jpg/190px-Satellite_dish_1_C-Band.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Satellite_dish_1_C-Band.jpg/285px-Satellite_dish_1_C-Band.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Satellite_dish_1_C-Band.jpg/380px-Satellite_dish_1_C-Band.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>A C-band <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Corporation" title="Andrew Corporation">Andrew Corporation</a> satellite dish used by TVRO systems.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">television receive-only</a>, or TVRO, arose during the early days of satellite television reception to differentiate it from commercial satellite television uplink and downlink operations (transmit and receive). This was the primary method of satellite television transmissions before the satellite television industry shifted, with the launch of higher powered DBS satellites in the early 1990s which transmitted their signals on the <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a> frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satellite television channels at that time were intended to be used by <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> networks rather than received by home viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early satellite television receiver systems were largely constructed by hobbyists and engineers. These early TVRO systems operated mainly on the <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> frequencies and the dishes required were large; typically over 3 meters (10 ft) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989274_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989274-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, TVRO is often referred to as "big dish" or "Big Ugly Dish" (BUD) satellite television. </p><p>TVRO systems were designed to receive analog and digital <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">satellite</a> feeds of both television or audio from both <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub>-band</a> <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">transponders</a> on <a href="/wiki/Fixed_Service_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed Service Satellite">FSS</a>-type satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989246_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989246-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss19891_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss19891-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The higher frequency <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub>-band</a> systems tend to resemble DBS systems and can use a smaller dish antenna because of the higher power transmissions and greater antenna gain. TVRO systems tend to use larger rather than smaller satellite dish antennas, since it is more likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a>-only setup rather than a <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a>-only setup. Additional receiver boxes allow for different types of digital satellite signal reception, such as DVB/MPEG-2 and <a href="/wiki/4DTV" title="4DTV">4DTV</a>. </p><p>The narrow beam width of a normal parabolic satellite antenna means it can only receive signals from a single satellite at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989293_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989293-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simulsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulsat">Simulsat</a> or the Vertex-RSI TORUS, is a quasi-parabolic satellite earthstation antenna that is capable of receiving satellite transmissions from 35 or more <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub>-band</a> satellites simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945 British <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> proposed a worldwide communications system which would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was published in the October 1945 issue of the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless World">Wireless World</a> magazine and won him the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal" title="Stuart Ballantine Medal">Stuart Ballantine Medal</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first satellite relayed communication was achieved early on in the space age, after the first relay test was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_1" title="Pioneer 1">Pioneer 1</a> and the first radio broadcast by <a href="/wiki/SCORE_(satellite)" title="SCORE (satellite)">SCORE</a> at the end of 1958, after at the beginning of the year <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik I">Sputnik I</a> became the first satellite in history. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TIROS-1-Earth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/TIROS-1-Earth.png/220px-TIROS-1-Earth.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/TIROS-1-Earth.png/330px-TIROS-1-Earth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/TIROS-1-Earth.png/440px-TIROS-1-Earth.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>In 1960 <a href="/wiki/TIROS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="TIROS 1">TIROS 1</a> sent back the first televised <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_images_of_Earth_from_space" title="Timeline of first images of Earth from space">image of Earth from space</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">weather satellite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n834_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n834-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_satellite_relayed_broadcasts">First satellite relayed broadcasts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First satellite relayed broadcasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Master-pnp-ppmsca-39600-39668u.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Master-pnp-ppmsca-39600-39668u.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Master-pnp-ppmsca-39600-39668u.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Master-pnp-ppmsca-39600-39668u.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Master-pnp-ppmsca-39600-39668u.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Master-pnp-ppmsca-39600-39668u.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Master-pnp-ppmsca-39600-39668u.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5155" data-file-height="4076" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AT%2BT" class="mw-redirect" title="AT+T">AT+T</a> <a href="/wiki/Telstar_1" title="Telstar 1">Telstar 1</a> test (first satellite TV broadcast, July 11 1962)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first public satellite television signals from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> were relayed via the <a href="/wiki/Telstar" title="Telstar">Telstar</a> satellite over the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> ocean on 23 July 1962, although a test broadcast had taken place almost two weeks earlier on 11 July.<sup id="cite_ref-histchannel_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histchannel-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million.<sup id="cite_ref-histchannel_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histchannel-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Launched in 1962, the <i><a href="/wiki/Relay_program" title="Relay program">Relay 1</a></i> satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-relay1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relay1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous" class="mw-redirect" title="Geosynchronous">geosynchronous</a> <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syncom_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncom 2">Syncom 2</a>, was launched on 26 July 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent first <a href="/wiki/Geostationary" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary">geostationary</a> <a href="/wiki/Syncom_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncom 3">Syncom 3</a>, orbiting near the <a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a>, was used to telecast the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Olympic Games</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-SP-93_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-SP-93-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INTELSAT_I_(Early_Bird).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/INTELSAT_I_%28Early_Bird%29.jpg/220px-INTELSAT_I_%28Early_Bird%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/INTELSAT_I_%28Early_Bird%29.jpg/330px-INTELSAT_I_%28Early_Bird%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/INTELSAT_I_%28Early_Bird%29.jpg/440px-INTELSAT_I_%28Early_Bird%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3101" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_I" title="Intelsat I">Intelsat I</a> (1965), the world's first commercial communications satellite, was used among others to relay the <a href="/wiki/Our_World_(1967_TV_program)" title="Our World (1967 TV program)">Our World</a> multi-national broadcast (1967), the first multi-satellite relayed television broadcast</figcaption></figure> <p>The world's first commercial communications satellite, called <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_I" title="Intelsat I">Intelsat I</a> and nicknamed "Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6, 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first national <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">network</a> of television satellites, called <a href="/wiki/Orbita_(TV_system)" title="Orbita (TV system)">Orbita</a>, was created by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical <a href="/wiki/Molniya_(satellite)" title="Molniya (satellite)">Molniya</a> satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to ground <a href="/wiki/Downlink" class="mw-redirect" title="Downlink">downlink</a> stations.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/220px--Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Clip of the international broadcast of the first <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> making humanity's first step onto an extraterrestrial body, transmitted from <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle_Creek_Tracking_Station" title="Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station">Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station</a><sup id="cite_ref-f242_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f242-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and distributed globally via the <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_III_F-4" title="Intelsat III F-4">Intelsat III F-4</a> satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-d664_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d664-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_direct_satellite_TV_industry">Development of the direct satellite TV industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Development of the direct satellite TV industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first domestic satellite to carry television transmissions was <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>'s geostationary <a href="/wiki/Anik_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik 1">Anik 1</a>, which was launched on 9 November 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elvis_Presley_-_Aloha_From_Hawaii_Publicity_-_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Elvis_Presley_-_Aloha_From_Hawaii_Publicity_-_Australia.jpg/220px-Elvis_Presley_-_Aloha_From_Hawaii_Publicity_-_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Elvis_Presley_-_Aloha_From_Hawaii_Publicity_-_Australia.jpg/330px-Elvis_Presley_-_Aloha_From_Hawaii_Publicity_-_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Elvis_Presley_-_Aloha_From_Hawaii_Publicity_-_Australia.jpg/440px-Elvis_Presley_-_Aloha_From_Hawaii_Publicity_-_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>An advertisement by the Australian <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Overseas Telecommunications Commission">Overseas Telecommunications Commission</a> (OTC) for the <a href="/wiki/Aloha_from_Hawaii_via_Satellite" title="Aloha from Hawaii via Satellite">Aloha from Hawaii via Satellite</a>, broadcast via the <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IV_F-4" title="Intelsat IV F-4">Intelsat IV F-4</a> satellite, an early international broadcast event featuring <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> live in concert.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/ATS-6" title="ATS-6">ATS-6</a>, the world's first experimental educational and <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">direct broadcast satellite</a> (DBS), was launched on 30 May 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-ats_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ats-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use.<sup id="cite_ref-tvdx_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvdx-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-home" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-to-home">direct-to-home</a> television, <a href="/wiki/Ekran" title="Ekran">Ekran</a> 1, was launched on 26 October 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing <a href="/wiki/UHF_television_broadcasting" title="UHF television broadcasting">UHF television technology</a> rather than microwave technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekran_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekran-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The satellite television industry developed in the US from the <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> industry as communication satellites were being used to distribute television programming to remote <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_headend" title="Cable television headend">cable television headends</a>. <a href="/wiki/Home_Box_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Box Office">Home Box Office</a> (HBO), <a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System" title="Turner Broadcasting System">Turner Broadcasting System</a> (TBS), and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">Christian Broadcasting Network</a> (CBN, later <a href="/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)" title="Freeform (TV channel)">The Family Channel</a>) were among the first to use satellite television to deliver programming. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Howard" title="Taylor Howard">Taylor Howard</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas,_California" title="San Andreas, California">San Andreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, became the first person to receive <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> satellite signals with his home-built system in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-tayhoward_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tayhoward-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, a non-profit public broadcasting service, began to distribute its television programming by satellite in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs78_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs78-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, Soviet engineers developed the Moskva (or <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites. They launched the <a href="/wiki/Gorizont" title="Gorizont">Gorizont</a> communication satellites later that same year. These satellites used <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gorizont_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorizont-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were equipped with powerful on-board transponders, so the size of receiving parabolic antennas of downlink stations was reduced to 4 and 2.5 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-gorizont_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorizont-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 18, 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license.<sup id="cite_ref-dms_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dms-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The front cover of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Neiman-Marcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Neiman-Marcus">Neiman-Marcus</a> Christmas catalogue featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale for $36,500.<sup id="cite_ref-uspopcult_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspopcult-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dishes were nearly 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter<sup id="cite_ref-lat_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were remote controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-denverpost_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverpost-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The price went down by half soon after that, but there were only eight more channels.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Society for Private and Commercial Earth Stations (SPACE), an organisation which represented consumers and satellite TV system owners, was established in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early satellite television systems were not very popular due to their expense and large dish size.<sup id="cite_ref-baltsun_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baltsun-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite television dishes of the systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s were 10 to 16 feet (3.0 to 4.9 m) in diameter,<sup id="cite_ref-deseret_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deseret-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made of <a href="/wiki/Fibreglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass">fibreglass</a> or solid <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-baylin_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baylin-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the United States cost more than $5,000, sometimes as much as $10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Stecklow_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stecklow-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programming sent from ground stations was relayed from eighteen satellites in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> located 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Reibstein_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reibstein-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akron_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akron-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TVRO/C-band_satellite_era,_1980–1986"><span id="TVRO.2FC-band_satellite_era.2C_1980.E2.80.931986"></span>TVRO/C-band satellite era, 1980–1986</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: TVRO/C-band satellite era, 1980–1986"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></div> <p>By 1980, satellite television was well established in the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television_in_the_United_States" title="Satellite television in the United States">US</a> and Europe. On 26 April 1982, the first satellite channel in the UK, Satellite Television Ltd. (later <a href="/wiki/Sky_One" title="Sky One">Sky One</a>), was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcable_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcable-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its signals were transmitted from the <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Test_Satellite" title="Orbital Test Satellite">Orbital Test Satellites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcable_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcable-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1981 and 1985, TVRO systems' sales rates increased as prices fell. Advances in receiver technology and the use of <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a> <a href="/wiki/FET" class="mw-redirect" title="FET">FET</a> technology enabled the use of smaller dishes. Five hundred thousand systems, some costing as little as $2000, were sold in the US in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Stecklow_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stecklow-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sbca_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbca-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dishes pointing to one satellite were even cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-wichita_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wichita-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People in areas without local broadcast stations or cable television service could obtain good-quality reception with no monthly fees.<sup id="cite_ref-Stecklow_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stecklow-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akron_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akron-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large dishes were a subject of much consternation, as many people considered them <a href="/wiki/Eyesore" title="Eyesore">eyesores</a>, and in the US most condominiums, neighborhoods, and other homeowner associations tightly restricted their use, except in areas where such restrictions were illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These restrictions were altered in 1986 when the Federal Communications Commission ruled all of them illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-baltsun_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baltsun-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A municipality could require a property owner to relocate the dish if it violated other zoning restrictions, such as a setback requirement, but could not outlaw their use.<sup id="cite_ref-baltsun_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baltsun-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The necessity of these restrictions would slowly decline as the dishes got smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-baltsun_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baltsun-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, all channels were broadcast <a href="/wiki/Plaintext" title="Plaintext">in the clear</a> (ITC) because the equipment necessary to receive the programming was too expensive for consumers. With the growing number of TVRO systems, the program providers and broadcasters had to <a href="/wiki/Television_encryption" title="Television encryption">scramble</a> their signal and develop subscription systems. </p><p>In October 1984, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Cable_Communications_Policy_Act_of_1984" title="Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984">Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984</a>, which gave those using TVRO systems the right to receive signals for free unless they were scrambled, and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a reasonable fee.<sup id="cite_ref-Akron_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akron-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since cable channels could prevent reception by big dishes, other companies had an incentive to offer competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Turned_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turned-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1986, <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> began using the now-obsolete <a href="/wiki/VideoCipher" class="mw-redirect" title="VideoCipher">VideoCipher</a> II system to <a href="/wiki/Television_encryption" title="Television encryption">encrypt their channels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deseret_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deseret-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other channels used less secure <a href="/wiki/Television_encryption" title="Television encryption">television encryption</a> systems. The scrambling of HBO was met with much protest from owners of big-dish systems, most of which had no other option at the time for receiving such channels, claiming that clear signals from cable channels would be difficult to receive.<sup id="cite_ref-philly_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philly-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually HBO allowed dish owners to subscribe directly to their service for $12.95 per month, a price equal to or higher than what cable subscribers were paying, and required a <a href="/wiki/Descrambler" class="mw-redirect" title="Descrambler">descrambler</a> to be purchased for $395.<sup id="cite_ref-philly_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philly-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_signal_intrusion" title="Broadcast signal intrusion">attack</a> on HBO's transponder <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_1" title="Galaxy 1">Galaxy 1</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_R._MacDougall" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. MacDougall">John R. MacDougall</a> in April 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-philly_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philly-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One by one, all commercial channels followed HBO's lead and began scrambling their channels.<sup id="cite_ref-prodpiracy_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prodpiracy-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Broadcasting_and_Communications_Association" title="Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association">Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association</a> (SBCA) was founded on December 2, 1986, as the result of a merger between SPACE and the Direct Broadcast Satellite Association (DBSA).<sup id="cite_ref-sbca_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbca-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Videocipher II used analog scrambling on its video signal and <a href="/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard" title="Data Encryption Standard">Data Encryption Standard</a>–based encryption on its audio signal. VideoCipher II was defeated, and there was a <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> for descrambler devices which were initially sold as "test" devices.<sup id="cite_ref-prodpiracy_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prodpiracy-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987_to_present">1987 to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1987 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1987, nine channels were scrambled, but 99 others were available free-to-air.<sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While HBO initially charged a monthly fee of $19.95, soon it became possible to unscramble all channels for $200 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dish sales went down from 600,000 in 1985 to 350,000 in 1986, but pay television services were seeing dishes as something positive since some people would never have cable service, and the industry was starting to recover as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scrambling also led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> events.<sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 1, 1988, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> began scrambling its <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> signal but left its <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a> signal unencrypted in order for affiliates to not lose viewers who could not see their advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the two million satellite dish users in the United States still used <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> and <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> were considering scrambling, though CBS was reluctant due to the number of people unable to receive local <a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">network affiliates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piracy on satellite television networks in the US led to the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Cable_Television_Consumer_Protection_and_Competition_Act_of_1992" title="Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992">Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992</a>. This legislation enabled anyone caught engaging in signal theft to be fined up to $50,000 and to be sentenced to a maximum of two years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-cableact_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cableact-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A repeat offender can be fined up to $100,000 and be imprisoned for up to five years.<sup id="cite_ref-cableact_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cableact-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satellite television had also developed in <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television_by_region#Europe" title="Satellite television by region">Europe</a> but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over 1.7 metres. On 11 December 1988, however, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Astra_1A" title="Astra 1A">Astra 1A</a>, the first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-n2yo_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n2yo-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was one of the first medium-powered satellites, transmitting signals in <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a> and allowing reception with small dishes (90 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-n2yo_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n2yo-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder, <a href="/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="British Satellite Broadcasting">British Satellite Broadcasting</a>, to the market. </p><p>Commercial satellite broadcasts have existed in Japan since 1992 led by <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> which is influential in the development of regulations and has access to government funding for research. Their entry into the market was protected by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Telecommunications_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (Japan)">Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications</a> (MPT) resulting in the <a href="/wiki/WOWOW" class="mw-redirect" title="WOWOW">WOWOW</a> channel that is encrypted and can be accessed from NHK dishes with a decoder.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US in the early 1990s, four large cable companies launched <a href="/wiki/PrimeStar" title="PrimeStar">PrimeStar</a>, a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellites. The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes. Its popularity declined with the 1994 launch of the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Communications">Hughes</a> <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a> satellite television systems. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a> satellite broadcasts began in 1994 in the United States through <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Satellite_Service" title="Digital Satellite Service">DSS</a> format. They were launched (with the <a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a> standard) in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> in 1994 and 1995, and in 1996 and 1997 in European countries including France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy and the Netherlands, as well as Japan, North America and Latin America. Digital DVB-S broadcasts in the United Kingdom and Ireland started in 1998. Japan started broadcasting with the <a href="/wiki/ISDB-S" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-S">ISDB-S</a> standard in 2000. </p><p>On March 4, 1996, EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway (Dish Network) using the EchoStar 1 satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-ctu10e_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctu10e-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EchoStar launched a second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels available on Dish Network to 170.<sup id="cite_ref-ctu10e_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctu10e-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These systems provided better pictures and stereo sound on 150–200 video and audio channels, and allowed small dishes to be used. This greatly reduced the popularity of TVRO systems. In the mid-1990s, channels began moving their broadcasts to <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> transmission using the <a href="/wiki/DigiCipher" class="mw-redirect" title="DigiCipher">DigiCipher</a> <a href="/wiki/Conditional_access" title="Conditional access">conditional access</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-insead_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insead-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to encryption, the widespread availability, in the US, of DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s. Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a>) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy efficiency</a> of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Digital_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital modulation">digital modulation</a> methods now used require less <a href="/wiki/Signal_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal strength">signal strength</a> at the receiver than analog modulation methods.<sup id="cite_ref-nctfe_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nctfe-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each satellite also can carry up to 32 transponders in the <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a>, but only 24 in the <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Digital_subchannel" title="Digital subchannel">digital subchannels</a> can be <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplex (TV)">multiplexed</a> (MCPC) or carried separately (<a href="/wiki/SCPC" class="mw-redirect" title="SCPC">SCPC</a>) on a single transponder.<sup id="cite_ref-artcn_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artcn-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advances in <a href="/wiki/Noise_reduction" title="Noise reduction">noise reduction</a> due to improved microwave technology and <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> materials have also had an effect.<sup id="cite_ref-artcn_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artcn-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, one consequence of the higher frequencies used for DBS services is <a href="/wiki/Rain_fade" title="Rain fade">rain fade</a> where viewers lose signal during a heavy downpour. <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> satellite television signals are less prone to rain fade.<sup id="cite_ref-dishcable_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dishcable-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a return to the older (but proven) technologies of satellite communication, the current DBS-based satellite providers in the US (Dish Network and DirecTV) are now utilizing additional capacity on the <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub>-band</a> transponders of existing FSS-class satellites, in addition to the capacity on their own existing fleets of DBS satellites in orbit. This was done in order to provide more channel capacity for their systems, as required by the increasing number of High-Definition and simulcast local station channels. The reception of the channels carried on the <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub>-band</a> FSS satellite's respective transponders has been achieved by both DirecTV & Dish Network issuing to their subscribers dishes twice as big in diameter (36") than the previous 18" (& 20" for the Dish Network "Dish500") dishes the services used initially, equipped with 2 circular-polarized LNBFs (for reception of 2 native DBS satellites of the provider, 1 per LNBF), and 1 standard linear-polarized LNB for reception of channels from an FSS-type satellite. These newer DBS/FSS-hybrid dishes, marketed by DirecTV and Dish Network as the "SlimLine" and "<a href="/wiki/SuperDish" title="SuperDish">SuperDish</a>" models respectively, are now the current standard for both providers, with their original 18"/20" single or dual LNBF dishes either now obsolete, or only used for program packages, separate channels, or services only broadcast over the providers' DBS satellites. </p><p>On 29 November 1999 US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> signed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_Home_Viewer_Improvement_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act (page does not exist)">Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act</a> (SHVIA).<sup id="cite_ref-shvia_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shvia-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act allowed Americans to receive local broadcast signals via direct broadcast satellite systems for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-shvia_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shvia-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal">Legal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Radio_Regulations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 Radio Regulations (page does not exist)">1963 Radio Regulations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) defined a "broadcasting satellite service" as a "space service in which signals transmitted or retransmitted by space stations, or transmitted by reflection from objects in orbit around the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, are intended for direct reception by the general public."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s some states grew concerned that external broadcasting could alter the cultural or political identity of a state leading to the <a href="/wiki/New_World_Information_and_Communication_Order" title="New World Information and Communication Order">New World Information and Communication Order</a> (NWICO) proposal. However, satellite broadcasts can not be restricted on a per-state basis due to the limitations of the technology. Around the time the <a href="/wiki/MacBride_report" title="MacBride report">MacBride report</a> was released, satellite broadcasting was being discussed at the <a href="/wiki/UN_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a> (COPUOS) where most of the members supported prior consent restrictions for broadcasting in their territories, but some argued this would violate <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">freedom of information</a>. The parties were unable to reach a consensus on this and in 1982 submitted <a href="/w/index.php?title=UNGA_Res_37/92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UNGA Res 37/92 (page does not exist)">UNGA Res 37/92</a> ("DBS Principles") to the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> which was adopted by a majority vote, however, most States capable of DBS voted against it. The "DBS Principles" resolution is generally regarded as ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Interoperable_Scrambling_System" title="Basic Interoperable Scrambling System">Basic Interoperable Scrambling System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellite_television_companies" title="List of satellite television companies">List of satellite television companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television_by_region" title="Satellite television by region">Satellite television by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercialization_of_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercialization of space">Commercialization of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">Free-to-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_antenna" title="Microwave antenna">Microwave antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit">Molniya orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_v_Media_Protection_Services_Limited" title="Murphy v Media Protection Services Limited">Murphy v Media Protection Services Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_subcarrier_audio" title="Satellite subcarrier audio">Satellite subcarrier audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a>: provides television via internet connection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMATV" title="SMATV">SMATV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">Television antenna</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.39, definition: <i>Broadcasting-satellite service</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbellCotter1998" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Dennis; Cotter, Susan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRJCwqzE3iwC&q=satellite+tv+free+to+air+free+to+view+must+pay&pg=PA161"><i>Copyright Infringement</i></a>. Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-3002-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-3002-3"><bdi>90-247-3002-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microwaves101.com&rft.atitle=Frequency+letter+bands&rft.date=2008-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microwaves101.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fletterbands.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fcc_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fcc_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fcc_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/consumerdish.html">"Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Installing+Consumer-Owned+Antennas+and+Satellite+Dishes&rft.pub=FCC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fcgb%2Fconsumerfacts%2Fconsumerdish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lyngsat.com/Star-One-D2.html">"Star One D2 at 70.0°W"</a>. <i>lyngsat.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210210307/https://www.lyngsat.com/Star-One-D2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lyngsat.com&rft.atitle=Star+One+D2+at+70.0%C2%B0W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyngsat.com%2FStar-One-D2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portalbsd.com.br/satelite_canais.php?sat=sc2">"Lista completa de frequências"</a>. <i>Portal BSD</i> (in Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210210307/https://portalbsd.com.br/satelite_canais.php?sat=sc2">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+BSD&rft.atitle=Lista+completa+de+frequ%C3%AAncias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportalbsd.com.br%2Fsatelite_canais.php%3Fsat%3Dsc2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993207_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPattan1993">Pattan 1993</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattan1993330-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993330_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPattan1993">Pattan 1993</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattan1993327-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattan1993327_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPattan1993">Pattan 1993</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETirro1993279-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirro1993279_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTirro1993">Tirro 1993</a>, p. 279.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFTirro1993 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinoli200960-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli200960_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinoli2009">Minoli 2009</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinoli200927-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli200927_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinoli2009">Minoli 2009</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinoli2009194_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinoli2009">Minoli 2009</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ewww-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ewww_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ewww_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ewww_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDFWAAAAMAAJ&q=low-noise+amplifier+connected+to+the+feedhorn+at+the+focal+point+of+the+dish+c-band">"Europe's Best Kept Secret"</a>. <i>Electronics World + Wireless World</i>. <b>95</b>. 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Communications Technology, Incorporated: 84. 1984<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microwave+Journal+International&rft.atitle=Microwave+Journal+International&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=10%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=26-28&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0pKAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dlnb%2B70%2Bohm%2Bsatellite%2B75%2Bohm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodd2002308-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodd2002308_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodd2002">Dodd 2002</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodd200272-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodd200272_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodd2002">Dodd 2002</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newscientist2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist2_19-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1995" class="citation journal cs1">Fox, Barry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lz4eAQAAMAAJ&q=LNB+can+only+handle+a+single+receiver+problem">"Leaky dishes drown out terrestrial TV"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. <b>145</b>. <a href="/wiki/Reed_Business_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed Business Information">Reed Business Information</a>: 19–22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Leaky+dishes+drown+out+terrestrial+TV&rft.volume=145&rft.pages=19-22&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlz4eAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DLNB%2Bcan%2Bonly%2Bhandle%2Ba%2Bsingle%2Breceiver%2Bproblem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sspt-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sspt_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sspt_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sspt_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sspt_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sspt_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sspt_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sspt_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattan1993" class="citation book cs1">Pattan, Bruno (31 March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GJWEro9ea4C&q=sun+outage+satellite"><i>Satellite Systems:Principles and Technologies</i></a>. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780442013578" title="Special:BookSources/9780442013578"><bdi>9780442013578</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satellite+Systems%3APrinciples+and+Technologies&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1993-03-31&rft.isbn=9780442013578&rft.aulast=Pattan&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GJWEro9ea4C%26q%3Dsun%2Boutage%2Bsatellite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sseipv6-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sseipv6_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sseipv6_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sseipv6_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sseipv6_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinoli2009" class="citation book cs1">Minoli, Daniel (3 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4yJi1UQDPp8C&q=feedhorn+satellite+system"><i>Satellite Systems Engineering in an IPv6 Environment</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida" title="Boca Raton, Florida">Boca Raton, Florida</a>: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1420078688" title="Special:BookSources/978-1420078688"><bdi>978-1420078688</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satellite+Systems+Engineering+in+an+IPv6+Environment&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009-02-03&rft.isbn=978-1420078688&rft.aulast=Minoli&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yJi1UQDPp8C%26q%3Dfeedhorn%2Bsatellite%2Bsystem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-egt-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-egt_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egt_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egt_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egt_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd2002" class="citation book cs1">Dodd, Annabel Z. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4POZ66FaS0C&q=set-top+box+converts&pg=PA308"><i>The Essential Guide to Telecommunications</i></a> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saddle_River,_New_Jersey" title="Upper Saddle River, New Jersey">Upper Saddle River, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. pp. 307–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0130649074" title="Special:BookSources/0130649074"><bdi>0130649074</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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TR 101 198. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213074039/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/101100_101199/101198/01.01.01_60/tr_101198v010101p.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Digital+Video+Broadcasting+%28DVB%29%3B+Implementation+of+Binary+Phase+Shift+Keying+%28BPSK%29+modulation+in+DVB+satellite+transmission+systems&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=European+Telecommunications+Standards+Institute&rft.date=1997-09&rft.au=Antipolis%2C+Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etsi.org%2Fdeliver%2Fetsi_tr%2F101100_101199%2F101198%2F01.01.01_60%2Ftr_101198v010101p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itea-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itea_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itea3.org/innovation-report/jedi-brings-blu-ray-3d-quality-to-broadcast.html">"JEDI Innovation report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727223611/https://itea3.org/innovation-report/jedi-brings-blu-ray-3d-quality-to-broadcast.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JEDI+Innovation+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitea3.org%2Finnovation-report%2Fjedi-brings-blu-ray-3d-quality-to-broadcast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-introsatcom-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-introsatcom_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_R._Elbert2008" class="citation book cs1">Bruce R. Elbert (2008). "9 Earth Stations and Network Technology". <i>Introduction To Satellite Communications</i>. Artech House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596932111" title="Special:BookSources/9781596932111"><bdi>9781596932111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9+Earth+Stations+and+Network+Technology&rft.btitle=Introduction+To+Satellite+Communications&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781596932111&rft.au=Bruce+R.+Elbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popmechAug94-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popmechAug94_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Space TV". <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. <b>171</b> (8). Hearst Magazines: 57–60. August 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558">0032-4558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Space+TV&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=57-60&rft.date=1994-08&rft.issn=0032-4558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intelsat-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intelsat_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intelsat.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/New_Media_brochure.pdf">"Intelsat New Media Brochure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407193413/http://www.intelsat.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/New_Media_brochure.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intelsat+New+Media+Brochure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intelsat.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F03%2FNew_Media_brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kabelfernsehen-kabelanschluss.de/artikel/satellitenfernsehen-in-deutschland">"Satellitenfernsehen in Deutschland"</a> [Satellite TV in Germany]. <i>kabelfernsehen-kabelanschluss.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415182906/http://www.kabelfernsehen-kabelanschluss.de/artikel/satellitenfernsehen-in-deutschland">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kabelfernsehen-kabelanschluss.de&rft.atitle=Satellitenfernsehen+in+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kabelfernsehen-kabelanschluss.de%2Fartikel%2Fsatellitenfernsehen-in-deutschland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kabel-internet-telefon.de/news/36645-zdfneo-3sat-br-ndr-swr-wdr-phoenix-kika-starten-hd-kanaele">"ZDFneo, 3sat, BR, NDR, SWR, WDR, Phoenix, KiKa starten HD Kanäle"</a> [ZDFneo, 3sat, BR, NDR, SWR, WDR, Phoenix, KiKa launch HD channels]. <i>kabel-internet-telefon.de</i> (in German). 13 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227181957/http://kabel-internet-telefon.de/news/36645-zdfneo-3sat-br-ndr-swr-wdr-phoenix-kika-starten-hd-kanaele">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kabel-internet-telefon.de&rft.atitle=ZDFneo%2C+3sat%2C+BR%2C+NDR%2C+SWR%2C+WDR%2C+Phoenix%2C+KiKa+starten+HD+Kan%C3%A4le&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kabel-internet-telefon.de%2Fnews%2F36645-zdfneo-3sat-br-ndr-swr-wdr-phoenix-kika-starten-hd-kanaele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.t-online.de/hdtv-neue-hd-kanaele-von-ard-und-zdf-ab-30-april-2012/id_53311006/index">"HDTV: Neue HD-Kanäle von ARD und ZDF ab 30. April 2012"</a> [HDTV: New HD channels from ARD and ZDF after 30 April 2012]. <i>T-online.de</i> (in German). 20 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227104827/http://digital.t-online.de/hdtv-neue-hd-kanaele-von-ard-und-zdf-ab-30-april-2012/id_53311006/index">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T-online.de&rft.atitle=HDTV%3A+Neue+HD-Kan%C3%A4le+von+ARD+und+ZDF+ab+30.+April+2012&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.t-online.de%2Fhdtv-neue-hd-kanaele-von-ard-und-zdf-ab-30-april-2012%2Fid_53311006%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2019" class="citation web cs1">Newman, Jared (2019-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90306775/cord-cutting-q4-2018-cable-and-satellite-providers-need-a-miracle-now">"Cable and satellite TV companies need a miracle to save them from cord-cutting"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226224538/https://www.fastcompany.com/90306775/cord-cutting-q4-2018-cable-and-satellite-providers-need-a-miracle-now">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=Cable+and+satellite+TV+companies+need+a+miracle+to+save+them+from+cord-cutting&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F90306775%2Fcord-cutting-q4-2018-cable-and-satellite-providers-need-a-miracle-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimes_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, Meg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/business/la-fi-gaspin26jul26,1,4482109.story?coll=la-headlines-business-enter">NBC tacks on Telemundo oversight to Gaspin's tasks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226121452/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-26-fi-gaspin26-story.html">Archived</a> 2020-02-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Los Angeles Times, July 26, 2007. Retrieved on May 14, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=113OPTBSLVkC&q=tvro">"Satellite Communications Training from NRI!"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. <b>228</b>. Bonnier Corporation. February 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Satellite+Communications+Training+from+NRI%21&rft.volume=228&rft.date=1986-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D113OPTBSLVkC%26q%3Dtvro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989274-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989274_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrentiss1989">Prentiss 1989</a>, p. 274.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989246-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989246_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrentiss1989">Prentiss 1989</a>, p. 246.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss19891-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss19891_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrentiss1989">Prentiss 1989</a>, p. 1.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989293-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss1989293_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrentiss1989">Prentiss 1989</a>, p. 293.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satnews.com/story.php?number=1617607397">"Sensing SATCOM Success Is New Simulsat From ATCi"</a>. <i>Satnews</i>. 1 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216221448/http://www.satnews.com/story.php?number=1617607397">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Satnews&rft.atitle=Sensing+SATCOM+Success+Is+New+Simulsat+From+ATCi&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satnews.com%2Fstory.php%3Fnumber%3D1617607397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725175706/http://www.clarkefoundation.org/archives/1996.php">"The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarkefoundation.org/archives/1996.php">the original</a> on July 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arthur+C.+Clarke+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarkefoundation.org%2Farchives%2F1996.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellMartinFabos2011" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Richard; Martin, Christopher R.; Fabos, Bettina (23 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WuqjReIZ4TcC&q=satellite+tv+1945+arthur+c.+clarke&pg=PA152"><i>Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication</i></a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1457628313" title="Special:BookSources/978-1457628313"><bdi>978-1457628313</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications"</a>. <i>lakdiva.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308041008/http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lakdiva.org&rft.atitle=The+1945+Proposal+by+Arthur+C.+Clarke+for+Geostationary+Satellite+Communications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flakdiva.org%2Fclarke%2F1945ww%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2f8q2c0R5cC&q=arthur+c.+clarke+october+1945+wireless+world&pg=PA138"><i>Wireless technologies and the national information infrastructure</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. September 1995. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0160481805" title="Special:BookSources/0160481805"><bdi>0160481805</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240502060537/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2f8q2c0R5cC&q=arthur+c.+clarke+october+1945+wireless+world&pg=PA138#v=snippet&q=arthur%20c.%20clarke%20october%201945%20wireless%20world&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+technologies+and+the+national+information+infrastructure.&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1995-09&rft.isbn=0160481805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2f8q2c0R5cC%26q%3Darthur%2Bc.%2Bclarke%2Boctober%2B1945%2Bwireless%2Bworld%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n834-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n834_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/history/20-years-ago-first-image-of-earth-from-mars-and-other-postcards-of-home/">"20 Years Ago: First Image of Earth from Mars and Other Postcards of Home"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. 7 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+Satellite+TV%2C+50+Years+Ago&rft.date=2012-07-23&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-birth-of-satellite-tv-50-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-relay1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-relay1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-068A">"Relay 1"</a>. <i>NASA.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=Relay+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1962-068A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarcey2013" class="citation web cs1">Darcey, RJ (16 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-031A">"Syncom 2"</a>. <i>NASA.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=Syncom+2&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft.aulast=Darcey&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1963-031A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-SP-93-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-SP-93_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660009169_1966009169.pdf">"Significant Achievements in Space Communications and Navigation, 1958–1964"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NASA-SP-93</i>. NASA. 1966. pp. 30–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103023426/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660009169_1966009169.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA-SP-93&rft.atitle=Significant+Achievements+in+Space+Communications+and+Navigation%2C+1958%E2%80%931964&rft.pages=30-32&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19660009169_1966009169.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-047A">"Syncom 3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 26 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200214081046/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-047A">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syncom+3&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2011-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1964-047A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116224556/http://astronautix.com/craft/intlsat1.htm">"Encyclopedia Astronautica - Intelsat I"</a>. 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Springfield Virginia: U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. 1970. p. 60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240502060538/https://books.google.com/books?id=pyRx2ssMQ6MC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet-bloc+Research+in+Geophysics%2C+Astronomy%2C+and+Space&rft.place=Springfield+Virginia&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=U.S.+Joint+Publications+Research+Service&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpyRx2ssMQ6MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f242-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f242_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitch2019" class="citation web cs1">Hitch, Georgia (18 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-18/the-dish-is-a-great-comedy-but-certainly-not-a-documentary/11318862">"The Dish made Parkes famous, but the first pictures from the Moon actually came from Honeysuckle Creek"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+Dish+made+Parkes+famous%2C+but+the+first+pictures+from+the+Moon+actually+came+from+Honeysuckle+Creek&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft.aulast=Hitch&rft.aufirst=Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-07-18%2Fthe-dish-is-a-great-comedy-but-certainly-not-a-documentary%2F11318862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d664-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d664_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honeysucklecreek.net/Apollo_11/A11_TV_Perth.html">"TV seen in Western Australia"</a>. <i>A Tribute to Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station</i>. 15 July 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CBC English TV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219220502/http://archives.cbc.ca/500f.asp?id=1-75-92-594">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anik+A1+launching%3A+bridging+the+gap&rft.date=1972-11-09&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cbc.ca%2F500f.asp%3Fid%3D1-75-92-594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ats-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ats_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzell2010" class="citation web cs1">Ezell, Linda N. 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Bunney, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0900162716" title="Special:BookSources/0900162716">0900162716</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112153322/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ekran.htm">"Ekran"</a>. <i>Astronautix.com</i>. Astronautix. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ekran.htm">the original</a> on 12 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QchLipDixBUC&q=32+transponders+ku+band+24+c+band+multiplexed+satellite&pg=PA119"><i>Advances in Recent Trends in Communication and Networks</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: Allied Publishers. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466651708" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466651708"><bdi>978-1466651708</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240502060519/https://books.google.com/books?id=QchLipDixBUC&q=32+transponders+ku+band+24+c+band+multiplexed+satellite&pg=PA119#v=snippet&q=32%20transponders%20ku%20band%2024%20c%20band%20multiplexed%20satellite&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dish-cable.com&rft.atitle=Rain+fade%3A+satellite+TV+signal+and+adverse+weather&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdish-cable.com%2Frain_fade.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shvia-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shvia_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shvia_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/mb/shva/shviafac.html">Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act</a> (00-96). 29 November 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Satellite+Home+Viewer+Improvement+Act&rft.date=1999-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransition.fcc.gov%2Fmb%2Fshva%2Fshviafac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGotlieb1969" class="citation journal cs1">Gotlieb, A.E. (1969). "Direct Satellite Broadcasting: A Case Study in the Development of the Law of Space Communications". <i>The Canadian Yearbook of International Law 1969</i>. <b>7</b>: 33–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0069005800011826">10.1017/S0069005800011826</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169142288">169142288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Yearbook+of+International+Law+1969&rft.atitle=Direct+Satellite+Broadcasting%3A+A+Case+Study+in+the+Development+of+the+Law+of+Space+Communications&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=33-60&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0069005800011826&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169142288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gotlieb&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Lyall2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Francis Lyall (2019). "satellite Broadcasting". <i>UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=satellite+Broadcasting&rft.btitle=UN+Committee+on+the+Peaceful+Uses+of+Outer+Space&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Francis+Lyall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_television&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television 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bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable_television_providers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable television</a> providers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template talk:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_in_Africa,_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Africa, Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_TV" title="Alma TV">Alma TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asianet_Satellite_Communications" title="Asianet Satellite Communications">Asianet Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Networks_Akita" title="Cable Networks Akita">Cable Networks Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cablelink" title="Cablelink">Cablelink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEN_Networks" title="DEN Networks">DEN Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docomo_Pacific" title="Docomo Pacific">Docomo Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethio_telecom" title="Ethio telecom">Ethio telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fil-Products_Group" title="Fil-Products Group">Fil-Products</a> <ul><li>Cine Cebu</li> <li>Fil-Products TV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Media_(Indonesian_media_company)" title="First Media (Indonesian media company)">First Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMM_Z" title="GMM Z">GMM Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathway" title="Hathway">Hathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_(Israel)" title="Hot (Israel)">Hot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inwi" title="Inwi">Inwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malitel" title="Malitel">Malitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasat_Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasat Cable TV">Parasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh_Cable_Television" title="Phnom Penh Cable Television">PPCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaricom" title="Safaricom">Safaricom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siti_Networks" title="Siti Networks">Siti Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Cable" title="Sky Cable">Sky Cable</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatel" title="Sonatel">Sonatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamtech" title="Streamtech">Streamtech</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Arasu_Cable_TV_Corporation_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation Limited">TACTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokai_Communications" title="Tokai Communications">Tokai Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransACT" title="TransACT">TransACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Namibia" title="Telecom Namibia">tn TV (Namibia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueVisions" title="TrueVisions">TrueVisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitel_(Angola)" title="Unitel (Angola)">Unitel (Angola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodacom" title="Vodacom">Vodacom</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television" title="Vietnam Television">VTVCab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldCall" title="WorldCall">WorldCall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airtel_digital_TV" title="Airtel digital TV">Airtel digital TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro_(company)" title="Astro (company)">Astro (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Afrique" title="Canal+ Afrique">Canal+ Afrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Cal%C3%A9donie" title="Canal+ Calédonie">Canal+ Calédonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Myanmar)" title="Canal+ (Myanmar)">Canal+ (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cignal" title="Cignal">Cignal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D2h" class="mw-redirect" title="D2h">D2h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DD_Free_Dish" title="DD Free Dish">DD Free Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDishTV" title="DDishTV">DDishTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialog_TV" title="Dialog TV">Dialog TV</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_TV" title="Dish TV">Dish TV</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_TV_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Dish TV (Sri Lanka)">Dish TV (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DishHome" title="DishHome">DishHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DStv" title="DStv">DStv</a> (Sub-Saharan Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMM_Z" title="GMM Z">GMM Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_Sat" title="G Sat">G Sat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosat" title="Indosat">Indosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B#International_versions" title="Groupe Canal+">K+ (Vietnam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeIN_Channels_Network" title="BeIN Channels Network">beIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KT_SkyLife" title="KT SkyLife">KT SkyLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediacorp" title="Mediacorp">ME Digital TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaNet" title="MediaNet">MediaNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBC_Group" title="MBC Group">MBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNC_Vision" title="MNC Vision">MNC Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro_NJOI" title="Astro NJOI">NJOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_Plus" title="NTV Plus">NTV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSN" title="OSN">OSN</a> (Middle East and North Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Broadcasting_Services_Fiji" title="Pacific Broadcasting Services Fiji">Pacific Broadcasting Services Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealVU" class="mw-redirect" title="RealVU">RealVU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cignal" title="Cignal">SatLite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Pacific" title="Sky Pacific">Sky Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKY_PerfecTV!" title="SKY PerfecTV!">SKY PerfecTV!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_(New_Zealand)" title="Sky (New Zealand)">Sky (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Net" title="Sky Net">Sky Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Vision" title="Sky Vision">Sky Vision</a> (Ivory Coast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarSat" title="StarSat">StarSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarTimes" title="StarTimes">StarTimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Direct" title="Sun Direct">Sun Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Play" title="Tata Play">Tata Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelOne_Zimbabwe" title="TelOne Zimbabwe">TelOne Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvision_(Indonesia)" title="Transvision (Indonesia)">Transvision</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueVisions" title="TrueVisions">TrueVisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wowow" title="Wowow">Wowow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_(company)" title="Yes (company)">Yes</a> (Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAP_(satellite_television)" title="ZAP (satellite television)">ZAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_TV" title="B TV">B TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cignal" title="Cignal">Cignal</a></li> <li>Cellcom TV (Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_(company)" title="Du (company)">DU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetch_TV" title="Fetch TV">Fetch TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genie_TV" title="Genie TV">Genie TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTA_Teleguam" title="GTA Teleguam">GTA Teleguam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_Uplus" title="LG Uplus">LG Uplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroc_Telecom" title="Maroc Telecom">Maroc Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Telecom#My.T" title="Mauritius Telecom">My.T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_TV_(Hong_Kong)" title="Now TV (Hong Kong)">Now TV</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omantel" title="Omantel">Omantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A." title="Orange S.A.">La TV d'Orange</a> (Réunion, Mayotte)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Telecom_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Telecom Company">Saudi Telecom Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singtel_TV" title="Singtel TV">Singtel TV (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skytel_(Mongolia)" title="Skytel (Mongolia)">SKY Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_On_Demand" title="Sky On Demand">Sky On Demand</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarHub_TV" title="StarHub TV">StarHub TV (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamtech" title="Streamtech">Streamtech</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Telecom">Uganda Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifi_(internet_service_provider)" title="Unifi (internet service provider)">Unifi TV (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converge_Vision" title="Converge Vision">Vision (Philippines)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_TV_Plus" title="ABS-CBN TV Plus">ABS-CBN TV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Baron" title="Ernie Baron">Baron Digital TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Myanmar)" title="Canal+ (Myanmar)">Canal+ (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(Australia)" title="Freeview (Australia)">Freeview (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(New_Zealand)" title="Freeview (New Zealand)">Freeview (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMA_Affordabox" title="GMA Affordabox">GMA Affordabox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYTV_Broadcasting" title="MYTV Broadcasting">MYTV (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarTimes" title="StarTimes">StarTimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulit_TV" title="Sulit TV">Sulit TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct /<br />inactive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABNXcess" title="ABNXcess">ABNXcess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aora" title="Aora">Aora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstraSat" title="AstraSat">AstraSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austar" title="Austar">Austar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cable_Television" title="Hong Kong Cable Television">Cable TV (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTH_(company)" title="CTH (company)">CTH</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_Cable" title="Destiny Cable">Destiny Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DishHD" title="DishHD">DishHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Satellite_TV" title="Dream Satellite TV">Dream Satellite TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_TV_(Philippines)" title="Easy TV (Philippines)">Easy TV (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(Australian_television)" title="Galaxy (Australian television)">Galaxy (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Cable" title="Global Cable">Global Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HKBN_bbTV" title="HKBN bbTV">HKBN bbTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiTV" title="HiTV">HiTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Cable" title="Home Cable">Home Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igloo_(TV)" title="Igloo (TV)">Igloo (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_TV_(India)" title="Independent TV (India)">Independent TV (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalak_TV" title="Kamalak TV">Kamalak TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristal-Astro" title="Kristal-Astro">Kristal-Astro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwes%C3%A9_Sports" title="Kwesé Sports">Kwesé TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_TV_(Malaysia)" title="Mega TV (Malaysia)">Mega TV (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivision_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Multivision (Sri Lanka)">Multivision (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_Cable" title="Neighbourhood Cable">Neighbourhood Cable</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrangeTV" title="OrangeTV">OrangeTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_Communications_Company" title="Orbit Communications Company">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SelecTV_(Australian_television)" title="SelecTV (Australian television)">SelecTV (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_Arabia" title="Showtime Arabia">Showtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Direct" title="Sky Direct">Sky Direct</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sky_TV" title="Thai Sky TV">Thai Sky TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVB_Network_Vision" title="TVB Network Vision">TVB Network Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Television" title="U Television">U Television</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodafone New Zealand">Vodafone TV (New Zealand)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Americas" title="Template:CATV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Template:CATV Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_USA" title="Template:CATV USA">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Central_and_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:CATV Central and South America">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Template:CATV Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_Canada" title="Template talk:CATV Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">satellite</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Satellite_TV" title="Bell Satellite TV">Bell Satellite TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Direct" title="Shaw Direct">Shaw Direct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cogeco" title="Cogeco">Cogeco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastlink_(company)" title="Eastlink (company)">Eastlink</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Cable" title="Rogers Cable">Rogers Cable</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Communications" title="Shaw Communications">Western Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vid%C3%A9otron" title="Vidéotron">Vidéotron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_Communications" title="Access Communications">Access</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cablevision_(Canada)" title="Cablevision (Canada)">Cablevision</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Or" title="Val-d'Or">Val-d'Or, QC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CityWest" title="CityWest">CityWest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia" title="Prince Rupert, British Columbia">Prince Rupert, BC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTS_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS TV">MTS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novus_Entertainment" title="Novus Entertainment">Novus Cable</a> (select areas of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_Cable" title="Source Cable">Source</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, ON</a>)</li> <li>Westman (<a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Manitoba" title="Brandon, Manitoba">Brandon, MB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <b>See also :</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_cable_and_DBS_companies_of_Canada" title="Category:Defunct cable and DBS companies of Canada">Defunct cable and DBS companies of Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibe_(Bell_Aliant)" title="Fibe (Bell Aliant)">Fibe (Aliant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Fibe_TV" title="Bell Fibe TV">Fibe TV (ON/QC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTS_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS TV">MTS TV (MB)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaskTel" title="SaskTel">SaskTel MaxTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TekSavvy" title="TekSavvy">TekSavvy TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telus_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Telus TV">Telus Optik TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbaytel" title="Tbaytel">Tbaytel TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalTV_(Canadian_TV_provider)" title="TotalTV (Canadian TV provider)">TotalTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMedia" title="VMedia">VMedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_Multipoint_Distribution_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service">MMDS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wireless" title="Craig Wireless">Craig Wireless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Americas" title="Template:CATV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Europe</a></li></ul> <p><small><sup>1</sup>More than 400,000 television service subscribers.</small> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_Europe" title="Template talk:CATV Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Bulgaria" title="A1 Bulgaria">A1 Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Hrvatska" title="A1 Hrvatska">A1 Hrvatska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiway" title="Caiway">Caiway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(company)" title="Delta (company)">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digi_Communications" title="Digi Communications">Digi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Oyj" title="DNA Oyj">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir_(telecommunications)" title="Eir (telecommunications)">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_(company)" title="Elisa (company)">Elisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elta-Kabel" title="Elta-Kabel">Elta-Kabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER-Telecom" title="ER-Telecom">ER-Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euskaltel" title="Euskaltel">Euskaltel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GO_(Malta)" title="GO (Malta)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPKO" title="IPKO">IPKO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabelnoord" title="Kabelnoord">Kabelnoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhtelecom" title="Kazakhtelecom">Kazakhtelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujtesa" title="Kujtesa">Kujtesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26H_Company" title="M&H Company">M&H Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magenta_Telekom" title="Magenta Telekom">Magenta Telekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_Networks" title="Magnet Networks">Magnet Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Telekom" title="Magyar Telekom">Magyar Telekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melita_(telecommunications_company)" title="Melita (telecommunications company)">Melita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEO_(telecommunication_company)" title="MEO (telecommunication company)">MEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss.Net" title="Miss.Net">Miss.Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco_Telecom_TV" title="Monaco Telecom TV">Monaco Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxoo" title="Naxoo">Naxoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetCologne" title="NetCologne">NetCologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_(Portuguese_company)" title="NOS (Portuguese company)">NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowo" title="Nowo">Nowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Belgium" title="Orange Belgium">Orange Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Luxembourg">Orange Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Romania" title="Orange Romania">Orange Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(telecommunications)" title="Play (telecommunications)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Telecom" title="Post Telecom">Post Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacom" title="Primacom">Primacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(cable_operator)" title="R (cable operator)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_Broadband" title="Serbia Broadband">SBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_AS" title="STV AS">STV AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swisscom" title="Swisscom">Swisscom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_(telecom)" title="Tango (telecom)">Tango TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecable" title="Telecable">Telecable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele_Columbus" title="Tele Columbus">Tele Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekabel" title="Telekabel">Telekabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekom_Srbija" title="Telekom Srbija">Telekom Srbija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemach_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Telemach (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Telemach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenet_(provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telenet (provider)">Telenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet_(company)" title="Tet (company)">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toya_(company)" title="Toya (company)">Toya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(company)" title="Türksat (company)">Türksat Kablo TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Switzerland" title="UPC Switzerland">UPC Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Ireland" title="Virgin Media Ireland">Virgin Media Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_TV" title="Virgin TV">Virgin TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Czech_Republic" title="Vodafone Czech Republic">Vodafone Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Deutschland" title="Vodafone Deutschland">Vodafone Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Vodafone España">Vodafone España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Hungary" title="Vodafone Hungary">Vodafone Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Romania" title="Vodafone Romania">Vodafone Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VodafoneZiggo" title="VodafoneZiggo">VodafoneZiggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOO" title="VOO">VOO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WightFibre" title="WightFibre">WightFibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouSee" title="YouSee">YouSee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggo" title="Ziggo">Ziggo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Bulgaria" title="A1 Bulgaria">A1 Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Hrvatska" title="A1 Hrvatska">A1 Hrvatska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bis_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bis Télévisions (page does not exist)">Bis Télévisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulsatcom" title="Bulsatcom">Bulsatcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (French TV provider)">Canal+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Polish_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (Polish TV provider)">Canal+ Polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Digitaal" title="Canal Digitaal">Canal Digitaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmote_TV" title="Cosmote TV">Cosmote TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Smart" title="D-Smart">D-Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digi_Communications" title="Digi Communications">Digi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigitAlb" title="DigitAlb">DigitAlb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiturk" title="Digiturk">Digiturk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_Sat" title="Focus Sat">Focus Sat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fransat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fransat (page does not exist)">Fransat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD%2B" title="HD+">HD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXtv" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXtv">MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (telecommunications)">La TV d'Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M7_Group" title="M7 Group">M7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Telekom" title="Slovak Telekom">Magio TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MagtiCom" title="MagtiCom">MagtiCom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEO_(telecommunication_company)" title="MEO (telecommunication company)">MEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_Plus%2B" title="Movistar Plus+">Movistar Plus+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_(Portuguese_company)" title="NOS (Portuguese company)">NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(Forthnet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (Forthnet)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_Plus" title="NTV Plus">NTV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Polska" title="Orange Polska">Orange Polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Romania" title="Orange Romania">Orange Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Slovensko" title="Orange Slovensko">Orange Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polsat_Box" title="Polsat Box">Polsat Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saorsat" title="Saorsat">Saorsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Deutschland" title="Sky Deutschland">Sky Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Ireland" title="Sky Ireland">Sky Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Italia" title="Sky Italia">Sky Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylink_(TV_platform)" title="Skylink (TV platform)">Skylink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Telekom" title="Magyar Telekom">Telekom Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekom_Srbija" title="Telekom Srbija">Telekom Srbija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9sat" title="Télésat">Télésat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv%C3%B9sat" title="Tivùsat">tivùsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalTV_(Serbian_TV_provider)" title="TotalTV (Serbian TV provider)">Total TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolor_TV" title="Tricolor TV">Tricolor TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(company)" title="Türksat (company)">Turksat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Vlaanderen" title="TV Vlaanderen">TV Vlaanderen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_Ukraine" title="Viasat Ukraine">Viasat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivacom" title="Vivacom">Vivacom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber</a>/<a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Bulgaria" title="A1 Bulgaria">A1 Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Hrvatska" title="A1 Hrvatska">A1 Hrvatska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Telekom_Austria" title="A1 Telekom Austria">A1 Telekom Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altibox" title="Altibox">Altibox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIS_(ISP)" class="mw-redirect" title="AMIS (ISP)">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_Telecom" title="Andorra Telecom">Andorra Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeline_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beeline (telecommunications)">Beeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouygues_Telecom" title="Bouygues Telecom">Bouygues Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulsatcom" title="Bulsatcom">Bulsatcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytavision" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytavision">Cytavision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EE_TV" title="EE TV">EE TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir_(telecommunications)" title="Eir (telecommunications)">eir Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_(ISP)" title="Free (ISP)">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HT_Eronet" title="HT Eronet">HT Eronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INES_(TV_service)" title="INES (TV service)">iNES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPN" title="KPN">KPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (telecommunications)">La TV d'Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Magenta TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_Networks" title="Magnet Networks">Magnet Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MagtiCom" title="MagtiCom">MagtiCom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Telekom" title="Hrvatski Telekom">MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEO_(telecommunication_company)" title="MEO (telecommunication company)">MEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moja_TV" title="Moja TV">Moja TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldtelecom" title="Moldtelecom">Moldtelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_Plus%2B" title="Movistar Plus+">Movistar Plus+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(Forthnet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (Forthnet)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odido" title="Odido">Odido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Orange España">Orange España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Polska" title="Orange Polska">Orange Polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PrimeTel" title="PrimeTel">PrimeTel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximus_TV" title="Proximus TV">Proximus TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(company)" title="Scarlet (company)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADminn" title="Síminn">Síminn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Telecom" title="Smart Telecom">Smart Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise TV">Sunrise TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_TV_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Super TV (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Super TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-2_(ISP)" class="mw-redirect" title="T-2 (ISP)">T-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV" title="TalkTalk TV">TalkTalk TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekom_Srbija" title="Telekom Srbija">Telekom Srbija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telia_Company" title="Telia Company">Telia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telia_Digital-tv" title="Telia Digital-tv">Telia Digital-tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teo_LT" title="Teo LT">Teo LT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMvision" title="TIMvision">TIMvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivibu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivibu">Tivibu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkcell" title="Turkcell">Turkcell TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivacom" title="Vivacom">Vivacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Greece" title="Vodafone Greece">Vodafone Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Ireland" title="Vodafone Ireland">Vodafone Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Italy" title="Vodafone Italy">Vodafone Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKTC_Telsim" title="KKTC Telsim">Vodafone North Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Portugal" title="Vodafone Portugal">Vodafone Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Turkey" title="Vodafone Turkey">Vodafone Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XS4ALL" title="XS4ALL">XS4ALL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouView" title="YouView">YouView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggo" title="Ziggo">Ziggo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_TV_Access" title="Boxer TV Access">BoxerTV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digea" title="Digea">Digea</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(GR)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digitenne" title="Digitenne">Digitenne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(NL)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVOtv" class="mw-redirect" title="EVOtv">EVOtv (Hrvatski Telekom)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(HR)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(UK)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GO_(Malta)" title="GO (Malta)">GO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(MT)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlusTV" class="mw-redirect" title="PlusTV">PlusTV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FI)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_Portugal" title="Digital terrestrial television in Portugal">PTDT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PT)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RiksTV" title="RiksTV">RiksTV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(NO)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saorview" title="Saorview">Saorview</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(IE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Spain" title="Television in Spain">TDT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ES)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_France" title="Television in France">TNT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FR)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Vlaanderen" title="TV Vlaanderen">TV Vlaanderen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/@Home_Network#@Home_Benelux" title="@Home Network">@Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akta" title="Akta">Akta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Home_TV" title="Alice Home TV">Alice Home TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Digital" title="Alpha Digital">Alpha Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athina_Sat" title="Athina Sat">Athina Sat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizoo" title="Blizoo">blizoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_Extrasatelit" title="Boom Extrasatelit">Boom Extrasatelit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragatel" title="Bragatel">Bragatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="British Satellite Broadcasting">BSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Spanish_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (Spanish TV provider)">Canal+ Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Digital" title="Canal Digital">Canal Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casema" title="Casema">Casema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CenterTelecom" title="CenterTelecom">CenterTelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com_Hem" title="Com Hem">Com Hem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTV_(pay_television)" title="CTV (pay television)">CTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_TV" title="Easy TV">Easy TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_AS" title="Get AS">Get</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostrada_TV" title="Infostrada TV">Infostrada TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitel" title="Invitel">Invitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Digital" title="ITV Digital">ITV Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyne" title="Joyne">Joyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-TV" title="Kosmos-TV">Kosmos-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabel_BW" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabel BW">Kabel BW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madritel" title="Madritel">Madritel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediaset_Premium" title="Mediaset Premium">Mediaset Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_(Poland)" title="N (Poland)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuf_Cegetel" title="Neuf Cegetel">Neuf Cegetel TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Telecom" title="North-West Telecom">North-West Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numericable" title="Numericable">Numericable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONO_(Spain)" title="ONO (Spain)">ONO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Telecoms" title="On Telecoms">On Telecoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Digital" title="Real Digital">Real Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiero_Television" title="Quiero Television">Quiero Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radijus_Vektor" title="Radijus Vektor">Radijus Vektor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Telecom" title="Southern Telecom">Southern Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_TV" title="Stream TV">Stream TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS_Starman" title="AS Starman">Starman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDC_Holding_A/S" title="TDC Holding A/S">TDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele2Vision" title="Tele2Vision">Tele2Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telfort" title="Telfort">Telfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVTEL" title="TVTEL">TVTEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_di_FASTWEB" class="mw-redirect" title="TV di FASTWEB">TV di FASTWEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitymedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitymedia">Unitymedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_France" class="mw-redirect" title="UPC France">UPC France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="UPC Hungary">UPC Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggo" title="Ziggo">Ziggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Poland" title="UPC Poland">UPC Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Romania" title="UPC Romania">UPC Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralsvyazinform" title="Uralsvyazinform">Uralsvyazinform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_(Nordic_television_service)" title="Viasat (Nordic television service)">Viasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VolgaTelecom" title="VolgaTelecom">VolgaTelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Vision" title="Wind Vision">Wind Vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Americas" title="Template:CATV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Template:CATV Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_USA" title="Template:CATV USA">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Template talk:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_in_Ibero/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in <a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a>/<a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Regional" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claro_TV" title="Claro TV">Claro TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_TV" title="Movistar TV">Movistar TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Cara%C3%AFbes" title="Canal+ Caraïbes">Canal+ Caraïbes</a> (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANTV" title="CANTV">CANTV</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_M%C3%A9xico" title="Dish México">Dish</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entel_(Chile)" title="Entel (Chile)">Entel</a> (Chile)</li> <li>Green Dot (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_(Venezuelan_broadcaster)" title="Inter (Venezuelan broadcaster)">Inter Satélital</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nossa_TV" title="Nossa TV">Nossa TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi_(telecommunications)" title="Oi (telecommunications)">Oi TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKY_Brasil" title="SKY Brasil">SKY Brasil</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_M%C3%A9xico" title="Sky México">Sky México</a> (Mexico & Central America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_TV" title="Vivo TV">Vivo TV</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claro_TV" title="Claro TV">Claro TV</a> (Brazil & Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">Columbus/FLOW</a> (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzi_Telecom" title="Izzi Telecom">Izzi Telecom</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacable" title="Megacable">Megacable</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_TV" title="Movistar TV">Movistar TV</a> (Argentina & Peru)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Personal" title="Telecom Personal">Personal Flow</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalplay" title="Totalplay">Totalplay</a> (Mexico)</li> <li>TV-Cable (Ecuador)</li> <li>Une (Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTR_(telecom_company)" title="VTR (telecom company)">VTR</a> (Chile)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber</a>/<a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bmobile" title="Bmobile">bmobile</a> (Trinidad and Tobago)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claro_TV" title="Claro TV">Claro tv+</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel (Caribbean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">Flow</a> (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_TV" title="Movistar TV">Movistar TV</a> (Argentina and Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKY_Brasil" title="SKY Brasil">Sky+</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_TV" title="Vivo TV">Vivo TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li>Zapping (Brazil and Chile)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GVT_TV" title="GVT TV">GVT TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li>Sky Argentina</li> <li>Sky Chile</li> <li>Sky Colombia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_TV" title="Vivo TV">Vivo TV</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct cable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NET_(telecommunications)" title="NET (telecommunications)">NET</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct Fiber/IPTV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oi_(telecommunications)" title="Oi (telecommunications)">Oi TV</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay_TV_providers_in_MAAO_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay TV providers in MAAO region">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay-TV_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay-TV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay-TV_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay-TV Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay-TV_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay-TV USA">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_USA" title="Template:CATV USA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_USA" title="Template talk:CATV USA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_USA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV USA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_(multi-channel_video_programming_distributors)_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers (<a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_in_the_United_States" title="Multichannel television in the United States">multi-channel video programming distributors</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Cable" title="Adams Cable">Adams Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altice_USA" title="Altice USA">Altice USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_(TV/Internet)" title="Optimum (TV/Internet)">Optimum (TV/Internet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suddenlink_Communications" title="Suddenlink Communications">Suddenlink Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Electric" title="Service Electric">Service Electric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Group_of_Companies" title="Armstrong Group of Companies">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Communications" title="Grande Communications">Grande Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCN_Corporation" title="RCN Corporation">RCN Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_Broadband" title="Wave Broadband">Wave Broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Alascom" title="AT&T Alascom">AT&T Alascom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Communications" title="Blue Ridge Communications">Blue Ridge Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stream_(company)" title="Blue Stream (company)">Blue Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeline" title="Breezeline">Breezeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadstripe" title="Broadstripe">Broadstripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye_Broadband" title="Buckeye Broadband">Buckeye Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_One" title="Cable One">Cable One</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hargray" title="Hargray">Hargray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xfinity" title="Xfinity">Comcast Xfinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox_Communications" title="Cox Communications">Cox Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docomo_Pacific" title="Docomo Pacific">Docomo Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery_Telcom" title="Emery Telcom">Emery Telcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Channel" title="Full Channel">Full Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCI (company)">GCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediacom" title="Mediacom">Mediacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northland_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Northland Communications">Northland Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Puerto_Rico" title="Liberty Puerto Rico">Liberty Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satview_Broadband" title="Satview Broadband">Satview Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shentel" title="Shentel">Shentel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_(brand)" title="Spectrum (brand)">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRT_Communications" title="SRT Communications">SRT Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li> <li>Troy Cablevision</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TruVista_Communications" title="TruVista Communications">TruVista Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Open_West" title="Wide Open West">WOW!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television_in_the_United_States" title="Satellite television in the United States">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorystar" title="Glorystar">Glorystar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headend_in_the_Sky" title="Headend in the Sky">Headend in the Sky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Bell">Cincinnati Bell Fioptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPB" title="EPB">EPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_FiberOptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier FiberOptic">Frontier FiberOptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTA_Teleguam" title="GTA Teleguam">GTA Teleguam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Telcom" title="Hawaiian Telcom">Hawaiian Telcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prism_TV" title="Prism TV">Prism TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEP_Telephone" title="NEP Telephone">NEP Datastream TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_State_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="North State Communications">North State Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_(ISP)" title="Sonic (ISP)">Sonic.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Fios" title="Verizon Fios">Verizon FiOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whidbey_Telecom" title="Whidbey Telecom">Whidbey Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstream_Holdings" title="Windstream Holdings">Windstream Kinetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziply_Fiber" title="Ziply Fiber">Ziply Fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_in_the_United_States#Virtual_MVPD,_TV_Everywhere,_and_over-the-top_media_services" title="Multichannel television in the United States">Virtual<br />MVPD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV_Stream" title="DirecTV Stream">DirecTV Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frndly_TV" title="Frndly TV">Frndly TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FuboTV" title="FuboTV">FuboTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu#Hulu_+_Live_TV_service" title="Hulu">Hulu + Live TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_(company)" title="Philo (company)">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_TV" title="Sling TV">Sling TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_TV_Stream" title="Spectrum TV Stream">Spectrum TV Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xfinity_Flex" title="Xfinity Flex">Xfinity Flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">YouTube TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">Over-<br />the-top<br />VOD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&E Networks">A&E Networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%26E_Crime_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Crime Central">Crime Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime (TV network)">Lifetime Movie Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM%2B" title="MGM+">MGM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Freevee" title="Amazon Freevee">Freevee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScreenPix" class="mw-redirect" title="ScreenPix">ScreenPix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks" title="AMC Networks">AMC Networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_TV" title="Acorn TV">Acorn TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC%2B" title="AMC+">AMC+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidive" title="Hidive">Hidive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFC_Films" title="IFC Films">IFC Films Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudder_(streaming_service)" title="Shudder (streaming service)">Shudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance_TV" title="Sundance TV">Sundance Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allblk" title="Allblk">Allblk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WE_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WE TV">WE TV+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Studios" title="Angel Studios">Angel Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritBox" title="BritBox">BritBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV#Brown_Sugar" title="Bounce TV">Brown Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BroadwayHD" title="BroadwayHD">BroadwayHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineverse" title="Cineverse">Cineverse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CONtv" title="CONtv">CONtv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docurama" title="Docurama">Docurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dove_Channel_(streaming_service)" title="Dove Channel (streaming service)">Dove Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandor" title="Fandor">Fandor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screambox" class="mw-redirect" title="Screambox">Screambox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection" title="The Criterion Collection">The Criterion Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Stream" title="Curiosity Stream">Curiosity Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CW_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="CW Seed">CW Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekkoo" title="Dekkoo">Dekkoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOGTV" title="DOGTV">DOGTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropout_(media_company)" title="Dropout (media company)">Dropout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_Now" title="Eros Now">Eros Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Watch" title="Facebook Watch">Facebook Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmRise" title="FilmRise">FilmRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Corporation" title="Fox Corporation">Fox Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Nation" title="Fox Nation">Fox Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubi" title="Tubi">Tubi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallmark%2B" title="Hallmark+">Hallmark+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_TV" title="Here TV">Here TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_Lorber" title="Kino Lorber">Kino Lorber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MHz_Networks#MHz_Choice" title="MHz Networks">MHz Choice</a></li> <li>Kino Film Collection</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocowa" title="Kocowa">Kocowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Now" title="Local Now">Local Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubi_(streaming_service)" title="Mubi (streaming service)">MUBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vudu">Vudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xumo" title="Xumo">Xumo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL%2B" title="NFL+">NFL+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BET%2B" title="BET+">BET+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(brand)" title="Noggin (brand)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_Television_Network" title="Racetrack Television Network">Racetrack Television Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbox" title="Redbox">Redbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revry" title="Revry">Revry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roku_Channel" title="The Roku Channel">Roku Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_TV_Plus" title="Samsung TV Plus">Samsung TV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shout!_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shout! Factory">Shout! Factory TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starz" title="Starz">Starz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirr" title="Stirr">Stirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelevisaUnivision_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="TelevisaUnivision (United States)">Univision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantaya" title="Pantaya">Pantaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelevisaUnivision_(United_States)#Digital_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="TelevisaUnivision (United States)">Univision NOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_(streaming_service)" title="Vix (streaming service)">ViX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivo">Tivo Stream 4k</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Look_Media" title="First Look Media">Topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFC_Fight_Pass" title="UFC Fight Pass">UFC Fight Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaplay" title="Viaplay">Viaplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viki_(streaming_service)" title="Viki (streaming service)">Viki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_(streaming_service)" title="Vix (streaming service)">ViX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery" title="Warner Bros. Discovery">Warner Bros. Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(TV_network)" title="Boomerang (TV network)">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinemax" title="Cinemax">Cinemax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery%2B" title="Discovery+">Discovery+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster_Teeth" title="Rooster Teeth">Rooster Teeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOW_Presents_Plus" title="WOW Presents Plus">WOW Presents Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Network" title="WWE Network">WWE Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YuppTV" title="YuppTV">YuppTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphia_Communications_Corporation" title="Adelphia Communications Corporation">Adelphia Communications Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_Municipal_Power" title="Alameda Municipal Power">Alameda Power and Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Broadband" title="AT&T Broadband">AT&T Broadband</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MediaOne" title="MediaOne">MediaOne/Continental Cablevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele-Communications_Inc." title="Tele-Communications Inc.">Tele-Communications Inc.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_Broadband" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja Broadband">Baja Broadband</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_Cable" title="US Cable">US Cable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresnan_Communications" title="Bresnan Communications">Bresnan Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_House_Networks" title="Bright House Networks">Bright House Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cablevision" title="Cablevision">Cablevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_Broadband" title="Champion Broadband">Champion Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Soup_for_the_Soul_Entertainment" title="Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment">Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcornflix" title="Popcornflix">Popcornflix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobridge_Communications" title="Cobridge Communications">Cobridge Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Home_Entertainment" title="Community Home Entertainment">Community Home Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FairPoint_Communications" title="FairPoint Communications">FairPoint Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graceba_Total_Communications" title="Graceba Total Communications">Graceba Total Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Insight Communications">Insight Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Intercable" title="Jones Intercable">Jones Intercable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Videocable" title="King Videocable">King Videocable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knology" class="mw-redirect" title="Knology">Knology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cable" title="Marcus Cable">Marcus Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News-Press_%26_Gazette_Company#Cable_operations" title="News-Press & Gazette Company">NPG Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragon_Cable" title="Paragon Cable">Paragon Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Communications" title="Rapid Communications">Rapid Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelePrompTer_Corporation" title="TelePrompTer Corporation">TelePrompTer/Group W Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable" title="Time Warner Cable">Time Warner Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UA-Columbia_Cablevision" title="UA-Columbia Cablevision">UA-Columbia Cablevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer_Communications" title="Windjammer Communications">Windjammer Communications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaStar_(satellite_broadcasting_service)" title="AlphaStar (satellite broadcasting service)">AlphaStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobeCast_World_TV" title="GlobeCast World TV">GlobeCast World TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orby_TV" title="Orby TV">Orby TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PrimeStar" title="PrimeStar">PrimeStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="United States Satellite Broadcasting">United States Satellite Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voom_HD_Networks" title="Voom HD Networks">Voom HD Networks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPTV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_U-verse" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T U-verse">AT&T U-verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">CenturyLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Google Fiber TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Angel" title="Sky Angel">Sky Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Digital_Cable" title="Virtual Digital Cable">Virtual Digital Cable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USDTV" title="USDTV">USDTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieBeam" title="MovieBeam">MovieBeam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual MVPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aereo" title="Aereo">Aereo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDHomeRun#HDHomeRum_Premium_TV" title="HDHomeRun">HD HomeRun Premium TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocalBTV" title="LocalBTV">LocalBTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locast" title="Locast">Locast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US#TVision" title="T-Mobile US">TVision Live TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vue" title="PlayStation Vue">PlayStation Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidgo" title="Vidgo">Vidgo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Over-the-top</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_Network" title="Anime Network">Anime Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN%2B" title="CNN+">CNN+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_Universe_(streaming_service)" title="DC Universe (streaming service)">DC Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DramaFever" title="DramaFever">DramaFever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmStruck" title="FilmStruck">FilmStruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)#FX+" title="FX (TV channel)">FX+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go90" title="Go90">go90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic#Trademark_reuse_for_Apple_TV_service_(2019-)" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic">MTV Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">NickHits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quibi" title="Quibi">Quibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeso" title="Seeso">Seeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SnagFilms" title="SnagFilms">SnagFilms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_TV" title="Template:North American TV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_TV" title="Template talk:North American TV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_TV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American TV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Additional_resources_on_North_American_television" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Additional resources on North American television</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Television_stations_in_North_America" title="Template:Television stations in North America">List of local television stations in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_DTV" title="Template:North American DTV">DTV transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_TV" title="Template:North American TV">North American TV mini-template</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_television_networks" title="Template:Canadian television networks">Canadian networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_television_networks" title="List of Canadian television networks">List of Canadian television networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_television_channels" title="List of Canadian television channels">List of Canadian television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_specialty_channels" title="List of Canadian specialty channels">List of Canadian specialty channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_television_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian television stations">Local Canadian TV stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_stations_available_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States stations available in Canada">List of United States stations available in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Vancouver_TV_realignment" title="2001 Vancouver TV realignment">2001 Vancouver TV realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Canada_broadcast_TV_realignment" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment">2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexican_broadcast_television" title="Template:Mexican broadcast television">Mexican networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Mexico" title="List of television stations in Mexico">Local Mexican TV stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:American_broadcast_television" title="Template:American broadcast television">American networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cable_and_satellite_television_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States cable and satellite television channels">List of American cable and satellite networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_over-the-air_television_networks" title="List of United States over-the-air television networks">List of American over-the-air networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_W)" title="List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter W)">Local American TV stations (W)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)" title="List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter K)">Local American TV stations (K)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish-language_television_networks_in_the_United_States" title="List of Spanish-language television networks in the United States">Spanish-language TV networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_South_Florida_television_affiliation_switch" title="1989 South Florida television affiliation switch">1989 South Florida television affiliation switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994%E2%80%931996_United_States_broadcast_television_realignment" title="1994–1996 United States broadcast television realignment">1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_broadcast_television_realignment" title="2006 United States broadcast television realignment">2006 U.S. TV realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_television_stations_available_in_the_United_States" title="List of Canadian television stations available in the United States">List of Canadian television stations available in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Americas" title="Template:CATV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wireless_video_and_data_distribution_methods" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wireless_video" title="Template:Wireless video"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wireless_video" title="Template talk:Wireless video"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wireless_video" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wireless video"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wireless_video_and_data_distribution_methods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wireless video and data distribution methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_television" title="Amateur television">Amateur television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Internet television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sensor_network" title="Visual sensor network">Visual sensor network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Mobile broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_broadband" title="Wireless broadband">Wireless broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_local_loop" title="Wireless local loop">Wireless local loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> family <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Term Evolution">Long Term Evolution</a> (LTE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G New Radio</a> (5G NR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Service" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service">Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service</a> (MBMS)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">Terrestrial</a> (DVB-T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-H" title="DVB-H">Handheld</a> (DVB-H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">Satellite</a> (DVB-S2)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> family <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_WiMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">Mobile broadband wireless access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">IEEE 802.15.3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">WRAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Wireless_Services" title="Advanced Wireless Services">Advanced Wireless Services</a> (AWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadband_Service" title="Educational Broadband Service">Educational Broadband Service</a> (EBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeRF" title="HomeRF">HomeRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVDDS" title="MVDDS">Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service</a> (MVDDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipoint_Video_Distribution_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipoint Video Distribution System">Multipoint Video Distribution System</a> (MVDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_multipoint_distribution_service" title="Local multipoint distribution service">Local multipoint distribution service</a> (LMDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_multipoint_distribution_service" title="Multichannel multipoint distribution service">Multichannel multipoint distribution service</a> (MMDS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_communications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satcomm" title="Template:Satcomm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satcomm" title="Template talk:Satcomm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satcomm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satcomm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_communications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">Amateur satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-throughput_satellite" title="High-throughput satellite">High-throughput satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Relay satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dispute" title="Carriage dispute">Carriage dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sat-IP" title="Sat-IP">SAT>IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoblock_LNB" title="Monoblock LNB">Monoblock LNB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Satellites_Automatic_Location_System" title="Universal Satellites Automatic Location System">USALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Tracking_Satellite_Dish" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish">Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish#Motor-driven_dish" title="Satellite dish">Motor-driven Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish#Multi-satellite" title="Satellite dish">Multi-satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">Satellite dish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">Parabolic antennas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_modem" title="Satellite modem">Satellite modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_data_unit" title="Satellite data unit">Satellite data unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacebus" title="Spacebus">Spacebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-small-aperture_terminal" title="Very-small-aperture terminal">Very-small-aperture terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB-SH" title="DVB-SH">DVB-SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-DMB" title="S-DMB">S-DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-RCS" title="DVB-RCS">DVB-RCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2X" title="DVB-S2X">DVB-S2X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_radio_service" title="Digital audio radio service">Digital audio radio service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Digital_Radio" title="Astra Digital Radio">Astra Digital Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1worldspace" title="1worldspace">1worldspace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relay satellite companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">AST SpaceMobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar" title="EchoStar">EchoStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispasat" title="Hispasat">Hispasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Network_Systems" title="Hughes Network Systems">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_Communications" title="Iridium Communications">Iridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SED_Systems" title="SED Systems">SED Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_One_(satellite_operator)" title="Star One (satellite operator)">Star One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesat" title="Telesat">Telesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooway" title="Tooway">Tooway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(satellite)" title="Türksat (satellite)">Turksat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_(American_company)" title="Viasat (American company)">Viasat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INVAP" title="INVAP">INVAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSL_(company)" title="SSL (company)">SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETSI_Satellite_Digital_Radio" title="ETSI Satellite Digital Radio">ETSI Satellite Digital Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communications_satellite_firsts" title="List of communications satellite firsts">List of communications satellite firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communication_satellite_companies" title="List of communication satellite companies">List of communication satellite companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_satellites" title="Category:Communications satellites"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Communication_satellites" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Communication satellites"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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