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cracking probability</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: thermal cracking probability"> <meta name="keywords" content="thermal cracking probability"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="thermal cracking probability"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 5059</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: thermal cracking probability</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5059</span> Rational Probabilistic Method for Calculating Thermal Cracking Risk of Mass Concrete Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naoyuki%20Sugihashi">Naoyuki Sugihashi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshiharu%20Kishi"> Toshiharu Kishi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The probability of occurrence of thermal cracks in mass concrete in Japan is evaluated by the cracking probability diagram that represents the relationship between the thermal cracking index and the probability of occurrence of cracks in the actual structure. In this paper, we propose a method to directly calculate the cracking probability, following a probabilistic theory by modeling the variance of tensile stress and tensile strength. In this method, the relationship between the variance of tensile stress and tensile strength, the thermal cracking index, and the cracking probability are formulated and presented. In addition, standard deviation of tensile stress and tensile strength was identified, and the method of calculating cracking probability in a general construction controlled environment was also demonstrated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20crack%20control" title="thermal crack control">thermal crack control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20concrete" title=" mass concrete"> mass concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20cracking%20probability" title=" thermal cracking probability"> thermal cracking probability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability%20of%20concrete" title=" durability of concrete"> durability of concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calculating%20method%20of%20cracking%20probability" title=" calculating method of cracking probability"> calculating method of cracking probability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74943/rational-probabilistic-method-for-calculating-thermal-cracking-risk-of-mass-concrete-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74943.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5058</span> Thermal Cracking Approach Investigation to Improve Biodiesel Properties </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roghaieh%20Parvizsedghy">Roghaieh Parvizsedghy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyyed%20Mojtaba%20Sadrameli"> Seyyed Mojtaba Sadrameli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biodiesel as an alternative diesel fuel is steadily gaining more attention and significance. However, there are some drawbacks while using biodiesel regarding its properties that requires it to be blended with petrol based diesel and/or additives to improve the fuel characteristics. This study analyses thermal cracking as an alternative technology to improve biodiesel characteristics in which, FAME based biodiesel produced by transesterification of castor oil is fed into a continuous thermal cracking reactor at temperatures range of 450-500°C and flowrate range of 20-40 g/hr. Experiments designed by response surface methodology and subsequent statistical studies show that temperature and feed flowrate significantly affect the products yield. Response surfaces were used to study the impact of temperature and flowrate on the product properties. After each experiment, the produced crude bio-oil was distilled and diesel cut was separated. As shorter chain molecules are produced through thermal cracking, the distillation curve of the diesel cut fitted more with petrol based diesel curve in comparison to the biodiesel. Moreover, the produced diesel cut properties adequately pose within property ranges defined by the related standard of petrol based diesel. Cold flow properties, high heating value as the main drawbacks of the biodiesel are improved by this technology. Thermal cracking decreases kinematic viscosity, Flash point and cetane number. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title="biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=castor%20oil" title=" castor oil"> castor oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20properties" title=" fuel properties"> fuel properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20cracking" title=" thermal cracking"> thermal cracking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32353/thermal-cracking-approach-investigation-to-improve-biodiesel-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32353.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5057</span> Structural Engineering Forensic Evaluation of Misdiagnosed Concrete Masonry Wall Cracking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20C.%20Bracken">W. C. Bracken</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Given that concrete masonry walls are expected to experience shrinkage combined with thermal expansion and contraction, and in some cases even carbonation, throughout their service life, cracking is to be expected. However, after concrete masonry walls have been placed into service, originally anticipated and accounted for cracking is often misdiagnosed as a structural defect. Such misdiagnoses often result in or are used to support litigation. This paper begins by discussing the causes and types of anticipated cracking within concrete masonry walls followed by a discussion on the processes and analyses that exists for properly evaluating them and their significance. From here, the paper then presents a case of misdiagnosed concrete masonry cracking and the flawed logic employed to support litigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20masonry" title="concrete masonry">concrete masonry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=masonry%20wall%20cracking" title=" masonry wall cracking"> masonry wall cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20defect" title=" structural defect"> structural defect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20damage" title=" structural damage"> structural damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20defect" title=" construction defect"> construction defect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forensic%20investigation" title=" forensic investigation"> forensic investigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56999/structural-engineering-forensic-evaluation-of-misdiagnosed-concrete-masonry-wall-cracking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56999.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">248</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5056</span> Biofuel Production via Thermal Cracking of Castor Methyl Ester</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roghaieh%20Parvizsedghy">Roghaieh Parvizsedghy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Mojtaba%20Sadrameli"> Seyed Mojtaba Sadrameli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Diminishing oil reserves, deteriorating health standards because of greenhouse gas emissions and associated environmental impacts have emerged biofuel production. Vegetable oils are proved to be valuable feedstock in these growing industries as they are renewable and potentially inexhaustible sources. Thermal Cracking of vegetable oils (triglycerides) leads to production of biofuels which are similar to fossil fuels in terms of composition but their combustion and physical properties have limits. Acrolein (very poisonous gas) and water production during cracking of triglycerides occurs because of presence of glycerin in their molecular structure. Transesterification of vegetable oil is a method to extract glycerol from triglycerides structure and produce methyl ester. In this study, castor methyl ester was used for thermal cracking in order to survey the efficiency of this method to produce bio-gasoline and bio-diesel. Thus, several experiments were designed by means of central composite method. Statistical studies showed that two reaction parameters, namely cracking temperature and feed flowrate, affect products yield significantly. At the optimized conditions (480 °C and 29 g/h) for maximum bio-gasoline production, 88.6% bio-oil was achieved which was distilled and separated as bio-gasoline (28%) and bio-diesel (48.2%). Bio-gasoline exposed a high octane number and combustion heat. Distillation curve and Reid vapor pressure of bio-gasoline fell in the criteria of standard gasoline (class AA) by ASTM D4814. Bio-diesel was compatible with standard diesel by ASTM D975. Water production was negligible and no evidence of acrolein production was distinguished. Therefore, thermal cracking of castor methyl ester could be used as a method to produce valuable biofuels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-diesel" title="bio-diesel">bio-diesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-gasoline" title=" bio-gasoline"> bio-gasoline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=castor%20methyl%20ester" title=" castor methyl ester"> castor methyl ester</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20cracking" title=" thermal cracking"> thermal cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transesterification" title=" transesterification"> transesterification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67949/biofuel-production-via-thermal-cracking-of-castor-methyl-ester" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67949.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5055</span> Microwave Assisted Thermal Cracking of Castor Oil Zeolite ZSM-5 as Catalyst for Biofuel Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghazi%20Faisal%20Najmuldeen">Ghazi Faisal Najmuldeen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Abdul%20Rahman%E2%80%93Al%20Ezzi"> Ali Abdul Rahman–Al Ezzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tharmathas%20A%2FL%20Alagappan"> Tharmathas A/L Alagappan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this investigation was to produce biofuel from castor oil through microwave assisted thermal cracking with zeolite ZSM-5 as catalyst. The obtained results showed that microwave assisted thermal cracking of castor oil with Zeolite ZSM-5 as catalyst generates products consisting of alcohol, methyl esters and fatty acids. The products obtained from this experimental procedure by the cracking of castor oil are components of biodiesel. Samples of cracked castor oil containing 1, 3 and 5wt % catalyst was analyzed, however, only the sample containing the 5wt % catalyst showed significant presence of condensate. FTIR and GCMS studies show that the condensate obtained is an unsaturated fatty acid, is 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, suitable for biofuel use. 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid with a molecular weight of 280.445 g/mol. Characterization of the sample demonstrates that functional group for the products from the three samples display a similar peak in the FTIR graph analysis at 1700 cm-1 and 3600 cm-1. The result obtained from GCMS shows that there are 16 peaks obtained from the sample. The compound with the highest peak area is 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid with a retention time of 9.941 and 24.65 peak areas. All these compounds are organic material and can be characterized as biofuel and biodiesel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=castor%20oil" title="castor oil">castor oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofuel" title=" biofuel"> biofuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title=" biodiesel"> biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20cracking" title=" thermal cracking"> thermal cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave" title=" microwave"> microwave</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39975/microwave-assisted-thermal-cracking-of-castor-oil-zeolite-zsm-5-as-catalyst-for-biofuel-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39975.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5054</span> Research on the Feasibility of Evaluating Low-Temperature Cracking Performance of Asphalt Mixture Using Fracture Energy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tao%20Yang">Tao Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongli%20Zhao"> Yongli Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Low-temperature cracking is one of the major challenges for asphalt pavement in the cold region. Fracture energy could determine from various test methods, which is a commonly used parameter to evaluate the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixture. However, the feasibility of evaluating the low-temperature cracking performance of asphalt mixture using fracture energy is not investigated comprehensively. This paper aims to verify whether fracture energy is an appropriate parameter to evaluate the low-temperature cracking performance. To achieve this goal, this paper compared the test results of thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST) and semi-circular bending test (SCB) of asphalt mixture with different types of aggregate, TSRST and indirect tensile test (IDT) of asphalt mixture with different additives, and single-edge notched beam test (SENB) and TSRST of asphalt mixture with different asphalt. Finally, the correlation between in-suit cracking performance and fracture energy was surveyed. The experimental results showed the evaluation result of critical cracking temperature and fracture energy are not always consistent; the in-suit cracking performance is also not correlated well with fracture energy. These results indicated that it is not feasible to evaluate low-temperature performance by fracture energy. Then, the composition of fracture energy of TSRST, SCB, disk-shaped compact tension test (DCT), three-point bending test (3PB) and IDT was analyzed. The result showed: the area of thermal stress versus temperature curve is the multiple of fracture energy and could be used to represent fracture energy of TSRST, as the multiple is nearly equal among different asphalt mixtures for a specific specimen; the fracture energy, determined from TSRST, SCB, DCT, 3PB, SENB and IDT, is mainly the surface energy that forms the fracture face; fracture energy is inappropriate to evaluate the low-temperature cracking performance of asphalt mixture, as the relaxation/viscous performance is not considered; if the fracture energy was used, it is recommended to combine this parameter with an index characterizing the relaxation or creep performance of asphalt mixture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphalt%20pavement" title="asphalt pavement">asphalt pavement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20region" title=" cold region"> cold region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20cracking%20temperature" title=" critical cracking temperature"> critical cracking temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracture%20energy" title=" fracture energy"> fracture energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-temperature%20cracking" title=" low-temperature cracking"> low-temperature cracking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131656/research-on-the-feasibility-of-evaluating-low-temperature-cracking-performance-of-asphalt-mixture-using-fracture-energy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131656.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5053</span> Effects of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Early Age Thermal Properties of Cement Paste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Ghareh%20Chaei">Maryam Ghareh Chaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masuzyo%20Chilwesa"> Masuzyo Chilwesa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Akbarnezhad"> Ali Akbarnezhad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnaud%20Castel"> Arnaud Castel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Redmond%20Lloyd"> Redmond Lloyd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Foster"> Stephen Foster</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cement hydration is an exothermic chemical reaction generally leading to a rise in concrete’s temperature. This internal heating of concrete may, in turn, lead to a temperature difference between the hotter interior and the cooler exterior of concrete and thus differential thermal stresses in early ages which could be particularly significant in mass concrete. Such differential thermal stresses result in early age thermal cracking of concrete when exceeding the concrete’s tensile strength. The extent of temperature rise and thus early age differential thermal stresses is generally a function of hydration heat intensity, thermal properties of concrete and size of the concrete element. Both hydration heat intensity and thermal properties of concrete may vary considerably with variations in the type cementitious materials and other constituents. With this in mind, partial replacement of cement with supplementary cementitious materials including fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag has been investigated widely as an effective strategy to moderate the heat generation rate and thus reduce the risk of early age thermal cracking of concrete. However, there is currently a lack of adequate literature on effect of partial replacement of cement with fly ash and/or ground granulated blast furnace slag on the thermal properties of concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental conducted to evaluate the effect of addition of varying percentages of fly ash (up to 60%) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (up to 50%) on the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of early age cement paste. The water to cementitious materials ratio is kept 0.45 for all the paste samples. The results of the experimental studies were used in a numerical analysis performed using Comsol Multiphysics to highlight the effects of variations in the thermal properties of concrete, due to variations in the type of aggregate and content of supplemenraty cementitious materials, on the risk of early age cracking of a concrete raft. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20diffusivity" title="thermal diffusivity">thermal diffusivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20age%20thermal%20cracking" title=" early age thermal cracking"> early age thermal cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title=" concrete"> concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supplementary%20cementitious%20materials" title=" supplementary cementitious materials "> supplementary cementitious materials </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74293/effects-of-supplementary-cementitious-materials-on-early-age-thermal-properties-of-cement-paste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5052</span> Password Cracking on Graphics Processing Unit Based Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Gopalakrishna%20Kini">N. Gopalakrishna Kini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranjana%20Paleppady"> Ranjana Paleppady</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akshata%20K.%20Naik"> Akshata K. Naik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Password authentication is one of the widely used methods to achieve authentication for legal users of computers and defense against attackers. There are many different ways to authenticate users of a system and there are many password cracking methods also developed. This paper is mainly to propose how best password cracking can be performed on a CPU-GPGPU based system. The main objective of this work is to project how quickly a password can be cracked with some knowledge about the computer security and password cracking if sufficient security is not incorporated to the system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GPGPU" title="GPGPU">GPGPU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=password%20cracking" title=" password cracking"> password cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secret%20key" title=" secret key"> secret key</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user%20authentication" title=" user authentication"> user authentication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40190/password-cracking-on-graphics-processing-unit-based-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40190.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5051</span> A Probabilistic Study on Time to Cover Cracking Due to Corrosion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chun-Qing%20Li">Chun-Qing Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Baji"> Hassan Baji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20Yang"> Wei Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures is a major problem worldwide. The volume expansion of corrosion products causes concrete cover cracking, which could lead to delamination of concrete cover. The time to cover cracking plays a key role to the assessment of serviceability of reinforced concrete structures subjected to corrosion. Many analytical, numerical, and empirical models have been developed to predict the time to cracking initiation due to corrosion. In this study, a numerical model based on finite element modeling of corrosion-induced cracking process is used. In order to predict the service life based on time to cover initiation, the numerical approach is coupled with a probabilistic procedure. In this procedure, all the influential factors affecting time to cover cracking are modeled as random variables. The results show that the time to cover cracking is highly variables. It is also shown that rust product expansion ratio and the size of more porous concrete zone around the rebar are the most influential factors in predicting service life of corrosion-affected structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title="corrosion">corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20width" title=" crack width"> crack width</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probabilistic" title=" probabilistic"> probabilistic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20life" title=" service life"> service life</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79579/a-probabilistic-study-on-time-to-cover-cracking-due-to-corrosion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79579.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5050</span> Risk of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking in Recycled Aggregate Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Eckert">M. Eckert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Oliveira"> M. Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The intensive use of natural aggregates, near cities and towns, associated to the increase of the global population, leads to its depletion and increases the transport distances. The uncontrolled deposition of construction and demolition waste in landfills and city outskirts, causes pollution and takes up space. The use of recycled aggregates in concrete preparation would contribute to mitigate the problem. However, it arises the problem that the high water absorption of recycled aggregate decreases the bleeding rate of concrete, and when this gets lower than the evaporation rate, plastic shrinkage cracking occurs. This phenomenon can be particularly problematic in hot and windy curing environments. Cracking facilitates the flow of liquid and gas into concrete which attacks the reinforcement and degrades the concrete. These factors reduce the durability of concrete structures and consequently the lifetime of buildings. A ring test was used, cured in a wind tunnel, to evaluate the plastic shrinkage cracking sensitivity of recycled aggregate concrete, in order to implement preventive means to control this phenomenon. The role of several aggregate properties on the concrete segregation and cracking mechanisms were also discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20aggregate" title="recycled aggregate">recycled aggregate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plastic%20shrinkage%20cracking" title=" plastic shrinkage cracking"> plastic shrinkage cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wind%20tunnel" title=" wind tunnel"> wind tunnel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24303/risk-of-plastic-shrinkage-cracking-in-recycled-aggregate-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24303.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">421</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5049</span> Biodiesel Synthesis Using Animal Excreta-Based Biochar and Waste Cooking Oil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang-Ryong%20Lee">Sang-Ryong Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min-Woon%20%20Jung"> Min-Woon Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deugwoo%20Han"> Deugwoo Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kiyong%20Kim"> Kiyong Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study laid an emphasis on the possible employment of biochar generated from pyrolysis of animal excreta to establish a green platform for producing biodiesel. To this end, the pseudo-catalytic transesterification reaction using chicken manure biochar and waste cooking oil was investigated. Compared with a commercial porous material (SiO2), chicken manure biochar generated from 350 C showed better performance, resulting in 95.6% of the FAME yield at 350C. The Ca species in chicken manure biochar imparted strong catalytic capability by providing the basicity for transesterification. The identified catalytic effect also led to the thermal cracking of unsaturated FAMEs, which decreased the overall FAME yield. For example, 40–60% of converted FAMEs were thermally degraded. To avoid undesirable thermal cracking arising from the high content of the Ca species in chicken manure biochar, the fabrication of chicken manure biochar at temperatures ≥350C was highly recommended. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trasesterification" title="Trasesterification">Trasesterification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Animal%20excreta" title=" Animal excreta"> Animal excreta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FAME" title=" FAME"> FAME</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biochar" title=" Biochar"> Biochar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chicken%20manure" title=" Chicken manure"> Chicken manure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85982/biodiesel-synthesis-using-animal-excreta-based-biochar-and-waste-cooking-oil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5048</span> Intermetallic Phases in the Fusion Weld of CP Ti to Stainless Steel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juzar%20Vohra">Juzar Vohra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravish%20Malhotra"> Ravish Malhotra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tim%20Pasang"> Tim Pasang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mana%20Azizi"> Mana Azizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuan%20Tao"> Yuan Tao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masami%20Mizutani">Masami Mizutani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, dissimilar welding of titanium to stainless steels is reported. Laser Beam Welding (LBW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) were employed to join CPTi to SS304. The welds were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). FeTi, Ti2Cr and Fe2Ti dendrites are formed along with beta phase titanium matrix. The hardness values of these phases are high which makes them brittle and leading to cracking along the weld pool. However, it is believed that cracking, hence, fracturing of this weld joint is largely due to the difference in thermal properties of the two alloys. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissimilar%20metals" title="dissimilar metals">dissimilar metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fusion%20welding" title=" fusion welding"> fusion welding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intermetallics" title=" intermetallics"> intermetallics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brittle" title=" brittle"> brittle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35283/intermetallic-phases-in-the-fusion-weld-of-cp-ti-to-stainless-steel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35283.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">495</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5047</span> N-Heptane as Model Molecule for Cracking Catalyst Evaluation to Improve the Yield of Ethylene and Propylene</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tony%20K.%20Joseph">Tony K. Joseph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Balasubramanian%20Vathilingam"> Balasubramanian Vathilingam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephane%20Morin"> Stephane Morin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, the refiners around the world are more focused on improving the yield of light olefins (propylene and ethylene) as both of them are very prominent raw materials to produce wide spectrum of polymeric materials such as polyethylene and polypropylene. Henceforth, it is desirable to increase the yield of light olefins via selective cracking of heavy oil fractions. In this study, zeolite grown on SiC was used as the catalyst to do model cracking reaction of n-heptane. The catalytic cracking of n-heptane was performed in a fixed bed reactor (12 mm i.d.) at three different temperatures (425, 450 and 475 °C) and at atmospheric pressure. A carrier gas (N₂) was mixed with n-heptane with ratio of 90:10 (N₂:n-heptane), and the gaseous mixture was introduced into the fixed bed reactor. Various flow rate of reactants was tested to increase the yield of ethylene and propylene. For the comparison purpose, commercial zeolite was also tested in addition to Zeolite on SiC. The products were analyzed using an Agilent gas chromatograph (GC-9860) equipped with flame ionization detector (FID). The GC is connected online with the reactor and all the cracking tests were successfully reproduced. The entire catalytic evaluation results will be presented during the conference. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cracking" title="cracking">cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalyst" title=" catalyst"> catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evaluation" title=" evaluation"> evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethylene" title=" ethylene"> ethylene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heptane" title=" heptane"> heptane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propylene" title=" propylene"> propylene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118988/n-heptane-as-model-molecule-for-cracking-catalyst-evaluation-to-improve-the-yield-of-ethylene-and-propylene" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118988.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5046</span> An Experimental Study on the Thermal Properties of Concrete Aggregates in Relation to Their Mineral Composition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyung%20Suk%20Cho">Kyung Suk Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heung%20Youl%20Kim"> Heung Youl Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The analysis of the petrologic characteristics and thermal properties of crushed aggregates for concrete such as granite, gneiss, dolomite, shale and andesite found that rock-forming minerals decided the thermal properties of the aggregates. The thermal expansion coefficients of aggregates containing lots of quartz increased rapidly at 573 degrees due to quartz transition. The mass of aggregate containing carbonate minerals decreased rapidly at 750 degrees due to decarboxylation, while its specific heat capacity increased relatively. The mass of aggregates containing hydrated silicate minerals decreased more significantly, and their specific heat capacities were greater when compared with aggregates containing feldspar or quartz. It is deduced that the hydroxyl group (OH) in hydrated silicate dissolved as its bond became loose at high temperatures. Aggregates containing mafic minerals turned red at high temperatures due to oxidation response. Moreover, the comparison of cooling methods showed that rapid cooling using water resulted in more reduction in aggregate mass than slow cooling at room temperatures. In order to observe the fire resistance performance of concrete composed of the identical but coarse aggregate, mass loss and compressive strength reduction factor at 200, 400, 600 and 800 degrees were measured. It was found from the analysis of granite and gneiss that the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between cement paste and aggregates caused by quartz transit at 573 degrees resulted in thermal stress inside the concrete and thus triggered concrete cracking. The ferromagnesian hydrated silicate in andesite and shale caused greater reduction in both initial stiffness and mass compared with other aggregates. However, the thermal expansion coefficient of andesite and shale was similar to that of cement paste. Since they were low in thermal conductivity and high in specific heat capacity, concrete cracking was relatively less severe. Being slow in heat transfer, they were judged to be materials of high heat capacity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crush-aggregates" title="crush-aggregates">crush-aggregates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20resistance" title=" fire resistance"> fire resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20expansion" title=" thermal expansion"> thermal expansion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50530/an-experimental-study-on-the-thermal-properties-of-concrete-aggregates-in-relation-to-their-mineral-composition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50530.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5045</span> Evaluation of Stress Relief using Ultrasonic Peening in GTAW Welding and Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in Stainless Steel, and Comparison with the Thermal Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamidreza%20Mansouri">Hamidreza Mansouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the construction industry, the lifespan of a metal structure is directly related to the quality of welding. In most metal structures, the welded area is considered critical and is one of the most important factors in design. To date, many fracture incidents caused by these types of cracks have occurred. Various methods exist to increase the lifespan of welds to prevent failure in the welded area. Among these methods, the application of ultrasonic peening, in addition to the stress relief process, can manually and more precisely adjust the geometry of the weld toe and prevent stress concentration in this part. This research examined Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) on common structural steels and 316 stainless steel, which require precise welding, to predict the optimal condition. The GTAW method was used to create residual stress; two samples underwent ultrasonic stress relief, and for comparison, two samples underwent thermal stress relief. Also, no treatment was considered for two samples. The residual stress of all six pieces was measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method. Then, the two ultrasonically stress-relieved samples and two untreated samples were exposed to a corrosive environment to initiate cracking and determine the effectiveness of the ultrasonic stress relief method. Thus, the residual stress caused by GTAW in the samples decreased by 3.42% with thermal treatment and by 7.69% with ultrasonic peening. Furthermore, the results show that the untreated sample developed cracks after 740 hours, while the ultrasonically stress-relieved piece showed no cracks. Given the high costs of welding and post-welding zone modification processes, finding an economical, effective, and comprehensive method that has the least limitations alongside a broad spectrum of usage is of great importance. Therefore, the impact of various ultrasonic peening stress relief parameters and the selection of the best stress relief parameter to achieve the longest lifespan for the weld area is highly significant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GTAW%20welding" title="GTAW welding">GTAW welding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20corrosion%20cracking%28SCC%29" title=" stress corrosion cracking(SCC)"> stress corrosion cracking(SCC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20method" title=" thermal method"> thermal method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonic%20peening." title=" ultrasonic peening."> ultrasonic peening.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185199/evaluation-of-stress-relief-using-ultrasonic-peening-in-gtaw-welding-and-stress-corrosion-cracking-scc-in-stainless-steel-and-comparison-with-the-thermal-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185199.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">50</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5044</span> Gaussian Probability Density for Forest Fire Detection Using Satellite Imagery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Benkraouda">S. Benkraouda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Djelloul-Khedda"> Z. Djelloul-Khedda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Yagoubi"> B. Yagoubi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> we present a method for early detection of forest fires from a thermal infrared satellite image, using the image matrix of the probability of belonging. The principle of the method is to compare a theoretical mathematical model to an experimental model. We considered that each line of the image matrix, as an embodiment of a non-stationary random process. Since the distribution of pixels in the satellite image is statistically dependent, we divided these lines into small stationary and ergodic intervals to characterize the image by an adequate mathematical model. A standard deviation was chosen to generate random variables, so each interval behaves naturally like white Gaussian noise. The latter has been selected as the mathematical model that represents a set of very majority pixels, which we can be considered as the image background. Before modeling the image, we made a few pretreatments, then the parameters of the theoretical Gaussian model were extracted from the modeled image, these settings will be used to calculate the probability of each interval of the modeled image to belong to the theoretical Gaussian model. The high intensities pixels are regarded as foreign elements to it, so they will have a low probability, and the pixels that belong to the background image will have a high probability. Finally, we did present the reverse of the matrix of probabilities of these intervals for a better fire detection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20fire" title="forest fire">forest fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20fire%20detection" title=" forest fire detection"> forest fire detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite%20image" title=" satellite image"> satellite image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=normal%20distribution" title=" normal distribution"> normal distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theoretical%20gaussian%20model" title=" theoretical gaussian model"> theoretical gaussian model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20infrared%20matrix%20image" title=" thermal infrared matrix image"> thermal infrared matrix image</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118320/gaussian-probability-density-for-forest-fire-detection-using-satellite-imagery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118320.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5043</span> Stress Corrosion Cracking, Parameters Affecting It, Problems Caused by It and Suggested Methods for Treatment: State of the Art</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adnan%20Zaid">Adnan Zaid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) may be defined as a degradation of the mechanical properties of a material under the combined action of a tensile stress and corrosive environment of the susceptible material. It is a harmful phenomenon which might cause catastrophic fracture without a sign of prior warning. In this paper, the stress corrosion cracking, SCC, process, the parameters affecting it, and the different damages caused by it are given and discussed. Utilization of shot peening as a mean of enhancing the resistance of materials to SCC is given and discussed. Finally, a method for improving materials resistance to SCC by grain refining its structure by some refining elements prior to usage is suggested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20corrosion%20cracking" title="stress corrosion cracking">stress corrosion cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parameters" title=" parameters"> parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damages" title=" damages"> damages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment%20methods" title=" treatment methods"> treatment methods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65830/stress-corrosion-cracking-parameters-affecting-it-problems-caused-by-it-and-suggested-methods-for-treatment-state-of-the-art" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65830.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5042</span> Early-Age Cracking of Low Carbon Concrete Incorporating Ferronickel Slag as Supplementary Cementitious Material</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Khan">Mohammad Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnaud%20Castel"> Arnaud Castel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Concrete viscoelastic properties such as shrinkage, creep, and associated relaxation are important in assessing the risk of cracking during the ﬁrst few days after placement. This paper investigates the early-age mechanical and viscoelastic properties, restrained shrinkage-induced cracking and time to cracking of concrete incorporating ferronickel slag (FNS) as supplementary cementitious material. Compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and elastic modulus were measured. Tensile creep and drying shrinkage was measured on dog-bone shaped specimens. Restrained shrinkage induced stresses and concrete cracking age were assessed by using the ring test. Results revealed that early-age strength development of FNS blended concrete is lower than that of the corresponding ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. FNS blended concrete showed significantly higher tensile creep. The risk of early-age cracking for the restrained specimens depends on the development of concrete tensile stress considering both restrained shrinkage and tensile creep and the development of the tensile strength. FNS blended concrete showed only 20% reduction in time to cracking compared to reference OPC concrete, and this reduction is significantly lower compared to fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag blended concretes at similar replacement level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferronickel%20slag" title="ferronickel slag">ferronickel slag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=restraint%20shrinkage" title=" restraint shrinkage"> restraint shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensile%20creep" title=" tensile creep"> tensile creep</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20to%20cracking" title=" time to cracking"> time to cracking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110525/early-age-cracking-of-low-carbon-concrete-incorporating-ferronickel-slag-as-supplementary-cementitious-material" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110525.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">185</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5041</span> Influence of the Reliability Index on the Safety Factor of the Concrete Contribution to Shear Strength of HSC Beams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Sagiroglu">Ali Sagiroglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sema%20Noyan%20Alacali"> Sema Noyan Alacali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guray%20Arslan"> Guray Arslan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a study on the influence of the safety factor in the concrete contribution to shear strength of high-strength concrete (HSC) beams according to TS500. In TS500, the contribution of concrete to shear strength is obtained by reducing diagonal cracking strength with a safety factor of 0.8. It was investigated that the coefficient of 0.8 considered in determining the contribution of concrete to the shear strength corresponds to which value of failure probability. Also, the changes in the reduction factor depending on different coefficients of variation of concrete were examined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete" title="reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beam" title=" beam"> beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20strength" title=" shear strength"> shear strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure%20probability" title=" failure probability"> failure probability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20factor" title=" safety factor"> safety factor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22211/influence-of-the-reliability-index-on-the-safety-factor-of-the-concrete-contribution-to-shear-strength-of-hsc-beams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22211.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">830</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5040</span> Catalytic Cracking of Butene to Propylene over Modified HZSM-5 Zeolites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianwen%20Li">Jianwen Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongfang%20Ma"> Hongfang Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haitao%20Zhang"> Haitao Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiwen%20Sun"> Qiwen Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weiyong%20Ying"> Weiyong Ying</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Catalytic cracking of butene to propylene was carried out in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor over HZSM-5 catalysts modified by nickel and phosphorus. The structure and acidity of catalysts were measured by N2 adsorption, NH3-TPD and XPS. The results revealed that surface area and strong acid sites both decreased with increasing phosphorus loadings. The increment of phosphorus loadings reduced the butene conversion but enhanced the propylene selectivity and catalyst stability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=butene" title="butene">butene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalytic%20cracking" title=" catalytic cracking"> catalytic cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HZSM-5" title=" HZSM-5"> HZSM-5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modification" title=" modification"> modification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9660/catalytic-cracking-of-butene-to-propylene-over-modified-hzsm-5-zeolites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5039</span> Torsional Rigidities of Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilker%20Kalkan">Ilker Kalkan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saruhan%20Kartal"> Saruhan Kartal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reinforced concrete (RC) beams rarely undergo lateral-torsional buckling (LTB), since these beams possess large lateral bending and torsional rigidities owing to their stocky cross-sections, unlike steel beams. However, the problem of LTB is becoming more and more pronounced in the last decades as the span lengths of concrete beams increase and the cross-sections become more slender with the use of pre-stressed concrete. The buckling moment of a beam mainly depends on its lateral bending rigidity and torsional rigidity. The nonhomogeneous and elastic-inelastic nature of RC complicates estimation of the buckling moments of concrete beams. Furthermore, the lateral bending and torsional rigidities of RC beams and the buckling moments are affected from different forms of concrete cracking, including flexural, torsional and restrained shrinkage cracking. The present study pertains to the effects of concrete cracking on the torsional rigidities of RC beams prone to elastic LTB. A series of tests on rather slender RC beams indicated that torsional cracking does not initiate until buckling in elastic LTB, while flexural cracking associated with lateral bending takes place even at the initial stages of loading. Hence, the present study clearly indicated that the un-cracked torsional rigidity needs to be used for estimating the buckling moments of RC beams liable to elastic LTB. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20stability" title="lateral stability">lateral stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-cracking%20torsional%20rigidity" title=" post-cracking torsional rigidity"> post-cracking torsional rigidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncracked%20torsional%20rigidity" title=" uncracked torsional rigidity"> uncracked torsional rigidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20moment" title=" critical moment"> critical moment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72558/torsional-rigidities-of-reinforced-concrete-beams-subjected-to-elastic-lateral-torsional-buckling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72558.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5038</span> FRP Bars Spacing Effect on Numerical Thermal Deformations in Concrete Beams under High Temperatures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zaidi">A. Zaidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Khelifi"> F. Khelifi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Masmoudi"> R. Masmoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Bouhicha"> M. Bouhicha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 5 In order to eradicate the degradation of reinforced concrete structures due to the steel corrosion, professionals in constructions suggest using fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) for their excellent properties. Nevertheless, high temperatures may affect the bond between FRP bar and concrete, and consequently the serviceability of FRP-reinforced concrete structures. This paper presents a nonlinear numerical investigation using ADINA software to investigate the effect of the spacing between glass FRP (GFRP) bars embedded in concrete on circumferential thermal deformations and the distribution of radial thermal cracks in reinforced concrete beams submitted to high temperature variations up to 60 °C for asymmetrical problems. The thermal deformations predicted from nonlinear finite elements model, at the FRP bar/concrete interface and at the external surface of concrete cover, were established as a function of the ratio of concrete cover thickness to FRP bar diameter (<em>c/d<sub>b</sub></em>) and the ratio of spacing between FRP bars in concrete to FRP bar diameter (<em>e/d<sub>b</sub></em>). Numerical results show that the circumferential thermal deformations at the external surface of concrete cover are linear until cracking thermal load varied from 32 to 55 °C corresponding to the ratio of <em>e/d<sub>b</sub></em> varied from 1.3 to 2.3, respectively. However, for ratios <em>e/d<sub>b</sub></em> >2.3 and <em>c/d<sub>b</sub></em> >1.6, the thermal deformations at the external surface of concrete cover exhibit linear behavior without any cracks observed on the specified surface. The numerical results are compared to those obtained from analytical models validated by experimental tests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20beam" title="concrete beam">concrete beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FRP%20bars" title=" FRP bars"> FRP bars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacing%20effect" title=" spacing effect"> spacing effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20deformation" title=" thermal deformation"> thermal deformation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85717/frp-bars-spacing-effect-on-numerical-thermal-deformations-in-concrete-beams-under-high-temperatures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85717.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">203</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5037</span> First Cracking Moments of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polymer-Steel Reinforced Concrete Beams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saruhan%20Kartal">Saruhan Kartal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilker%20Kalkan"> Ilker Kalkan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper reports the cracking moment estimates of a set of steel-reinforced, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)-reinforced and hybrid steel-FRP reinforced concrete beams, calculated from different analytical formulations in the codes, together with the experimental cracking load values. A total of three steel-reinforced, four FRP-reinforced, 12 hybrid FRP-steel over-reinforced and five hybrid FRP-steel under-reinforced concrete beam tests were analyzed within the scope of the study. Glass FRP (GFRP) and Basalt FRP (BFRP) bars were used in the beams as FRP bars. In under-reinforced hybrid beams, rupture of the FRP bars preceded crushing of concrete, while concrete crushing preceded FRP rupture in over-reinforced beams. In both types, steel yielding took place long before the FRP rupture and concrete crushing. The cracking moment mainly depends on two quantities, namely the moment of inertia of the section at the initiation of cracking and the flexural tensile strength of concrete, i.e. the modulus of rupture. In the present study, two different definitions of uncracked moment of inertia, i.e. the gross and the uncracked transformed moments of inertia, were adopted. Two analytical equations for the modulus of rupture (ACI 318M and Eurocode 2) were utilized in the calculations as well as the experimental tensile strength of concrete from prismatic specimen tests. The ACI 318M modulus of rupture expression produced cracking moment estimates closer to the experimental cracking moments of FRP-reinforced and hybrid FRP-steel reinforced concrete beams when used in combination with the uncracked transformed moment of inertia, yet the Eurocode 2 modulus of rupture expression gave more accurate cracking moment estimates in steel-reinforced concrete beams. All of the analytical definitions produced analytical values considerably different from the experimental cracking load values of the solely FRP-reinforced concrete beam specimens. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20reinforcement" title="polymer reinforcement">polymer reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=four-point%20bending" title=" four-point bending"> four-point bending</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20use%20of%20reinforcement" title=" hybrid use of reinforcement"> hybrid use of reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cracking%20moment" title=" cracking moment"> cracking moment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107997/first-cracking-moments-of-hybrid-fiber-reinforced-polymer-steel-reinforced-concrete-beams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107997.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5036</span> Restrained Shrinkage Behavior of Self Consolidating Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boudjelthia%20Radhwane">Boudjelthia Radhwane </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Self-compacting concrete (SCC) developed in Japan in the late 80s has enabled the construction industry to reduce demand on the resources, improve the work condition and also reduce the impact of environment by elimination of the need for compaction. The shrinkage of concrete is the main cause of cracking in bridge decks. Bridge decks tend to be restrained from shrinkage, and this restraint along with other factors causes the bridge to crack. The characteristics of SCC under restrained shrinkage are important to understand in order to predict the cracking behavior in actual structures. Restrained shrinkage testing is done in accordance to AASHTO testing protocol. The free shrinkage performance and cracking behavior were reported and compared when changing the sand to aggregate ratio and the water to cement ratio. The results of free shrinkage show that when a mix design has higher free shrinkage, it will crack in restrained shrinkage earlier than a mix with lower free shrinkage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20mix" title="concrete mix">concrete mix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cracking%20behavior" title=" cracking behavior"> cracking behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=restrained%20shrinkage" title=" restrained shrinkage"> restrained shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self%20compacting%20concrete" title=" self compacting concrete"> self compacting concrete</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29974/restrained-shrinkage-behavior-of-self-consolidating-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29974.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5035</span> Investigating the Capacity of Cracking Torsion of Rectangular and Cylindrical RC Beams with Spiral and Normal Stirrups </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadi%20Barghlame">Hadi Barghlame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Lotfollahi-Yaghin"> M. A. Lotfollahi-Yaghin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Mohammad%20Rezaei"> Mehdi Mohammad Rezaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Eskanderzadeh"> Saeed Eskanderzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the capacity of cracking torsion on rectangular and cylindrical beams with spiral and normal stirrups in similar properties are investigated. Also, in the beams with spiral stirrups, stirrups are not wrapping and spiral stirrups similar to normal stirrups in ACI code. Therefore, models of above-mentioned beams have been numerically analyzed under various loads using ANSYS software. In this research, the behavior of rectangular reinforced concrete beams is compared with the cylindrical reinforced concrete beams. The capacity of cracking torsion of rectangular and cylindrical RC beams with spiral and normal stirrups are same. In the other words, the behavior of rectangular RC beams is similar to cylindrical beams. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cracking%20torsion" title="cracking torsion">cracking torsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RC%20beams" title=" RC beams"> RC beams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spiral%20stirrups" title=" spiral stirrups"> spiral stirrups</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=normal%20stirrups" title=" normal stirrups"> normal stirrups</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33354/investigating-the-capacity-of-cracking-torsion-of-rectangular-and-cylindrical-rc-beams-with-spiral-and-normal-stirrups" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33354.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5034</span> Characterization of Shrinkage-Induced Cracking of Clay Soils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20El%20Hajjar">Ahmad El Hajjar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joanna%20Eid"> Joanna Eid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salima%20Bouchemella"> Salima Bouchemella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tariq%20Ouahbi"> Tariq Ouahbi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benoit%20Duchemin"> Benoit Duchemin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Said%20Taibi"> Said Taibi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In our present society, raw earth presents an alternative as an energy-saving building material for dealing with climate and environmental issues. Nevertheless, it has a sensitivity to water, due to the presence of fines, which has a direct effect on its consistency. This can be expressed during desiccation, by shrinkage deformations resulting in cracking that begins once the internal tensile stresses developed, due to suction, exceed the tensile strength of the material. This work deals with the evolution of the strain of clay samples, from the beginning of shrinkage until the initiation of crack, using the DIC (Digital Image Correlation) technique. In order to understand the origin of cracking, desiccation is studied for different boundary conditions and depending on the intrinsic characteristics of the material. On the other hand, a study of restrained shrinkage is carried out on the ring test to investigate the ultimate tensile strength from which the crack begins in the dough of clay. The purpose of this test is to find the type of reinforcement adapted to thwart in the cracking of the material. A microscopic analysis of the damaged area is necessary to link the macroscopic mechanisms of cracking to the various physicochemical phenomena at the microscopic scale in order to understand the different microstructural mechanisms and their impact on the macroscopic shrinkage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clayey%20soil" title="clayey soil">clayey soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shrinkage" title=" shrinkage"> shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strain" title=" strain"> strain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cracking" title=" cracking"> cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20image%20correlation" title=" digital image correlation"> digital image correlation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98463/characterization-of-shrinkage-induced-cracking-of-clay-soils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98463.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5033</span> A Study of Cracking Behavior in Concrete Beams Reinforced With Two Different Grades of Steel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nihal%20Abdel%20Hamid%20Taha">Nihal Abdel Hamid Taha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Crack evaluation of flexure reinforced concrete (RC) member is considered an important step in the design process, since the formation of concrete cracks depends on the possibility of exposure to various conditions(pollution, humidity,..etc.). Because of the disparity between different grades of steel in the service load stresses, this affects the cracking behavior. This paper is concerned with the crack pattern and cracking load for concrete beams with T-section reinforced with two different grades of steel at the service load levels stages up to ultimate load. A practical program has been put up to investigate the difference between reinforced steel bars with yield strength 420 N/mm2 and 500 N/mm2 through six T-section reinforced beams. The beams were tested under static- monotonic two– point service loading up to ultimate failure under flexural stresses. The influence of parameters such as clear concrete cover and concrete compressive strength are considered for each of the two grades of steel used. Cracking load, spacing and width were determined. The experimental results demonstrated that increasing the concrete strength results in both of cracking and ultimate load increase, while no significant difference in yield load for the two steel grades used. It has also become obvious, that the number of cracks was more for the lower steel strength, which is followed by decrease in crack width and spacing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RC%20beams" title="RC beams">RC beams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cracking%20behavior" title=" cracking behavior"> cracking behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20stress" title=" steel stress"> steel stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20width" title=" crack width"> crack width</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20spacing" title=" crack spacing"> crack spacing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182397/a-study-of-cracking-behavior-in-concrete-beams-reinforced-with-two-different-grades-of-steel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5032</span> Simulation of a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sungho%20Kim">Sungho Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dae%20Shik%20Kim"> Dae Shik Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jong%20Min%20Lee"> Jong Min Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is one of the most important process in modern refinery indusrty. This paper focuses on the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. As the FCC process is difficult to model well, due to its nonlinearities and various interactions between its process variables, rigorous process modeling of whole FCC plant is demanded for control and plant-wide optimization of the plant. In this study, a process design for the FCC plant includes riser reactor, main fractionator, and gas processing unit was developed. A reactor model was described based on four-lumped kinetic scheme. Main fractionator, gas processing unit and other process units are designed to simulate real plant data, using a process flowsheet simulator, Aspen PLUS. The custom reactor model was integrated with the process flowsheet simulator to develop an integrated process model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid%20catalytic%20cracking" title="fluid catalytic cracking">fluid catalytic cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20data" title=" plant data"> plant data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=process%20design" title=" process design"> process design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29425/simulation-of-a-fluid-catalytic-cracking-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29425.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">457</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5031</span> Software Tool Design for Heavy Oil Upgrading by Hydrogen Donor Addition in a Hydrodynamic Cavitation Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Munoz%20A.%20Tatiana">Munoz A. Tatiana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Solano%20R.%20Brandon"> Solano R. Brandon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Montes%20C.%20Juan"> Montes C. Juan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cierco%20G.%20Javier"> Cierco G. Javier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The hydrodynamic cavitation is a process in which the energy that the fluids have in the phase changes is used. From this energy, local temperatures greater than 5000 °C are obtained where thermal cracking of the fluid molecules takes place. The process applied to heavy oil affects variables such as viscosity, density, and composition, which constitutes an important improvement in the quality of crude oil. In this study, the need to design a software through mathematical integration models of mixing, cavitation, kinetics, and reactor, allows modeling changes in density, viscosity, and composition of a heavy oil crude, when the fluid passes through a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. In order to evaluate the viability of this technique in the industry, a heavy oil of 18° API gravity, was simulated using naphtha as a hydrogen donor at concentrations of 1, 2 and 5% vol, where the simulation results showed an API gravity increase to 0.77, 1.21 and 1.93° respectively and a reduction viscosity by 9.9, 12.9 and 15.8%. The obtained results allow to have a favorable panorama on this technological development, an appropriate visualization on the generation of innovative knowledge of this technique and the technical-economic opportunity that benefits the development of the hydrocarbon sector related to heavy crude oil that includes the largest world oil production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrodynamic%20cavitation" title="hydrodynamic cavitation">hydrodynamic cavitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20cracking" title=" thermal cracking"> thermal cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20donor" title=" hydrogen donor"> hydrogen donor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20oil%20upgrading" title=" heavy oil upgrading"> heavy oil upgrading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulator" title=" simulator"> simulator</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103267/software-tool-design-for-heavy-oil-upgrading-by-hydrogen-donor-addition-in-a-hydrodynamic-cavitation-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103267.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5030</span> Quantum Mechanics Approach for Ruin Probability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmet%20Kaya">Ahmet Kaya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Incoming cash flows and outgoing claims play an important role to determine how is companies’ profit or loss. In this matter, ruin probability provides to describe vulnerability of the companies against ruin. Quantum mechanism is one of the significant approaches to model ruin probability as stochastically. Using the Hamiltonian method, we have performed formalisation of quantum mechanics < x|e-ᵗᴴ|x' > and obtained the transition probability of 2x2 and 3x3 matrix as traditional and eigenvector basis where A is a ruin operator and H|x' > is a Schroedinger equation. This operator A and Schroedinger equation are defined by a Hamiltonian matrix H. As a result, probability of not to be in ruin can be simulated and calculated as stochastically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ruin%20probability" title="ruin probability">ruin probability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20mechanics" title=" quantum mechanics"> quantum mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamiltonian%20technique" title=" Hamiltonian technique"> Hamiltonian technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operator%20approach" title=" operator approach"> operator approach</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53562/quantum-mechanics-approach-for-ruin-probability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53562.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right 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