CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Betsy DeVos - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"74f2156b-e127-4be6-986e-9e1f0bdd50ad","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Betsy_DeVos","wgTitle":"Betsy DeVos","wgCurRevisionId":1257890286,"wgRevisionId":1257890286,"wgArticleId":2235726,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Use mdy dates from March 2020","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017","Commons category link from Wikidata", "Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia","People appearing on C-SPAN","Articles containing video clips","1958 births","Activists from Michigan","American billionaires","American people of Dutch descent","21st-century American philanthropists","Amway people","Calvin University alumni","Christians from Michigan","DeVos family","American education activists","Female billionaires","Living people","Michigan Republican Party chairs","People from Holland, Michigan","Trump administration cabinet members","United States secretaries of education","Women in Michigan politics","Women members of the Cabinet of the United States","21st-century American women politicians","21st-century American women philanthropists","21st-century American businesswomen","21st-century American businesspeople","American women business executives","Businesspeople from Michigan","21st-century American politicians"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Betsy_DeVos","wgRelevantArticleId":2235726,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4898286","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg/1200px-Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg/800px-Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg/640px-Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Betsy DeVos - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Betsy_DeVos rootpage-Betsy_DeVos skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Betsy+DeVos" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Betsy+DeVos" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Betsy+DeVos" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Betsy+DeVos" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Political activity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political activity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_fundraising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_fundraising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Political fundraising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_fundraising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_limits_on_political_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_limits_on_political_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Opposition to limits on political spending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_limits_on_political_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_U.S._presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_U.S._presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 2016 U.S. presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_U.S._presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Business career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Business career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Business_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neurocore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurocore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Neurocore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurocore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Secretary_of_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Secretary_of_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 U.S. Secretary of Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Secretary_of_Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. Secretary of Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Secretary_of_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nomination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confirmation_hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confirmation_hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Confirmation hearing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confirmation_hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_and_final_vote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_and_final_vote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Debate and final vote </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_and_final_vote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staffing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staffing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Staffing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staffing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Policy actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-School_choice_and_private_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_choice_and_private_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 School choice and private schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_choice_and_private_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_loans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_loans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Student loans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_loans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronavirus_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronavirus_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Coronavirus pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronavirus_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Protests and security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Legal issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philanthropy_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philanthropy_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Philanthropy and activism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philanthropy_and_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philanthropy and activism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philanthropy_and_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Prince_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Prince_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The Prince Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Prince_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos_Family_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos_Family_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Dick and Betsy DeVos Family Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos_Family_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acton_Institute_and_All_Children_Matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acton_Institute_and_All_Children_Matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Acton Institute and All Children Matter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acton_Institute_and_All_Children_Matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kennedy_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kennedy_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Kennedy Center </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kennedy_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ArtPrize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ArtPrize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 ArtPrize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ArtPrize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Education activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Christian motivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 School choice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_vouchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_vouchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 School vouchers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_vouchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detroit_charter_school_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detroit_charter_school_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.4 Detroit charter school system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detroit_charter_school_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cultural depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Betsy DeVos</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بيتسي ديفوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتسي ديفوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betti_DeVos" title="Betti DeVos – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Betti DeVos" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="بتسی دواس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بتسی دواس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVosov%C3%A1" title="Betsy DeVosová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Betsy DeVosová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="بتسی دواس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بتسی دواس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%B9%98_%EB%94%94%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="베치 디보스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베치 디보스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D4%B4%D6%87%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Բեթսի Դևոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեթսի Դևոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1" title="בטסי דבוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בטסי דבוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბეტსი დევოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეტსი დევოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%82%B9" title="ベッツィ・デヴォス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベッツィ・デヴォス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Девос, Бетси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Девос, Бетси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="เบ็ตซี เดวอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบ็ตซี เดวอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Betsy DeVos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Бетсі Девос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бетсі Девос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A1" title="בעטסי דעוואס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעטסי דעוואס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E7%90%AA%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF" title="贝琪·德沃斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝琪·德沃斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4898286#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Betsy_DeVos" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Betsy_DeVos" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Betsy_DeVos" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&oldid=1257890286" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Betsy_DeVos&id=1257890286&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBetsy_DeVos">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBetsy_DeVos">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Betsy_DeVos&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Betsy_DeVos" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4898286" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician & philanthropist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Betsy DeVos</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg/220px-Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg/330px-Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg/440px-Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3283" data-file-height="4104" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2017</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">United States Secretary of Education</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office February 7, 2017 – January 8, 2021</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mick_Zais" title="Mick Zais">Mick Zais</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_King_Jr." title="John King Jr.">John King Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cardona" title="Miguel Cardona">Miguel Cardona</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan Republican Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2003–2005</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Hills" title="Gerald Hills">Gerald Hills</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Anuzis" title="Saul Anuzis">Saul Anuzis</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1996–2000</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Susy_Avery" title="Susy Avery">Susy Avery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Gerald Hills</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Elisabeth Dee Prince</div> (1958-01-08) January 8, 1958 (age 66) <a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland, Michigan</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dick_DeVos" title="Dick DeVos">Dick DeVos</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1979)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Prince" title="Edgar Prince">Edgar Prince</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Erik Prince</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin College">Calvin College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Elisabeth Dee DeVos (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dəˈvɒs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">də-VOSS</a>; <a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Prince; born January 8, 1958) is an American politician, philanthropist, and former government official who served as the 11th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">United States secretary of education</a> from 2017 to 2021. DeVos is known for her <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> political activism,<a href="#cite_note-mayer-dark-232-1">[1]</a> and particularly her support for <a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">school choice</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">school voucher</a> programs, and <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-PulliamBailey-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Politico_120216-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steward16-5">[5]</a> She was <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican national committeewoman</a> for Michigan from 1992 to 1997 and served as chair of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan Republican Party</a> from 1996 to 2000, and again from 2003 to 2005. She has advocated for the Detroit charter school system<a href="#cite_note-natreview_112816-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_062816-7">[7]</a> and she is a former member of the board of the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Excellence_in_Education" title="Foundation for Excellence in Education">Foundation for Excellence in Education</a>. She has served as chair of the board of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_School_Choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance for School Choice">Alliance for School Choice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a> and headed the All Children Matter <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">PAC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> DeVos is married to former <a href="/wiki/Amway" title="Amway">Amway</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Dick_DeVos" title="Dick DeVos">Dick DeVos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Her brother, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Erik Prince</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">U.S. Navy SEAL</a> officer, is the founder of <a href="/wiki/Academi" class="mw-redirect" title="Academi">Blackwater USA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-investor_pleads_guilty_2016_03_16_foxnews-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-strange_ascent_2018_10_vanity_fair-13">[13]</a> Their father is billionaire industrialist <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Prince" title="Edgar Prince">Edgar Prince</a>, founder of the Prince Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-investor_pleads_guilty_2016_03_16_foxnews-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-strange_ascent_2018_10_vanity_fair-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edgar_D._Prince-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 2016, the family was listed by <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> as the 88th-richest in America, with an estimated net worth of $5.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> On November 23, 2016, then-<a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">President-elect</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> announced that he would nominate DeVos to serve as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a> in his <a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="First cabinet of Donald Trump">administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-17">[17]</a> On January 31, following strong opposition to the nomination from Democrats, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a> approved her nomination on a party-line vote, sending her nomination to the Senate floor.<a href="#cite_note-hill-committee-approves-18">[18]</a> On February 7, 2017, she was confirmed by the Senate by a 51–50 margin, with <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> breaking the tie in favor of her nomination. This was the first time in U.S. history that a Cabinet nominee's confirmation was decided by the vice president's tiebreaking vote.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> On January 7, 2021, DeVos tendered her resignation as education secretary as a result of the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>, saying to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">President Trump</a> in her resignation letter, "There is no mistaking the impact your rhetoric had on the situation."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Her resignation took effect on January 8, 2021, twelve days before her term would have ended with the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as president. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> DeVos was born Elisabeth Prince on January 8, 1958. She grew up in <a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland, Michigan</a>, the eldest of four children born to Elsa (Zwiep) Prince (later, Broekhuizen) and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Prince" title="Edgar Prince">Edgar Prince</a>, a billionaire <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">industrialist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blackwater-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-amway_heir-24">[24]</a> Edgar was the founder of Prince Corporation, an automobile parts supplier based in Holland, Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-Edgar_D._Prince-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-blackwater-23">[23]</a> She is of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Politico17-26">[26]</a> DeVos was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Holland_Christian_Schools" title="Holland Christian Schools">Holland Christian High School</a>, a private school located in her home town of Holland, Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-newyorker-27">[27]</a> She graduated from <a href="/wiki/Calvin_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin College">Calvin College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in business economics in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> During college, DeVos was involved with campus politics, volunteered for Gerald Ford's presidential campaign, and attended the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> to participate in a program for young Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Philanthropy-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Politico17-26">[26]</a> DeVos grew up as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> She has been a member and <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hill_Bible_Church" title="Mars Hill Bible Church">Mars Hill Bible Church</a> in Grand Rapids.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorker2-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz1-32">[32]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Fuller_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuller Seminary">Fuller Seminary</a> president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mouw" title="Richard Mouw">Richard Mouw</a>, with whom DeVos served on a committee, said she is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">neo-Calvinist</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Abraham Kuyper</a>, a founding figure in <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democracy">Christian Democracy</a> political ideology.<a href="#cite_note-PulliamBailey-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activity">Political activity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laura_Bush_makes_a_purchase_at_Franklin_Cider_Mill_in_Franklin,_Mich.,_2006_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Laura_Bush_makes_a_purchase_at_Franklin_Cider_Mill_in_Franklin%2C_Mich.%2C_2006_%28cropped1%29.jpg/220px-Laura_Bush_makes_a_purchase_at_Franklin_Cider_Mill_in_Franklin%2C_Mich.%2C_2006_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Laura_Bush_makes_a_purchase_at_Franklin_Cider_Mill_in_Franklin%2C_Mich.%2C_2006_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>DeVos (far left) is present as First Lady <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (far right) makes a purchase at <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Cider_Mill" title="Franklin Cider Mill">Franklin Cider Mill</a>. Bush was in Michigan to support DeVos's husband in his gubernatorial campaign.</figcaption></figure> Since 1982, DeVos has participated in the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan Republican Party</a>. She served as a local precinct delegate for the Michigan Republican Party, having been elected for 16 consecutive two-year terms since 1986.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> She was a Republican National committeewoman for Michigan between 1992 and 1997,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and served as chairwoman of the Michigan Republican Party from 1996 to 2000.<a href="#cite_note-affirmative-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-voters-36">[36]</a> In 2004, the Lansing State Journal described DeVos as "a political pit bull for most of (Democratic) Governor <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">[Jennifer] Granholm</a>'s 16 months in office" and said that if DeVos was not Granholm's "worst nightmare", she was "certainly her most persistent". <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ballenger" title="Bill Ballenger">Bill Ballenger</a>, editor of the newsletter Inside Michigan Politics and a former Republican state senator, called DeVos "a good behind-the-scenes organizer and a good fund raiser" as well as "a true believer in core Republican issues that leave nobody in doubt on where she stands".<a href="#cite_note-Charge-37">[37]</a> DeVos resigned the position in 2000. She said in that same year, "It is clear I have never been a rubber stamp. ... I have been a fighter for the grassroots, and following is admittedly not my strong suit."<a href="#cite_note-Fresh-38">[38]</a> In 2003, DeVos ran again for party chairman and was elected to the post without opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Fresh-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_fundraising">Political fundraising</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betsy_DeVos_2005_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Betsy_DeVos_2005_crop.jpg/170px-Betsy_DeVos_2005_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Betsy_DeVos_2005_crop.jpg/255px-Betsy_DeVos_2005_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Betsy_DeVos_2005_crop.jpg/340px-Betsy_DeVos_2005_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption>DeVos in 2005</figcaption></figure> DeVos personally raised more than $150,000 for the 2004 Bush re-election campaign,<a href="#cite_note-urges_bush-39">[39]</a> and hosted a Republican fundraiser at her home in October 2008 that was headlined by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bush_attends-40">[40]</a> During the Bush administration she spent two years as the finance chairperson for the National Republican Senatorial Committee and worked closely with the administration on "various projects".<a href="#cite_note-Gathering-41">[41]</a> The DeVos family has been active in Republican politics for decades, particularly as donors to candidates and the party, giving more than $17 million to political candidates and committees since 1989.<a href="#cite_note-MLive-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-SmithGuardian-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_limits_on_political_spending">Opposition to limits on political spending</h4></div> Like other members of the DeVos family, Betsy strongly opposed government limits on political donations and spending. While popular with the American public<a href="#cite_note-JONES-pew-2018-44">[44]</a> as a way to prevent (perceived) unfair domination by the wealthy in politics, DeVos and many other conservatives argue it is an infringement on free speech. In a 1997 op-ed for <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>, defending unlimited donations of "soft money" in political spending, DeVos compared government limits to <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mayer-dark-232-1">[1]</a> Betsy was a founding board member of the <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Center_for_Free_Speech" title="James Madison Center for Free Speech">James Madison Center for Free Speech</a> which the DeVos family funded and whose "sole goal was to end all legal restrictions on money in politics".<a href="#cite_note-mayer-dark-232-1">[1]</a> She also wrote (in Roll Call) that she expected results from her political contributions. "My family is the largest single contributor of soft money to the national Republican Party. I have decided to stop taking offense at the suggestion that we are buying influence," she wrote. "Now I simply concede the point. They are right."<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic1-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Politico17-26">[26]</a> She also stated in the op-ed, "We expect to foster a conservative governing philosophy consisting of limited government and respect for traditional American virtues. … We expect a return on our investment; we expect a good and honest government. Furthermore, we expect the Republican Party to use the money to promote these policies and, yes, to win elections."<a href="#cite_note-ABC1-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_U.S._presidential_election">2016 U.S. presidential election</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016">Republican Party presidential primaries for the 2016 election</a>, DeVos initially donated to <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina" title="Carly Fiorina">Carly Fiorina</a> before eventually supporting <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a>. In March 2016, DeVos described Donald Trump as an "interloper" and said that he "does not represent the Republican Party".<a href="#cite_note-Brown-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2></div> DeVos is chairwoman of the <a href="/wiki/Dick_DeVos#The_Windquest_Group" title="Dick DeVos">Windquest Group</a>, a privately held operating group that invests in technology, manufacturing, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">clean energy</a>. DeVos and her husband founded it in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-Philanthropy-29">[29]</a> With a commitment of $100 million, Betsy DeVos's family was one of the largest investors—and losers—in blood-testing company <a href="/wiki/Theranos" title="Theranos">Theranos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> DeVos and her husband were producers for a <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> run of the stage play <a href="/wiki/Scandalous:_The_Life_and_Trials_of_Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Scandalous: The Life and Trials of Aimee Semple McPherson">Scandalous: The Life and Trials of Aimee Semple McPherson</a>, in 2012, based on the life of <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">the famous evangelist</a> and featuring a book and lyrics written by <a href="/wiki/Kathie_Lee_Gifford" title="Kathie Lee Gifford">Kathie Lee Gifford</a>. The show ran for three weeks, closing in December 2012<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> after receiving negative reviews.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurocore">Neurocore</h3></div> Betsy and her husband Dick are chief investors in and board members of Neurocore, a group of brain performance centers offering <a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">biofeedback</a> therapy for disorders such as depression, attention deficit disorder, autism, and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Neurocore-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_Neurocore2-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spectrum_Neurocore-53">[53]</a> The therapy consists of showing movies to patients and interrupting them when they become distracted, in an effort to retrain their brains. According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, a review of Neurocore's claims and interviews with medical experts suggest that the company's conclusions are unproven and its methods questionable.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Neurocore-51">[51]</a> Democratic senators raised concerns about a potential <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> and questioned whether she and her family members would "benefit financially from actions" she could take as the U.S. Secretary of Education. DeVos announced that she would step down from the company's board but would retain her investment in the company, valued at $5 million to $25 million.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Neurocore-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Neurcore2-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_Neurocore-55">[55]</a> In November 2019, <a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Advertising_(organization)" title="Truth in Advertising (organization)">Truth In Advertising</a> filed complaints<a href="#cite_note-TINA-Neurocore-56">[56]</a> against Neurocore with the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> for unapproved medical devices<a href="#cite_note-TINA-FDA-57">[57]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> for deceptive marketing.<a href="#cite_note-TINA-FTC-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Secretary_of_Education">U.S. Secretary of Education</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination">Nomination</h3></div> On November 23, 2016, Trump's transition team announced DeVos as the nominee to be the next <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">secretary of education</a>. Upon her nomination, DeVos said "I am honored to work with the President-elect on his vision to make American education great again. The status quo in ed is not acceptable."<a href="#cite_note-Brown-17">[17]</a> DeVos's nomination was generally criticized by teachers' unions and praised by supporters of <a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">school choice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-insider-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a> editor Stephen Henderson expressed concerns over DeVos's nomination, writing that "DeVos isn't an educator, or an education leader".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_020517-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-DFP_120317-61">[61]</a> Rebecca Mead of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> questioned the efficacy of Michigan's charter school system, which DeVos has supported.<a href="#cite_note-newyorker-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Randi_Weingarten" title="Randi Weingarten">Randi Weingarten</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">American Federation of Teachers</a>, called DeVos "the most ideological, anti-public education nominee" since the position became a cabinet position.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[62]</a> The Michigan chapter of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> and the Michigan Democratic Party opposed DeVos's nomination.<a href="#cite_note-insider-59">[59]</a> Former presidential candidates <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> respectively called DeVos an "outstanding pick" and a "smart choice".<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_010917-63">[63]</a> Republican senator <a href="/wiki/Ben_Sasse" title="Ben Sasse">Ben Sasse</a> said DeVos "has made a career out of standing up to powerful and connected special interests on behalf of poor kids who are too often forgotten by Washington". In an opinion editorial, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> wrote that "DeVos has helped lead the national battle to expand education opportunities for children".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confirmation_hearing">Confirmation hearing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?421224-1/education-secretary-nominee-betsy-devos-testifies-confirmation-hearing">Betsy DeVos Education Secretary Confirmation Hearing</a>, full video of hearing from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>, January 17, 2017</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/betsy-devoss-confirmation-hearing-in-three-minutes/2017/01/17/5f2d8e7c-dd34-11e6-8902-610fe486791c_video.html">Betsy DeVos's confirmation hearing, in three minutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, January 17, 2017</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4655397/vice-president-casts-tie-breaking-vote-confirm-betsy-devos-education-secretary">Final Vote in the Senate for Confirmation of Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education</a>, full video of vote from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>, February 2, 2017</td></tr></tbody></table> The confirmation hearing for DeVos was initially scheduled for January 10, 2017, but was delayed for one week after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Government_Ethics" title="United States Office of Government Ethics">Office of Government Ethics</a> requested more time to review her financial disclosures.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On January 17, 2017, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a> held the hearing, which lasted three-and-one-half hours and "quickly became a heated and partisan debate".<a href="#cite_note-nyt-devos-67">[67]</a> Democratic senators directed several questions toward her regarding her wealth, including questions about her family's political donations to the Republican Party and whether or not she had personal experience with <a href="/wiki/Student_financial_aid_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Student financial aid (United States)">financial aid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Student_loan" title="Student loan">student loans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-devos-67">[67]</a> Several media outlets reported that DeVos appeared to have <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarized</a> quotes from an <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> administration official in written answers submitted to the Senate committee.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_013117-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN_013117-69">[69]</a> DeVos drew widespread media attention during the confirmation hearings for suggesting that guns might have a place in some schools due to a threat from grizzly bears.<a href="#cite_note-SDUT_020717-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_020717-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAT_020717-72">[72]</a> DeVos's comment was later lampooned by television personalities <a href="/wiki/Kate_McKinnon" title="Kate McKinnon">Kate McKinnon</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel" title="Jimmy Kimmel">Jimmy Kimmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Corden" title="James Corden">James Corden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RS_011917-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-MLive_020517-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_011917-75">[75]</a> Prior to DeVos's confirmation, numerous U.S. senators from both parties reported tens of thousands of their <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">constituents</a> having contacted their offices in opposition to the confirmation of DeVos.<a href="#cite_note-hill-devos-76">[76]</a> More than 300 state lawmakers from across the U.S., overwhelmingly Democrats, voiced their opposition to DeVos's appointment in a letter to the U.S. Senate sent the day before a scheduled vote on her nomination.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_013017-77">[77]</a> DeVos's nomination was supported by 18 Republican governors, including <a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder">Rick Snyder</a>, along with the nine Republican members of Congress from Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debate_and_final_vote">Debate and final vote</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm/220px--Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="131" data-mwtitle="Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm/Betsy_DeVos_final_confirmation_vote_in_US_Senate_tie_broken_by_Mike_Pence.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Vice President Mike Pence breaks the 50–50 tie in favor of DeVos, confirming her as U.S. secretary of education.</figcaption></figure> On January 31, DeVos's nomination was approved by the committee on a 12–11 party-line vote and was due to be voted on by the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-hill-committee-approves-18">[18]</a> Later on February 1, 2017, two Republican U.S. senators, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, came out against the confirmation (despite supporting DeVos in committee when both of them voted to move her nomination to the floor),<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> bringing the predicted confirmation vote on DeVos to 50–50 if all Democrats and independents voted as expected, meaning Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> would have to break the tie.<a href="#cite_note-hill-vote-80">[80]</a> During an unusually early 6:30 a.m. vote on February 3, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> was invoked on DeVos's nomination in the Senate, requiring a final vote on the confirmation to happen after 30 hours of debate.<a href="#cite_note-hill-cloture-81">[81]</a> Ahead of the scheduled final vote at noon on February 7, 2017, the Democrats in the Senate continuously spoke on the floor against the confirmation of DeVos the entire night before leading up to the vote, in protest of their strong disapproval of the nominee.<a href="#cite_note-hill-protest-82">[82]</a> As expected, there was a 50–50 tie on the final vote, with all Democrats and independents, along with two Republicans (<a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a>), voting in opposition to DeVos, while the other fifty Republican senators voted in support of the confirmation, including Senator <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a>, who himself had been nominated by the Trump administration for the post of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States attorney general</a>. Republicans scheduled Sessions's confirmation vote after DeVos's so that he would be able to cast his vote in support of DeVos. Had his confirmation vote been earlier than hers, he would have been forced to resign from the Senate, therefore losing a vital vote for the Republicans on the confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Since there was a tie, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> had to step in to decide the vote as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate" title="President of the Senate">president of the Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> He <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by vice presidents of the United States">cast his tie-breaking vote</a> in favor of DeVos to officially confirm her as education secretary.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-confirm-87">[87]</a> This was the first tie decided by a vice president on any vote in the Senate since the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staffing">Staffing</h3></div> DeVos said that on the basis of her first few days in the job, she had concerns that some Education Department employees were sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a>. "I . . . would not be surprised if there are also those that would try to subvert the mission of this organization and this department," she stated. Asked what she could do about that, she said, "Whatever can be done will be done, and it will be done swiftly and surely."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In April 2017, DeVos praised the president's nomination of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_G._Mu%C3%B1iz" title="Carlos G. Muñiz">Carlos G. Muñiz</a> as the department's <a href="/wiki/General_counsel" title="General counsel">general counsel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In April 2017, DeVos named <a href="/wiki/Candice_Jackson" title="Candice Jackson">Candice Jackson</a> Deputy Assistant Secretary in the department's <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Civil_Rights" title="Office for Civil Rights">Office for Civil Rights</a>, where she will be acting assistant secretary while that higher, Senate-confirmed appointment is vacant.<a href="#cite_note-NYT3june17-92">[92]</a> DeVos named Jason Botel Deputy Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education.<a href="#cite_note-NYT3june17-92">[92]</a> Botel, a registered Democrat who supported President Obama and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement, founded the <a href="/wiki/KIPP_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="KIPP (organization)">KIPP</a> Ujima Village Academy in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, after working for <a href="/wiki/Teach_For_America" title="Teach For America">Teach For America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT3june17-92">[92]</a> In mid-May 2018, The New York Times reported that under DeVos, the size of the team investigating abuses and fraud by for-profit colleges was reduced from about twelve members under the Obama administration to three, with their task also being scaled back to "processing student loan forgiveness applications and looking at smaller compliance cases". DeVos also appointed Julian Schmoke as the team's new supervisor; Schmoke was a former dean of DeVry Education Group, which was one of the institutions the team had been investigating. The investigation into DeVry was not the only one stopped, others include those of Bridgepoint Education and Career Education Corporation. The Education Department has hired more ex-employees and people affiliated with those institutions, such as Robert S. Eitel, senior counselor to DeVos, Diane Auer Jones, an advisor to the department, and Carlos G. Muñiz, the department's general counsel.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In October 2018, it was announced that DeVos's chief of staff, Josh Venable, would be replaced by Nate Bailey, who at that time was DeVos's chief of communications.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Two years later, Venable joined an anti-Trump group, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Political_Alliance_for_Integrity_and_Reform" title="Republican Political Alliance for Integrity and Reform">Republican Political Alliance for Integrity and Reform</a> (REPAIR), which is led by former White House officials.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy_actions">Policy actions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="School_choice_and_private_schools">School choice and private schools</h4></div> In February 2017, DeVos released a statement calling <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black colleges</a> "real pioneers when it comes to school choice", causing controversy as some pointed out the schools originated after segregation laws prevented African Americans from attending others. DeVos later acknowledged racism as an important factor in the history of historically black colleges.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On March 24, 2017, during a visit to the <a href="/wiki/Osceola_County,_Florida" title="Osceola County, Florida">Osceola County</a> campus of <a href="/wiki/Valencia_College" title="Valencia College">Valencia College</a>, DeVos said she was considering the extension of federal financial aid for students that were year-round and interested in placing more focus on community colleges.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> DeVos delivered her first extended policy address on March 29, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> which included the topic of school choice which has been her main advocacy issue for more than 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-AP_2019-05-06-98">[98]</a> She stated an interest in implementing choice policies directed toward children as individuals and criticizing the Obama administration's additional funding of $7 billion for the U.S.'s worst-performing schools as "throwing money at the problem" in an attempt to find a solution.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On May 22, 2017, DeVos announced the Trump administration was offering "the most ambitious expansion" of school choice within American history. DeVos cited <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> (which has the U.S.'s largest <a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">school voucher</a> program) as a potential model for a nationwide policy but did not give specific proposals.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In a May 2017 House of Representatives committee hearing, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Katherine Clark</a>, said an Indiana private school which takes publicly funded vouchers maintains it is entitled to deny admission to LGBTQ students or those coming from families with "homosexual or bisexual activity." Clark asked if she would inform Indiana that it could not discriminate in that way if it accepted federal funding and asked her how she would respond in the event a voucher school rejected black students but a state "said it was okay." DeVos answered: "Well again, the Office of Civil Rights and our Title IX protections are broadly applicable across the board, but when it comes to parents making choices on behalf of their students..." Clark stopped her saying, "This isn't about parents making choices, this is about the use of federal dollars. Is there any situation? Would you say to Indiana, that school cannot discriminate against LGBT students if you want to receive federal dollars? Or would you say the state has the flexibility?" DeVos responded: "I believe states should continue to have flexibility in putting together programs ..."<a href="#cite_note-Tribune-101">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11072017_2017_NBRS_Day_two-124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/11072017_2017_NBRS_Day_two-124.jpg/220px-11072017_2017_NBRS_Day_two-124.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/11072017_2017_NBRS_Day_two-124.jpg/330px-11072017_2017_NBRS_Day_two-124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/11072017_2017_NBRS_Day_two-124.jpg/440px-11072017_2017_NBRS_Day_two-124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>DeVos at 2017 National Blue Ribbon Schools Awards Ceremony</figcaption></figure> CBS reporter <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Stahl" title="Lesley Stahl">Lesley Stahl</a> questioned DeVos, in a March 2018 <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a> interview, about the documented failure of the DeVos programs to demonstrate a positive result, in Michigan, her home state: "Your argument that if you take funds away that the schools will get better is not working in Michigan ... where you had a huge impact and influence over the direction of the school system." Stahl added, "The public schools here are doing worse than they did." DeVos was unable to provide any actual examples of improvement, but stated there were "pockets" where schools had done better than public schools.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On June 6, 2017, DeVos said <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> would determine private schools being allocated funds by the federal government during an appearance before members of a House appropriations committee.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_loans">Student loans</h4></div> On April 11, 2017, DeVos undid several Obama administration policy memos issued by <a href="/wiki/John_King_Jr." title="John King Jr.">John King Jr.</a> and Ted Mitchell which were designed to protect <a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">student loan borrowers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> On July 6, 2017, Democratic attorneys-general in 18 states and Washington, D.C., led by Massachusetts attorney-general <a href="/wiki/Maura_Healey" title="Maura Healey">Maura Healey</a>, filed a federal lawsuit against DeVos for suspending the implementation of rules that were meant to protect students attending for-profit colleges. The rules, developed during the Obama administration, were meant to take effect on July 1, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-6jul2017-106">[106]</a> On September 12, 2018, DeVos lost the lawsuit brought by 19 states and the District of Columbia, which accused the Department of Education of improperly delaying implementation of regulations protecting student loan borrowers from predatory practices.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coronavirus_pandemic">Coronavirus pandemic</h4></div> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">coronavirus pandemic</a>, DeVos directed millions of dollars of coronavirus relief funds from the <a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act</a> intended for public schools and colleges, to private and religious schools.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> DeVos pushed for schools to re-open while coronavirus cases were still surging in large parts of the country. She said that the Trump administration was considering pulling funding from public schools unless they provided full-time in person learning during the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[109]</a> On July 12, 2020, she said "there's nothing in the data that suggests that kids being in school is in any way dangerous to them", an assertion that public health experts disputed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[109]</a> She also refused to say whether schools should follow guidelines laid out by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) on reopening schools.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4></div> On June 2, 2017, DeVos announced her support of President Trump's decision to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> the prior day.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> On July 13, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Candice_Jackson" title="Candice Jackson">Candice Jackson</a>, who is a sexual assault survivor, organized a meeting with DeVos, college sexual assault victims, accused assailants, and higher education officials, and said she would look at policies on sexual assault accusations on campuses from the Obama administration to see if accused students were treated within their rights.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Asked by <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Stahl" title="Lesley Stahl">Lesley Stahl</a> about her repeal of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> administration guidelines for colleges dealing with reports of sexual assaults, she said her concern was for men falsely accused of such assaults. "Survivors, victims of a lack of due process, and campus administrators have all told me that the current approach does a disservice to everyone involved," said DeVos.<a href="#cite_note-Post-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-101">[101]</a> However, some survivors of sexual assault and harassment and organizations which advocate on their behalf oppose the changes and say they would make schools more dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In October 2017, DeVos revoked 72 <a href="/wiki/Administrative_guidance" title="Administrative guidance">guidance documents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Education_and_Rehabilitative_Services" title="Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services">Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services</a> which outlined the rights of disabled students under the <a href="/wiki/Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act" title="Individuals with Disabilities Education Act">Individuals with Disabilities Education Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Rehabilitation Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In a January 2018 speech, DeVos said that the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">American Federation of Teachers</a> (AFT) found that "60 percent of its teachers reported having moderate to no influence over the content and skills taught in their own classrooms." In response, AFT noted that in the same survey of around 5,000 educators, 86% felt that DeVos had disrespected them.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In March 2018, DeVos announced a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Commission_on_School_Safety" title="Federal Commission on School Safety">School Safety Commission</a>, to provide meaningful and actionable recommendations. Members were four Cabinet members, including herself.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The organization held a meeting on March 28 and a gathering of school shooting survivors and families on April 17.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EDBfDy0VUAEUi10g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/EDBfDy0VUAEUi10g.jpg/220px-EDBfDy0VUAEUi10g.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/EDBfDy0VUAEUi10g.jpg/330px-EDBfDy0VUAEUi10g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/EDBfDy0VUAEUi10g.jpg/440px-EDBfDy0VUAEUi10g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>DeVos in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> in August 2019</figcaption></figure> In late May 2018, DeVos said that she believed it was "a school decision" on whether to report a student's family to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> (ICE) if the student or their family are undocumented immigrants. However, under <a href="/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" title="Plyler v. Doe">Plyler v. Doe</a>, the American Supreme Court ruled under the US constitution, schools are obligated to provide schooling irrespective of immigration status. The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> has said that because of this, it would be unconstitutional for schools to report students or their families to ICE.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In 2019, DeVos unsuccessfully attempted to cut federal funding for the <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a> from her department's budget, which she had also attempted to cut in her previous two annual budgets.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_and_security">Protests and security</h3></div> DeVos has been a controversial figure throughout her tenure.<a href="#cite_note-AP_2019-05-06-98">[98]</a> In her first official appearance as Secretary on February 10, 2017, dozens of protesters showed up to prevent her appearance. The protesters physically blocked her from entering through the back entrance of Jefferson Academy, a <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Public_Schools" title="District of Columbia Public Schools">D.C. public middle school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southwest,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest, Washington, D.C.">Southwest, Washington, D.C.</a> DeVos was eventually able to enter the school through a side entrance.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Subsequent to the incident, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">U.S. Marshals Service</a>, rather than Education Department employees, began providing security for her. Education Department officials declined requests for information about the deployment of marshals or the current tasks of the Secretary's displaced security team normally assigned to her. Many of those security personnel are former Secret Service agents who have worked at the department for many years. Regarding the withdrawal of the department's team, former Education Secretary <a href="/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a> said, "That's a waste of taxpayer money." During her first visit to a public university on April 6, 2017, DeVos was confronted by around 30 protestors. She was touring an area designed to resemble a hospital ward at <a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The following day, the U.S. Marshals Service said after a threat evaluation was conducted in February that DeVos would be given additional security, projecting a cost of $7.8 million between February and September 2017.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On May 10, 2017, DeVos gave a <a href="/wiki/Commencement_speech" title="Commencement speech">commencement speech</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bethune%E2%80%93Cookman_University" title="Bethune–Cookman University">Bethune–Cookman University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black college</a>, and during her speech a majority of the students booed DeVos, with about half of them standing up and turning their backs to her.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> She also received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctorate</a> from the university.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h3></div> According to DeVos's 2018 financial disclosure form certified by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Government_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Government Ethics">Office of Government Ethics</a> on December 3, 2018,<a href="#cite_note-Financial-Disclosure-2018-131">[131]</a> she had not divested from twenty-four assets required under her signed ethics agreement<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> nearly 22 months after being confirmed in February 2017.<a href="#cite_note-CREW-Divestment-133">[133]</a> In May 2019, the Education Department inspector general released a report concluding that DeVos had used personal email accounts to conduct government business and that she did not properly preserve these emails.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In September 2020, it was reported that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Special_Counsel" title="United States Office of Special Counsel">Office of the Special Counsel</a> had investigated DeVos over potential violations of the <a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act</a> after she appeared on Fox News during the 2020 election campaign, where she attacked Democratic Party presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>. After her television appearance, the Department of Education promoted her Fox News interview.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3></div> On January 7, 2021, DeVos resigned from her position as Secretary of Education after the January 6 <a href="/wiki/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 storming of the United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol riots</a>. She said in her letter to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">President Trump</a> that the riots had overshadowed the accomplishments of his administration.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> She was the second cabinet member to resign following the insurrection, the first being <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a> <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Hours after her resignation, Senator <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> later called her the worst Secretary of Education on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, saying she never did anything to help students, and saying she would rather quit than invoke the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> to remove Trump from office.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philanthropy_and_activism">Philanthropy and activism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Prince_Foundation">The Prince Foundation</h3></div> DeVos was listed for many years on IRS form <a href="/wiki/Form_990" title="Form 990">Form 990s</a> as the foundation's vice president (hitherto called the Edgar and Elsa Prince Foundation). However, she testified under oath in the Senate <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee</a> hearing, in response to Senator <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Hassan" title="Maggie Hassan">Maggie Hassan</a>'s questions, that she had nothing to do with the contributions made by her mother's foundation to conservative advocacy groups including <a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">Family Research Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos_Family_Foundation">Dick and Betsy DeVos Family Foundation</h3></div> The Dick & Betsy DeVos Family Foundation was launched in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-AboutDBDVF-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-IP_030116-142">[142]</a> The foundation's giving, according to its website, is motivated by faith, and "is centered in cultivating leadership, accelerating transformation and leveraging support in five areas", namely education, community, arts, justice, and leadership.<a href="#cite_note-DoDBDVF-143">[143]</a> In 2015, the DeVos Foundation made $11.6 million in charitable contributions, bringing the couple's lifetime charitable giving to $139 million.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Forbes ranked the DeVos family No. 24 on its 2015 list of America's top givers.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The DeVos Foundation has donated to hospitals, health research, arts organizations, Christian schools, evangelical missions, and conservative, free-market <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MJ_011717-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-DMT-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-CP_011817-148">[148]</a> Of the $100 million the foundation donated between 1999 until 2014, half of it went to Christian organizations.<a href="#cite_note-MJ_011717-146">[146]</a> Organizations funded by the foundation include: Michigan's Foundation for Traditional Values; <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Individual_Rights" title="Center for Individual Rights">Center for Individual Rights</a>; <a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a>; <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Justice" title="Institute for Justice">Institute for Justice</a>; <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Individual_Rights" title="Center for Individual Rights">Center for Individual Rights</a>; Michigan's <a href="/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center" title="Crisis pregnancy center">Pregnancy Resource Center</a>; Right to Life Michigan Educational Fund; and Baptists for Life.<a href="#cite_note-IP_030116-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-MJ_011717-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-DMT-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-HuffPo_012417-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-DB_011717-150">[150]</a> With respect to educational-focused donations, the foundation from 1999 to 2014 supported private Christian schools (at least $8.6 million), charter schools ($5.2 million), and public schools ($59,750).<a href="#cite_note-CP_011817-148">[148]</a> Specific donations included $2.39 million to the Grand Rapids Christian High School Association, $652,000 to the Ada Christian School, and $458,000 to Holland Christian Schools.<a href="#cite_note-MJ_011717-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-CP_011817-148">[148]</a> In 2016, the foundation reported $14.3 million in donations to over 100 organizations including the <a href="/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="X Prize Foundation">X Prize Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hill_Bible_Church" title="Mars Hill Bible Church">Mars Hill Bible Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> When DeVos was appointed US Education Secretary, it was revealed that she was an elder at <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hill_Bible_Church" title="Mars Hill Bible Church">Mars Hill Bible Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> During her tenure, she reportedly donated $431,000 to the church between 2002 and 2004 and $453,349 to Flannel, producer of the <a href="/wiki/NOOMA" title="NOOMA">NOOMA</a> video series.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acton_Institute_and_All_Children_Matter">Acton Institute and All Children Matter</h3></div> DeVos has served as chairperson, board member, and treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a> and headed the All Children Matter PAC.<a href="#cite_note-Politico_120216-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MJ_011717-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-HuffPo_112416-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kennedy_Center">Kennedy Center</h4></div> DeVos was appointed by President George W. Bush to the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a> in 2004, and served until 2010. While she was on the board, she and her husband funded a center to teach arts managers and boards of directors how to fundraise and manage their cultural institutions.<a href="#cite_note-training_program-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-kennedy_center-157">[157]</a> The couple donated $22.5 million in 2010 to continue the endeavor, which was given in the name of the DeVos Institute of Arts Management.<a href="#cite_note-training_program-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-kennedy_center-157">[157]</a> After the announcement of the DeVoses' gift to the Kennedy Center, DeVos explained that she had been persuaded by Kennedy Center official <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kaiser" title="Michael Kaiser">Michael Kaiser</a>'s observation that millions of dollars are invested "in the arts, and training artists", but not in "training the leaders who hire the artists and run the organizations". The DeVoses' gift was intended to remedy this oversight. "We want to help develop human capital and leverage that capital to the greatest extent possible", she said, describing Kaiser's "practice and approach" as "practical, realistic and creative".<a href="#cite_note-kennedy_center-157">[157]</a> The DeVoses' gift, part of which would be spent on arts groups in Michigan that had been hit hard by the recession, was the largest private donation in the Kennedy Center's history.<a href="#cite_note-LargestGift-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ArtPrize">ArtPrize</h4></div> In 2009, Betsy DeVos's son Rick DeVos founded <a href="/wiki/ArtPrize" title="ArtPrize">ArtPrize</a>, an international art competition held in Grand Rapids, Michigan. As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&action=edit">[update]</a> approximately 16 percent of ArtPrize's $3.5 million annual budget was provided by various foundations run by the DeVos family, with the rest provided by other foundations and local and national businesses.<a href="#cite_note-NYT092717-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Windsor-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_activism">Education activism</h3></div> Betsy and Dick DeVos provide an annual scholarship to students at <a href="/wiki/Northwood_University" title="Northwood University">Northwood University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUscholarship-161">[161]</a> DeVos is a former member of the board of the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Excellence_in_Education" title="Foundation for Excellence in Education">Foundation for Excellence in Education</a> (ExcelinEd),<a href="#cite_note-FEEbio-162">[162]</a> an education <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a>, the chairman since 2015 of which has been former US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, and which has received donations from <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eli_Broad" title="Eli Broad">Eli Broad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mission-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_motivation">Christian motivation</h4></div> DeVos in 2001 listed education activism and reform efforts as a means to "advance <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">God's Kingdom</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Politico_120216-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steward16-5">[5]</a> In an interview that year, she also said that "changing the way we approach ... the system of education in the country ... really may have greater Kingdom gain in the long run".<a href="#cite_note-Politico_120216-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="School_choice">School choice</h4></div> DeVos believes education in the United States should encourage the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">charter schools</a> and open up <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a> to more students via financial assistance programs, often called vouchers. She has stated that education is "a closed system, a closed industry, a closed market. It's a monopoly, a dead end."<a href="#cite_note-VStrauss-164">[164]</a> DeVos believes that opening up the education <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> will offer parents increased choice, a view that critics call a drive to <a href="/wiki/Privatize" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatize">privatize</a> the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">American public education system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VStrauss-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="School_vouchers">School vouchers</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betsy_DeVos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Betsy_DeVos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-Betsy_DeVos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Betsy_DeVos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/330px-Betsy_DeVos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Betsy_DeVos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/440px-Betsy_DeVos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="3311" /></a><figcaption>DeVos at <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Political Action Committee">CPAC</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> DeVos is known as "a fierce proponent of <a href="/wiki/School_vouchers" class="mw-redirect" title="School vouchers">school vouchers</a>" that would allow students to attend private schools with public funding.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, it "is hard to find anyone more passionate about the idea of steering public dollars away from traditional public schools than Betsy DeVos".<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[62]</a> DeVos served as chairwoman of the board of <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_School_Choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance for School Choice">Alliance for School Choice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alliance-166">[166]</a> Until November 2016,<a href="#cite_note-oge_devos-167">[167]</a> she headed the All Children Matter <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">PAC</a> which she and her husband founded in 2003 to promote school vouchers, tax credits to businesses that give private school scholarships, and candidates who support these causes.<a href="#cite_note-local_news-168">[168]</a> DeVos and her husband gave millions of dollars to the organization. In 2008, All Children Matter was fined $5.2 million in Ohio for illegally laundering money into political campaign funds.<a href="#cite_note-SLT_040908-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-PAC_fined-170">[170]</a> DeVos was not named in the case.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The fine remained unpaid as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&action=edit">[update]</a>, prompting calls by Democratic Party lawmakers for DeVos to settle the debt.<a href="#cite_note-choice_expanding-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP_unpaid_fine-173">[173]</a> Her other activities on behalf of public-school reform have included membership on the boards of directors of the Advocates for School Choice, the American Education Reform Council, and the Education Freedom Fund.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> She has chaired the boards of Choices for Children, and Great Lakes Education Project (GLEP).<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> DeVos was chair of the American Federation for Children (AFC).<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_School_Choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance for School Choice">Alliance for School Choice</a>, the AFC describes itself as "a leading national advocacy organization promoting school choice, with a specific focus on advocating for school vouchers and scholarship tax credit programs".<a href="#cite_note-AFCmission-177">[177]</a> During the 1990s, she served on the boards of Children First America and the American Education Reform Council, which sought to expand school choice through vouchers and tax credits. She and her husband worked for the successful passage of Michigan's first charter-school bill in 1993,<a href="#cite_note-newyorker-27">[27]</a> and for the unsuccessful effort in 2000 to amend Michigan's constitution to allow tax-credit scholarships or vouchers. In response to that defeat, DeVos started a PAC, the Great Lakes Education Project, which championed charter schools. DeVos's husband and <a href="/wiki/John_T._Walton" title="John T. Walton">John Walton</a> then founded All Children Matter, a political organization, which she chaired.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detroit_charter_school_system">Detroit charter school system</h4></div> DeVos has been an advocate for the Detroit <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter school</a> system. Douglas N. Harris, professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>, wrote in a 2016 The New York Times <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> that DeVos was partly responsible for "what even charter advocates acknowledge is the biggest school reform disaster in the country". In the <a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress" title="National Assessment of Educational Progress">National Assessment of Educational Progress</a>, Detroit had the lowest reading and mathematics scores "by far" over any city participating in the evaluation. According to Harris, she designed a system with no oversight in which schools that do poorly can continue to enroll students.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Ponnuru" title="Ramesh Ponnuru">Ramesh Ponnuru</a> of <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> argued that Harris overstates the failure of charter schools in Detroit. According to Ponnuru, the study referenced by Harris, the National Assessment of Educational Progress, did "not sound nearly as helpful to Harris's case as he suggests". Ponnuru pointed out that the study says "some 47 percent of charter schools in Detroit significantly outperform[ed] traditional public schools in reading and 49 percent of charters significantly outperforming traditionals on math. Only one percent of charters were significantly outperformed by traditional public schools in reading and only 7 percent on math."<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Also defending DeVos's record in Michigan, <a href="/wiki/Jay_P._Greene" title="Jay P. Greene">Jay P. Greene</a>, professor of education policy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">University of Arkansas</a>, argued that Harris's The New York Times article misled readers on the evidence and "falsely claimed that Detroit has failed to close failing charter schools", noting that Detroit has closed more charters than Louisiana, a state Harris cites as a model for charter school legislation.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In a written response to a question about charter school performance posed during DeVos's confirmation hearing by Senator <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (D-WA), asking "why do you think their performance is so poor?", DeVos defended the charter school system using graduation rates that were significantly higher than those used for state and federal accountability purposes. DeVos provided examples of several charter schools that she said had 4-year graduation exceeding 90%. These examples were contested by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> professor Aaron Pallas and <a href="/wiki/Education_Week" title="Education Week">Education Week</a> reporter Ben Herold on the basis that the actual graduation rates were roughly only half as large as DeVos had stated.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_020417-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-EW_020117-183">[183]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betsy_DeVos_and_Donald_Trump_with_students,_March_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Betsy_DeVos_and_Donald_Trump_with_students%2C_March_2017.jpg/220px-Betsy_DeVos_and_Donald_Trump_with_students%2C_March_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Betsy_DeVos_and_Donald_Trump_with_students%2C_March_2017.jpg/330px-Betsy_DeVos_and_Donald_Trump_with_students%2C_March_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Betsy_DeVos_and_Donald_Trump_with_students%2C_March_2017.jpg/440px-Betsy_DeVos_and_Donald_Trump_with_students%2C_March_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>DeVos and Donald Trump with students in Florida</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos.jpg/220px-Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos.jpg/330px-Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos.jpg/440px-Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Dick and Betsy DeVos at the October 10, 2006 gubernatorial debate in Grand Rapids, Michigan</figcaption></figure> The DeVos family is one of Michigan's wealthiest.<a href="#cite_note-MLive-42">[42]</a> Betsy DeVos's husband, <a href="/wiki/Dick_DeVos" title="Dick DeVos">Richard Marvin "Dick" DeVos Jr.</a>, is a multi-billionaire heir to the <a href="/wiki/Amway" title="Amway">Amway</a> fortune who ran Amway's parent company, <a href="/wiki/Alticor" title="Alticor">Alticor</a>, from 1993 to 2002. Dick DeVos is a major donor to conservative political campaigns and social causes,<a href="#cite_note-USAT1-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-BMJ1-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-GRP1-186">[186]</a> and was the 2006 Republican nominee for <a href="/wiki/Michigan_gubernatorial_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan gubernatorial election, 2006">Governor of Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blackwater-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-decides_against-187">[187]</a> Dick's father, <a href="/wiki/Richard_DeVos" title="Richard DeVos">Richard Marvin DeVos Sr.</a>, co-founded Amway and was the owner of the <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Magic" title="Orlando Magic">Orlando Magic</a> NBA basketball team. Richard DeVos was listed by <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> in 2016 as having a net worth of $5.1 billion, making him America's 88th wealthiest individual.<a href="#cite_note-MLive-42">[42]</a> Dick and Betsy DeVos married in 1979, and have four grown children: Rick, Elissa, Andrea, and Ryan.<a href="#cite_note-Politico17-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Windsor-160">[160]</a> Rick works for the Windquest Group<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> as a consultant on urban development, and is the founder of Grand Rapids' <a href="/wiki/ArtPrize" title="ArtPrize">ArtPrize</a> festival.<a href="#cite_note-RickBio-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes88-191">[191]</a> Betsy DeVos's brother, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Erik Prince</a>, a former U.S. Navy SEAL officer, is the founder of <a href="/wiki/Academi" class="mw-redirect" title="Academi">Blackwater USA</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">private military</a> services contractor.<a href="#cite_note-blackwater-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_122611-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_112316-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2></div> In February 2017, artist <a href="/wiki/Glenn_McCoy" title="Glenn McCoy">Glenn McCoy</a> created a political cartoon called <a href="/wiki/Trying_to_Trash_Betsy_DeVos" title="Trying to Trash Betsy DeVos">Trying to Trash Betsy DeVos</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rockwell" title="Norman Rockwell">Norman Rockwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Problem_We_All_Live_With" title="The Problem We All Live With">The Problem We All Live With</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trying_to_trash-194">[194]</a> In the same month, <a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Jimmy_Fallon" title="The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon">The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon</a> parodied the Education Department's <a href="/wiki/Typo" class="mw-redirect" title="Typo">typos</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Jo_Firestone" title="Jo Firestone">Jo Firestone</a> as DeVos.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> DeVos has been played by <a href="/wiki/Kate_McKinnon" title="Kate McKinnon">Kate McKinnon</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a> multiple times, including satirizing DeVos's <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a> interview in March 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenburg-196">[196]</a> That same month, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Rainbow" title="Randy Rainbow">Randy Rainbow</a> created a satirical "interview" with DeVos based on the 60 Minutes interview, with <a href="/wiki/Out_(magazine)" title="Out (magazine)">Out</a> stating, "It goes about as well as you'd expect it to."<a href="#cite_note-Hinzman-197">[197]</a> DeVos was depicted by drag queen <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Envy" title="Scarlet Envy">Scarlet Envy</a> on the March 21, 2019 episode of <a href="/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race" title="RuPaul's Drag Race">RuPaul's Drag Race</a> <a href="/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_11)" class="mw-redirect" title="RuPaul's Drag Race (season 11)">season 11</a> titled "<a href="/wiki/Trump:_The_Rusical" title="Trump: The Rusical">Trump: The Rusical</a>." Scarlet Envy depicted DeVos as "silly" and "<a href="/wiki/Martini_(cocktail)" title="Martini (cocktail)">martini</a>-swilling."<a href="#cite_note-Scarlet_Envy-198">[198]</a> In the series' <a href="/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_14)" class="mw-redirect" title="RuPaul's Drag Race (season 14)">fourteenth season</a>, drag queen <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_Kennedie" title="Jasmine Kennedie">Jasmine Kennedie</a> appeared as DeVos for the show's signature celebrity impersonation challenge, <a href="/wiki/Snatch_Game" title="Snatch Game">Snatch Game</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of female United States Cabinet members">List of female United States Cabinet members</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mayer-dark-232-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mayer-dark-232_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayer-dark-232_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayer-dark-232_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMayer2016" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Jane (2016). Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right. Doubleday. pp. 232–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Money%3A+The+Hidden+History+of+the+Billionaires+Behind+the+Rise+of+the+Radical+Right&rft.pages=232-236&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Emily McFarlan (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/02/07/5-faith-facts-betsy-devos/97601374/">"Betsy DeVos: 5 faith facts to know about the Education secretary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved February 11, 2017. <q>DeVos grew up in the Christian Reformed Church and graduated from schools affiliated with the tradition: Holland Christian Schools in Holland, Mich., and Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Mich.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%3A+5+faith+facts+to+know+about+the+Education+secretary&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Emily+McFarlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2F5-faith-facts-betsy-devos%2F97601374%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PulliamBailey-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PulliamBailey_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PulliamBailey_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulliam_Bailey,_Sarah2016" class="citation news cs1">Pulliam Bailey, Sarah (November 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/11/23/betsy-devos-trumps-education-pick-is-a-billionaire-philanthropist-with-deep-ties-to-the-reformed-christian-community/">"Betsy DeVos, Trump's education pick, is a billionaire with deep ties to the Christian Reformed community"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%2C+Trump%27s+education+pick%2C+is+a+billionaire+with+deep+ties+to+the+Christian+Reformed+community&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.au=Pulliam+Bailey%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Facts-of-faith%2Fwp%2F2016%2F11%2F23%2Fbetsy-devos-trumps-education-pick-is-a-billionaire-philanthropist-with-deep-ties-to-the-reformed-christian-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Politico_120216-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Politico_120216_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politico_120216_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politico_120216_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politico_120216_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWermund2016" class="citation news cs1">Wermund, Benjamin (December 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/betsy-devos-education-trump-religion-232150">"Trump's education pick says reform can 'advance God's Kingdom'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved February 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+education+pick+says+reform+can+%27advance+God%27s+Kingdom%27&rft.date=2016-12-02&rft.aulast=Wermund&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F12%2Fbetsy-devos-education-trump-religion-232150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steward16-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steward16_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steward16_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_Katherine2016" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Katherine (December 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/13/opinion/betsy-devos-and-gods-plan-for-schools.html">"Betsy DeVos and God's Plan for Schools"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+and+God%27s+Plan+for+Schools&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F13%2Fopinion%2Fbetsy-devos-and-gods-plan-for-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natreview_112816-6"><a href="#cite_ref-natreview_112816_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonnuru2016" class="citation news cs1">Ponnuru, Ramesh (November 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/442522/devos-and-detroits-charter-schools">"DeVos and Detroit's Charter Schools"</a>. National Review. Retrieved January 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=DeVos+and+Detroit%27s+Charter+Schools&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.aulast=Ponnuru&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fcorner%2F442522%2Fdevos-and-detroits-charter-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes_062816-7"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_062816_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZernike2016" class="citation news cs1">Zernike, Kate (June 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/us/for-detroits-children-more-school-choice-but-not-better-schools.html">"A Sea of Charter Schools in Detroit Leaves Students Adrift"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved January 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Sea+of+Charter+Schools+in+Detroit+Leaves+Students+Adrift&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft.aulast=Zernike&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F29%2Fus%2Ffor-detroits-children-more-school-choice-but-not-better-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/betsy-devos-all-children-matter-election-fines-231954">"Trump's education secretary pick led group that owes millions in election fines"</a>. POLITICO. Retrieved January 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+education+secretary+pick+led+group+that+owes+millions+in+election+fines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F11%2Fbetsy-devos-all-children-matter-election-fines-231954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson-Withorn,_Chase2016" class="citation news cs1">Peterson-Withorn, Chase (November 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/11/23/trump-picks-betsy-devos-daughter-in-law-of-billionaire-amway-cofounder-for-education-secretary/#1e1f29875313">"Trump Picks Betsy DeVos, Daughter-in-Law of Billionaire Amway Cofounder, for Education Secretary"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved December 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Trump+Picks+Betsy+DeVos%2C+Daughter-in-Law+of+Billionaire+Amway+Cofounder%2C+for+Education+Secretary&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.au=Peterson-Withorn%2C+Chase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fchasewithorn%2F2016%2F11%2F23%2Ftrump-picks-betsy-devos-daughter-in-law-of-billionaire-amway-cofounder-for-education-secretary%2F%231e1f29875313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newhampshirereview.com/education/how-bestsy-devos-fix-education-system/">"How Betsy DeVos Could Fix America's Broken Education System"</a>. The New Hampshire Review. January 22, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Hampshire+Review&rft.atitle=How+Betsy+DeVos+Could+Fix+America%27s+Broken+Education+System&rft.date=2017-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewhampshirereview.com%2Feducation%2Fhow-bestsy-devos-fix-education-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScahill2008" class="citation book cs1">Scahill, Jeremy (2008). Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Arm. Nation Books. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0097CYTYA">B0097CYTYA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackwater%3A+The+Rise+of+the+World%27s+Most+Powerful+Mercenary+Arm&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0097CYTYA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Scahill&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince2014" class="citation book cs1">Prince, Erik (2014). Civilian Warriors: The Inside Story of Blackwater and the Unsung Heroes of the War on Terror. Portfolio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-745-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-745-8"><bdi>978-1-59184-745-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilian+Warriors%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+Blackwater+and+the+Unsung+Heroes+of+the+War+on+Terror&rft.pub=Portfolio&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59184-745-8&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-investor_pleads_guilty_2016_03_16_foxnews-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-investor_pleads_guilty_2016_03_16_foxnews_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-investor_pleads_guilty_2016_03_16_foxnews_12-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/investor-pleads-guilty-in-philanthropist-fraud-case.amp">"Investor pleads guilty in philanthropist fraud case,"</a> March 16, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>, retrieved September 4, 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-strange_ascent_2018_10_vanity_fair-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strange_ascent_2018_10_vanity_fair_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strange_ascent_2018_10_vanity_fair_13-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/09/the-strange-ascent-of-betsy-devos-and-erik-prince">"'I'm Tired of America Wasting Our Blood and Treasure' The Strange Ascent of Betsy DeVos and Erik Prince,"</a> October 2018, <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, retrieved September 4, 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgar_D._Prince-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edgar_D._Prince_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edgar_D._Prince_14-1">b</a> "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/edgar-d-prince/">"Edgar D. Prince"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland_Institute" title="New Netherland Institute">New Netherland Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Netherland+Institute&rft.atitle=Edgar+D.+Prince&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newnetherlandinstitute.org%2Fhistory-and-heritage%2Fdutch_americans%2Fedgar-d-prince%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Benjamin Wermund and Kimberly Hefling (November 25, 2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/betsy-devos-education-secretary-civil-rights-gay-transgender-students-231837">Trump's education secretary pick supported anti-gay causes</a>". <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved December 14, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/richard-devos/?list=forbes-400">"2016 Forbes 400"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=2016+Forbes+400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Frichard-devos%2F%3Flist%3Dforbes-400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2016" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Emma (November 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/trump-picks-billionaire-betsy-devos-school-voucher-advocate-as-education-secretary/2016/11/23/c3d66b94-af96-11e6-840f-e3ebab6bcdd3_story.html">"Trump picks billionaire Betsy DeVos, school voucher advocate, as education secretary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved December 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+picks+billionaire+Betsy+DeVos%2C+school+voucher+advocate%2C+as+education+secretary&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Ftrump-picks-billionaire-betsy-devos-school-voucher-advocate-as-education-secretary%2F2016%2F11%2F23%2Fc3d66b94-af96-11e6-840f-e3ebab6bcdd3_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill-committee-approves-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hill-committee-approves_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill-committee-approves_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagen2017" class="citation news cs1">Hagen, Lisa (January 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/317044-senate-committee-approves-devos-nomination/">"Senate committee approves DeVos nomination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved January 31, 2017. <q>The Senate <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a> (HELP) on Tuesday morning approved Betsy DeVos's nomination to lead the Department of Education. DeVos was confirmed 12–11 along party lines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Senate+committee+approves+DeVos+nomination&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft.aulast=Hagen&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F317044-senate-committee-approves-devos-nomination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutterman2017" class="citation news cs1">Hutterman, Emmarie (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/us/politics/betsy-devos-education-secretary-confirmed.html">"Betsy DeVos Confirmed as Education Secretary; Pence Breaks Tie"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+Confirmed+as+Education+Secretary%3B+Pence+Breaks+Tie&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Hutterman&rft.aufirst=Emmarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-education-secretary-confirmed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElving2017" class="citation news cs1">Elving, Ron (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207181344/http://www.npr.org/2017/02/07/513836576/pence-becomes-first-vp-to-break-senate-tie-over-cabinet-nomination">"Pence Becomes First VP to Break Senate Tie over Cabinet Nomination"</a>. NPR. Washington, D.C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2017/02/07/513836576/pence-becomes-first-vp-to-break-senate-tie-over-cabinet-nomination">the original</a> on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Pence+Becomes+First+VP+to+Break+Senate+Tie+over+Cabinet+Nomination&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Elving&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2F513836576%2Fpence-becomes-first-vp-to-break-senate-tie-over-cabinet-nomination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuetteman2017" class="citation news cs1">Huetteman, Emmarie (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/us/politics/mike-pence-tie-break-betsy-devos.html">"Mike Pence's Vote on a Cabinet Nominee Would Be Historic"</a>. The New York Times. New York. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mike+Pence%27s+Vote+on+a+Cabinet+Nominee+Would+Be+Historic&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Huetteman&rft.aufirst=Emmarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fmike-pence-tie-break-betsy-devos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsLeary2021" class="citation news cs1">Andrews, Natalie; Leary, Alex (January 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-agrees-to-orderly-transfer-of-power-to-biden-after-day-of-turmoil-at-capitol-11610027394?mod=breakingnews">"Schumer, Pelosi Call for Trump's Removal After Capitol Riot"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Schumer%2C+Pelosi+Call+for+Trump%27s+Removal+After+Capitol+Riot&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.au=Leary%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Ftrump-agrees-to-orderly-transfer-of-power-to-biden-after-day-of-turmoil-at-capitol-11610027394%3Fmod%3Dbreakingnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackwater-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blackwater_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackwater_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackwater_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackwater_23-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScahill,_Jeremy2007" class="citation book cs1">Scahill, Jeremy (2007). Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army. New York, NY: Perseus Books/Nation Books. pp. 2–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackwater%3A+The+Rise+of+the+World%27s+Most+Powerful+Mercenary+Army&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=2-8&rft.pub=Perseus+Books%2FNation+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Scahill%2C+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amway_heir-24"><a href="#cite_ref-amway_heir_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShandra_Martinez2010" class="citation news cs1">Shandra Martinez (September 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2010/09/amway_heir_dick_and_betsy_devo.html">"Amway heir Dick and Betsy DeVos move into sprawling 22,000-square-foot mansion"</a>. The Grand Rapids Press. MLive.com. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Grand+Rapids+Press&rft.atitle=Amway+heir+Dick+and+Betsy+DeVos+move+into+sprawling+22%2C000-square-foot+mansion&rft.date=2010-09-08&rft.au=Shandra+Martinez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fgrand-rapids%2Findex.ssf%2F2010%2F09%2Famway_heir_dick_and_betsy_devo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/edgar-d-prince/">"Edgar D. Prince"</a>. www.newnetherlandinstitute.org. Retrieved February 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newnetherlandinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Edgar+D.+Prince&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newnetherlandinstitute.org%2Fhistory-and-heritage%2Fdutch_americans%2Fedgar-d-prince%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Politico17-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Politico17_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politico17_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politico17_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politico17_26-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2017" class="citation web cs1">Stanton, Zack (January 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/betsy-dick-devos-family-amway-michigan-politics-religion-214631">"How Betsy DeVos Used God and Amway to Take Over Michigan Politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved September 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=How+Betsy+DeVos+Used+God+and+Amway+to+Take+Over+Michigan+Politics&rft.date=2017-01-15&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Zack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F01%2Fbetsy-dick-devos-family-amway-michigan-politics-religion-214631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newyorker-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newyorker_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newyorker_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newyorker_27-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Mead, Rebecca (December 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/betsy-devos-and-the-plan-to-break-public-schools">"Betsy DeVos and the Plan to Break Public Schools"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved January 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+and+the+Plan+to+Break+Public+Schools&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fdaily-comment%2Fbetsy-devos-and-the-plan-to-break-public-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToppo2017" class="citation news cs1">Toppo, Greg (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/02/07/facts-about-education-secretary-betsy-devos/97605238/">"What you need to know about Betsy DeVos"</a>. USA Today. Retrieved July 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=What+you+need+to+know+about+Betsy+DeVos&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Toppo&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2Ffacts-about-education-secretary-betsy-devos%2F97605238%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philanthropy-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philanthropy_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philanthropy_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/interview_with_betsy_devos">"Interview with Betsy DeVos, the Reformer"</a> (print and online). <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropy (magazine)">Philanthropy</a> (Spring). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy_Roundtable" title="Philanthropy Roundtable">Philanthropy Roundtable</a>. 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philanthropy&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Betsy+DeVos%2C+the+Reformer&rft.issue=Spring&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philanthropyroundtable.org%2Ftopic%2Fexcellence_in_philanthropy%2Finterview_with_betsy_devos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoston2010" class="citation journal cs1">Boston, Rob (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125043947/https://au.org/church-state/september-2010-church-state/featured/sneak-attack">"Michigan Multi-Millionaire Betsy DeVos Is A Four-Star General in a Deceptive Behind-The-Scenes War on Public Schools And Church-State Separation"</a>. Church & State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.org/church-state/september-2010-church-state/featured/sneak-attack">the original</a> on November 25, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+%26+State&rft.atitle=Michigan+Multi-Millionaire+Betsy+DeVos+Is+A+Four-Star+General+in+a+Deceptive+Behind-The-Scenes+War+on+Public+Schools+And+Church-State+Separation&rft.date=2010-09&rft.aulast=Boston&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fau.org%2Fchurch-state%2Fseptember-2010-church-state%2Ffeatured%2Fsneak-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewYorker2-31"><a href="#cite_ref-NewYorker2_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanneh2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Sanneh, Kalefa (November 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/11/26/the-hell-raiser-3">"The Hell-Raiser"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved January 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Hell-Raiser&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft.aulast=Sanneh&rft.aufirst=Kalefa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F11%2F26%2Fthe-hell-raiser-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz1_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan_Sommer2016" class="citation news cs1">Kaplan Sommer, Allison (December 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-1.758733">"Onward Christian Cabinet: Trump's White House Picks Are a Christmas Gift for the Religious Right"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved January 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Onward+Christian+Cabinet%3A+Trump%27s+White+House+Picks+Are+a+Christmas+Gift+for+the+Religious+Right&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft.aulast=Kaplan+Sommer&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fus-news%2F.premium-1.758733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000159-765a-d6be-a5db-feffd8500000">"U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, Statement for Completion by Executive Branch Nominees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved February 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate+Committee+on+Health%2C+Education%2C+Labor+and+Pensions%2C+Statement+for+Completion+by+Executive+Branch+Nominees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Ff%2F%3Fid%3D00000159-765a-d6be-a5db-feffd8500000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Gordon, Neil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.publicintegrity.org/partylines/report.aspx?aid=692">"Profiles: Organizational Donor: Elizabeth DeVos"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822001537/http://projects.publicintegrity.org/partylines/report.aspx?aid=692">Archived</a> August 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. PublicIntegrity.org, The Center For Public Integrity. May 26, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-affirmative-35"><a href="#cite_ref-affirmative_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statenews.com/index.php/article/2003/08/affirmative_action_initiative_poses_problems_for_politicians">"Affirmative action initiative poses problems for politicians"</a>. The State News. East Lansing, Michigan. August 23, 2003. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+State+News&rft.atitle=Affirmative+action+initiative+poses+problems+for+politicians&rft.date=2003-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statenews.com%2Findex.php%2Farticle%2F2003%2F08%2Faffirmative_action_initiative_poses_problems_for_politicians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-voters-36"><a href="#cite_ref-voters_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Benen2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Benen" title="Steve Benen">Steve Benen</a> (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526044338/http://www.au.org/media/church-and-state/archives/2000/09/voucher-doublehe.html">"Voters in California And Michigan Face Referenda on Voucher Aid To Religious Schools"</a>. Church & State. Americans United for Separation of Church and State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.org/media/church-and-state/archives/2000/09/voucher-doublehe.html">the original</a> on May 26, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+%26+State&rft.atitle=Voters+in+California+And+Michigan+Face+Referenda+on+Voucher+Aid+To+Religious+Schools&rft.date=2000-09&rft.au=Steve+Benen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.org%2Fmedia%2Fchurch-and-state%2Farchives%2F2000%2F09%2Fvoucher-doublehe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charge-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Charge_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2004" class="citation news cs1">Andrews, Chris (April 24, 2004). "Leading the Charge". Lansing State Journal. p. 1A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lansing+State+Journal&rft.atitle=Leading+the+Charge&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2004-04-24&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fresh-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fresh_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fresh_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedema2003" class="citation journal cs1">Medema, Kate (February 7, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040507141054/http://clubs.calvin.edu/chimes/2003-02-07/community1.html">"DeVos starts fresh, familiar position"</a>. Chimes. 97 (16). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Calvin College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clubs.calvin.edu/chimes/2003-02-07/community1.html">the original</a> on May 7, 2004. Retrieved July 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chimes&rft.atitle=DeVos+starts+fresh%2C+familiar+position&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2003-02-07&rft.aulast=Medema&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclubs.calvin.edu%2Fchimes%2F2003-02-07%2Fcommunity1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urges_bush-39"><a href="#cite_ref-urges_bush_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/michigan-gubernatorial-candidate-urges-bush-to-meet-with-big-three-automakers">"Michigan Gubernatorial Candidate Urges Bush to Meet With Big Three Automakers"</a>. FoxNews.com. The Associated Press. August 24, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070420195422/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,210260,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FoxNews.com&rft.atitle=Michigan+Gubernatorial+Candidate+Urges+Bush+to+Meet+With+Big+Three+Automakers&rft.date=2006-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fmichigan-gubernatorial-candidate-urges-bush-to-meet-with-big-three-automakers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bush_attends-40"><a href="#cite_ref-bush_attends_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Christoff2008" class="citation news cs1">Chris Christoff (October 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081018112735/http://www.freep.com/article/20081015/NEWS15/81015075">"Bush attends fund-raiser in Grand Rapids"</a>. The Detroit Free Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freep.com/article/20081015/NEWS15/81015075">the original</a> on October 18, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Bush+attends+fund-raiser+in+Grand+Rapids&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft.au=Chris+Christoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Farticle%2F20081015%2FNEWS15%2F81015075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gathering-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Gathering_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130730000312/http://thegathering.com/articles.php?ac=post&id=553&p=1">"Standing for Change"</a>. TheGathering.com. Tyler, Texas: The Gathering. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegathering.com/articles.php?ac=post&id=553&p=1">the original</a> on July 30, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGathering.com&rft.atitle=Standing+for+Change&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthegathering.com%2Farticles.php%3Fac%3Dpost%26id%3D553%26p%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLive-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MLive_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MLive_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MLive_42-2">c</a> Mark Tower (December 17, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2016/12/devos_family_political_giving.html">DeVos family political giving nears $10 million prior to 2016 election</a>, MLive Media Group, Retrieved January 4, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithGuardian-43"><a href="#cite_ref-SmithGuardian_43-0">^</a> David Smith (November 23, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/23/betsy-devos-education-secretary-trump-administration">Betsy DeVos, billionaire philanthropist, picked as Trump education secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, retrieved January 4, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-JONES-pew-2018-44"><a href="#cite_ref-JONES-pew-2018_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJONES2018" class="citation web cs1">JONES, BRADLEY (May 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/05/08/most-americans-want-to-limit-campaign-spending-say-big-donors-have-greater-political-influence/">"Most Americans want to limit campaign spending, say big donors have greater political influence"</a>. Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+Americans+want+to+limit+campaign+spending%2C+say+big+donors+have+greater+political+influence&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.aulast=JONES&rft.aufirst=BRADLEY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2018%2F05%2F08%2Fmost-americans-want-to-limit-campaign-spending-say-big-donors-have-greater-political-influence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic1-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic1_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeruy2017" class="citation news cs1">Deruy, Emily (January 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/01/betsy-devoss-policy-evasion/513440/">"What Betsy DeVos Did (and Didn't) Reveal About Her Education Priorities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved January 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Betsy+DeVos+Did+%28and+Didn%27t%29+Reveal+About+Her+Education+Priorities&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft.aulast=Deruy&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Feducation%2Farchive%2F2017%2F01%2Fbetsy-devoss-policy-evasion%2F513440%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC1-46"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC1_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathcart2016" class="citation news cs1">Cathcart, Corrine (November 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/betsy-devos/story?id=43745520">"Betsy DeVos: Everything You Need to Know"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Retrieved January 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%3A+Everything+You+Need+to+Know&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.aulast=Cathcart&rft.aufirst=Corrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fbetsy-devos%2Fstory%3Fid%3D43745520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/05/betsy-devos-lost-more-on-theranos-than-the-average-american-will-make-in-100-lifetimes">"Betsy DeVos Lost More on Theranos than the Average American Will Make in 100 Lifetimes"</a>. Vanity Fair. May 4, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018. <q>Perhaps the most notable individual on the list is Education Secretary Betsy DeVos, whose family invested $100 million—literally 100 times the lifetime earnings of the average American—in Theranos between 2013 and 2015. (DeVos had previously disclosed that she was a Theranos investor, though the size of her investment was not known.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+Lost+More+on+Theranos+than+the+Average+American+Will+Make+in+100+Lifetimes&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F05%2Fbetsy-devos-lost-more-on-theranos-than-the-average-american-will-make-in-100-lifetimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/production/scandalous-the-life-and-trials-of-aimee-semple-mcpherson-neil-simon-theatre-vault-0000013969">"Scandalous: The Life and Trials of Aimée Semple McPherson Broadway @ Neil Simon Theatre – Tickets and Discounts"</a>. Playbill. Retrieved January 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Scandalous%3A+The+Life+and+Trials+of+Aim%C3%A9e+Semple+McPherson+Broadway+%40+Neil+Simon+Theatre+%E2%80%93+Tickets+and+Discounts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Fproduction%2Fscandalous-the-life-and-trials-of-aimee-semple-mcpherson-neil-simon-theatre-vault-0000013969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuskin2012" class="citation news cs1">Suskin, Steven (November 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2012/legit/reviews/scandalous-1117948755/">"Review: 'Scandalous'"</a>. Variety. Retrieved February 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Review%3A+%27Scandalous%27&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft.aulast=Suskin&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2012%2Flegit%2Freviews%2Fscandalous-1117948755%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsherwood2012" class="citation news cs1">Isherwood, Charles (November 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/theater/reviews/scandalous-the-life-and-trials-of-aimee-semple-mcpherson.html">"Scandalous: The Life and Trials of Aimee Semple McPherson"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved February 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scandalous%3A+The+Life+and+Trials+of+Aimee+Semple+McPherson&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Isherwood&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F16%2Ftheater%2Freviews%2Fscandalous-the-life-and-trials-of-aimee-semple-mcpherson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Neurocore-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Neurocore_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Neurocore_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Neurocore_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2017" class="citation news cs1">Fink, Sheri (January 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/30/us/politics/betsy-devos-neurocore-brain-centers.html">"Betsy DeVos Invests in a Therapy Under Scrutiny"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+Invests+in+a+Therapy+Under+Scrutiny&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F01%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-neurocore-brain-centers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_Neurocore2-52"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_Neurocore2_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Emma (January 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/01/24/betsy-devoss-ethics-review-raises-further-questions-for-democrats-and-watchdogs/">"Grade Point Betsy DeVos's ethics review raises further questions for Democrats and watchdogs"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Grade+Point+Betsy+DeVos%27s+ethics+review+raises+further+questions+for+Democrats+and+watchdogs&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgrade-point%2Fwp%2F2017%2F01%2F24%2Fbetsy-devoss-ethics-review-raises-further-questions-for-democrats-and-watchdogs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spectrum_Neurocore-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Spectrum_Neurocore_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeliadat2017" class="citation web cs1">Zeliadat, Nicholette (February 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrumnews.org/news/pick-u-s-education-secretary-rankles-autism-community/">"Pick for U.S. education secretary rankles autism community"</a>. Spectrum. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spectrum&rft.atitle=Pick+for+U.S.+education+secretary+rankles+autism+community&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft.aulast=Zeliadat&rft.aufirst=Nicholette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrumnews.org%2Fnews%2Fpick-u-s-education-secretary-rankles-autism-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Neurcore2-54"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Neurcore2_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2017" class="citation news cs1">Goldstein, Matthew (January 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/business/dealbook/betsy-devos-neurocore.html">"Betsy DeVos Won't Shed Stake in Biofeedback Company, Filings Show"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+Won%27t+Shed+Stake+in+Biofeedback+Company%2C+Filings+Show&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F01%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Fbetsy-devos-neurocore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_Neurocore-55"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_Neurocore_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Emma (January 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2017/01/23/democrats-request-another-hearing-for-betsy-devos-trumps-education-pick-before-confirmation-vote/">"Democrats request another hearing for DeVos, Trump's education pick, before confirmation vote"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Democrats+request+another+hearing+for+DeVos%2C+Trump%27s+education+pick%2C+before+confirmation+vote&rft.date=2017-01-23&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fwp%2F2017%2F01%2F23%2Fdemocrats-request-another-hearing-for-betsy-devos-trumps-education-pick-before-confirmation-vote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TINA-Neurocore-56"><a href="#cite_ref-TINA-Neurocore_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truthinadvertising.org/tina-org-files-complaint-against-brain-training-company-neurocore/">"TINA.ORG FILES COMPLAINT AGAINST 'BRAIN TRAINING' COMPANY NEUROCORE"</a>. tina.org. Truth in Advertising. November 12, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524033238/https://www.truthinadvertising.org/tina-org-files-complaint-against-brain-training-company-neurocore/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020. <q>TINA.org is not the first to challenge Neurocore's unsubstantiated health claims. In 2017, the National Advertising Division recommended that Neurocore discontinue several disease-treatment claims after it found evidence proffered by the company in support of the claims "insufficiently reliable" to substantiate them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tina.org&rft.atitle=TINA.ORG+FILES+COMPLAINT+AGAINST+%27BRAIN+TRAINING%27+COMPANY+NEUROCORE&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthinadvertising.org%2Ftina-org-files-complaint-against-brain-training-company-neurocore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TINA-FDA-57"><a href="#cite_ref-TINA-FDA_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Smith,_Esq.Bonnie_Patten,_Esq.2019" class="citation web cs1">Laura Smith, Esq.; Bonnie Patten, Esq. (November 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truthinadvertising.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/11_12_19-Neurocore-complaint-letter-to-FDA.pdf">"Neurocore, LLC's Unapproved Medical Device"</a> (PDF). tina.org. Truth in Advertising. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524032252/https://www.truthinadvertising.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/11_12_19-Neurocore-complaint-letter-to-FDA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020. <q>We write to file a complaint with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration against Michigan-based "brain training" company Neurocore, LLC1 for its marketing, use, and sale of unapproved medical devices.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tina.org&rft.atitle=Neurocore%2C+LLC%27s+Unapproved+Medical+Device&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.au=Laura+Smith%2C+Esq.&rft.au=Bonnie+Patten%2C+Esq.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthinadvertising.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F11%2F11_12_19-Neurocore-complaint-letter-to-FDA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TINA-FTC-58"><a href="#cite_ref-TINA-FTC_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Smith,_Esq.Bonnie_Patten,_Esq.2019" class="citation web cs1">Laura Smith, Esq.; Bonnie Patten, Esq. (November 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truthinadvertising.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/11_12_19-Neurocore-complaint-letter-to-FTC.pdf">"Neurocore, LLC's Use of Unsubstantiated Medical Treatment Claims"</a> (PDF). tina.org. Truth in Advertising. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524032244/https://www.truthinadvertising.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/11_12_19-Neurocore-complaint-letter-to-FTC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020. <q>Neurocore's deceptive marketing is used to attract vulnerable consumers, many of whom struggle with difficult psychiatric disorders, are caring for children who struggle with such disorders, or are seniors dealing with age-related memory loss, to its Brain Performance Centers. The consumer harm associated with deceiving these susceptible populations is of great concern and must be stopped.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tina.org&rft.atitle=Neurocore%2C+LLC%27s+Use+of+Unsubstantiated+Medical+Treatment+Claims&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.au=Laura+Smith%2C+Esq.&rft.au=Bonnie+Patten%2C+Esq.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthinadvertising.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F11%2F11_12_19-Neurocore-complaint-letter-to-FTC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-insider-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-insider_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-insider_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2016" class="citation news cs1">Mark, genera (November 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/betsy-devos-trump-education-secretary-common-core-choice-2016-11">"Meet Betsy DeVos, the polarizing charter-school advocate Trump has tapped as education secretary"</a>. Business Insider. Retrieved January 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Meet+Betsy+DeVos%2C+the+polarizing+charter-school+advocate+Trump+has+tapped+as+education+secretary&rft.date=2016-11-25&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=genera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fbetsy-devos-trump-education-secretary-common-core-choice-2016-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_020517-60"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_020517_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38875924">"Why is Betsy DeVos, Trump's pick for education secretary, so unpopular?"</a>. BBC News. February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+is+Betsy+DeVos%2C+Trump%27s+pick+for+education+secretary%2C+so+unpopular%3F&rft.date=2017-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-38875924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DFP_120317-61"><a href="#cite_ref-DFP_120317_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2016" class="citation news cs1">Henderson, Stephen (December 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freep.com/story/opinion/columnists/stephen-henderson/2016/12/03/betsy-devos-education-donald-trump/94728574/">"Betsy DeVos and the twilight of public education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a>. Retrieved February 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+and+the+twilight+of+public+education&rft.date=2016-12-03&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fstephen-henderson%2F2016%2F12%2F03%2Fbetsy-devos-education-donald-trump%2F94728574%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZernike2016" class="citation news cs1">Zernike, Kate (November 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/us/politics/betsy-devos-trumps-education-pick-has-steered-money-from-public-schools.html">"Betsy DeVos, Trump's Education Pick, Has Steered Money From Public Schools"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%2C+Trump%27s+Education+Pick%2C+Has+Steered+Money+From+Public+Schools&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Zernike&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F23%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-trumps-education-pick-has-steered-money-from-public-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_010917-63"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_010917_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomney2017" class="citation news cs1">Romney, Mitt (January 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/mitt-romney-trump-has-made-a-smart-choice-for-education-secretary/2017/01/06/627550e0-d421-11e6-9cb0-54ab630851e8_story.html">"Mitt Romney op-ed: Betsy DeVos a smart choice for education secretary"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mitt+Romney+op-ed%3A+Betsy+DeVos+a+smart+choice+for+education+secretary&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft.aulast=Romney&rft.aufirst=Mitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fmitt-romney-trump-has-made-a-smart-choice-for-education-secretary%2F2017%2F01%2F06%2F627550e0-d421-11e6-9cb0-54ab630851e8_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-betsy-devos-donald-trump-education-secretary-charter-voucher-edit-20161201-story.html">"Editorial: The case for Betsy DeVos"</a>. Chicago Tribune. December 1, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+The+case+for+Betsy+DeVos&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Fct-betsy-devos-donald-trump-education-secretary-charter-voucher-edit-20161201-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevesz2017" class="citation news cs1">Revesz, Rachael (January 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/betsy-devos-secretary-of-education-senate-confirmation-delayed-political-donations-republicans-a7519531.html">"Betsy DeVos' senate confirmation delayed amid concerns over her political donations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%27+senate+confirmation+delayed+amid+concerns+over+her+political+donations&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft.aulast=Revesz&rft.aufirst=Rachael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fbetsy-devos-secretary-of-education-senate-confirmation-delayed-political-donations-republicans-a7519531.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/betsy-devos-trump-s-pick-education-secretary-won-t-rule-n708171">"Betsy DeVos, Trump's pick for education secretary, open to defunding public schools"</a>. NBC News. January 17, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%2C+Trump%27s+pick+for+education+secretary%2C+open+to+defunding+public+schools&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Fbetsy-devos-trump-s-pick-education-secretary-won-t-rule-n708171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-devos-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-devos_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-devos_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZernikeAlcindor2017" class="citation news cs1">Zernike, Kate; Alcindor, Yamiche (January 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/17/us/politics/betsy-devos-education-senate-hearing.html">"Betsy DeVos's Education Hearing Erupts into Partisan Debate"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%27s+Education+Hearing+Erupts+into+Partisan+Debate&rft.date=2017-01-18&rft.aulast=Zernike&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Alcindor%2C+Yamiche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F01%2F17%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-education-senate-hearing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_013117-68"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_013117_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/cc98767491eb4cdca8545701d4a3a41e">"DeVos May Have Used Official's Remarks Without Attribution"</a>. Reuters. Associated Press. January 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=DeVos+May+Have+Used+Official%27s+Remarks+Without+Attribution&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fcc98767491eb4cdca8545701d4a3a41e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_013117-69"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_013117_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerica,_DanScott,_Eugene2017" class="citation news cs1">Merica, Dan; Scott, Eugene (January 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/31/politics/betsy-devos-plagiarism-obama-official/">"Betsy DeVos appears to have plagiarized quotes for Senate questionnaire"</a>. CNN. Retrieved February 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+appears+to+have+plagiarized+quotes+for+Senate+questionnaire&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft.au=Merica%2C+Dan&rft.au=Scott%2C+Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F01%2F31%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-plagiarism-obama-official%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDUT_020717-70"><a href="#cite_ref-SDUT_020717_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224173627/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/us-politics/ct-betsy-devos-education-secretary-confirmation-20170207-story.html">"Senate confirms Betsy DeVos as Education secretary as Pence breaks 50–50 tie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Union_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Union Tribune">San Diego Union Tribune</a>. February 7, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/us-politics/ct-betsy-devos-education-secretary-confirmation-20170207-story.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union+Tribune&rft.atitle=Senate+confirms+Betsy+DeVos+as+Education+secretary+as+Pence+breaks+50%E2%80%9350+tie&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fnews%2Fus-politics%2Fct-betsy-devos-education-secretary-confirmation-20170207-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic_020717-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_020717_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2017" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Alia (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/02/the-sensation-known-as-betsy-devos/515907/">"Education Secretary Betsy DeVos Has Already Affected Public Education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Education+Secretary+Betsy+DeVos+Has+Already+Affected+Public+Education&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Alia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Feducation%2Farchive%2F2017%2F02%2Fthe-sensation-known-as-betsy-devos%2F515907%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT_020717-72"><a href="#cite_ref-LAT_020717_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/education/la-na-pol-devos-senate-vote-20170207-story.html">"Betsy DeVos squeaks through as Education secretary after Pence casts first-ever tie-breaking vote"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+squeaks+through+as+Education+secretary+after+Pence+casts+first-ever+tie-breaking+vote&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Fla-na-pol-devos-senate-vote-20170207-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS_011917-73"><a href="#cite_ref-RS_011917_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlistein2017" class="citation news cs1">Blistein, Jon (January 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/news/watch-colbert-kimmel-mock-betsy-devos-grizzly-bear-fears-w461792">"Watch Colbert, Kimmel, Corden Mock Betsy DeVos' Grizzly Bear Fears"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Watch+Colbert%2C+Kimmel%2C+Corden+Mock+Betsy+DeVos%27+Grizzly+Bear+Fears&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft.aulast=Blistein&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fwatch-colbert-kimmel-mock-betsy-devos-grizzly-bear-fears-w461792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLive_020517-74"><a href="#cite_ref-MLive_020517_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2017" class="citation news cs1">Barrett, Malachi (February 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2017/02/saturday_night_live_skewers_be.html">"'Saturday Night Live' jabs Betsy DeVos in Sean Spicer skit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MLive" class="mw-redirect" title="MLive">MLive</a>. Retrieved February 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Saturday+Night+Live%27+jabs+Betsy+DeVos+in+Sean+Spicer+skit&rft.date=2017-02-05&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Malachi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fgrand-rapids%2Findex.ssf%2F2017%2F02%2Fsaturday_night_live_skewers_be.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_011917-75"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_011917_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Emma (January 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2017/01/19/with-lightning-speed-betsy-devos-became-a-target-of-late-night-comics/">"With lightning speed, Betsy DeVos became a target of late-night comics"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=With+lightning+speed%2C+Betsy+DeVos+became+a+target+of+late-night+comics&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fwp%2F2017%2F01%2F19%2Fwith-lightning-speed-betsy-devos-became-a-target-of-late-night-comics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill-devos-76"><a href="#cite_ref-hill-devos_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerShelbourne2017" class="citation web cs1">Wheeler, Lydia; Shelbourne, Mallory (January 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/316321-anti-devos-calls-jam-senate-phone-lines/">"Anti-Devos calls jam Senate phone lines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved January 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Anti-Devos+calls+jam+Senate+phone+lines&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft.au=Shelbourne%2C+Mallory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F316321-anti-devos-calls-jam-senate-phone-lines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_013017-77"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_013017_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Emma (January 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2017/01/30/progressives-launch-last-minute-push-against-betsy-devos-and-conservatives-counter-with-online-ad-campaign/">"Progressives launch last-minute push against Betsy DeVos, and conservatives counter with online ad campaign"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Progressives+launch+last-minute+push+against+Betsy+DeVos%2C+and+conservatives+counter+with+online+ad+campaign&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fwp%2F2017%2F01%2F30%2Fprogressives-launch-last-minute-push-against-betsy-devos-and-conservatives-counter-with-online-ad-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNann_Burke2017" class="citation news cs1">Nann Burke, Melissa (January 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/30/vote-devos-looms-democrats-raise-concerns/97244564/">"Vote on DeVos looms as Democrats raise more concerns"</a>. The Detroit News. Retrieved January 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vote+on+DeVos+looms+as+Democrats+raise+more+concerns&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.aulast=Nann+Burke&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2F01%2F30%2Fvote-devos-looms-democrats-raise-concerns%2F97244564%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Melissa Nann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/31/republicans-press-vote-devos/97276136/">"Senate panel OKs DeVos despite 2 GOP senators' concerns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_News" title="The Detroit News">The Detroit News</a>. Retrieved February 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=Senate+panel+OKs+DeVos+despite+2+GOP+senators%27+concerns&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Nann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2F01%2F31%2Frepublicans-press-vote-devos%2F97276136%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill-vote-80"><a href="#cite_ref-hill-vote_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2017" class="citation web cs1">Carney, Jordain (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/317379-gop-senator-to-vote-no-on-betsy-devos/">"Two GOP senators to vote 'no' on Betsy DeVos"</a>. The Hill. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Two+GOP+senators+to+vote+%27no%27+on+Betsy+DeVos&rft.date=2017-02&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Jordain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fsenate%2F317379-gop-senator-to-vote-no-on-betsy-devos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill-cloture-81"><a href="#cite_ref-hill-cloture_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2017" class="citation web cs1">Carney, Jordain (February 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/317701-senate-advances-devoss-nomination-setting-her-up-for-final-vote/">"Senate advances DeVos's nomination, setting her up for final vote"</a>. The Hill. Retrieved February 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Senate+advances+DeVos%27s+nomination%2C+setting+her+up+for+final+vote&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Jordain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fsenate%2F317701-senate-advances-devoss-nomination-setting-her-up-for-final-vote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill-protest-82"><a href="#cite_ref-hill-protest_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2017" class="citation web cs1">Carney, Jordain (February 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/318083-democrats-plan-all-night-protest-ahead-of-devos-vote/">"Democrats plan all-night protest ahead of DeVos vote"</a>. The Hill. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Democrats+plan+all-night+protest+ahead+of+DeVos+vote&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Jordain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Ffloor-action%2Fsenate%2F318083-democrats-plan-all-night-protest-ahead-of-devos-vote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResmovits2017" class="citation web cs1">Resmovits, Joy (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/education/la-na-pol-devos-senate-vote-20170207-story.html">"Betsy DeVos squeaks through as Education secretary after Pence casts first-ever tie-breaking vote"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+squeaks+through+as+Education+secretary+after+Pence+casts+first-ever+tie-breaking+vote&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Resmovits&rft.aufirst=Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Fla-na-pol-devos-senate-vote-20170207-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevesz" class="citation news cs1">Revesz, Rachael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/betsy-devos-confirmed-donald-trump-education-secretary-mike-pence-vote-senate-a7567856.html">"Betsy DeVos confirmed: Trump education pick stumbles over finishing line after Mike Pence casts tie-breaking vote"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+confirmed%3A+Trump+education+pick+stumbles+over+finishing+line+after+Mike+Pence+casts+tie-breaking+vote&rft.aulast=Revesz&rft.aufirst=Rachael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fbetsy-devos-confirmed-donald-trump-education-secretary-mike-pence-vote-senate-a7567856.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchleifer2017" class="citation web cs1">Schleifer, Theodore (February 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/02/politics/jeff-sessions-republicans-confirmations/">"Republicans need Jeff Sessions to stay in the Senate just a little longer"</a>. CNN. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republicans+need+Jeff+Sessions+to+stay+in+the+Senate+just+a+little+longer&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2017-02-02&rft.aulast=Schleifer&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F02%2F02%2Fpolitics%2Fjeff-sessions-republicans-confirmations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2017" class="citation news cs1">Cowan, Richard (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-congress-devos-idUSKBN15M1X3">"Vice President Mike Pence breaks Senate tie to confirm Betsy DeVos as US education secretary"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Vice+President+Mike+Pence+breaks+Senate+tie+to+confirm+Betsy+DeVos+as+US+education+secretary&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-congress-devos-idUSKBN15M1X3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-confirm-87"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-confirm_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHUETTEMAN2017" class="citation news cs1">HUETTEMAN, EMMARIE (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/us/politics/betsy-devos-education-secretary-confirmed.html">"Betsy DeVos Confirmed as Education Secretary; Pence Breaks Tie"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+Confirmed+as+Education+Secretary%3B+Pence+Breaks+Tie&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=HUETTEMAN&rft.aufirst=EMMARIE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-education-secretary-confirmed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/devos-confirmed-as-education-secretary-pence-casts-historic-tie-breaking-vote">"DeVos Confirmed as Education Secretary, Pence Casts Historic Tie-Breaking Vote"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DeVos+Confirmed+as+Education+Secretary%2C+Pence+Casts+Historic+Tie-Breaking+Vote&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fdevos-confirmed-as-education-secretary-pence-casts-historic-tie-breaking-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_StraffordCaitlin_EmmaKimberly_Heffling2017" class="citation web cs1">Michael Strafford; Caitlin Emma; Kimberly Heffling (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/betsy-devos-democrats-confirmation-234691">"Senate confirms DeVos as secretary of education"</a>. Politico. Retrieved February 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Senate+confirms+DeVos+as+secretary+of+education&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.au=Michael+Strafford&rft.au=Caitlin+Emma&rft.au=Kimberly+Heffling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2017%2F02%2Fbetsy-devos-democrats-confirmation-234691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/betsy-devos-is-now-being-guarded-by-us-marshals/2017/02/17/7dc341f4-f54b-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html">Betsy DeVos being guarded by U.S. Marshals Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, Danielle Douglas-Gabriel & Emma Brown, February 17, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2017" class="citation news cs1">Green, Erica L. (April 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/04/us/politics/carlos-muniz-candace-jackson-education.html">"2 Education Dept. Picks Raise Fears on Civil Rights Enforcement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A11. Retrieved July 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Education+Dept.+Picks+Raise+Fears+on+Civil+Rights+Enforcement&rft.pages=A11&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Erica+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F04%2F04%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fcarlos-muniz-candace-jackson-education.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT3june17-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT3june17_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT3june17_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT3june17_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2017" class="citation news cs1">Green, Erica L. (June 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/us/politics/betsy-devos-education-secretary-hiring-diversity.html">"Some Hires by Betsy DeVos Are a Stark Departure From Her Reputation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A12. Retrieved July 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Some+Hires+by+Betsy+DeVos+Are+a+Stark+Departure+From+Her+Reputation&rft.pages=A12&rft.date=2017-06-03&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Erica+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F02%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-education-secretary-hiring-diversity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvoryGreenEder2018" class="citation news cs1">Ivory, Danielle; Green, Erica; Eder, Steve (May 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/13/business/education-department-for-profit-colleges.html">"Education Department Unwinds Unit Investigating Fraud at For-Profits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved May 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Education+Department+Unwinds+Unit+Investigating+Fraud+at+For-Profits&rft.date=2018-05-13&rft.aulast=Ivory&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft.au=Green%2C+Erica&rft.au=Eder%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Feducation-department-for-profit-colleges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2018" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Alyson (October 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/campaign-k-12/2018/10/betsy-devos-bailey-venable-chief-of-staff-department.html">"Betsy DeVos Gets a New Chief of Staff"</a>. Education Week. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+Gets+a+New+Chief+of+Staff&rft.date=2018-10-26&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Alyson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.edweek.org%2Fedweek%2Fcampaign-k-12%2F2018%2F10%2Fbetsy-devos-bailey-venable-chief-of-staff-department.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2020" class="citation web cs1">Russo, Carla Herreria (September 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/devos-former-aide-joins-anti-trump-group_n_5f62aed1c5b6c6317cff5af2">"Betsy DeVos's Former Chief Of Staff Joins Anti-Trump Group"</a>. HuffPost. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%27s+Former+Chief+Of+Staff+Joins+Anti-Trump+Group&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Carla+Herreria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fdevos-former-aide-joins-anti-trump-group_n_5f62aed1c5b6c6317cff5af2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWermund2017" class="citation news cs1">Wermund, Benjamin (February 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/betsy-devos-hbcu-historically-black-colleges-235498">"DeVos sparks controversy with comments on black colleges"</a>. CNN. Retrieved February 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DeVos+sparks+controversy+with+comments+on+black+colleges&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.aulast=Wermund&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2017%2F02%2Fbetsy-devos-hbcu-historically-black-colleges-235498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusson2017" class="citation news cs1">Russon, Gabrielle (March 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324200105/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/education/school-zone/os-betsy-devos-valencia-campus-20170322-story.html">"Education Secretary Betsy Devos tours Valencia campus in Osceola"</a>. Orlando Sentinel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/education/school-zone/os-betsy-devos-valencia-campus-20170322-story.html">the original</a> on March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Education+Secretary+Betsy+Devos+tours+Valencia+campus+in+Osceola&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft.aulast=Russon&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Ffeatures%2Feducation%2Fschool-zone%2Fos-betsy-devos-valencia-campus-20170322-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP_2019-05-06-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_2019-05-06_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_2019-05-06_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinkley2019" class="citation news cs1">Binkley, Collin (May 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/75bd4395846b456f9d0eba1279ab1cd6">"Polarizing but enduring Cabinet member: Education head DeVos"</a>. AP NEWS. Retrieved May 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Polarizing+but+enduring+Cabinet+member%3A+Education+head+DeVos&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Binkley&rft.aufirst=Collin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F75bd4395846b456f9d0eba1279ab1cd6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2017" class="citation news cs1">Green, Erica L. (March 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/29/us/politics/betsy-devos-education-school-choice-voucher.html">"Betsy DeVos Calls for More School Choice, Saying Money Isn't the Answer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+Calls+for+More+School+Choice%2C+Saying+Money+Isn%27t+the+Answer&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Erica+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F29%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-education-school-choice-voucher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanilova2017" class="citation news cs1">Danilova, Maria (May 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/2017/05/22/devos-pushes-school-choice-gives-no-specifics/">"Betsy DeVos pushes school choice in speech to advocacy group, gives no specifics"</a>. Denver Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+pushes+school+choice+in+speech+to+advocacy+group%2C+gives+no+specifics&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft.aulast=Danilova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2F2017%2F05%2F22%2Fdevos-pushes-school-choice-gives-no-specifics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tribune-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_101-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-betsy-devos-education-20180312-story.html">Analysis: 9 controversial - and highly revealing - things Betsy DeVos has said</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, Valerie Strauss, March 12, Retrieved March 13, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/03/12/why-it-was-so-easy-for-60-minutes-to-rebut-betsy-devoss-charter-school-arguments/">Why it was so easy for '60 Minutes' to rebut Betsy DeVos's charter-school arguments</a>,<a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, Philip Bump, March 12, Retrieved March 13, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2017" class="citation news cs1">Wheeler, Lydia (June 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/regulation/administration/336517-devos-all-school-that-receive-federal-funds-must-follow-federal-law/">"DeVos: All schools that receive federal funds must follow federal law"</a>. The Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=DeVos%3A+All+schools+that+receive+federal+funds+must+follow+federal+law&rft.date=2017-06-06&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fregulation%2Fadministration%2F336517-devos-all-school-that-receive-federal-funds-must-follow-federal-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2017" class="citation news cs1">Gabriel, Danielle Douglas (April 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-betsy-devos-student-loan-protections-20170411-story.html">"Betsy DeVos undoes Obama's student loan protections"</a>. Chicago Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+undoes+Obama%27s+student+loan+protections&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Danielle+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fbusiness%2Fct-betsy-devos-student-loan-protections-20170411-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowley2017" class="citation news cs1">Cowley, Stacy (July 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/business/dealbook/massachusetts-betsy-devos-lawsuit.html">"18 States Sue Betsy DeVos Over Student Loan Protections"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=18+States+Sue+Betsy+DeVos+Over+Student+Loan+Protections&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F06%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Fmassachusetts-betsy-devos-lawsuit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-6jul2017-106"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian-6jul2017_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jul/06/betsy-devos-lawsuit-for-profit-colleges">"Eighteen states sue Betsy DeVos for suspending rules on for-profit colleges"</a>. The Guardian. Associated Press. July 6, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eighteen+states+sue+Betsy+DeVos+for+suspending+rules+on+for-profit+colleges&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Fjul%2F06%2Fbetsy-devos-lawsuit-for-profit-colleges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5394679/betsy-devos-loses-student-loan-lawsuit/">"Betsy DeVos Loses Student Loan Lawsuit Brought by 19 States"</a>. Time. Retrieved September 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+Loses+Student+Loan+Lawsuit+Brought+by+19+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5394679%2Fbetsy-devos-loses-student-loan-lawsuit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2020" class="citation news cs1">Green, Erica L. (May 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/us/politics/betsy-devos-coronavirus-religious-schools.html">"DeVos Funnels Coronavirus Relief Funds to Favored Private and Religious Schools"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717193112/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/us/politics/betsy-devos-coronavirus-religious-schools.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=DeVos+Funnels+Coronavirus+Relief+Funds+to+Favored+Private+and+Religious+Schools&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Erica+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-coronavirus-religious-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicago.suntimes.com/education/2020/7/12/21321819/devos-downplays-risks-of-return-to-schools">"DeVos downplays risks of return to schools"</a>. Chicago Sun-Times. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. July 12, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712215204/https://chicago.suntimes.com/education/2020/7/12/21321819/devos-downplays-risks-of-return-to-schools">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=DeVos+downplays+risks+of+return+to+schools&rft.date=2020-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicago.suntimes.com%2Feducation%2F2020%2F7%2F12%2F21321819%2Fdevos-downplays-risks-of-return-to-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2020" class="citation news cs1">Cole, Devan (July 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/12/politics/betsy-devos-schools-reopening-coronavirus-cnntv/index.html">"Betsy DeVos won't say if schools should listen to CDC guidelines on reopening"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722212541/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/12/politics/betsy-devos-schools-reopening-coronavirus-cnntv/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+won%27t+say+if+schools+should+listen+to+CDC+guidelines+on+reopening&rft.date=2020-07-12&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Devan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F07%2F12%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-schools-reopening-coronavirus-cnntv%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHensch2017" class="citation news cs1">Hensch, Mark (June 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/336139-devos-certainly-the-climate-changes/">"DeVos: 'Certainly, the climate changes'"</a>. The Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=DeVos%3A+%27Certainly%2C+the+climate+changes%27&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft.aulast=Hensch&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F336139-devos-certainly-the-climate-changes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenStolberg2017" class="citation news cs1">Green, Erica L.; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (July 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/us/politics/campus-rape-betsy-devos-title-iv-education-trump-candice-jackson.html">"Campus Rape Policies Get a New Look as the Accused Get DeVos's Ear"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A1. Retrieved July 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Campus+Rape+Policies+Get+a+New+Look+as+the+Accused+Get+DeVos%27s+Ear&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Erica+L.&rft.au=Stolberg%2C+Sheryl+Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F12%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fcampus-rape-betsy-devos-title-iv-education-trump-candice-jackson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Post-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Post_113-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2018/03/12/education-secretary-betsy-devos-stumbles-during-pointed-60-minutes-interview/">Education Secretary Betsy DeVos stumbles during pointed '60 Minutes' interview</a>,<a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, Valerie Strauss, March 12, Retrieved March 13, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz2018" class="citation news cs1">Ortiz, Eric (November 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/devos-proposal-campus-sex-misconduct-rules-are-worse-we-thought-n937316">"DeVos proposals for campus sex misconduct rules are 'worse than we thought,' victims' advocates say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. Retrieved February 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=DeVos+proposals+for+campus+sex+misconduct+rules+are+%27worse+than+we+thought%2C%27+victims%27+advocates+say&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Fdevos-proposal-campus-sex-misconduct-rules-are-worse-we-thought-n937316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcotte2018" class="citation news cs1">Marcotte, Amanda (November 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2018/11/16/betsy-devos-moves-to-demolish-title-ix-silence-sexual-abuse-victims/">"Betsy DeVos moves to demolish Title IX, silence sexual abuse victims"</a>. Salon. Retrieved February 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+moves+to+demolish+Title+IX%2C+silence+sexual+abuse+victims&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft.aulast=Marcotte&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2018%2F11%2F16%2Fbetsy-devos-moves-to-demolish-title-ix-silence-sexual-abuse-victims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTang2018" class="citation web cs1">Tang, Elizabeth (November 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nwlc.org/blog/three-reasons-why-betsy-devoss-draft-title-ix-rules-would-hurt-survivors/">"Three Reasons Why Betsy DeVos's Proposed Title IX Rules Would Hurt Survivors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Law_Center" title="National Women's Law Center">National Women's Law Center</a>. Retrieved February 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Women%27s+Law+Center&rft.atitle=Three+Reasons+Why+Betsy+DeVos%27s+Proposed+Title+IX+Rules+Would+Hurt+Survivors&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnwlc.org%2Fblog%2Fthree-reasons-why-betsy-devoss-draft-title-ix-rules-would-hurt-survivors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Tovia (January 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/01/30/689879689/education-department-gathers-feedback-on-new-campus-sexual-assault-rules">"Trump Administration Gets An Earful On New Campus Sexual Assault Rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. Retrieved February 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Trump+Administration+Gets+An+Earful+On+New+Campus+Sexual+Assault+Rules&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Tovia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F01%2F30%2F689879689%2Feducation-department-gathers-feedback-on-new-campus-sexual-assault-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Moriah Balingit, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2017/10/21/devos-rescinds-72-guidance-documents-outlining-rights-for-disabled-students/">DeVos rescinds 72 guidance documents outlining rights for disabled students</a>, The Washington Post (October 21, 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2018" class="citation web cs1">Chapman, Matthew (January 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shareblue.com/betsy-devos-accidentally-promotes-study-showing-teachers-feel-disrespected-by-her/">"Betsy DeVos accidentally promotes study showing teachers feel disrespected – by her"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shareblue_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Shareblue Media">Shareblue Media</a>. Retrieved January 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Betsy+DeVos+accidentally+promotes+study+showing+teachers+feel+disrespected+%E2%80%93+by+her&rft.pub=Shareblue+Media&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshareblue.com%2Fbetsy-devos-accidentally-promotes-study-showing-teachers-feel-disrespected-by-her%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/secretary-devos-forms-school-safety-commission">"Secretary DeVos Forms School Safety Commission | U.S. Department of Education"</a>. www.ed.gov. Retrieved May 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ed.gov&rft.atitle=Secretary+DeVos+Forms+School+Safety+Commission+%7C+U.S.+Department+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ed.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fsecretary-devos-forms-school-safety-commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/education-secretary-betsy-devos-says-federal-school-safety-commission-will-n876446">"Education Secretary Betsy DeVos says school safety commission will issue 'best practices' by year's end"</a>. NBC News. Retrieved May 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Education+Secretary+Betsy+DeVos+says+school+safety+commission+will+issue+%27best+practices%27+by+year%27s+end&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Feducation-secretary-betsy-devos-says-federal-school-safety-commission-will-n876446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalingit" class="citation news cs1">Balingit, Moriah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2018/05/23/astounding-ignorance-of-the-law-civil-rights-groups-slam-devos-for-saying-schools-can-report-undocumented-students">"'Astounding ignorance of the law': Civil rights groups slam DeVos for saying schools can report undocumented students"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved May 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Astounding+ignorance+of+the+law%27%3A+Civil+rights+groups+slam+DeVos+for+saying+schools+can+report+undocumented+students&rft.aulast=Balingit&rft.aufirst=Moriah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fwp%2F2018%2F05%2F23%2Fastounding-ignorance-of-the-law-civil-rights-groups-slam-devos-for-saying-schools-can-report-undocumented-students&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Cillizza2019" class="citation news cs1">Chris Cillizza (March 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/28/politics/betsy-devos-special-olympics/index.html">"Betsy DeVos' utterly botched call for Special Olympics funding cuts, explained"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%27+utterly+botched+call+for+Special+Olympics+funding+cuts%2C+explained&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft.au=Chris+Cillizza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F03%2F28%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-special-olympics%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Emma (February 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/protesters-rally-at-dc-school-ahead-of-visit-by-education-secretary-betsy-devos/2017/02/10/faad4962-ef06-11e6-b4ff-ac2cf509efe5_story.html">"Protesters briefly block Education Secretary Betsy DeVos's visit to a D.C. school"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved February 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Protesters+briefly+block+Education+Secretary+Betsy+DeVos%27s+visit+to+a+D.C.+school&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Fprotesters-rally-at-dc-school-ahead-of-visit-by-education-secretary-betsy-devos%2F2017%2F02%2F10%2Ffaad4962-ef06-11e6-b4ff-ac2cf509efe5_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirozi2017" class="citation web cs1">Firozi, Paulina (February 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/news/318924-devos-blocked-from-entering-dc-school/">"Protesters block DeVos from entering DC school"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved February 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Protesters+block+DeVos+from+entering+DC+school&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Firozi&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fnews%2F318924-devos-blocked-from-entering-dc-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratford2017" class="citation web cs1">Stratford, Michael (February 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/betsy-devos-dc-school-jefferson-academy-protest-234903">"Protesters block DeVos from entering D.C. middle school"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved February 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Protesters+block+DeVos+from+entering+D.C.+middle+school&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Stratford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2017%2F02%2Fbetsy-devos-dc-school-jefferson-academy-protest-234903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvrluga2017" class="citation news cs1">Svrluga, Susan (April 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/04/06/devos-visits-her-first-public-university-and-faces-protesters-in-miami/">"In Miami, DeVos visits first public university since becoming education secretary, faces protesters"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Miami%2C+DeVos+visits+first+public+university+since+becoming+education+secretary%2C+faces+protesters&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.aulast=Svrluga&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgrade-point%2Fwp%2F2017%2F04%2F06%2Fdevos-visits-her-first-public-university-and-faces-protesters-in-miami%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ap-additional-security-for-devos-may-cost-up-to-78-million-2017-4">"Additional Security for DeVos May Cost Up to $7.8 Million"</a>. Business Insider. April 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Additional+Security+for+DeVos+May+Cost+Up+to+%247.8+Million&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fap-additional-security-for-devos-may-cost-up-to-78-million-2017-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Svrluga2017" class="citation news cs1">Susan Svrluga (May 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/05/10/alumni-others-deliver-petitions-demanding-historically-black-university-drop-betsy-devos-as-commencement-speaker/">"Students boo Betsy DeVos as commencement speaker at historically black university"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Students+boo+Betsy+DeVos+as+commencement+speaker+at+historically+black+university&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft.au=Susan+Svrluga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgrade-point%2Fwp%2F2017%2F05%2F10%2Falumni-others-deliver-petitions-demanding-historically-black-university-drop-betsy-devos-as-commencement-speaker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlinValenciaCouwels2017" class="citation web cs1">McLaughlin, Elliot; Valencia, Nick; Couwels, John (May 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/10/politics/betsy-devos-bethune-cookman-commencement-protest/index.html">"Bethune-Cookman grads boo Betsy DeVos at commencement"</a>. CNN. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Bethune-Cookman+grads+boo+Betsy+DeVos+at+commencement&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft.au=Valencia%2C+Nick&rft.au=Couwels%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F05%2F10%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-bethune-cookman-commencement-protest%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Financial-Disclosure-2018-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Financial-Disclosure-2018_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDEVOS,_ELISABETH_P2018" class="citation web cs1">DEVOS, ELISABETH P (September 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/storage.citizensforethics.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/03211655/DeVos2018Disclosure.pdf">"Public Financial Disclosure Report (OGE Form 278e)"</a> (PDF). amazonaws.com. <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Responsibility_and_Ethics_in_Washington" title="Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington">Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225200622/https://s3.amazonaws.com/storage.citizensforethics.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/03211655/DeVos2018Disclosure.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amazonaws.com&rft.atitle=Public+Financial+Disclosure+Report+%28OGE+Form+278e%29&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.au=DEVOS%2C+ELISABETH+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fstorage.citizensforethics.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F12%2F03211655%2FDeVos2018Disclosure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVos2017" class="citation web cs1">DeVos, Elisabeth (January 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extapps2.oge.gov/201/Presiden.nsf/PAS+Index/E2461CB47CF5A473852580C1002C7A3B/$FILE/DeVos,%20Elisabeth%20P.%20%20finalAMENDEDEA.pdf">"Dear Ms. Goodridge-Keiller"</a> (PDF). oge.gov. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Government_Ethics" title="United States Office of Government Ethics">Office of Government Ethics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511141826/https://extapps2.oge.gov/201/Presiden.nsf/PAS+Index/E2461CB47CF5A473852580C1002C7A3B/$FILE/DeVos,%20Elisabeth%20P.%20%20finalAMENDEDEA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020. <q>Within 90 days of my confirmation, I will divest my interests in the entities listed in Attachment A. With regard to each of these entities, I will not participate personally and substantially in any particular matter that to my knowledge has a direct and predictable effect on the financial interests of the entity until I have divested it, unless I first obtain a written waiver, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 208(b)(l), or qualify for a regulatory exemption, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 208(b )(2).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oge.gov&rft.atitle=Dear+Ms.+Goodridge-Keiller&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft.aulast=DeVos&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextapps2.oge.gov%2F201%2FPresiden.nsf%2FPAS%2BIndex%2FE2461CB47CF5A473852580C1002C7A3B%2F%24FILE%2FDeVos%2C%2520Elisabeth%2520P.%2520%2520finalAMENDEDEA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CREW-Divestment-133"><a href="#cite_ref-CREW-Divestment_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2018" class="citation news cs1">Lerner, Meredith (December 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citizensforethics.org/betsy-devos-pfd/">"Betsy DeVos' Financial Disclosure Fails to Account for Divestiture of 24 Assets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Responsibility_and_Ethics_in_Washington" title="Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington">Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513030001/https://www.citizensforethics.org/betsy-devos-pfd/">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Citizens+for+Responsibility+and+Ethics+in+Washington&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%27+Financial+Disclosure+Fails+to+Account+for+Divestiture+of+24+Assets&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizensforethics.org%2Fbetsy-devos-pfd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/devos-used-personal-emails-work-limited-cases-report-finds-n1007786">"DeVos used personal emails for work in 'limited' cases, report finds"</a>. NBC News. May 20, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=DeVos+used+personal+emails+for+work+in+%27limited%27+cases%2C+report+finds&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwhite-house%2Fdevos-used-personal-emails-work-limited-cases-report-finds-n1007786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/21/betsy-devos-hatch-act-investigation-419471">"DeVos under investigation for potentially violating Hatch Act because of Fox News interview"</a>. POLITICO. September 21, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=DeVos+under+investigation+for+potentially+violating+Hatch+Act+because+of+Fox+News+interview&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F09%2F21%2Fbetsy-devos-hatch-act-investigation-419471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2021" class="citation news cs1">Mitchell, Natalie Andrews, Alex Leary and Josh (January 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-agrees-to-orderly-transfer-of-power-to-biden-after-day-of-turmoil-at-capitol-11610027394">"Schumer, Pelosi Call for Trump's Removal After Capitol Riot"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Schumer%2C+Pelosi+Call+for+Trump%27s+Removal+After+Capitol+Riot&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Natalie+Andrews%2C+Alex+Leary+and+Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Ftrump-agrees-to-orderly-transfer-of-power-to-biden-after-day-of-turmoil-at-capitol-11610027394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetsy_Devos2021" class="citation web cs1">Betsy Devos [@BetsyDeVosED] (January 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/BetsyDeVosED/status/1346965730789449729">"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/ErFh1xdXMAA0r1_?format=png&name=medium"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=https%3A%2F%2Fpbs.twimg.com%2Fmedia%2FErFh1xdXMAA0r1_%3Fformat%3Dpng%26name%3Dmedium&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.au=Betsy+Devos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FBetsyDeVosED%2Fstatus%2F1346965730789449729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2020" class="citation news cs1">Choi, Joseph (January 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/533281-betsy-devos-resigns-as-education-secretary/">"Betsy DeVos resigns as Education Secretary"</a>. The Hill. Retrieved January 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+resigns+as+Education+Secretary&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F533281-betsy-devos-resigns-as-education-secretary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iblnews.org/senator-warren-says-that-betsy-devos-resigned-to-dodge-the-25th-amendment/">"Senator Warren Says that Betsy DeVos Resigned to Dodge the 25th Amendment"</a>. IBL News. January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBL+News&rft.atitle=Senator+Warren+Says+that+Betsy+DeVos+Resigned+to+Dodge+the+25th+Amendment&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiblnews.org%2Fsenator-warren-says-that-betsy-devos-resigned-to-dodge-the-25th-amendment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2017/01/18/trump-education-nominee-betsy-devos-lied-to-the-senate/">Trump Education nominee Betsy DeVos lied to the Senate</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>, Jeremy Scahill. January 18, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-AboutDBDVF-141"><a href="#cite_ref-AboutDBDVF_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbdvfoundation.org/about/">"About"</a>. Grand Rapids: Dick and Betsy DeVos Family Foundation. Retrieved July 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Dick+and+Betsy+DeVos+Family+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbdvfoundation.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IP_030116-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IP_030116_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IP_030116_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDocksai2016" class="citation news cs1">Docksai, Rick (March 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2016/3/1/school-choice-but-much-more-making-sense-of-devos-family-phi.html">"School Choice, But Much More: Making Sense of DeVos Family Philanthropy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Philanthropy" title="Inside Philanthropy">Inside Philanthropy</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Philanthropy&rft.atitle=School+Choice%2C+But+Much+More%3A+Making+Sense+of+DeVos+Family+Philanthropy&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.aulast=Docksai&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidephilanthropy.com%2Fhome%2F2016%2F3%2F1%2Fschool-choice-but-much-more-making-sense-of-devos-family-phi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoDBDVF-143"><a href="#cite_ref-DoDBDVF_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014075456/http://www.dbdvfoundation.org/what-we-do/">"What We Do"</a>. Dick and Betsy DeVos Family. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbdvfoundation.org/what-we-do/">the original</a> on October 14, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+We+Do&rft.pub=Dick+and+Betsy+DeVos+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbdvfoundation.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2017" class="citation news cs1">Martinez, Shandra (January 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2017/01/dick_and_betsy_devos_lift_the.html">"Dick and Betsy DeVos lift the veil on their $139M in philanthropy"</a>. MLive. Retrieved January 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dick+and+Betsy+DeVos+lift+the+veil+on+their+%24139M+in+philanthropy&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Shandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fgrand-rapids%2Findex.ssf%2F2017%2F01%2Fdick_and_betsy_devos_lift_the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavchuk2015" class="citation news cs1">Savchuk, Katia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/top-givers/">"America's Top 50 Givers: Meet the philanthropists who gave away the most money in 2015"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved January 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=America%27s+Top+50+Givers%3A+Meet+the+philanthropists+who+gave+away+the+most+money+in+2015&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Savchuk&rft.aufirst=Katia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Ftop-givers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJ_011717-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_011717_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_011717_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_011717_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_011717_146-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_011717_146-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizga2017" class="citation news cs1">Rizga, Kristina (January 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/01/betsy-devos-christian-schools-vouchers-charter-education-secretary">"Betsy Devos wants to use America's schools to build "God's kingdom""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Betsy+Devos+wants+to+use+America%27s+schools+to+build+%22God%27s+kingdom%22&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft.aulast=Rizga&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2F01%2Fbetsy-devos-christian-schools-vouchers-charter-education-secretary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMT-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMT_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMT_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyette2006" class="citation news cs1">Guyette, Curt (October 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/you-dont-know-dick/Content?oid=2185621">"You don't know Dick"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Metro_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Metro Times">Detroit Metro Times</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=You+don%27t+know+Dick&rft.date=2006-10-04&rft.aulast=Guyette&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrotimes.com%2Fdetroit%2Fyou-dont-know-dick%2FContent%3Foid%3D2185621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP_011817-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CP_011817_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP_011817_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP_011817_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Samuel (January 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/trump-education-betsy-devos-donating-christian-173113/">"Trump's Education Pick Betsy DeVos Criticized for Donating Millions to Christian Organizations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Post" title="The Christian Post">The Christian Post</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Education+Pick+Betsy+DeVos+Criticized+for+Donating+Millions+to+Christian+Organizations&rft.date=2017-01-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Ftrump-education-betsy-devos-donating-christian-173113%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuffPo_012417-149"><a href="#cite_ref-HuffPo_012417_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2017" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Rebecca (January 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/betsy-devos-student-statesmanship-institute_us_58866464e4b070d8cad498d4">"Speaker at Group Supported By Betsy DeVos Says Hitler Was Good at Reaching Children"</a>. Huffington Post. Retrieved February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Speaker+at+Group+Supported+By+Betsy+DeVos+Says+Hitler+Was+Good+at+Reaching+Children&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fbetsy-devos-student-statesmanship-institute_us_58866464e4b070d8cad498d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DB_011717-150"><a href="#cite_ref-DB_011717_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelson2017" class="citation news cs1">Michaelson, Jay (January 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/01/17/trump-s-education-pick-betsy-devos-could-wreck-lgbt-protections.html">"Betsy DeVos, Trump's Education Pick, Could Make Life Hell for LGBT Youth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Beast" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Beast">Daily Beast</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%2C+Trump%27s+Education+Pick%2C+Could+Make+Life+Hell+for+LGBT+Youth&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft.aulast=Michaelson&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2017%2F01%2F17%2Ftrump-s-education-pick-betsy-devos-could-wreck-lgbt-protections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2017" class="citation news cs1">Green, Erica L. (December 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/23/us/politics/betsy-devos-nice-list-charity-giving.html">"The DeVos 'Nice List'"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved December 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+DeVos+%27Nice+List%27&rft.date=2017-12-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Erica+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F12%2F23%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbetsy-devos-nice-list-charity-giving.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2016" class="citation news cs1">Bailey, Sarah Pulliam (November 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/11/23/betsy-devos-trumps-education-pick-is-a-billionaire-philanthropist-with-deep-ties-to-the-reformed-christian-community/">"Betsy DeVos, Trump's education pick, is a billionaire with deep ties to the Christian Reformed community"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%2C+Trump%27s+education+pick%2C+is+a+billionaire+with+deep+ties+to+the+Christian+Reformed+community&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Pulliam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Facts-of-faith%2Fwp%2F2016%2F11%2F23%2Fbetsy-devos-trumps-education-pick-is-a-billionaire-philanthropist-with-deep-ties-to-the-reformed-christian-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehumanist.com/commentary/betsy-devos-friend-family-faith-based-education">"Betsy DeVos: Friend of "the Family" and Faith-Based Education - TheHumanist.com"</a>. January 19, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Betsy+DeVos%3A+Friend+of+%22the+Family%22+and+Faith-Based+Education+-+TheHumanist.com&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehumanist.com%2Fcommentary%2Fbetsy-devos-friend-family-faith-based-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302103849/https://www.onfaith.co/commentary/unpacking-rob-bells-devos-connection">"Unpacking Rob Bell's DeVos Connection"</a>. www.onfaith.co. Archived from the original on March 2, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.onfaith.co&rft.atitle=Unpacking+Rob+Bell%27s+DeVos+Connection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onfaith.co%2Fcommentary%2Funpacking-rob-bells-devos-connection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-HuffPo_112416-155"><a href="#cite_ref-HuffPo_112416_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz_Satlin2016" class="citation news cs1">Horowitz Satlin, Alana (November 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/betsy-devos-child-labor-acton_us_5836eb7fe4b000af95edf12e">"Group Funded by Trump's Education Secretary Pick: 'Bring Back Child Labor'"</a>. Huffington Post. Retrieved February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Group+Funded+by+Trump%27s+Education+Secretary+Pick%3A+%27Bring+Back+Child+Labor%27&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft.aulast=Horowitz+Satlin&rft.aufirst=Alana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fbetsy-devos-child-labor-acton_us_5836eb7fe4b000af95edf12e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-training_program-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-training_program_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_program_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaczmarczyk2010" class="citation news cs1">Kaczmarczyk, Jeffrey (May 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2010/05/dick_and_betsy_devos_donate_22.html">"Dick and Betsy DeVos donate $22.5 million to Kennedy Center training program in Washington"</a>. The Grand Rapids Press. MLive Media Group. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Grand+Rapids+Press&rft.atitle=Dick+and+Betsy+DeVos+donate+%2422.5+million+to+Kennedy+Center+training+program+in+Washington&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft.aulast=Kaczmarczyk&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fgrand-rapids%2Findex.ssf%2F2010%2F05%2Fdick_and_betsy_devos_donate_22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy_center-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy_center_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy_center_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy_center_157-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrescott2010" class="citation news cs1">Trescott, Jacqueline (May 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/03/AR2010050302178.html">"Kennedy Center gets $22.5 million gift from DeVos family"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Center+gets+%2422.5+million+gift+from+DeVos+family&rft.date=2010-05-04&rft.aulast=Trescott&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F05%2F03%2FAR2010050302178.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LargestGift-158"><a href="#cite_ref-LargestGift_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZongker2010" class="citation news cs1">Zongker, Brett (May 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=37840">"Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Gets $22.5M Gift from DeVos Family"</a>. Art Daily. Associated Press. Retrieved July 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Daily&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Center+for+the+Performing+Arts+Gets+%2422.5M+Gift+from+DeVos+Family&rft.date=2010-05-04&rft.aulast=Zongker&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artdaily.com%2Findex.asp%3Fint_sec%3D2%26int_new%3D37840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT092717-159"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT092717_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriess2017" class="citation news cs1">Friess, Steve (September 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/27/arts/design/artprize-michigan-betsy-devos-donald-trump.html">"How a Quirky Art Prize Tied to the DeVos Family Went Political"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved September 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+a+Quirky+Art+Prize+Tied+to+the+DeVos+Family+Went+Political&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Friess&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F27%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fartprize-michigan-betsy-devos-donald-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windsor-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Windsor_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windsor_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx" class="citation web cs1">Marx, Linda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vb32963online.com/STORIES%202011/DECEMBER%202011/vb32963_Betsy_DeVos_issue52_122911.html">"Betsy DeVos: 'I did not want a place in Florida, but we fell in love with Windsor'"</a>. Vero Beach 32963. Retrieved July 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vero+Beach+32963&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%3A+%27I+did+not+want+a+place+in+Florida%2C+but+we+fell+in+love+with+Windsor%27&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvb32963online.com%2FSTORIES%25202011%2FDECEMBER%25202011%2Fvb32963_Betsy_DeVos_issue52_122911.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUscholarship-161"><a href="#cite_ref-NUscholarship_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905113001/http://blogs.northwood.edu/news/2015/04/22/six-northwood-university-students-receive-the-betsy-and-dick-devos-scholarship-for-free-enterprise-and-entrepreneurship/">"Six Future Northwood University Students Receive the Betsy and Dick DeVos Scholarship for Free Enterprise and Entrepreneurship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northwood_University" title="Northwood University">Northwood University</a>. April 22, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.northwood.edu/news/2015/04/22/six-northwood-university-students-receive-the-betsy-and-dick-devos-scholarship-for-free-enterprise-and-entrepreneurship/">the original</a> on September 5, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+Future+Northwood+University+Students+Receive+the+Betsy+and+Dick+DeVos+Scholarship+for+Free+Enterprise+and+Entrepreneurship&rft.pub=Northwood+University&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.northwood.edu%2Fnews%2F2015%2F04%2F22%2Fsix-northwood-university-students-receive-the-betsy-and-dick-devos-scholarship-for-free-enterprise-and-entrepreneurship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FEEbio-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FEEbio_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927014022/http://excelined.org/team/betsy-devos/">"Board of Directors"</a>. Foundation for Excellence in Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://excelined.org/team/betsy-devos/">the original</a> on September 27, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+of+Directors&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Excellence+in+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexcelined.org%2Fteam%2Fbetsy-devos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mission-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Mission_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.excelined.org/about-us/mission-and-history/">"Mission and History"</a>. Foundation for Excellence in Education. Retrieved July 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+and+History&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Excellence+in+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.excelined.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmission-and-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VStrauss-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VStrauss_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VStrauss_164-1">b</a> Valerie Strauss (December 21, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2016/12/21/to-trumps-education-pick-the-u-s-public-school-system-is-a-dead-end/">To Trump's education pick, the U.S. public school system is a 'dead end'</a>, The Washington Post, retrieved January 5, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/betsy-devos-trump-education-secretary-common-core-choice-2016-11">"Meet Betsy DeVos, the polarizing charter-school advocate Trump has tapped as education secretary"</a>. Business Insider. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Meet+Betsy+DeVos%2C+the+polarizing+charter-school+advocate+Trump+has+tapped+as+education+secretary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fbetsy-devos-trump-education-secretary-common-core-choice-2016-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alliance-166"><a href="#cite_ref-alliance_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201142444/http://www.allianceforschoolchoice.org/AboutUs/">"About Us – Board of Directors"</a>. Washington, D.C.: Alliance for School Choice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allianceforschoolchoice.org/AboutUs/">the original</a> on February 1, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us+%E2%80%93+Board+of+Directors&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Alliance+for+School+Choice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allianceforschoolchoice.org%2FAboutUs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oge_devos-167"><a href="#cite_ref-oge_devos_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127010355/https://extapps2.oge.gov/201/Presiden.nsf/PAS+Index/E554507378A61BDF852580AE002C70E1/$FILE/DeVos,%20Elisabeth%20P.%20%20final278.pdf">"DeVos, Elisabeth P."</a> (PDF). United States Office of Government Ethics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extapps2.oge.gov/201/Presiden.nsf/PAS+Index/E554507378A61BDF852580AE002C70E1/$FILE/DeVos,%20Elisabeth%20P.%20%20final278.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 27, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DeVos%2C+Elisabeth+P.&rft.pub=United+States+Office+of+Government+Ethics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextapps2.oge.gov%2F201%2FPresiden.nsf%2FPAS%2BIndex%2FE554507378A61BDF852580AE002C70E1%2F%24FILE%2FDeVos%2C%2520Elisabeth%2520P.%2520%2520final278.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-local_news-168"><a href="#cite_ref-local_news_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106195014/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/lansingstatejournal/access/1711889351.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&type=current&date=Apr+05,+2008&author=&pub=Lansing+State+Journal&desc=Local+news+briefs&pqatl=google">"Local News Briefs"</a>. Lansing State Journal. April 5, 2008. p. B1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/lansingstatejournal/access/1711889351.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&type=current&date=Apr+05%2C+2008&author=&pub=Lansing+State+Journal&desc=Local+news+briefs&pqatl=google">the original</a> on November 6, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Local+News+Briefs&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2008-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flansingstatejournal%2Faccess%2F1711889351.html%3FFMT%3DCITE%26FMTS%3DCITE%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DApr%2B05%252C%2B2008%26author%3D%26pub%3DLansing%2BState%2BJournal%26desc%3DLocal%2Bnews%2Bbriefs%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> This site is pay-per-view. </li> <li id="cite_note-SLT_040908-169"><a href="#cite_ref-SLT_040908_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolly2008" class="citation news cs1">Rolly, Paul (April 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=8859788&itype=NGPSID">"Paul Rolly: Pro-voucher group fined $5.2 million"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake Tribune">Salt Lake Tribune</a>. Retrieved February 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paul+Rolly%3A+Pro-voucher+group+fined+%245.2+million&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.aulast=Rolly&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.sltrib.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D8859788%26itype%3DNGPSID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAC_fined-170"><a href="#cite_ref-PAC_fined_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130129052709/http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/04/devos_pac_fined_record_52_mill.html">"DeVos PAC fined record $5.2 million by Ohio elections board"</a>. MLive.com. The Associated Press. April 5, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/04/devos_pac_fined_record_52_mill.html">the original</a> on January 29, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MLive.com&rft.atitle=DeVos+PAC+fined+record+%245.2+million+by+Ohio+elections+board&rft.date=2008-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2008%2F04%2Fdevos_pac_fined_record_52_mill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWermund2016" class="citation news cs1">Wermund, Benjamin (November 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/betsy-devos-all-children-matter-election-fines-231954">"Trump's education secretary pick led group that owes millions in election fines"</a>. Politico. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+education+secretary+pick+led+group+that+owes+millions+in+election+fines&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.aulast=Wermund&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F11%2Fbetsy-devos-all-children-matter-election-fines-231954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-choice_expanding-172"><a href="#cite_ref-choice_expanding_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/03/school_choice_expanding_as_rec.html">"School choice expanding as record fine languishes"</a>. MLive.com. The Associated Press. March 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MLive.com&rft.atitle=School+choice+expanding+as+record+fine+languishes&rft.date=2011-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fpolitics%2Findex.ssf%2F2011%2F03%2Fschool_choice_expanding_as_rec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP_unpaid_fine-173"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_unpaid_fine_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/12/14/democratic-senators-press-trumps-education-pick-betsy-devos-to-pay-years-old-5-2-million-fine/">"Democratic senators press Trump's education pick Betsy DeVos to pay years-old $5.3 million fine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Democratic+senators+press+Trump%27s+education+pick+Betsy+DeVos+to+pay+years-old+%245.3+million+fine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgrade-point%2Fwp%2F2016%2F12%2F14%2Fdemocratic-senators-press-trumps-education-pick-betsy-devos-to-pay-years-old-5-2-million-fine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Dawsey, Darrell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/07/observers_say_latest_affirmati.html">"Observers say latest affirmative action ruling may be overturned, but battle goes on in Michigan"</a>. MLive.com. July 5, 2011. Grand Rapids: MLive Media Group. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Stanton, Ryan J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annarbor.com/news/group-questions-why-right-wing-republican-group-is-behind-ads-supporting-democrat-pam-byrnes/">"Group questions why right-wing Republican group is behind ads supporting Democrat Pam Byrnes"</a>. AnnArbor.com. July 10, 2010. MLive Media Group. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2017" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Alyson (May 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/campaign-k-12/2017/05/betsy_devos_to_address_america.html">"Betsy DeVos to Address American Federation for Children"</a>. EdWeek. Retrieved May 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+to+Address+American+Federation+for+Children&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Alyson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.edweek.org%2Fedweek%2Fcampaign-k-12%2F2017%2F05%2Fbetsy_devos_to_address_america.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFCmission-177"><a href="#cite_ref-AFCmission_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806150331/http://www.federationforchildren.org/mission">"Our Mission"</a>. American Federation for Children. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federationforchildren.org/mission">the original</a> on August 6, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Mission&rft.pub=American+Federation+for+Children&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federationforchildren.org%2Fmission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928202330/http://www.crainsdetroit.com/awards/mostinfluentialwomen/3407066/Betsy-DeVos">"100 Most Influential Women: Betsy DeVos"</a>. Crain's Detroit. September 26, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crainsdetroit.com/awards/mostinfluentialwomen/3407066/Betsy-DeVos">the original</a> on September 28, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+Most+Influential+Women%3A+Betsy+DeVos&rft.pub=Crain%27s+Detroit&rft.date=2016-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crainsdetroit.com%2Fawards%2Fmostinfluentialwomen%2F3407066%2FBetsy-DeVos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2016" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Douglas N. (November 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/25/opinion/betsy-devos-and-the-wrong-way-to-fix-schools.html">"Betsy DeVos and the Wrong Way to Fix Schools"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+and+the+Wrong+Way+to+Fix+Schools&rft.date=2016-11-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Douglas+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F25%2Fopinion%2Fbetsy-devos-and-the-wrong-way-to-fix-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/442522/devos-and-detroits-charter-schools">"DeVos and Detroit's Charter Schools"</a>. National Review. Retrieved February 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=DeVos+and+Detroit%27s+Charter+Schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fcorner%2F442522%2Fdevos-and-detroits-charter-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_P._Greene" title="Jay P. Greene">Greene, Jay</a> (December 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educationnext.org/when-evidence-and-science-are-really-just-assumptions-and-ideology/">"When Evidence and Science are Really Just Assumptions and Ideology"</a>. Education Next.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Next&rft.atitle=When+Evidence+and+Science+are+Really+Just+Assumptions+and+Ideology&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educationnext.org%2Fwhen-evidence-and-science-are-really-just-assumptions-and-ideology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR_020417-182"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_020417_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2017" class="citation news cs1">Turner, Cory (February 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/02/04/513220220/betsy-devos-graduation-rate-mistake">"Betsy DeVos' Graduation Rate Mistake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%27+Graduation+Rate+Mistake&rft.date=2017-02-04&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fed%2F2017%2F02%2F04%2F513220220%2Fbetsy-devos-graduation-rate-mistake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EW_020117-183"><a href="#cite_ref-EW_020117_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerold2017" class="citation news cs1">Herold, Benjamin (February 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/DigitalEducation/2017/02/devos_cites_inflated_numbers_k12_inc_cyber_charters.html">"Betsy DeVos Used Cherry-Picked Graduation Rates for Cyber Charters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Education_Week" title="Education Week">Education Week</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos+Used+Cherry-Picked+Graduation+Rates+for+Cyber+Charters&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft.aulast=Herold&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.edweek.org%2Fedweek%2FDigitalEducation%2F2017%2F02%2Fdevos_cites_inflated_numbers_k12_inc_cyber_charters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAT1-184"><a href="#cite_ref-USAT1_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2007" class="citation news cs1">Schaefer, Jim (October 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-10-08-blackwater-prince_N.htm">"Blackwater founder comes under fire"</a>. USA Today. Retrieved December 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Blackwater+founder+comes+under+fire&rft.date=2007-10-09&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Firaq%2F2007-10-08-blackwater-prince_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJ1-185"><a href="#cite_ref-BMJ1_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/10192007/transcript4.html">"Transcript"</a>. Bill Moyers Journal. October 19, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transcript&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fmoyers%2Fjournal%2F10192007%2Ftranscript4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRP1-186"><a href="#cite_ref-GRP1_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/opinion/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2014/01/thank_you_betsy_devos_for_lead.html">"Thank you, Betsy DeVos, for leading GOP charge against Dave Agema"</a>. The Grand Rapids Press. January 28, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thank+you%2C+Betsy+DeVos%2C+for+leading+GOP+charge+against+Dave+Agema&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fopinion%2Fgrand-rapids%2Findex.ssf%2F2014%2F01%2Fthank_you_betsy_devos_for_lead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-decides_against-187"><a href="#cite_ref-decides_against_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathy_Barks_Hoffmann2008" class="citation news cs1">Kathy Barks Hoffmann (November 12, 2008). "DeVos decides against Mich. gubernatorial run". The Holland Sentinel. The Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holland+Sentinel&rft.atitle=DeVos+decides+against+Mich.+gubernatorial+run&rft.date=2008-11-12&rft.au=Kathy+Barks+Hoffmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://windquest.com/portfolio/">Windquest Group</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202065135/http://windquest.com/portfolio/">Archived</a> February 2, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website </li> <li id="cite_note-RickBio-189"><a href="#cite_ref-RickBio_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWozniak" class="citation web cs1">Wozniak, Curt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020000652/http://www.grmag.com/features/11-03/11-03.htm">"How I Spent My Summer Vacation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grmag.com/features/11-03/11-03.htm">the original</a> on October 20, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+I+Spent+My+Summer+Vacation&rft.aulast=Wozniak&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grmag.com%2Ffeatures%2F11-03%2F11-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artprize.org/about">"About"</a>. ArtPrize. Retrieved July 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArtPrize&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artprize.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes88-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes88_191-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/">Forbes 400</a>, No. 88 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/richard-devos/">Richard DeVos & family</a>, Forbes, retrieved January 4, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes_122611-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_122611_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2011" class="citation news cs1">Bennett, Laurie (December 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/lauriebennett/2011/12/26/the-ultra-rich-ultra-conservative-devos-family/">"The Ultra-Rich, Ultra-Conservative DeVos Family"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. Retrieved January 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Ultra-Rich%2C+Ultra-Conservative+DeVos+Family&rft.date=2011-12-26&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Flauriebennett%2F2011%2F12%2F26%2Fthe-ultra-rich-ultra-conservative-devos-family%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_112316-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_112316_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation news cs1">Smith, David (November 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/23/betsy-devos-education-secretary-trump-administration">"Betsy DeVos, billionaire philanthropist, picked as Trump education secretary"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved January 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Betsy+DeVos%2C+billionaire+philanthropist%2C+picked+as+Trump+education+secretary&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Fnov%2F23%2Fbetsy-devos-education-secretary-trump-administration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trying_to_trash-194"><a href="#cite_ref-trying_to_trash_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2017" class="citation news cs1">Cox, Brianna (February 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330010115/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/02/we-need-to-talk-about-the-betsy-devos-cartoon.html">"We Need to Talk About the Betsy DeVos Cartoon"</a>. Paste Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/02/we-need-to-talk-about-the-betsy-devos-cartoon.html">the original</a> on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=We+Need+to+Talk+About+the+Betsy+DeVos+Cartoon&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Farticles%2F2017%2F02%2Fwe-need-to-talk-about-the-betsy-devos-cartoon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z00GDXmkh2c">"Education Secretary Betsy DeVos Addresses Twitter Typos"</a>. Youtube. The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. February 13, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/z00GDXmkh2c">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=Education+Secretary+Betsy+DeVos+Addresses+Twitter+Typos&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dz00GDXmkh2c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenburg-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenburg_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenburg2018" class="citation news cs1">Rosenburg, Adam (March 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/2018/03/19/kate-mckinnon-betsy-devos-snl-weekend-update/#UGOfzExDouqR">"'Saturday Night Live' roasts the epic fail of a '60 Minutes' interview with Betsy DeVos"</a>. Mashable. Retrieved March 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Saturday+Night+Live%27+roasts+the+epic+fail+of+a+%2760+Minutes%27+interview+with+Betsy+DeVos&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Rosenburg&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2018%2F03%2F19%2Fkate-mckinnon-betsy-devos-snl-weekend-update%2F%23UGOfzExDouqR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinzman-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Hinzman_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinzman2018" class="citation news cs1">Hinzman, Dennis (March 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.out.com/popnography/2018/3/16/randy-rainbow-sits-down-secretary-education-betsy-devos">"Randy Rainbow Sits Down with Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos"</a>. Out. Retrieved March 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Randy+Rainbow+Sits+Down+with+Secretary+of+Education+Betsy+DeVos&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft.aulast=Hinzman&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.out.com%2Fpopnography%2F2018%2F3%2F16%2Frandy-rainbow-sits-down-secretary-education-betsy-devos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scarlet_Envy-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Scarlet_Envy_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/news/trumps-presidency-turns-into-a-musical-mockery-on-rupauls-drag-race/vi-BBV55qF">"Trump's presidency turns into a musical mockery on 'RuPaul's Drag Race'"</a>. MSN. March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+presidency+turns+into+a+musical+mockery+on+%27RuPaul%27s+Drag+Race%27&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Ftrumps-presidency-turns-into-a-musical-mockery-on-rupauls-drag-race%2Fvi-BBV55qF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2006" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, Kathy Barks (July 10, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Jul10/0,4670,MichiganGovernor,00.html">"Faltering Economy Obstacle for Granholm"</a>. Fox News. The Associated Press. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Faltering+Economy+Obstacle+for+Granholm&rft.date=2006-07-10&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Kathy+Barks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fwires%2F2006Jul10%2F0%2C4670%2CMichiganGovernor%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyette2000" class="citation news cs1">Guyette, Curt (February 23, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206030114/http://metrotimes.com/news/story.asp?id=12681">"God bless vouchers – The DeVos family's crusade to change public education"</a>. Metro Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.metrotimes.com/news/story.asp?id=12681">the original</a> on February 6, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro+Times&rft.atitle=God+bless+vouchers+%E2%80%93+The+DeVos+family%27s+crusade+to+change+public+education&rft.date=2000-02-23&rft.aulast=Guyette&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.metrotimes.com%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Fid%3D12681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetsy+DeVos" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Betsy_DeVos" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Betsy_DeVos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ed.gov/news/staff/bios/devos.html?src=hp">Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.betsydevos.com">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?42388">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Susy_Avery" title="Susy Avery">Susy Avery</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan Republican Party</a> 1996–2000 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Hills" title="Gerald Hills">Gerald Hills</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Hills" title="Gerald Hills">Gerald Hills</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan Republican Party</a> 2003–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Anuzis" title="Saul Anuzis">Saul Anuzis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_King_Jr." title="John King Jr.">John King Jr.</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">United States Secretary of Education</a> 2017–2021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cardona" title="Miguel Cardona">Miguel Cardona</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kelly" title="John F. Kelly">John F. Kelly</a></div>as Former US Cabinet Member </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as Former US Cabinet Member </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a></div>as Former US Cabinet Member </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_education" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecEd" title="Template:USSecEd"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecEd" title="Template talk:USSecEd"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecEd" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecEd"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">United States secretaries of education</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hufstedler" title="Shirley Hufstedler">Hufstedler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrel_Bell" title="Terrel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bennett" title="William Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Cavazos" title="Lauro Cavazos">Cavazos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Riley" title="Richard Riley">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Paige" title="Rod Paige">Paige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Spellings" title="Margaret Spellings">Spellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_King_Jr." title="John King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DeVos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cardona" title="Miguel Cardona">Cardona</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Education.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Education.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Education.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Education.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Education.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Education.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Education.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_cabinet_of_President_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Trump_cabinet" title="Template:First Trump cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Trump_cabinet" title="Template talk:First Trump cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Trump_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Trump cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_cabinet_of_President_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="First cabinet of Donald Trump">First cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2017–2021)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/100px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/150px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/200px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2850" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Steven Mnuchin</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Jim Mattis</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> (2019–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">William Barr</a> (2019–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Zinke" title="Ryan Zinke">Ryan Zinke</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bernhardt" title="David Bernhardt">David Bernhardt</a> (2019–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Sonny Perdue</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Ross" title="Wilbur Ross">Wilbur Ross</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Acosta" title="Alexander Acosta">Alexander Acosta</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Scalia" title="Eugene Scalia">Eugene Scalia</a> (2019–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">Tom Price</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Azar" title="Alex Azar">Alex Azar</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Brouillette" title="Dan Brouillette">Dan Brouillette</a> (2019–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Betsy DeVos</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Shulkin" title="David Shulkin">David Shulkin</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilkie" title="Robert Wilkie">Robert Wilkie</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kelly" title="John F. Kelly">John F. Kelly</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirstjen_Nielsen" title="Kirstjen Nielsen">Kirstjen Nielsen</a> (2017–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Pruitt" title="Scott Pruitt">Scott Pruitt</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_R._Wheeler" title="Andrew R. Wheeler">Andrew R. Wheeler</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney" title="Mick Mulvaney">Mick Mulvaney</a> (2017–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Vought" title="Russell Vought">Russell Vought</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Coats" title="Dan Coats">Dan Coats</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(American_politician)" title="John Ratcliffe (American politician)">John Ratcliffe</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Director of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Haspel" title="Gina Haspel">Gina Haspel</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lighthizer" title="Robert Lighthizer">Robert Lighthizer</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki Haley</a> (2017–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_McMahon" title="Linda McMahon">Linda McMahon</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovita_Carranza" title="Jovita Carranza">Jovita Carranza</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Reince Priebus</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kelly" title="John F. Kelly">John F. Kelly</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows">Mark Meadows</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_of_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Political appointments of Donald Trump">Political appointments of Donald Trump</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4898286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4898286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4898286#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000499356954">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4971150869804922190008">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhw3DjbJh6W3xkqjFBT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018077645">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810576221005606">Poland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6b679mf">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&oldid=1257890286">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&oldid=1257890286</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1958_births" title="Category:1958 births">1958 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Activists_from_Michigan" title="Category:Activists from Michigan">Activists from Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_billionaires" title="Category:American billionaires">American billionaires</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Dutch_descent" title="Category:American people of Dutch descent">American people of Dutch descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_philanthropists" title="Category:21st-century American philanthropists">21st-century American philanthropists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amway_people" title="Category:Amway people">Amway people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvin_University_alumni" title="Category:Calvin University alumni">Calvin University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christians_from_Michigan" title="Category:Christians from Michigan">Christians from Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DeVos_family" title="Category:DeVos family">DeVos family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_education_activists" title="Category:American education activists">American education activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_billionaires" title="Category:Female billionaires">Female billionaires</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Michigan_Republican_Party_chairs" title="Category:Michigan Republican Party chairs">Michigan Republican Party chairs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Holland,_Michigan" title="Category:People from Holland, Michigan">People from Holland, Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trump_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Trump administration cabinet members">Trump administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_secretaries_of_education" title="Category:United States secretaries of education">United States secretaries of education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_in_Michigan_politics" title="Category:Women in Michigan politics">Women in Michigan politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_members_of_the_Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Women members of the Cabinet of the United States">Women members of the Cabinet of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_politicians" title="Category:21st-century American women politicians">21st-century American women politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_philanthropists" title="Category:21st-century American women philanthropists">21st-century American women philanthropists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_businesswomen" title="Category:21st-century American businesswomen">21st-century American businesswomen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_businesspeople" title="Category:21st-century American businesspeople">21st-century American businesspeople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_women_business_executives" title="Category:American women business executives">American women business executives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Michigan" title="Category:Businesspeople from Michigan">Businesspeople from Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_politicians" title="Category:21st-century American politicians">21st-century American politicians</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2020">Use mdy dates from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2017" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 03:32 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betsy_DeVos&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-crlgt","wgBackendResponseTime":195,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.809","walltime":"2.046","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21496,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":429346,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11982,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":701809,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1777.195 1 -total"," 50.44% 896.470 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.42% 469.455 125 Template:Cite_news"," 18.76% 333.331 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 9.82% 174.500 47 Template:Cite_web"," 8.16% 145.023 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 5.01% 88.956 4 Template:Cite_book"," 4.50% 79.941 4 Template:Navbox"," 3.82% 67.820 1 Template:USSecEd"," 3.63% 64.544 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.060","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12021407,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","31.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","11.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","11.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","8.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","3.3"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","20","1.6"],["[others]","200","16.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rkk8l","timestamp":"20241122141222","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Betsy DeVos","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betsy_DeVos","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4898286","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4898286","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-14T22:25:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T03:32:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/88\/Betsy_DeVos_official_portrait.jpg","headline":"American politician and philanthropist"}</script> </body> </html>