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(PDF) Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health: Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health | Luis M Falcon - Academia.edu
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="19E450dimyWX211CgUyA2QiyrMkNXB6quD120rFuA8FDeNEgH3TVCouV14Bwi5HCfj4HCaGy4DxNMELmIvL5nw==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health: Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2010/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Sociology of Health &amp; Illness" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Luis M Falcon" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/4221485/Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health_Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health: Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Racism and discrimination can have significant implications for health, through complex biopsychosocial interactions. Latino groups, and particularly Puerto Ricans, are an understudied population in the United States in terms of the prevalence of" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/488442/2870704/3353295/s200_luis_m.falcon.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/4221485/Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health_Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health: Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Racism and discrimination can have significant implications for health, through complex biopsychosocial interactions. Latino groups, and particularly Puerto Ricans, are an understudied population in the United States in terms of the prevalence of" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://uml.academia.edu/LuisMFalcon" /> <meta name="description" content="Racism and discrimination can have significant implications for health, through complex biopsychosocial interactions. Latino groups, and particularly Puerto Ricans, are an understudied population in the United States in terms of the prevalence of" /> <title>(PDF) Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health: Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health | Luis M Falcon - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/1030069/Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732797647000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732797647000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Racism and discrimination can have significant implications for health, through complex biopsychosocial interactions. Latino groups, and particularly Puerto Ricans, are an understudied population in the United States in terms of the prevalence of discrimination and its relevance to health. Participants in our study were 45- to 75-year-old (N = 1122) Puerto Ricans. The measures were perceived discrimination, depressive symptomatology (CES-D), perceived stress (PSS), self-rated health, medical conditions, blood pressure, smoking and drinking behaviours, demographics. Our findings show that 36.9 per cent of participants had at some time experienced discrimination, with men, those with more years of education, currently employed and with higher incomes being more likely to report it. Experiences of discrimination were associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms and perceived stress. When controlling for covariates, perceived discrimination was predictive of the number of medical conditions, of ever having smoked and having been a drinker, and having higher values of diastolic pressure. Depressive symptoms are a mediator of the effect of perceived discrimination on medical conditions, confirmed by the Sobel test: z = 3.57, p \u0026amp;lt; 0.001. Mediating roles of perceived stress, smoking and drinking behaviours were not confirmed. Increased depressive symptoms might be the main pathway through which perceived discrimination is associated with a greater number of medical diagnoses.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Luis M Falcon"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2013-08-12","dateModified":"2015-12-16","datePublished":"2010-01-01","headline":"Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health: Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Sociology of Health \u0026 Illness","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/4221485/Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health_Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"uml"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4221485%2FPerceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health_Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4221485%2FPerceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health_Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":49980884,"identifier":"Attachment_49980884","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":4221485,"created_at":"2013-08-12T00:16:34.736-07:00","from_world_paper_id":119053222,"updated_at":"2021-01-14T15:44:14.056-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Racism and discrimination can have significant implications for health, through complex biopsychosocial interactions. Latino groups, and particularly Puerto Ricans, are an understudied population in the United States in terms of the prevalence of discrimination and its relevance to health. Participants in our study were 45- to 75-year-old (N = 1122) Puerto Ricans. The measures were perceived discrimination, depressive symptomatology (CES-D), perceived stress (PSS), self-rated health, medical conditions, blood pressure, smoking and drinking behaviours, demographics. Our findings show that 36.9 per cent of participants had at some time experienced discrimination, with men, those with more years of education, currently employed and with higher incomes being more likely to report it. Experiences of discrimination were associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms and perceived stress. When controlling for covariates, perceived discrimination was predictive of the number of medical conditions, of ever having smoked and having been a drinker, and having higher values of diastolic pressure. Depressive symptoms are a mediator of the effect of perceived discrimination on medical conditions, confirmed by the Sobel test: z = 3.57, p \u003c 0.001. Mediating roles of perceived stress, smoking and drinking behaviours were not confirmed. Increased depressive symptoms might be the main pathway through which perceived discrimination is associated with a greater number of medical diagnoses.","publication_date":"2010,,","publication_name":"Sociology of Health \u0026 Illness"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health: Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [488442]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":49980884,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health: Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49980884/mini_magick20190130-4669-1pavm8.png?1548845783" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health: Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="488442" href="https://uml.academia.edu/LuisMFalcon"><img alt="Profile image of Luis M Falcon" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/488442/2870704/3353295/s65_luis_m.falcon.jpg" />Luis M Falcon</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2010, Sociology of Health & Illness</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">19 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 4221485; 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} }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Racism and discrimination can have significant implications for health, through complex biopsychosocial interactions. Latino groups, and particularly Puerto Ricans, are an understudied population in the United States in terms of the prevalence of discrimination and its relevance to health. Participants in our study were 45- to 75-year-old (N = 1122) Puerto Ricans. The measures were perceived discrimination, depressive symptomatology (CES-D), perceived stress (PSS), self-rated health, medical conditions, blood pressure, smoking and drinking behaviours, demographics. Our findings show that 36.9 per cent of participants had at some time experienced discrimination, with men, those with more years of education, currently employed and with higher incomes being more likely to report it. Experiences of discrimination were associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms and perceived stress. When controlling for covariates, perceived discrimination was predictive of the number of medical conditions, of ever having smoked and having been a drinker, and having higher values of diastolic pressure. Depressive symptoms are a mediator of the effect of perceived discrimination on medical conditions, confirmed by the Sobel test: z = 3.57, p < 0.001. Mediating roles of perceived stress, smoking and drinking behaviours were not confirmed. Increased depressive symptoms might be the main pathway through which perceived discrimination is associated with a greater number of medical diagnoses.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":49980884,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/4221485/Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health_Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":49980884,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/4221485/Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health_Perceived_discrimination_psychological_distress_and_health"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/68850323/Racial_ethnic_discrimination_Dimensions_and_relation_to_mental_health_symptoms_in_a_marginalized_urban_American_population"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="26480292" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26480292/Effects_of_Perceived_Racial_Discrimination_on_Health_Status_and_Health_Behavior_A_Differential_Mediation_Hypothesis">Effects of Perceived Racial Discrimination on Health Status and Health Behavior: A Differential Mediation Hypothesis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31356325" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasWills1">Thomas Wills</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29096473" href="https://fujenu.academia.edu/cyweng">Chih-Yuan Weng</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objective: Prospective data tested a " differential mediation " hypothesis: The relations (found in previous research) between perceived racial discrimination and physical health status versus health-impairing behavior (problematic substance use) are mediated by two different types of affective reactions, internalizing and externalizing. Method: The sample included 680 African American women from the Family and Community Health Study (M age 37 years at Time 1; 45 years at Time 4). Four waves of data were analyzed. Perceived discrimination was assessed, along with anxiety and depression (internalizing) and hostility/anger (externalizing) as mediators, and physical health status and problematic substance use (drinking) as outcomes. Results: Structural equation modeling indicated that discrimination predicted increases in both externalizing and internalizing reactions. These affective responses, in turn, predicted subsequent problematic substance use and physical health status, respectively, also controlling for earlier reports. In each case, the indirect effects from discrimination through the affective mediator to the specific health outcome were significant and consistent with the differential mediation hypothesis. Conclusions: Perceived racial discrimination is associated with increases in internalizing and externalizing reactions among Black women, but these reactions are related to different health outcomes. Changes in internalizing are associated with self-reported changes in physical health status, whereas changes in externalizing are associated with changes in substance use problems. Discussion focuses on the processes whereby discrimination affects health behavior and physical health status.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of Perceived Racial Discrimination on Health Status and Health Behavior: A Differential Mediation Hypothesis","attachmentId":46775762,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26480292/Effects_of_Perceived_Racial_Discrimination_on_Health_Status_and_Health_Behavior_A_Differential_Mediation_Hypothesis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26480292/Effects_of_Perceived_Racial_Discrimination_on_Health_Status_and_Health_Behavior_A_Differential_Mediation_Hypothesis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="93740506" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93740506/Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_and_Health_Findings_From_Community_Studies">Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="240653984" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HaroldNeighbors">Harold Neighbors</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Public Health, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The authors review the available empirical evidence from population-based studies of the association between perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination and health. This research indicates that discrimination is associated with multiple indicators of poorer physical and, especially, mental health status. However, the extant research does not adequately address whether and how exposure to discrimination leads to increased risk of disease. Gaps in the literature include limitations linked to measurement of discrimination, research designs, and inattention to the way in which the association between discrimination and health unfolds over the life course. Research on stress points to important directions for the future assessment of discrimination and the testing of the underlying processes and mechanisms by which discrimination can lead to changes in health.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies","attachmentId":96394754,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93740506/Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_and_Health_Findings_From_Community_Studies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93740506/Racial_Ethnic_Discrimination_and_Health_Findings_From_Community_Studies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="96832554" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96832554/The_Association_between_Self_Reported_Discrimination_Physical_Health_and_Blood_Pressure_Findings_from_African_Americans_Black_Immigrants_and_Latino_Immigrants_in_New_Hampshire">The Association between Self-Reported Discrimination, Physical Health and Blood Pressure: Findings from African Americans, Black Immigrants, and Latino Immigrants in New Hampshire</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="73606570" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MikeSpencer10">Mike Spencer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Association between Self-Reported Discrimination, Physical Health and Blood Pressure: Findings from African Americans, Black Immigrants, and Latino Immigrants in New Hampshire","attachmentId":98620956,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96832554/The_Association_between_Self_Reported_Discrimination_Physical_Health_and_Blood_Pressure_Findings_from_African_Americans_Black_Immigrants_and_Latino_Immigrants_in_New_Hampshire","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96832554/The_Association_between_Self_Reported_Discrimination_Physical_Health_and_Blood_Pressure_Findings_from_African_Americans_Black_Immigrants_and_Latino_Immigrants_in_New_Hampshire"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="101756542" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101756542/Perceived_discrimination_as_a_risk_factor_for_depressive_symptoms_and_substance_use_among_Hispanic_adolescents_in_Los_Angeles">Perceived discrimination as a risk factor for depressive symptoms and substance use among Hispanic adolescents in Los Angeles</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="269643149" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielSoto535">Daniel Soto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ethnicity &amp; 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