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and youth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage_and_youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College,_France_mission,_marriage,_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College,_France_mission,_marriage,_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 College, France mission, marriage, and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College,_France_mission,_marriage,_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Business career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Business career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Business_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Management_consulting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_consulting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Management consulting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_consulting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_political_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_political_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Minor political issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_political_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_equity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_equity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Private equity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_equity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LDS_Church_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LDS_Church_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 LDS Church service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LDS_Church_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994_United_States_Senate_campaign_in_Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994_United_States_Senate_campaign_in_Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 1994 United States Senate campaign in Massachusetts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1994_United_States_Senate_campaign_in_Massachusetts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1994 United States Senate campaign in Massachusetts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1994_United_States_Senate_campaign_in_Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 After election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002_Winter_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002_Winter_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 2002 Winter Olympics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002_Winter_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Massachusetts_(2003–2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Massachusetts_(2003–2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Governor of Massachusetts (2003–2007) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Massachusetts_(2003–2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 2008 presidential campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activity_between_presidential_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activity_between_presidential_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Activity between presidential campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activity_between_presidential_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 2012 presidential campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2012_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2012 presidential campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2012_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Primary election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 General election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Subsequent activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsequent_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subsequent activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2016_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 2016 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Donald_Trump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Donald_Trump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Relationship with Donald Trump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Donald_Trump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_United_States_Senate_campaign_in_Utah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_United_States_Senate_campaign_in_Utah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 2018 United States Senate campaign in Utah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_United_States_Senate_campaign_in_Utah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senate_(2019–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senate_(2019–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 U.S. Senate (2019–present) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Senate_(2019–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. Senate (2019–present) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senate_(2019–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Tenure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.1 Social media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump_(2019–2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump_(2019–2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.2 First impeachment of Donald Trump (2019–2020) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump_(2019–2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_with_Black_Lives_Matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_with_Black_Lives_Matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.3 March with Black Lives Matter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_with_Black_Lives_Matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.4 2020 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_U.S._Capitol_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_U.S._Capitol_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.5 2021 U.S. Capitol attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_U.S._Capitol_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump_(2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump_(2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.6 Second impeachment of Donald Trump (2021) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump_(2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee_assignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee_assignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Committee assignments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee_assignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.1 Current </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Political positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Electoral history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Electoral history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._senator_from_Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._senator_from_Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 U.S. senator from Massachusetts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._senator_from_Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Governor of Massachusetts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_Republican_nominee_for_President_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_Republican_nominee_for_President_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 2012 Republican nominee for President of the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_Republican_nominee_for_President_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senator_from_Utah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senator_from_Utah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 U.S. Senator from Utah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senator_from_Utah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Awards and honors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and honors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Honorary degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-academic_awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-academic_awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Non-academic awards and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-academic_awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Published works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_and_viewing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_and_viewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Further reading and viewing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_and_viewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mitt Romney</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ميت رومني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميت رومني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_Romni" title="Mit Romni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mit Romni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="میت رامنی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میت رامنی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="মিট রমনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিট রমনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Уілард Міт Ромні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уілард Міт Ромні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Міт Ромні – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міт Ромні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мит Ромни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мит Ромни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%84_%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8A" title="Μιτ Ρόμνεϊ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιτ Ρόμνεϊ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="میت رامنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میت رامنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%8B_%EB%A1%AC%EB%8B%88" title="밋 롬니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밋 롬니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A9_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Միթ Ռոմնի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միթ Ռոմնի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="मिट रॉमनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिट रॉमनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מיט רומני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיט רומני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მიტ რომნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიტ რომნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mits_Romnijs" title="Mits Romnijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mits Romnijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мит Ромни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мит Ромни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="മിറ്റ് റോംനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിറ്റ് റോംനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="मिट रॉम्नी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिट रॉम्नी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%89" title="ميت رومنى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميت رومنى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="ミット・ロムニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミット・ロムニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%B9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مٹ رومنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مٹ رومنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ромни, Митт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ромни, Митт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="میت ڕۆمنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میت ڕۆمنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мит Ромни – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мит Ромни" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mitt Romney" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="மிட் ராம்னி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிட் 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected to promote compliance with the policy on biographies of living persons"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician and businessman (born 1947)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the American politician. For the football player who went by the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Milton_Romney" title="Milton Romney">Milton Romney</a>. For the singer with a similar sounding name, see <a href="/wiki/Ritt_Momney" title="Ritt Momney">Ritt Momney</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Mitt Romney</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="U.S. Senator Mitt Romney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg/220px-Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg/330px-Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg/440px-Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1901" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2019</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office January 3, 2019<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">70th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 2, 2003 – January 4, 2007</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Healey" title="Kerry Healey">Kerry Healey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Swift" title="Jane Swift">Jane Swift</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Willard Mitt Romney</div> (1947-03-12) March 12, 1947 (age 77) <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1993–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (before 1993)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Romney" title="Ann Romney">Ann Davies</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1969)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Tagg_Romney" title="Tagg Romney">Tagg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> <a href="/wiki/Lenore_Romney" title="Lenore Romney">Lenore LaFount</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romney_family" title="Romney family">Romney family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Holladay,_Utah" title="Holladay, Utah">Holladay, Utah</a>, U.S.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>) <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/JD%E2%80%93MBA" title="JD–MBA">JD–MBA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Businessman</li><li>investor</li><li>politician</li><li>writer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lawyer</li><li>management consultant</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Awards_and_honors">List of honors and awards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mitt Romney's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg/128px-Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg/192px-Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg/256px-Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="58" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romney.senate.gov">Senate website</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney%27s_remarks_urging_his_colleagues_not_to_object_to_the_certification_of_the_election_results_following_the_January_6th_Insurrection.oga" title="File:Mitt Romney's remarks urging his colleagues not to object to the certification of the election results following the January 6th Insurrection.oga">Mitt Romney's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="204" data-mwtitle="Mitt_Romney's_remarks_urging_his_colleagues_not_to_object_to_the_certification_of_the_election_results_following_the_January_6th_Insurrection.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Mitt_Romney%27s_remarks_urging_his_colleagues_not_to_object_to_the_certification_of_the_election_results_following_the_January_6th_Insurrection.oga/Mitt_Romney%27s_remarks_urging_his_colleagues_not_to_object_to_the_certification_of_the_election_results_following_the_January_6th_Insurrection.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Mitt_Romney%27s_remarks_urging_his_colleagues_not_to_object_to_the_certification_of_the_election_results_following_the_January_6th_Insurrection.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Mitt Romney's remarks on <a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count#Announcements_of_planned_Electoral_College_vote_count_objections" title="2021 United States Electoral College vote count">objections to the certification of the electoral results</a> following the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 Capitol attack</a> Recorded January 6, 2021</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#CE2029; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1525" /></a></td> <td style="background:#CE2029; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px;">This article is part of a series about <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitt Romney</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Electoral history of Mitt Romney">Electoral history</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Business career of Mitt Romney">Business career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Organizing_Committee_for_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Winter_Games_of_2002" title="Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002">Salt Lake Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Public image of Mitt Romney">Public image</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Governor of Massachusetts</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Governorship of Mitt Romney">Governorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">2002 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_health_care_reform" title="Massachusetts health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Presidential campaigns</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">Debates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binders_full_of_women" title="Binders full of women">"Binders full of women"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_presidential_transition_of_Mitt_Romney" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned presidential transition of Mitt Romney">Planned presidential transition</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">U.S. Senator from Utah</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2018 United States Senate election in Utah">2018 United States Senate election in Utah</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround:_Crisis,_Leadership,_and_the_Olympic_Games" title="Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games">Turnaround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Apology" title="No Apology">No Apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney%27s_2016_anti-Trump_speech" title="Mitt Romney's 2016 anti-Trump speech">Anti-Trump speech</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg/150px-Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg/225px-Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg/300px-Mitt_Romney_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="58" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mitt_Romney_series" title="Template:Mitt Romney series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mitt_Romney_series" title="Template talk:Mitt Romney series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mitt_Romney_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mitt Romney series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American politician, businessman, and lawyer serving as the junior <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> since 2019. He served as the 70th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">governor of Massachusetts</a> from 2003 to 2007 and was the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>'s nominee for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 election</a>. Raised in <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills, Michigan</a>, he spent over two years in France as a <a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">Mormon missionary</a>. He married <a href="/wiki/Ann_Romney" title="Ann Romney">Ann Davies</a> in 1969; they have five sons. Active in <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) throughout his adult life, Romney served as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Bishop (Latter Day Saints)">bishop</a> of his <a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">ward</a> and later as a <a href="/wiki/Stake_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stake (LDS Church)">stake president</a> for an area covering Boston and many of its suburbs. By 1971, he had participated in the political campaigns of both his parents. In 1971, Romney graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> (BYU) and in 1975 he received a <a href="/wiki/JD%E2%80%93MBA" title="JD–MBA">JD–MBA</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He became a management consultant and in 1977 joined <a href="/wiki/Bain_%26_Company" title="Bain & Company">Bain & Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. As Bain's <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> (CEO), he helped lead the company out of a financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded and led the spin-off company <a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain Capital</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a> investment firm that became one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_equity_firms" title="List of private equity firms">largest of its kind</a> in the nation. After stepping down from his positions at Bain Capital and in the LDS Church, Romney ran as the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in Massachusetts in <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1994</a> and lost to the incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>. He then resumed his position at Bain Capital. Years later, a successful stint as president and CEO of the then-struggling <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Organizing_Committee_for_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Winter_Games_of_2002" title="Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002">Salt Lake Organizing Committee</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</a> led to a relaunch of his political career. Elected governor of Massachusetts in <a href="/wiki/2002_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">2002</a>, Romney helped develop and later signed a <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_health_care_reform" title="Massachusetts health care reform">health care reform</a> law (commonly called "Romneycare") that provided near-universal health insurance access through state-level subsidies and <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_mandate" title="Health insurance mandate">individual mandates to purchase insurance</a>. He also presided over the elimination of a projected $1.2–1.5 billion deficit through a combination of spending cuts, increased fees, and closing corporate <a href="/wiki/Tax_loopholes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax loopholes">tax loopholes</a>. He did not seek reelection in <a href="/wiki/2006_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">2006</a>, instead focusing on his campaign <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">for the Republican nomination in the 2008 presidential election</a>, which he lost to Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>. Romney ran for president again four years later and was the Republican nominee in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_presidential_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Republican presidential nomination">2012 presidential election</a>, becoming the first LDS Church member to be a <a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">major party</a>'s nominee. He lost the election to President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. After reestablishing residency in Utah, Romney ran for <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> in <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2018 United States Senate election in Utah">2018</a>. When Romney won the Republican nomination and general election, he became the first person in modern American history to be elected governor and U.S. senator of different states.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Generally considered a <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republican_(modern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate Republican (modern United States)">moderate or more neoconservative Republican</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Romney was the lone Republican to vote to convict <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in his <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">first impeachment trial</a>, making him the first senator ever to have voted to remove a president of the same party from office.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Romney also voted to convict in Trump's <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">second trial</a> in 2021. He marched alongside <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> protestors, voted to confirm both <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>, supported <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Safer_Communities_Act" title="Bipartisan Safer Communities Act">gun control</a> measures, and did not vote for Trump in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a> presidential elections. He has long been hawkish on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia</a>, and is one of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s staunchest supporters in Congress. He has been accused by Trump loyalists of being a <a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">Republican In Name Only</a>. In 2023, Romney announced he would not run for <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2024 United States Senate election in Utah">reelection in 2024</a> and would retire from the Senate when his term expires in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heritage_and_youth">Heritage and youth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romney_family" title="Romney family">Romney family</a></div> Willard Mitt Romney<a href="#cite_note-mitt-bc-8">[8]</a> was born on March 12, 1947, at <a href="/wiki/Harper_University_Hospital" title="Harper University Hospital">Harper University Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, Michigan,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> one of four children born to automobile executive <a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> and former actress and homemaker <a href="/wiki/Lenore_Romney" title="Lenore Romney">Lenore Romney</a> (née LaFount).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> His mother was a native of <a href="/wiki/Logan,_Utah" title="Logan, Utah">Logan, Utah</a>, and his father was born to American parents in a <a href="/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico" title="Mormon colonies in Mexico">Mormon colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Of primarily English descent, he also has Scottish and German ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-rsgsg-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-rsgsgs-15">[15]</a> A fifth-generation member of the LDS Church, he is a great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Miles_Park_Romney" title="Miles Park Romney">Miles Park Romney</a> and a great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Miles_Romney" title="Miles Romney">Miles Romney</a>, who converted to Mormonism in its first decade. Another great-great-grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Pratt" title="Parley P. Pratt">Parley P. Pratt</a>, helped <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve" title="Quorum of the Twelve">lead the early church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries2-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FaithRise-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney_in_1965_Brook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white headshot of a young Romney." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mitt_Romney_in_1965_Brook.jpg/170px-Mitt_Romney_in_1965_Brook.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mitt_Romney_in_1965_Brook.jpg/255px-Mitt_Romney_in_1965_Brook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mitt_Romney_in_1965_Brook.jpg/340px-Mitt_Romney_in_1965_Brook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Romney in <a href="/wiki/Cranbrook_Schools" title="Cranbrook Schools">Cranbrook School</a>'s 1965 yearbook</figcaption></figure> Romney has three older siblings: Margo, Jane, and Scott. Mitt was the youngest by nearly six years.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> His parents named him after a family friend, businessman <a href="/wiki/J._Willard_Marriott" title="J. Willard Marriott">J. Willard Marriott</a>, and his father's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Romney" title="Milton Romney">Milton "Mitt" Romney</a>, a former quarterback for the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-real-14-19">[19]</a> Romney was called "Billy" until kindergarten, when he expressed a preference for "Mitt".<a href="#cite_note-crim102194-20">[20]</a> In 1953, the family moved from Detroit to the affluent suburb of <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills</a> and his father became the chairman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/American_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="American Motors">American Motors</a> the following year and helped the company avoid bankruptcy and return to profitability.<a href="#cite_note-real-15-21">[21]</a> By 1959, his father had become a nationally known figure in print and on television,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and Mitt idolized him.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a> Romney attended public <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary schools</a> until seventh grade, when he enrolled as one of only a few <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormon</a> students at <a href="/wiki/Cranbrook_Schools" title="Cranbrook Schools">Cranbrook School</a>, a private upscale boys' <a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">preparatory school</a> a few miles from his home.<a href="#cite_note-crim102194-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-cran-24">[24]</a> Many students there came from backgrounds even more privileged than his.<a href="#cite_note-prankster-25">[25]</a> Not particularly athletic, he also did not distinguish himself academically.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a> He participated in his father's successful <a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney#Governor_of_Michigan" title="George W. Romney">1962 Michigan gubernatorial campaign</a>,<a href="#cite_note-time-prof-2007-26">[26]</a> and later worked as an intern in the governor's office.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat-father-27">[27]</a> Romney took up residence at Cranbrook when his newly elected father began spending most of his time at <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Capitol" title="Michigan State Capitol">the state capitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-cran-24">[24]</a> At Cranbrook, Romney helped manage the <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> team, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Pep_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Pep squad">pep squad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-cran-24">[24]</a> During his senior year, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">cross country running</a> team.<a href="#cite_note-crim102194-20">[20]</a> He belonged to 11 school organizations and <a href="/wiki/School_club" class="mw-redirect" title="School club">school clubs</a>, including the Blue Key Club, a <a href="/wiki/Booster_club" title="Booster club">booster group</a> he had started.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-cran-24">[24]</a> During his final year there, his academic record improved but fell short of excellence.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-prankster-25">[25]</a> Romney was involved in several pranks while attending Cranbrook. He has since apologized for them, stating that some of them may have gone too far.<a href="#cite_note-32">[nb 1]</a> In March of his senior year, he began dating <a href="/wiki/Ann_Romney" title="Ann Romney">Ann Davies</a>; she attended the private <a href="/wiki/Cranbrook_Schools" title="Cranbrook Schools">Kingswood School</a>, Cranbrook's sister school.<a href="#cite_note-prankster-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-real-28-33">[32]</a> The two became informally engaged around the time he graduated from high school in June 1965.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-2007-prof-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College,_France_mission,_marriage,_and_children">College, France mission, marriage, and children</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-1542_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-1542_%28cropped1%29.jpg/220px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-1542_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-1542_%28cropped1%29.jpg/330px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-1542_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-1542_%28cropped1%29.jpg/440px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-1542_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Mitt Romney and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Romney" title="Ann Romney">Ann Romney</a> with <a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George Romney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenore_Romney" title="Lenore Romney">Lenore Romney</a> at the White House in 1969</figcaption></figure> Romney attended <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> during the 1965–1966 academic year.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a> He was not part of the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a> then taking form in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a> grew, a group staged a May 1966 <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a> at Stanford's administration building to demonstrate against draft status tests; Romney joined a counterprotest against that group.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-rcp-stan-34">[33]</a> He continued to enjoy occasional pranks.<a href="#cite_note-37">[nb 2]</a> In July 1966, he began a 30-month stint in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">Mormon missionary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> a traditional rite of passage in his family.<a href="#cite_note-43">[nb 3]</a> He arrived in <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>, where he shared cramped quarters under meager conditions.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries2-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a> Rules against drinking, smoking, and dating were strictly enforced.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries2-16">[16]</a> On average, individual Mormon missionaries do not gain many converts<a href="#cite_note-46">[nb 4]</a> and Romney was no exception:<a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a> he later estimated 10 to 20 for his entire mission.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[nb 5]</a> He initially became demoralized and later recalled it as the only time when "most of what I was trying to do was rejected."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a> Romney soon gained recognition within the mission for the many homes he called on and the repeat visits he was granted.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries2-16">[16]</a> He became a zone leader in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> in early 1968, and soon thereafter became an assistant to the <a href="/wiki/Mission_president" title="Mission president">mission president</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries2-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-tlgh-paris-50">[45]</a> While in Paris, Romney resided at the Mission Home for several months, and enjoyed a mansion far more comfortable than the accommodations he experienced elsewhere in the country.<a href="#cite_note-tlgh-paris-50">[45]</a> When the French expressed opposition to the U.S. role in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, Romney debated them. Those who yelled at him and slammed their doors in his face merely reinforced his resolve.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries2-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Romney_Great_for_%2768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1968 campaign poster showing a smiling George Romney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Romney_Great_for_%2768.jpg/200px-Romney_Great_for_%2768.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Romney_Great_for_%2768.jpg/300px-Romney_Great_for_%2768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Romney_Great_for_%2768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="270" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mitt's father <a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George</a> (pictured here in a 1968 poster) lost the Republican presidential nomination to <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Richard M. Nixon</a> and later was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_cabinet_and_appointments" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon cabinet and appointments">Nixon cabinet</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenore_Romney_for_U.S._Senate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="campaign button advocating Lenore Romney for U. S. Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Lenore_Romney_for_U.S._Senate.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="168" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mitt's mother Lenore, promoted here on a button, lost a Senate race in 1970. Mitt worked for her campaign.</div></div></div></div></div> In June 1968, while in southern France and driving an automobile that was hit by another vehicle, Romney was seriously injured. The crash killed one of his passengers, the wife of the mission president.<a href="#cite_note-nb-acc-54">[nb 6]</a> Romney then became co-president of a mission that had become demoralized and disorganized after the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">May 1968 general strike and student uprisings</a> and the car accident.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-mission-51">[46]</a> With Romney rallying the others, the mission met its goal of 200 baptisms for the year, the most in a decade.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-mission-51">[46]</a> By the end of his stint in December 1968, he was overseeing the work of 175 others.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-accident-52">[47]</a> As a result of his experience there, Romney developed a lifelong affection for France and its people, and has remained fluent in French.<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> At their first meeting following his return, Romney and Ann Davies reconnected and decided to get married.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> Before their wedding, Romney moved to <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>, where Ann had been studying.<a href="#cite_note-horowitz20120218-57">[51]</a> They married on March 21, 1969, in a civil ceremony in Bloomfield Hills and the next day, they flew to Utah for a Mormon wedding ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Temple" title="Salt Lake Temple">Salt Lake Temple</a>; Ann had <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion#Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Religious conversion">converted to the faith</a> while he was away.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-wedding-59">[53]</a> Romney had missed much of the tumultuous <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War">anti-Vietnam War movement in America</a> while in France. Upon his return, he was surprised to learn that his father had joined that movement during <a href="/wiki/George_Romney_presidential_campaign,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="George Romney presidential campaign, 1968">his unsuccessful 1968 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a> George was now <a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney#Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="George W. Romney">serving in President Richard Nixon's cabinet</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a>. In a June 1970 newspaper profile of children of cabinet members, Mitt said that U.S. involvement in the war had been misguided – "If it wasn't a political blunder to move into Vietnam, I don't know what is" – but supported Nixon's ongoing <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Incursion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Incursion">Cambodian Incursion</a> as a sincere attempt to end the war.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">U.S. military draft</a> for the Vietnam War, Romney sought and received two <a href="/wiki/Class_1-A" class="mw-redirect" title="Class 1-A">2-S student deferments</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/Class_1-A" class="mw-redirect" title="Class 1-A">4-D ministerial deferment</a> while living in France as a missionary. He later sought and received two additional student deferments.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-rcp-stan-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-draft-61">[55]</a> When those ran out, he drew number 300 in the <a href="/wiki/Draft_lottery_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft lottery (1969)">December 1969 draft lottery</a>, ensuring he would not be drafted.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-rcp-stan-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-draft-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> At culturally conservative BYU, Romney remained separated from much of the upheaval of that era.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-horowitz20120218-57">[51]</a> He became president of the Cougar Club <a href="/wiki/Booster_club" title="Booster club">booster organization</a> and showed a newfound discipline in his studies.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-horowitz20120218-57">[51]</a> During his senior year, he took a leave of absence to work as driver and <a href="/wiki/Advance_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance man">advance man</a> for his mother's unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign;<a href="#cite_note-ap-2007-prof-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a> together, they visited <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Michigan" title="List of counties in Michigan">all 83 Michigan counties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time-dreams-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-lessons-64">[58]</a> Romney graduated from BYU in 1971 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> and a 3.97 <a href="/wiki/Grading_(education)#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (education)">GPA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-horowitz20120218-57">[51]</a> He gave commencement addresses to both the College of Humanities and the whole of BYU.<a href="#cite_note-67">[nb 7]</a> The Romneys' first son, <a href="/wiki/Tagg_Romney" title="Tagg Romney">Taggart</a>, was born in 1970<a href="#cite_note-hewitt-82-42">[40]</a> while they were undergraduates at BYU and living in a <a href="/wiki/Basement_apartment" title="Basement apartment">basement apartment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-horowitz20120218-57">[51]</a> Their son Matthew was born in 1971 and Joshua in 1975. Benjamin (1978) and Craig (1981) were born after Romney had begun his career.<a href="#cite_note-hewitt-82-42">[40]</a> Romney wanted to pursue a business career, but his father advised him that a law degree (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a>) would be valuable to his career even if he never practiced law.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-harvard-69">[62]</a> As a result, he enrolled in the recently created four-year <a href="/wiki/JD%E2%80%93MBA" title="JD–MBA">joint</a> <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a> program coordinated between <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bg-harvard-70">[63]</a> He readily adapted to the business school's pragmatic, data-driven <a href="/wiki/Case_method" title="Case method">case study method of teaching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-harvard-69">[62]</a> Living in a <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont, Massachusetts</a>, house with Ann and their two children, his social experience differed from that of most of his classmates.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-harvard-69">[62]</a> He was nonideological and did not involve himself in the political issues of the day.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-harvard-69">[62]</a> Romney graduated from Harvard in 1975. He was named a Baker Scholar for graduating in the top 5% of his business school class and received his <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> degree <a href="/wiki/Latin_honors#United_States" title="Latin honors">cum laude</a> for ranking in the top third of his law school class.<a href="#cite_note-hewitt-46-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-harvard-70">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Business career of Mitt Romney">Business career of Mitt Romney</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_consulting">Management consulting</h3></div> After receiving his <a href="/wiki/JD%E2%80%93MBA" title="JD–MBA">JD–MBA</a> from Harvard, Romney passed the Michigan <a href="/wiki/Bar_examination_in_the_United_States" title="Bar examination in the United States">bar exam</a> but decided to pursue a career in business rather than law.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> He was recruited by several large companies but joined the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group" title="Boston Consulting Group">Boston Consulting Group</a> (BCG), reasoning that working as a <a href="/wiki/Management_consultant" class="mw-redirect" title="Management consultant">management consultant</a> for a variety of companies would better prepare him for a future position as a chief executive.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-MrPowerPoint-72">[65]</a> Part of a 1970s wave of top graduates who chose to go into consulting rather than join a large company directly,<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> he found his legal and business education useful in his job.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a> He applied BCG principles such as the <a href="/wiki/Growth-share_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth-share matrix">growth-share matrix</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nykr2007-74">[67]</a> and executives viewed him as having a bright future there.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> At BCG, he was a colleague of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, with whom he formed a friendship that has lasted for more than 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> In 1977, he was hired by <a href="/wiki/Bain_%26_Company" title="Bain & Company">Bain & Company</a>, a management consulting firm in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> formed a few years earlier by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bain_(consultant)" title="Bill Bain (consultant)">Bill Bain</a> and several other ex-BCG employees.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-nykr2007-74">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-hewitt-48-77">[70]</a> Bain later said of the 30-year-old Romney, "He had the appearance of confidence of a guy who was maybe ten years older."<a href="#cite_note-howmakemoney-78">[71]</a> Unlike other consulting firms, which issued recommendations and then departed, Bain & Company immersed itself in a client's businesses and worked with them until changes were implemented.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-nykr2007-74">[67]</a> Romney became a vice president of the firm in 1978,<a href="#cite_note-crim102194-20">[20]</a> working with such clients as the <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Company">Monsanto Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outboard_Marine_Corporation" title="Outboard Marine Corporation">Outboard Marine Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Industries" title="Burlington Industries">Burlington Industries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corning_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning Incorporated">Corning Incorporated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MrPowerPoint-72">[65]</a> Within a few years, the firm considered him one of its best consultants. In fact, clients sometimes preferred to use him rather than more-senior partners.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-vf-excerpt-79">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_political_issues">Minor political issues</h3></div> Two family incidents during this time later surfaced during Romney's political campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-dog-81">[74]</a> A state park ranger in 1981 told Romney his motorboat had an insufficiently visible license number and that he would face a $50 fine if he took the boat onto the lake. Disagreeing about the license and wanting to continue a family outing, Romney took it out anyway, saying he would pay the fine. The ranger arrested him for <a href="/wiki/Disorderly_conduct" title="Disorderly conduct">disorderly conduct</a>. The charges were dropped several days later.<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> In 1983, on a 12-hour family road trip, he placed the family's <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_dog_incident" title="Mitt Romney dog incident">dog in a windshield-equipped carrier on the roof of their car</a>, and then washed the car and carrier after the dog suffered a bout of diarrhea.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a> The dog incident in particular later became fodder for Romney's critics and political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-dog-81">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-seamus-83">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_equity">Private equity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain Capital</a></div> In 1984, Romney left Bain & Company to co-found and lead the spin-off <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a> investment firm Bain Capital.<a href="#cite_note-atl-pappu-84">[77]</a> He initially refrained from accepting Bill Bain's offer to head the new venture until Bain rearranged the terms in a complicated partnership structure so that there was no financial or professional risk to Romney.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-howmakemoney-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt060407db-85">[78]</a> Bain and Romney raised the $37 million needed to start the new operation, which had seven employees.<a href="#cite_note-MrPowerPoint-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-blum-86">[79]</a> Romney held the titles of president<a href="#cite_note-bg-leave1-87">[80]</a> and managing general partner.<a href="#cite_note-bg-leave1b-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-leave1-89">[82]</a> Though he was the sole shareholder of the firm, publications also called him managing director or CEO.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> Initially, Bain Capital focused on <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> investments. Romney set up a system in which any partner could veto one of these potential opportunities, and he personally saw so many weaknesses that few venture capital investments were approved in the initial two years.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a> The firm's first significant success was a 1986 investment to help start <a href="/wiki/Staples_Inc." title="Staples Inc.">Staples Inc.</a>, after founder <a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Stemberg" title="Thomas G. Stemberg">Thomas G. Stemberg</a> convinced Romney of the market size for office supplies and Romney convinced others; Bain Capital eventually reaped a nearly sevenfold return on its investment, and Romney sat on Staples's board of directors for over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-blum-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-nym-onep-93">[86]</a> Romney soon switched Bain Capital's focus from startups to the relatively new business of <a href="/wiki/Leveraged_buyouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Leveraged buyouts">leveraged buyouts</a>: buying existing companies with money mostly borrowed from banking institutions using the newly bought companies' assets as collateral, taking steps to improve the companies' value, and then selling those companies when their value peaked, usually within a few years.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-howmakemoney-78">[71]</a> Bain Capital lost money in many of its early leveraged buyouts, but then found deals that made large returns.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a> The firm invested in or acquired <a href="/wiki/Accuride_Corporation" title="Accuride Corporation">Accuride Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brookstone" title="Brookstone">Brookstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza" class="mw-redirect" title="Domino's Pizza">Domino's Pizza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sealy_Corporation" title="Sealy Corporation">Sealy Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_Authority" title="Sports Authority">Sports Authority</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artisan_Entertainment" title="Artisan Entertainment">Artisan Entertainment</a>, as well as some lesser-known companies in the industrial and medical sectors.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-howmakemoney-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a> Much of the firm's profit was earned from a relatively small number of deals; Bain Capital's overall success-to-failure ratio was about even.<a href="#cite_note-96">[nb 8]</a> Romney discovered few investment opportunities himself (and those that he did often failed to make money for the firm).<a href="#cite_note-real-155-97">[89]</a> Instead, he focused on analyzing the merits of possible deals that others brought forward and on recruiting investors to participate in them once approved.<a href="#cite_note-real-155-97">[89]</a> At Bain Capital, Romney spread profits from deals widely within the firm to keep people motivated, often keeping less than 10% for himself.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-depagr-98">[90]</a> Data-driven, he often played the role of a <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">devil's advocate</a> during exhaustive analysis of whether to go forward with a deal.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-nym-onep-93">[86]</a> He wanted to drop a Bain Capital <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a> that initially lost money, but other partners disagreed with him and it eventually made billions.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a> He opted out of the Artisan Entertainment deal, not wanting to profit from a studio that produced <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America_film_rating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America film rating system">R-rated films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a> Romney served on the board of directors of Damon Corporation, a medical testing company later found guilty of defrauding the government; Bain Capital tripled its investment before selling off the company, and the fraud was discovered by the new owners (Romney was never implicated).<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a> In some cases, Romney had little involvement with a company once Bain Capital acquired it.<a href="#cite_note-blum-86">[79]</a> Bain Capital's leveraged buyouts sometimes led to layoffs, either soon after acquisition or later after the firm had concluded its role.<a href="#cite_note-nykr2007-74">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt060407db-85">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-blum-86">[79]</a> Exactly how many jobs Bain Capital added compared to those lost because of these investments and buyouts is unknown, owing to a lack of records and Bain Capital's penchant for privacy for itself and its investors.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-dade-99">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> Maximizing the value of acquired companies and the return to Bain's investors, not job creation, was the firm's primary investment goal.<a href="#cite_note-blum-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-bc-jobs-102">[94]</a> Bain Capital's acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Ampad" title="Ampad">Ampad</a> exemplified a deal where it profited handsomely from early payments and management fees, even though the subject company itself later went into bankruptcy.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-nym-onep-93">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-bc-jobs-102">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dade_Behring" title="Dade Behring">Dade Behring</a> was another case where Bain Capital received an eightfold return on its investment but the company itself was saddled with debt and laid off over a thousand employees before Bain Capital exited (the company subsequently went into bankruptcy, with more layoffs, before recovering and prospering).<a href="#cite_note-nyt-dade-99">[91]</a> Referring to the layoffs that sometimes occurred, Romney said in 2007: "Sometimes the medicine is a little bitter but it is necessary to save the life of the patient. My job was to try and make the enterprise successful, and in my view the best security a family can have is that the business they work for is strong."<a href="#cite_note-nyt060407db-85">[78]</a> In 1990, facing financial collapse, Bain & Company asked Romney to return.<a href="#cite_note-atl-pappu-84">[77]</a> Announced as its new CEO in January 1991,<a href="#cite_note-bg-leave1b-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-leave1-89">[82]</a> he drew a symbolic <a href="/wiki/One-dollar_salary" title="One-dollar salary">salary of one dollar</a><a href="#cite_note-atl-pappu-84">[77]</a> (remaining managing general partner of Bain Capital during this time).<a href="#cite_note-bg-leave1b-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-leave1-89">[82]</a> He oversaw an effort to restructure Bain & Company's employee stock-ownership plan and real-estate deals, while rallying the firm's 1,000 employees, imposing a new governing structure that excluded Bain and the other founding partners from control, and increasing fiscal transparency.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-MrPowerPoint-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-atl-pappu-84">[77]</a> He got Bain and other initial owners who had removed excessive amounts of money from the firm to return substantial amounts, and persuaded creditors, including the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a>, to accept less than full payment.<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> Within about a year, he led Bain & Company to a return to profitability.<a href="#cite_note-MrPowerPoint-72">[65]</a> He then turned it over to new leadership and returned to Bain Capital in December 1992.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap022407-104">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> Romney took a leave of absence from Bain Capital from November 1993 to November 1994 to run for U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> During that time, Ampad workers went on strike and asked Romney to intervene. Against the advice of Bain Capital lawyers, Romney met the strikers, but told them he had no position of active authority in the matter.<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a> By 1999, Bain Capital was on its way to becoming one of the foremost private equity firms in the nation,<a href="#cite_note-nyt060407db-85">[78]</a> having increased its number of partners from 5 to 18, with 115 employees and $4 billion under management.<a href="#cite_note-howmakemoney-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-blum-86">[79]</a> The firm's average annual <a href="/wiki/Internal_rate_of_return" title="Internal rate of return">internal rate of return</a> on realized investments was 113%<a href="#cite_note-MrPowerPoint-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> and its average yearly return to investors was around 50–80%.<a href="#cite_note-wsj-bc-95">[88]</a> Starting in February 1999, Romney took a paid leave of absence from Bain Capital in order to serve as the president and CEO of the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_Olympic_Games_Organizing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City Olympic Games Organizing Committee">Salt Lake City Olympic Games Organizing Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bg-reins-110">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-paid-111">[103]</a> Billed in some public statements as keeping a part-time role,<a href="#cite_note-bg-reins-110">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[104]</a> Romney remained the firm's sole shareholder, managing director, CEO, and president, signing corporate and legal documents, attending to his interests within the firm, and conducting prolonged negotiations for the terms of his departure.<a href="#cite_note-bg-reins-110">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-exit-113">[105]</a> He did not involve himself in the firm's day-to-day operations or the investment decisions of its new private equity funds.<a href="#cite_note-bg-reins-110">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-exit-113">[105]</a> He retained his position on several boards of directors during this time and regularly returned to Massachusetts to attend meetings.<a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a> In August 2001, Romney announced that he would not return to Bain Capital.<a href="#cite_note-dn082001-115">[107]</a> His separation from the firm concluded in early 2002;<a href="#cite_note-bg-reins-110">[102]</a> he transferred his ownership to other partners and negotiated an agreement that allowed him to receive a share of the profits as a retired partner in some Bain Capital entities, including buyout and investment funds.<a href="#cite_note-personalworth-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-depagr-98">[90]</a> The private equity business continued to thrive, earning him millions of dollars in annual income.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-depagr-98">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LDS_Church_service">LDS Church service</h2></div> During his business career, Romney held several positions in the church's <a href="/wiki/Laity#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Laity">local lay clergy</a>. In the early 1970s, he served in a ward bishopric. He then served for a time as a seminary teacher and then as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Stake_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stake (LDS Church)">stake</a> <a href="/wiki/High_council_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="High council (Latter Day Saints)">high council</a> of the Boston Stake while <a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Bushman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard L. Bushman">Richard L. Bushman</a> was stake president.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-117">[109]</a> In 1977, he became a counselor to the president of the Boston Stake.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-117">[109]</a> He served as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Bishop (Latter Day Saints)">bishop of the ward</a> at Belmont, Massachusetts, from 1981 to 1986.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-belmont-118">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-bishop-119">[111]</a> As such, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Home_teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Home teaching">home teaching</a>, he also formulated Sunday services and classes using <a href="/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works">LDS scriptures</a> to guide the congregation.<a href="#cite_note-lat-church-120">[112]</a> After the destruction of the Belmont <a href="/wiki/Meetinghouse#Religious_meeting_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Meetinghouse">meetinghouse</a> by a fire of suspicious origins in 1984, he forged links with other religious institutions, allowing the congregation to rotate its meetings to other houses of worship during the reconstruction of the Belmont building.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-bishop-119">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-wbur-belmont-121">[113]</a> From 1986 to 1994, Romney was <a href="/wiki/Stake_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Stake president">president</a> of the Boston Stake, which included more than a dozen wards in eastern Massachusetts and almost 4,000 church members.<a href="#cite_note-vf-excerpt-79">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat-church-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> He organized a team to handle financial and management issues, sought to counter <a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Mormon">anti-Mormon</a> sentiment, and tried to solve social problems among poor Southeast Asian converts.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-bishop-119">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-wbur-belmont-121">[113]</a> An unpaid position, his local church leadership often took 30 or more hours a week of his time,<a href="#cite_note-lat-church-120">[112]</a> and he became known for his considerable energy in the role.<a href="#cite_note-vf-excerpt-79">[72]</a> He also earned a reputation for avoiding any overnight travel that might interfere with his church responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-lat-church-120">[112]</a> Romney took a hands-on role in the Boston Stake's matters, helping in domestic maintenance efforts, visiting the sick, and counseling burdened church members.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-belmont-118">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-bishop-119">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat-church-120">[112]</a> A number of local church members later credited him with turning their lives around or helping them through difficult times.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-bishop-119">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat-church-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-wbur-belmont-121">[113]</a> Others, rankled by his leadership style, desired a more consensus-based approach.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-bishop-119">[111]</a> Romney tried to balance the conservative directives from church leadership in Utah with the desire of some Massachusetts members to have a more flexible application of religious doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-vf-excerpt-79">[72]</a> He agreed with some requests from a liberal women's group that published <a href="/wiki/Exponent_II" title="Exponent II">Exponent II</a> calling for changes in the way the church dealt with women, but he clashed with women he felt were departing too much from doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-vf-excerpt-79">[72]</a> In particular, he counseled women not to have abortions except in the rare cases allowed by LDS doctrine<a href="#cite_note-nb-abor-123">[nb 9]</a> and encouraged unmarried women facing unplanned pregnancies to give their babies up for adoption.<a href="#cite_note-vf-excerpt-79">[72]</a> Romney later said that the years spent as an LDS minister gave him direct exposure to people struggling financially and empathy for those with family problems.<a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1994_United_States_Senate_campaign_in_Massachusetts">1994 United States Senate campaign in Massachusetts</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romney_1994_No_Watermark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man smiling at right with sign in background and parents holding toddler at left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Romney_1994_No_Watermark.jpg/200px-Romney_1994_No_Watermark.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Romney_1994_No_Watermark.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Campaigning for U.S. Senate in <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke, Massachusetts</a>, 1994</figcaption></figure> For much of his business career, Romney did not take public political stances.<a href="#cite_note-hersh-139-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> He had kept abreast of national politics since college,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a> and the circumstances of his father's presidential campaign loss had irked him for decades.<a href="#cite_note-ap-2007-prof-28">[28]</a> He registered as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_(voter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (voter)">Independent</a><a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a> and voted in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1992">1992 presidential primaries</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> former senator from Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">Paul Tsongas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hersh-139-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-slate-ceo-127">[118]</a> By 1993, Romney had begun thinking about entering politics, partly on Ann's urging and also to follow in his father's footsteps.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a> He decided to challenge incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, who was seeking reelection to a sixth term. Political pundits viewed Kennedy as vulnerable that year, in part because of the unpopularity of the Democratic Congress as a whole, and in part because this was Kennedy's first election since the <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Smith#Sexual_assault_accusations" title="William Kennedy Smith">William Kennedy Smith trial</a> in Florida, in which Kennedy's reputation had suffered.<a href="#cite_note-ted-bg-series-5-128">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a> Romney changed his affiliation to <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> in October 1993 and formally announced his candidacy in February 1994.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a> In addition to his leave from <a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain Capital</a>, Romney also stepped down from his church leadership role in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-lat-church-120">[112]</a> Radio personality Janet Jeghelian took an early lead in polls among candidates for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat, but Romney proved the most effective fundraiser.<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a> He won 68% of the vote at the May 1994 <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts Republican Party</a> convention; businessman <a href="/wiki/John_Lakian" title="John Lakian">John Lakian</a> finished a distant second, eliminating Jeghelian.<a href="#cite_note-133">[124]</a> Romney defeated Lakian in the September 1994 primary with more than 80% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-crim102194-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[125]</a> In the general election, Kennedy faced the first serious reelection challenge of his career.<a href="#cite_note-ted-bg-series-5-128">[119]</a> The younger, telegenic, and well-funded Romney ran as a businessman who said he had created 10,000 jobs and as a Washington outsider with a solid family image and moderate stances on social issues.<a href="#cite_note-ted-bg-series-5-128">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a> When Kennedy tried to tie Romney's policies to those of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, Romney responded, "Look, I was an independent during the time of Reagan-Bush. I'm not trying to take us back to Reagan-Bush."<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> Romney said, "Ultimately, this is a campaign about change."<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> Romney's campaign was effective in portraying Kennedy as soft on crime but had trouble establishing its own consistent positions.<a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a> By mid-September 1994, polls showed the race about even.<a href="#cite_note-ted-bg-series-5-128">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1994-bank-family-139">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a> Kennedy responded with a series of ads that focused on Romney's seemingly shifting political views on issues such as abortion;<a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a> Romney responded, "I believe that abortion should be safe and legal in this country."<a href="#cite_note-cbs-a-views-142">[133]</a> Other Kennedy ads centered on layoffs of workers at the Ampad plant owned by Bain Capital.<a href="#cite_note-ted-bg-series-5-128">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> The latter was effective in blunting Romney's momentum.<a href="#cite_note-nym-onep-93">[86]</a> Kennedy and Romney held a widely watched late October debate that had no clear winner, but by then, Kennedy had pulled ahead in polls and remained so.<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a> Romney spent $3 million of his own money on the race and more than $7 million overall.<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[nb 10]</a> Despite a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">disastrous showing for Democrats nationwide</a>, Kennedy won the election with 58% of the vote to Romney's 41%,<a href="#cite_note-bgseries3-68">[61]</a> the smallest margin in any of Kennedy's reelection campaigns for the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> The day after the election, Romney returned to Bain Capital, but the loss had a lasting effect; he told his brother, "I never want to run for something again unless I can win."<a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-olympics-edge-149">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_election">After election</h3></div> When his father died in 1995, Mitt donated his inheritance to BYU's <a href="/wiki/Marriott_School_of_Management#Organization_and_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriott School of Management">George W. Romney Institute of Public Management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lamb20060319-66">[60]</a> He also became vice-chair of the board of the <a href="/wiki/Points_of_Light_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Points of Light Foundation">Points of Light Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dn082001-115">[107]</a> which had embraced his father's <a href="/wiki/National_Volunteer_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Volunteer Center">National Volunteer Center</a>. Romney felt restless as the decade neared a close; making more money held little attraction for him.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-olympics-edge-149">[139]</a> Although no longer in a local leadership position in his church, he still taught <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School_(LDS_Church)" title="Sunday School (LDS Church)">Sunday School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-belmont-118">[110]</a> During the long and controversial approval and construction process for the $30-million <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massachusetts_Temple" title="Boston Massachusetts Temple">Mormon temple in Belmont</a>, he feared that, as a political figure who had opposed Kennedy, he would become a focal point for opposition to the structure.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-bishop-119">[111]</a> He thus kept to a limited, behind-the-scenes role in attempts to ease tensions between the church and local residents.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-belmont-118">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-bishop-119">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-wbur-belmont-121">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2002_Winter_Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orrin_Hatch_and_Mitt_Romney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Orrin_Hatch_and_Mitt_Romney.jpg/220px-Orrin_Hatch_and_Mitt_Romney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Orrin_Hatch_and_Mitt_Romney.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Romney with <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> at a press conference on Olympic security in October 2001</figcaption></figure> In 1998, Ann Romney learned that she had <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>; Mitt described watching her fail a series of neurological tests as the worst day of his life.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries4-58">[52]</a> After experiencing two years of severe difficulties with the disease, she found – while living in <a href="/wiki/Park_City,_Utah" title="Park City, Utah">Park City</a>, Utah, where the couple had built a vacation home – a combination of mainstream, alternative, and equestrian therapies that enabled her to lead a lifestyle mostly without limitations.<a href="#cite_note-saddle-150">[140]</a> When her husband received a job offer to take over the troubled organization responsible for the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Paralympics" title="2002 Winter Paralympics">Paralympics</a>, to be held in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> in Utah, she urged him to accept it; eager for a new challenge, as well as another chance to prove himself in public life, he did.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-olympics-edge-149">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-olympics-man-151">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a> On February 11, 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Organizing_Committee_for_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Winter_Games_of_2002" title="Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002">Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002</a> hired Romney as its president and CEO.<a href="#cite_note-Fire_Within-153">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romney_Olympics.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Romney standing with microphone in middle of curling lanes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Romney_Olympics.JPG/170px-Romney_Olympics.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Romney_Olympics.JPG/255px-Romney_Olympics.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Romney_Olympics.JPG/340px-Romney_Olympics.JPG 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Romney, as president and CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Organizing_Committee_for_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Winter_Games_of_2002" title="Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002">Salt Lake Organizing Committee</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</a>, speaking before a <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a> match</figcaption></figure> Before Romney took over, the event was $379 million short of its revenue goals.<a href="#cite_note-Fire_Within-153">[143]</a> Officials had made plans to scale back the Games to compensate for the fiscal crisis, and there were fears it might be moved away entirely.<a href="#cite_note-154">[144]</a> In addition, the Games' image had been damaged by <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympic_bid_scandal" title="2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal">allegations of bribery</a> against top officials including prior committee president and CEO Frank Joklik. The Salt Lake Organizing Committee forced Joklik and committee vice president Dave Johnson to resign.<a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a> Utah power brokers, including Governor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a>, searched for someone with a scandal-free reputation to take charge of the Olympics. They chose Romney based on his business and legal expertise as well as his connections to both the LDS Church and the state.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[146]</a> The appointment faced some initial criticism from both non-Mormons and Mormons that it represented cronyism and made the Games seem too Mormon-dominated.<a href="#cite_note-nykr2002-48">[44]</a> Romney donated to charity the $1.4 million in salary and severance payments he received for his three years as president and CEO, and also donated $1 million to the Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-bg-olympic-ties-157">[147]</a> Romney restructured the organization's leadership and policies. He reduced budgets and boosted fundraising, alleviating corporate sponsors' concerns while recruiting new ones.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-olympics-edge-149">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a> Romney worked to ensure the Games's safety after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> by coordinating a $300 million security budget.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-olympics-man-151">[141]</a> He oversaw a $1.32 billion budget, 700 employees, and 26,000 volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-Fire_Within-153">[143]</a> The federal government provided approximately $400 million<a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-karloly-159">[149]</a> to $600 million<a href="#cite_note-dobhuntOly-160">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-heldoly-161">[151]</a> of that budget, much of it a result of Romney's having aggressively lobbied Congress and federal agencies.<a href="#cite_note-heldoly-161">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-isikoly-162">[152]</a> It was a record level of federal funding for the staging of a U.S. Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-karloly-159">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-isikoly-162">[152]</a> An additional $1.1 billion of indirect federal funding came to the state in the form of highway and transit projects.<a href="#cite_note-ap-hunt-163">[153]</a> Romney emerged as the local public face of the Olympic effort, appearing in photographs, in news stories, on <a href="/wiki/Pin_trading" title="Pin trading">collectible Olympics pins</a> depicting him wrapped by an American flag, and on buttons carrying phrases like "Hey, Mitt, we love you!"<a href="#cite_note-nyt-olympics-edge-149">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> Organizing committee chair <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Garff" title="Robert H. Garff">Robert H. Garff</a> later said, "It was obvious that he had an agenda larger than just the Olympics",<a href="#cite_note-nyt-olympics-edge-149">[139]</a> and that Romney wanted to use the Olympics to propel himself into the national spotlight and a political career.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo021212-165">[155]</a> Garff believed the initial budget situation was not as bad as Romney portrayed, given there were still three years to reorganize.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a> Utah Senator <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bennett_(politician)" title="Bob Bennett (politician)">Bob Bennett</a> said that much of the needed federal money was already in place.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a> A <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a> analysis later found that the committee had nearly $1 billion in committed revenues at that time.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a> Olympics critic Steve Pace, who led Utahns for Responsible Public Spending, thought Romney exaggerated the initial fiscal state to lay the groundwork for a well-publicized rescue.<a href="#cite_note-wapo021212-165">[155]</a> Kenneth Bullock, another board member of the organizing committee and also head of the <a href="/wiki/Utah_League_of_Cities_and_Towns" title="Utah League of Cities and Towns">Utah League of Cities and Towns</a>, often clashed with Romney at the time, and later said that Romney deserved some credit for the turnaround but not as much as he claimed.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-olympics-edge-149">[139]</a> Bullock said: "He tried very hard to build an image of himself as a savior, the great white hope. He was very good at characterizing and castigating people and putting himself on a pedestal."<a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a> Despite the initial fiscal shortfall, the Games ended up with a surplus of $100 million.<a href="#cite_note-166">[156]</a> President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> praised Romney's efforts and 87% of Utahns approved of his performance as Olympics head.<a href="#cite_note-fortune-2007-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-aap04-772-167">[157]</a> It solidified his reputation as a "turnaround artist",<a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[159]</a> and Harvard Business School taught a case study based around his actions.<a href="#cite_note-nykr2007-74">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Olympic Committee">U.S. Olympic Committee</a> head William Hybl credited Romney with an extraordinary effort in overcoming a difficult time for the Olympics, culminating in "the greatest Winter Games I have ever seen".<a href="#cite_note-bgseries5-152">[142]</a> Romney wrote a book about his experience, <a href="/wiki/Turnaround:_Crisis,_Leadership,_and_the_Olympic_Games" title="Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games">Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games</a>, published in 2004. The role gave him experience in dealing with federal, state, and local entities, a public persona he had previously lacked, and the chance to relaunch his political aspirations.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-olympics-edge-149">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2002_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_campaign">2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial campaign</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2002_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial election</a></div> In 2002, plagued by political missteps and personal scandals, the administration of Republican <a href="/wiki/Acting_governor#Massachusetts" title="Acting governor">Acting Governor of Massachusetts</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Swift" title="Jane Swift">Jane Swift</a> appeared vulnerable, and many Republicans viewed her as unable to win a general election.<a href="#cite_note-aap04-772-167">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[160]</a> Prominent party figures – as well as the White House – wanted Romney to run for governor<a href="#cite_note-dn022202-171">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[162]</a> and the opportunity appealed to him for reasons including its national visibility.<a href="#cite_note-173">[163]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a> poll showed Republicans favoring Romney over Swift by more than 50 percentage points.<a href="#cite_note-cnn031902-174">[164]</a> On March 19, 2002, Swift announced she would not seek her party's nomination, and hours later Romney declared his candidacy,<a href="#cite_note-cnn031902-174">[164]</a> for which he would face no opposition in the primary.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-race-175">[165]</a> In June 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts Democratic Party</a> challenged Romney's eligibility to run for governor, noting that state law required seven years' consecutive residence and that Romney had filed his state tax returns as a Utah resident in 1999 and 2000.<a href="#cite_note-176">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-challenge-177">[167]</a> In response, the bipartisan Massachusetts State Ballot Law Commission unanimously ruled that he had maintained sufficient financial and personal ties to Massachusetts to be an eligible candidate.<a href="#cite_note-178">[168]</a> Romney again ran as a political outsider.<a href="#cite_note-aap04-772-167">[157]</a> He played down his party affiliation,<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a> saying he was "not a partisan Republican" but rather a "moderate" with "progressive" views.<a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a> He said he would observe a moratorium on changes to the state's laws on abortion, but reiterated that he would "preserve and protect a woman's right to choose" and that his position was "unequivocal".<a href="#cite_note-cbs-a-views-142">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgseries7-181">[171]</a> He touted his private sector experience as qualifying him for addressing the state's fiscal problems<a href="#cite_note-pbs-race-175">[165]</a> and stressed his ability to obtain federal funds for the state, offering his Olympics record as evidence.<a href="#cite_note-karloly-159">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-isikoly-162">[152]</a> He proposed to reorganize the state government while eliminating waste, fraud, and mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-baylesgolden-182">[172]</a> The campaign innovatively utilized <a href="/wiki/Microtargeting" title="Microtargeting">microtargeting</a> techniques, identifying like-minded groups of voters and reaching them with narrowly tailored messaging.<a href="#cite_note-183">[173]</a> In an attempt to overcome the image that had damaged him in the 1994 Senate race – that of a wealthy corporate buyout specialist out of touch with the needs of regular people – the campaign staged a series of "work days", in which Romney performed blue-collar jobs such as herding cows and baling hay, unloading a fishing boat, and hauling garbage.<a href="#cite_note-baylesgolden-182">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kleinshirtless-184">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-MigaFuzzy-185">[175]</a> Television ads highlighting the effort, as well as one portraying his family in gushing terms and showing him shirtless,<a href="#cite_note-Kleinshirtless-184">[174]</a> received a poor public response and were a factor in his Democratic opponent, <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_and_Receiver-General_of_Massachusetts" title="Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts">Massachusetts State Treasurer</a> <a href="/wiki/Shannon_O%27Brien" title="Shannon O'Brien">Shannon O'Brien</a>, leading in the polls as late as mid-October.<a href="#cite_note-baylesgolden-182">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-MigaFuzzy-185">[175]</a> He responded with ads that accused O'Brien of being a failed watchdog for state pension fund losses in the stock market and that associated her husband, a former lobbyist, with the <a href="/wiki/Enron_scandal" title="Enron scandal">Enron scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-MigaFuzzy-185">[175]</a> These were effective in capturing independent voters.<a href="#cite_note-MigaFuzzy-185">[175]</a> O'Brien said that Romney's budget plans were unrealistic; the two also differed on capital punishment and bilingual education, with Romney supporting the former and opposing the latter.<a href="#cite_note-186">[176]</a> During the election, Romney contributed more than $6 million – a state record at the time – to the nearly $10 million raised for his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-187">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[178]</a> On November 5, 2002, he won the election with 50% of the vote to O'Brien's 45%.<a href="#cite_note-189">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Massachusetts_(2003–2007)">Governor of Massachusetts (2003–2007)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Governorship of Mitt Romney">Governorship of Mitt Romney</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney_speaking_at_Old_North_Church_in_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mitt_Romney_speaking_at_Old_North_Church_in_Boston.jpg/220px-Mitt_Romney_speaking_at_Old_North_Church_in_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mitt_Romney_speaking_at_Old_North_Church_in_Boston.jpg/330px-Mitt_Romney_speaking_at_Old_North_Church_in_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mitt_Romney_speaking_at_Old_North_Church_in_Boston.jpg/440px-Mitt_Romney_speaking_at_Old_North_Church_in_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Romney announcing a Save America's Treasures Historic Preservation grant for the Old North Church in Boston, 2003</figcaption></figure> Romney was sworn in as the 70th governor of Massachusetts on January 2, 2003.<a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a> He faced a <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_state_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts state legislature">Massachusetts state legislature</a> with large Democratic majorities in both houses, and had picked his cabinet and advisors based more on managerial abilities than partisan affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-789-191">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-tnr-cohn-192">[182]</a> He declined a governor's salary of $135,000 during his term.<a href="#cite_note-193">[183]</a> Upon entering office in the middle of a <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a>, he faced an immediate $650 million shortfall and a projected $3 billion deficit for the next year.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a> Unexpected revenue of $1.0–1.3 billion from a previously enacted <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">capital gains tax</a> increase and $500 million in new federal grants decreased the deficit to $1.2–1.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Telegram-194">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[185]</a> Through a combination of spending cuts, increased fees, and removal of corporate tax loopholes,<a href="#cite_note-Telegram-194">[184]</a> the state achieved surpluses of around $600–700 million during Romney's last two full fiscal years in office, although it began running deficits again after that.<a href="#cite_note-200">[nb 11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romney_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mitt Romney resting on a wooden desk, flanked by an American flag, a picture of his wife, a lamp, and a painting of mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Romney_portrait.jpg/170px-Romney_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Romney_portrait.jpg/255px-Romney_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Romney_portrait.jpg/340px-Romney_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a> portrait by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whitney_(artist)" title="Richard Whitney (artist)">Richard Whitney</a></figcaption></figure> Romney supported raising various fees, including those for drivers' licenses and gun licenses, to raise more than $300 million.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegram-194">[184]</a> He increased a special gasoline retailer fee by $0.02 per US gallon ($0.0053/L), generating about $60 million per year in additional revenue.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegram-194">[184]</a> Opponents said the reliance on fees sometimes imposed a hardship on those who could least afford them.<a href="#cite_note-Telegram-194">[184]</a> Romney also closed tax loopholes that brought in another $181 million from businesses over the next two years and over $300 million for his term.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-2011-10-01-Barbaro-201">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg013105-202">[191]</a> He did so in the face of conservative and corporate critics who viewed these actions as tax increases.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-2011-10-01-Barbaro-201">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg013105-202">[191]</a> The state legislature, with the governor's support, cut spending by $1.6 billion, including $700 million in reductions in state aid to cities and towns.<a href="#cite_note-203">[192]</a> The cuts also included a $140 million reduction in state funding for higher education, which led state-run colleges and universities to increase fees by 63% over four years.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegram-194">[184]</a> Romney sought additional cuts in his last year as governor by vetoing nearly 250 items in the state budget; the legislature overrode all the vetoes.<a href="#cite_note-204">[193]</a> The cuts in state spending put added pressure on localities to reduce services or raise property taxes, and the share of town and city revenues coming from property taxes rose from 49% to 53%.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegram-194">[184]</a> The combined state and local tax burden in Massachusetts increased during Romney's governorship.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a> He did propose a reduction in the state income tax rate, but the legislature rejected it.<a href="#cite_note-205">[194]</a> Romney sought to bring near-universal health insurance coverage to the state. This came after <a href="/wiki/Staples_Inc." title="Staples Inc.">Staples</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Stemberg">Tom Stemberg</a> told him at the start of his term that doing so would be the best way he could help people.<a href="#cite_note-bg-hc-1-206">[195]</a> Another factor was that the federal government, owing to the rules of <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> funding, threatened to cut $385 million in those payments to Massachusetts if the state did not reduce the number of uninsured recipients of health care services.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries7-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt040606-207">[196]</a> Although the idea of universal health insurance had not come to the fore during the campaign, Romney decided that because people without insurance still received expensive health care, the money spent by the state for such care could be better used to subsidize insurance for the poor.<a href="#cite_note-bg-hc-1-206">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_050520-N-4549D-002_USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV_67)_Commanding_Officer,_Capt._Dennis_E._Fitzpatrick,_gives_the_Massachusetts_Gov._Mitt_Romney_a_tour_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier%27s_flight_deck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/US_Navy_050520-N-4549D-002_USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV_67%29_Commanding_Officer%2C_Capt._Dennis_E._Fitzpatrick%2C_gives_the_Massachusetts_Gov._Mitt_Romney_a_tour_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier%27s_flight_deck.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/US_Navy_050520-N-4549D-002_USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV_67%29_Commanding_Officer%2C_Capt._Dennis_E._Fitzpatrick%2C_gives_the_Massachusetts_Gov._Mitt_Romney_a_tour_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier%27s_flight_deck.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/US_Navy_050520-N-4549D-002_USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV_67%29_Commanding_Officer%2C_Capt._Dennis_E._Fitzpatrick%2C_gives_the_Massachusetts_Gov._Mitt_Romney_a_tour_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier%27s_flight_deck.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Governor Romney received a tour of the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS John F. Kennedy</a> on May 20, 2005, as part of celebrating <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day#United_States" title="Armed Forces Day">Armed Forces Day</a></figcaption></figure> Determined that a new Massachusetts health insurance measure not raise taxes or resemble the previous decade's failed <a href="/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993" title="Clinton health care plan of 1993">"Hillarycare"</a> proposal at the federal level, Romney formed a team of consultants from diverse political backgrounds to apply those principles. Beginning in late 2004, they devised a set of proposals that were more ambitious than an incremental one from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">Massachusetts Senate</a> and more acceptable to him than one from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a> that incorporated a new payroll tax.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries7-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-tnr-cohn-192">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt040606-207">[196]</a> In particular, Romney pushed for incorporating an <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_mandate" title="Health insurance mandate">individual mandate</a> at the state level.<a href="#cite_note-time-prof-2007-26">[26]</a> Past rival Ted Kennedy, who had made universal health coverage his life's work and who, over time, had developed a warm relationship with Romney,<a href="#cite_note-208">[197]</a> gave the plan a positive reception, which encouraged Democratic legislators to cooperate.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries7-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt040606-207">[196]</a> The effort eventually gained the support of all major stakeholders within the state, and Romney helped break a logjam between rival Democratic leaders in the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries7-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt040606-207">[196]</a> On April 12, 2006, Romney signed the resulting <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_health_reform_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts health reform law">Massachusetts health reform law</a>, commonly called "Romneycare", which requires nearly all Massachusetts residents to buy health insurance coverage or face escalating tax penalties, such as the loss of their personal income tax exemption.<a href="#cite_note-bg-signs-209">[198]</a> The bill also established <a href="/wiki/Means_test" title="Means test">means-tested</a> state subsidies for people who lacked adequate employer insurance and whose income was below a threshold, using funds that had covered the health costs of the uninsured.<a href="#cite_note-210">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[200]</a> He vetoed eight sections of the health care legislation, including a controversial $295-per-employee assessment on businesses that do not offer health insurance and provisions guaranteeing dental benefits to Medicaid recipients.<a href="#cite_note-bg-signs-209">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-overrides-212">[201]</a> The legislature overrode all eight vetoes, but the governor's office said the differences were not essential.<a href="#cite_note-ap-overrides-212">[201]</a> The law was the first of its kind in the nation and became the signature achievement of Romney's term in office.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries7-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[nb 12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney%27s_official_gubernatorial_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mitt_Romney%27s_official_gubernatorial_portrait.jpg/220px-Mitt_Romney%27s_official_gubernatorial_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mitt_Romney%27s_official_gubernatorial_portrait.jpg/330px-Mitt_Romney%27s_official_gubernatorial_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mitt_Romney%27s_official_gubernatorial_portrait.jpg/440px-Mitt_Romney%27s_official_gubernatorial_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption>Romney's official gubernatorial portrait, 2005</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of his governorship, Romney opposed same-sex marriage and civil unions but advocated tolerance and supported some domestic partnership benefits.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries7-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat-sht-215">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[204]</a> A November 2003 <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</a> decision, <a href="/wiki/Goodridge_v._Department_of_Public_Health" title="Goodridge v. Department of Public Health">Goodridge v. Department of Public Health</a>, required the state to recognize same-sex marriages.<a href="#cite_note-bg-civu-217">[205]</a> Romney reluctantly backed a state constitutional amendment in February 2004 that would have banned those marriages but still allowed civil unions, viewing it as the only feasible way to comply with the court's ruling.<a href="#cite_note-bg-civu-217">[205]</a> In May 2004 and per the court decision, he instructed town clerks to begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. But citing a <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_1913_law" title="Massachusetts 1913 law">1913 law</a> that barred out-of-state residents from getting married in Massachusetts if their union would be illegal in their home state, he said no marriage licenses were to be issued to people not planning to move to Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-lat-sht-215">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[206]</a> In June 2005, Romney abandoned his support for the compromise amendment, stating that it confused voters who opposed both same-sex marriage and civil unions.<a href="#cite_note-lat-sht-215">[203]</a> Instead, he endorsed a ballot initiative led by the Coalition for Marriage and Family (an alliance of socially conservative organizations) that would have banned same-sex marriage and made no provisions for civil unions.<a href="#cite_note-lat-sht-215">[203]</a> In 2004 and 2006, he urged the U.S. Senate to vote for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[208]</a> In 2005, Romney revealed a change of view regarding abortion, moving from the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion rights">abortion rights</a> positions expressed during his 1994 and 2002 campaigns to an <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">anti-abortion</a> one in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries7-181">[171]</a> He attributed his conversion to an interaction with Harvard University biologist <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Melton" title="Douglas A. Melton">Douglas Melton</a>, an expert on <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cell biology</a>, although Melton vehemently disputed Romney's recollection of their conversation.<a href="#cite_note-draper-nyt-221">[209]</a> Romney subsequently vetoed a bill on pro-life grounds that expanded access to <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraception" title="Emergency contraception">emergency contraception</a> in hospitals and pharmacies; the legislature overrode the veto.<a href="#cite_note-222">[210]</a> He also amended his position on embryonic stem cell research.<a href="#cite_note-nb-stem-223">[nb 13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_and_Ann_Romney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mitt_and_Ann_Romney.jpg/220px-Mitt_and_Ann_Romney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mitt_and_Ann_Romney.jpg/330px-Mitt_and_Ann_Romney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mitt_and_Ann_Romney.jpg/440px-Mitt_and_Ann_Romney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Mitt and Ann Romney at the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Correspondents_Dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Correspondents Dinner">White House Correspondents Dinner</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> Romney used a <a href="/wiki/Bully_pulpit" title="Bully pulpit">bully pulpit</a> approach towards promoting his agenda, staging well-organized <a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">media events</a> to appeal directly to the public rather than pushing his proposals in behind-doors sessions with the state legislature.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries7-181">[171]</a> He dealt with a public crisis of confidence in Boston's <a href="/wiki/Big_Dig" title="Big Dig">Big Dig</a> project after a <a href="/wiki/Big_Dig_ceiling_collapse" title="Big Dig ceiling collapse">fatal ceiling collapse in 2006</a> by wresting control of the project from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Turnpike Authority">Massachusetts Turnpike Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries7-181">[171]</a> After two years of negotiating the state's participation in the landmark <a href="/wiki/Regional_Greenhouse_Gas_Initiative" title="Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative">Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative</a> that instituted a <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">cap-and-trade</a> arrangement for power plant emissions in the Northeast, Romney pulled Massachusetts out of the initiative shortly before its signing in December 2005, citing a lack of cost limits for industry.<a href="#cite_note-224">[211]</a> In 2004, Romney spent considerable effort trying to bolster the state Republican Party, but it failed to gain any seats in the legislative elections that year.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-aap06-809-225">[212]</a> Given a prime-time appearance at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 Republican National Convention</a>, he began to be discussed as a potential 2008 presidential candidate.<a href="#cite_note-226">[213]</a> Midway through his term, Romney decided that he wanted to stage a full-time run for president,<a href="#cite_note-battle-238-227">[214]</a> and on December 14, 2005, he announced that he would not seek reelection as governor.<a href="#cite_note-228">[215]</a> As chair of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a>, Romney traveled around the country, meeting prominent Republicans and building a national political network;<a href="#cite_note-battle-238-227">[214]</a> he spent more than 200 days out of state in 2006, preparing for his run.<a href="#cite_note-229">[216]</a> Romney had a 61 percent job approval rating after his initial fiscal actions in 2003, but it subsequently declined,<a href="#cite_note-mason-polls-230">[217]</a> driven in part by his frequent out-of-state travel.<a href="#cite_note-mason-polls-230">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-aap08-790-231">[218]</a> It stood at 34 percent in November 2006, ranking 48th of the 50 U.S. governors.<a href="#cite_note-232">[219]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2006_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">2006 Massachusetts gubernatorial election</a>, Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a> beat Romney's lieutenant governor, <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Healey" title="Kerry Healey">Kerry Healey</a>, by 20 points, with the win partially due to dissatisfaction with Romney's administration and the weak condition of the state Republican party.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-790-231">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-healeypoll-233">[220]</a> Romney filed to register a presidential campaign committee with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> on his penultimate day in office as governor. His term ended on January 4, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-234">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2008_presidential_campaign">2008 presidential campaign</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2008 presidential campaign">Mitt Romney 2008 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008 Republican Party presidential primaries</a></div> Romney formally announced his candidacy for the 2008 Republican nomination for president on February 13, 2007, in <a href="/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bg-ann-235">[222]</a> Again casting himself as a political outsider,<a href="#cite_note-battle-239-236">[223]</a> his speech frequently invoked his father and his family, and stressed experiences in the private, public, and voluntary sectors that had brought him to this point.<a href="#cite_note-bg-ann-235">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-dn-ann-237">[224]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney_visits_Ames_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mitt Romney addressing an audience from atop a stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mitt_Romney_visits_Ames_cropped.jpg/200px-Mitt_Romney_visits_Ames_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mitt_Romney_visits_Ames_cropped.jpg/300px-Mitt_Romney_visits_Ames_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Mitt_Romney_visits_Ames_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Holding an "Ask Mitt Anything" session in <a href="/wiki/Ames,_Iowa" title="Ames, Iowa">Ames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, in May 2007</figcaption></figure> The campaign emphasized Romney's highly profitable career in the business world and his stewardship of the 2002 Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-battle-238-227">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-gc-293-238">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[nb 14]</a> He also had political experience as a governor, together with a political pedigree courtesy of his father (as well as many biographical parallels with him).<a href="#cite_note-245">[nb 15]</a> Ann Romney, who had become an advocate for those with multiple sclerosis,<a href="#cite_note-246">[231]</a> was in remission and was an active participant in his campaign,<a href="#cite_note-lat112407-247">[232]</a> helping to soften his political personality.<a href="#cite_note-GQ-draper-248">[233]</a> Media stories called the 6-foot-2-inch (1.88 m) Romney handsome;<a href="#cite_note-249">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[237]</a> a number of commentators noted that with his square jaw and ample hair graying at the temples, he matched a common image of what a president should look like.<a href="#cite_note-atl-pappu-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-econ-prof-2007-253">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[240]</a> Romney's liabilities included having run for senator and serving as governor in one of the nation's most liberal states and having taken positions in opposition to the party's conservative base during that time.<a href="#cite_note-battle-238-227">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-gc-293-238">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat112407-247">[232]</a> Late during his term as governor, he had shifted positions and emphases to better align with <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">traditional conservatives on social issues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-battle-238-227">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-gc-293-238">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat112407-247">[232]</a> Skeptics, including some Republicans, charged Romney with opportunism and a lack of core principles.<a href="#cite_note-slate-ceo-127">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgseries7-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-gc-295-256">[241]</a> As a Mormon, he faced suspicion and skepticism by some in the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> wing of the party.<a href="#cite_note-gc-295-256">[241]</a> For his campaign, Romney assembled a veteran group of Republican staffers, consultants, and pollsters.<a href="#cite_note-gc-293-238">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[242]</a> But he was little-known nationally, and hovered around 10% support in <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_Republican_Party_2008_presidential_candidates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the Republican Party 2008 presidential candidates">Republican preference polls for the first half of 2007</a>.<a href="#cite_note-battle-238-227">[214]</a> He proved the most effective fundraiser of any of the Republican candidates and also partly financed his campaign with his own personal fortune.<a href="#cite_note-gc-293-238">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[243]</a> These resources, combined with the mid-year near-collapse of nominal front-runner <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>'s campaign, made Romney a threat to win the nomination and the focus of the other candidates' attacks.<a href="#cite_note-259">[244]</a> Romney's staff suffered from internal strife; Romney himself was at times indecisive, often asking for more data before making a decision.<a href="#cite_note-gc-293-238">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[245]</a> During all his political campaigns, Romney has avoided speaking publicly about Mormon doctrines, referring to <a href="/wiki/No_Religious_Test_Clause" title="No Religious Test Clause">the U.S. Constitution's prohibition of religious tests for public office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-speech-261">[246]</a> But persistent questions about the role of religion in his life, as well as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Baptist">Southern Baptist</a> minister and former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Arkansas">Governor of Arkansas</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a>'s rise in the polls based on an explicitly Christian-themed campaign, led to Romney's December 6, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney%27s_%22Faith_in_America%22_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitt Romney's "Faith in America" speech">"Faith in America" speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fox120607-262">[247]</a> In it, Romney declared, "I believe in my Mormon faith and endeavor to live by it. My faith is the faith of my fathers. I will be true to them and to my beliefs."<a href="#cite_note-FaithRise-17">[17]</a> He added that he should be neither elected nor rejected because of his religion,<a href="#cite_note-msn120607-263">[248]</a> and echoed Senator <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s famous speech during <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#1960_presidential_election" title="John F. Kennedy">his 1960 presidential campaign</a> in saying, "I will put no doctrine of any church above the plain duties of the office and the sovereign authority of the law."<a href="#cite_note-fox120607-262">[247]</a> Instead of discussing the specific tenets of his faith, he said he would be informed by it, saying: "Freedom requires religion just as religion requires freedom. Freedom and religion endure together, or perish alone."<a href="#cite_note-fox120607-262">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-msn120607-263">[248]</a> Academics later studied the role religion played in the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-266">[nb 16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romrally.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Romrally.png/220px-Romrally.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Romrally.png/330px-Romrally.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Romrally.png/440px-Romrally.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Romney and supporters campaigning in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, September 2007</figcaption></figure> The campaign's strategy called for winning the initial two contests – the January 3, 2008, <a href="/wiki/2008_Iowa_Republican_caucuses" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Iowa Republican caucuses">Iowa Republican caucuses</a> and the January 8 <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election in New Hampshire, 2008">New Hampshire primary</a> – to propel Romney nationally.<a href="#cite_note-267">[251]</a> But he took second place in both, losing Iowa to Huckabee, who received more than twice the evangelical Christian votes,<a href="#cite_note-battle-280-268">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[253]</a> and New Hampshire to the resurgent McCain.<a href="#cite_note-battle-280-268">[252]</a> Huckabee and McCain criticized Romney's image as a <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(politics)" title="Flip-flop (politics)">flip-flopper</a><a href="#cite_note-battle-280-268">[252]</a> and this label stuck to Romney through the campaign<a href="#cite_note-gc-293-238">[225]</a> (one that Romney rejected as unfair and inaccurate, except for his acknowledged change of mind on abortion).<a href="#cite_note-GQ-draper-248">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-mag-270">[254]</a> Romney seemed to approach the campaign as a management consulting exercise, and showed a lack of personal warmth and political feel; journalist <a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Evan Thomas</a> wrote that Romney "came off as a phony, even when he was perfectly sincere".<a href="#cite_note-GQ-draper-248">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[255]</a> The fervor with which Romney adopted his new stances and attitudes contributed to the perception of inauthenticity that hampered the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-nykr2007-74">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt030511-272">[256]</a> His staff concluded that competing as a candidate of social conservatism and ideological purity rather than of pragmatic competence had been a mistake.<a href="#cite_note-GQ-draper-248">[233]</a> McCain's win <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina" title="2008 United States presidential election in South Carolina">in South Carolina</a> and Romney's <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_primary,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Republican primary, 2008">in his childhood home Michigan</a> set up a pivotal battle in the January 29 <a href="/wiki/Florida_Republican_primary,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Republican primary, 2008">Florida primary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-battle-284-273">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-gc-313-274">[258]</a> Romney campaigned intensively on economic issues and the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">subprime mortgage crisis</a>, while McCain attacked Romney on Iraq policy and benefited from endorsements from Florida officeholders.<a href="#cite_note-battle-284-273">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-gc-313-274">[258]</a> McCain won by five points.<a href="#cite_note-battle-284-273">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-gc-313-274">[258]</a> Although many Republican officials were now lining up behind McCain,<a href="#cite_note-gc-313-274">[258]</a> Romney persisted through the nationwide <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday,_2008" title="Super Tuesday, 2008">Super Tuesday</a> contests on February 5. There he won primaries or caucuses in several states, but McCain won in more and in larger-population ones.<a href="#cite_note-cnn020708-275">[259]</a> Trailing McCain in delegates by a more than two-to-one margin, Romney announced the end of his campaign on February 7.<a href="#cite_note-cnn020708-275">[259]</a> Altogether, Romney had won 11 primaries and caucuses,<a href="#cite_note-276">[260]</a> receiving about 4.7 million votes<a href="#cite_note-277">[261]</a> and garnering about 280 delegates.<a href="#cite_note-AP-Sidoti-2008-02-14-278">[262]</a> He spent $110 million during the campaign, including $45 million of his own money.<a href="#cite_note-bg071708-279">[263]</a> Romney endorsed McCain for president a week later,<a href="#cite_note-AP-Sidoti-2008-02-14-278">[262]</a> and McCain had Romney on a <a href="/wiki/Short_list" title="Short list">short list</a> for running mate, where his business experience would have balanced one of McCain's weaknesses.<a href="#cite_note-280">[264]</a> Behind in the polls, McCain opted instead for a high-risk, high-reward "game changer", <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alaska">Alaska Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[265]</a> McCain lost the election to Democratic senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activity_between_presidential_campaigns">Activity between presidential campaigns</h2></div> Romney supported the Bush administration's <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, later saying that it prevented the U.S. financial system from collapsing.<a href="#cite_note-282">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[267]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_2008%E2%80%932010_automotive_industry_crisis_on_the_United_States" title="Effects of the 2008–2010 automotive industry crisis on the United States">U.S. automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010</a>, he opposed a bailout of the industry in the form of direct government intervention, and argued that a managed bankruptcy of struggling automobile companies should instead be accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Loan_guarantee" title="Loan guarantee">federal guarantees</a> for post-bankruptcy financing from the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-284">[268]</a> After the 2008 election, Romney laid the groundwork for a <a href="/wiki/2012_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 U.S. presidential election">2012 presidential campaign</a> by using his Free and Strong America <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committee</a> (PAC) to raise money for other Republican candidates and pay his existing political staff's salaries and consulting fees.<a href="#cite_note-bg120808-285">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[270]</a> A network of former staff and supporters around the nation were eager for him to run again.<a href="#cite_note-pol062909-287">[271]</a> He continued to give speeches and raise funds for Republicans,<a href="#cite_note-288">[272]</a> but fearing overexposure, turned down many potential media appearances.<a href="#cite_note-bg-mag-270">[254]</a> He also spoke before business, educational, and motivational groups.<a href="#cite_note-289">[273]</a> From 2009 to 2011, he served on the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/Marriott_International" title="Marriott International">Marriott International</a>, founded by his namesake J. Willard Marriott.<a href="#cite_note-ap-mi-290">[274]</a> He had previously served on it from 1993 to 2002.<a href="#cite_note-ap-mi-290">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[nb 17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC-100320-M-2906G-011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Casual photograph of Mitt Romney indoors seated and signing books" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USMC-100320-M-2906G-011.jpg/220px-USMC-100320-M-2906G-011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USMC-100320-M-2906G-011.jpg/330px-USMC-100320-M-2906G-011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USMC-100320-M-2906G-011.jpg/440px-USMC-100320-M-2906G-011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Romney signing copies of his new book <a href="/wiki/No_Apology:_The_Case_for_American_Greatness" class="mw-redirect" title="No Apology: The Case for American Greatness">No Apology: The Case for American Greatness</a> for service members at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar" title="Marine Corps Air Station Miramar">Marine Corps Air Station Miramar</a> in March 2010</figcaption></figure> In 2009, the Romneys sold their primary residence in Belmont and their ski chalet in Utah, leaving them an estate along <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipesaukee" title="Lake Winnipesaukee">Lake Winnipesaukee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wolfeboro,_New_Hampshire" title="Wolfeboro, New Hampshire">Wolfeboro, New Hampshire</a>, and an oceanfront home in the <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla" title="La Jolla">La Jolla</a> district of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a>, which they had bought the year before.<a href="#cite_note-bg-mag-270">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-hl050609-294">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[278]</a> The La Jolla home proved beneficial in location and climate for Ann Romney's multiple sclerosis therapies and for recovering from her late 2008 diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Mammary_ductal_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammary ductal carcinoma">mammary ductal carcinoma</a> <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> and subsequent lumpectomy.<a href="#cite_note-hl050609-294">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-sd-296">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[280]</a> Both it and the New Hampshire estate were near some of their grandchildren.<a href="#cite_note-hl050609-294">[277]</a> Romney maintained his voting registration in Massachusetts, however, and bought a smaller condominium in Belmont during 2010.<a href="#cite_note-ap-sd-296">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[281]</a> In February 2010, Romney had a minor altercation with <a href="/wiki/LMFAO" title="LMFAO">LMFAO</a> member <a href="/wiki/Sky_Blu_(rapper)" title="Sky Blu (rapper)">Skyler Gordy</a>, known as Sky Blu, on an airplane flight.<a href="#cite_note-302">[nb 18]</a> Romney released his book, <a href="/wiki/No_Apology:_The_Case_for_American_Greatness" class="mw-redirect" title="No Apology: The Case for American Greatness">No Apology: The Case for American Greatness</a>, in March 2010, and undertook an 18-state book tour to promote it.<a href="#cite_note-303">[285]</a> In the book, he writes of his belief in <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-time-no-rev-304">[286]</a> and presents his economic and geopolitical views rather than anecdotes about his personal or political life.<a href="#cite_note-time-no-rev-304">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[287]</a> It debuted atop <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list">The New York Times Best Seller list</a>.<a href="#cite_note-best-306">[288]</a> Romney donated his earnings from the book to charity.<a href="#cite_note-bg-discl-2011-307">[289]</a> Immediately after the March 2010 passage of the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>, Romney attacked the landmark legislation as "an unconscionable abuse of power" and said it should be repealed.<a href="#cite_note-ap032610-308">[290]</a> The antipathy Republicans felt for it created a potential problem for Romney, since the new federal law was in many ways similar to the Massachusetts health care reform passed during his gubernatorial tenure; as one <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> article stated, "Obamacare ... looks a lot like Romneycare."<a href="#cite_note-ap032610-308">[290]</a> While acknowledging that his plan was an imperfect work in progress, Romney did not back away from it. He defended the state-level health insurance mandate that underpinned it, calling the bill the right answer to Massachusetts's problems at the time.<a href="#cite_note-ap032610-308">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[292]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican presidential primaries</a>, Romney led or placed in the top three with Palin and Huckabee. A January 2010 <a href="/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal">National Journal</a> survey of political insiders found that a majority of Republican insiders and a plurality of Democratic insiders predicted Romney would be the party's 2012 nominee.<a href="#cite_note-311">[293]</a> Romney campaigned heavily for Republican candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_elections" title="2010 United States elections">2010 midterm elections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-312">[294]</a> raising more money than the other prospective 2012 Republican presidential candidates.<a href="#cite_note-313">[295]</a> Beginning in early 2011, he presented a more relaxed image, including more casual attire.<a href="#cite_note-nyt030511-272">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol-5chal-314">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2012_presidential_campaign">2012 presidential campaign</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012 Republican Party presidential primaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_election">Primary election</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romney_2011_Paradise_Valley,_AZ_rally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mitt Romney sitting outdoors during daytime, with crowd behind him holding up blue and white "Romney" signs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Romney_2011_Paradise_Valley%2C_AZ_rally.jpg/250px-Romney_2011_Paradise_Valley%2C_AZ_rally.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Romney_2011_Paradise_Valley%2C_AZ_rally.jpg/375px-Romney_2011_Paradise_Valley%2C_AZ_rally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Romney_2011_Paradise_Valley%2C_AZ_rally.jpg/500px-Romney_2011_Paradise_Valley%2C_AZ_rally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Giving an interview at a supporters rally in <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Arizona" title="Paradise Valley, Arizona">Paradise Valley, Arizona</a></figcaption></figure> On April 11, 2011, Romney announced, in a video taped outdoors at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire" title="University of New Hampshire">University of New Hampshire</a>, that he had formed an <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_committee" title="Exploratory committee">exploratory committee</a> for a run for the Republican presidential nomination.<a href="#cite_note-315">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-ann-12-316">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University" title="Quinnipiac University">Quinnipiac University</a> political science professor Scott McLean said, "We all knew that he was going to run. He's really been running for president ever since the day after the 2008 election."<a href="#cite_note-bg-ann-12-316">[298]</a> Romney stood to benefit from the Republican electorate's tendency to nominate candidates who had previously run for president, and thus appeared to be next in line to be chosen.<a href="#cite_note-pol062909-287">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt060211-318">[300]</a> The early stages of the race found him as the apparent front-runner in a weak field, especially in terms of fundraising prowess and organization.<a href="#cite_note-pol-x-319">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol-newopts-321">[303]</a> Perhaps his greatest hurdle in gaining the Republican nomination was party opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_health_care_reform" title="Massachusetts health care reform">Massachusetts health care reform</a> law that he had shepherded five years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-pol-5chal-314">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-ann-12-316">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt060211-318">[300]</a> As many potential Republican candidates with star power and fundraising ability decided not to run (including <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Haley Barbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a>), Republican party figures searched for plausible alternatives to Romney.<a href="#cite_note-pol-x-319">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol-newopts-321">[303]</a> On June 2, 2011, Romney formally announced the start of his campaign. Speaking on a farm in <a href="/wiki/Stratham,_New_Hampshire" title="Stratham, New Hampshire">Stratham, New Hampshire</a>, he focused on the economy and criticized Obama's handling of it.<a href="#cite_note-322">[304]</a> He said, "In the campaign to come, the American ideals of economic freedom and opportunity need a clear and unapologetic defense, and I intend to make it – because I have lived it."<a href="#cite_note-nyt060211-318">[300]</a> Romney raised $56 million in 2011, more than double the amount raised by any of his Republican opponents,<a href="#cite_note-323">[305]</a> and refrained from spending his own money on the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-324">[306]</a> He initially pursued a low-key, low-profile strategy.<a href="#cite_note-325">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> staged a brief surge in polls, which preceded a poll surge in September 2011 by <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a>, who had entered the race the month before.<a href="#cite_note-326">[308]</a> Perry and Romney exchanged sharp criticisms of each other during a series of debates among the Republican candidates.<a href="#cite_note-327">[309]</a> The October 2011 decisions of Palin and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a> not to run effectively settled the field of candidates.<a href="#cite_note-ap-field-328">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[311]</a> Perry faded after poor performances in those debates, while <a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain" title="Herman Cain">Herman Cain</a>'s "long-shot" bid gained popularity until allegations of sexual misconduct derailed it.<a href="#cite_note-330">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[313]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomneyToledo_(8069625998).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/RomneyToledo_%288069625998%29.jpg/250px-RomneyToledo_%288069625998%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/RomneyToledo_%288069625998%29.jpg/375px-RomneyToledo_%288069625998%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/RomneyToledo_%288069625998%29.jpg/500px-RomneyToledo_%288069625998%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Romney campaign event in Toledo, Ohio</figcaption></figure> Romney continued to seek support from a wary Republican electorate; at this point in the race, his poll numbers were relatively flat and at a historically low level for a Republican front-runner.<a href="#cite_note-ap-field-328">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[315]</a> After the charges of <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(politics)" title="Flip-flop (politics)">flip-flopping</a> that marked his 2008 campaign began to accumulate again, Romney said in November 2011: "I've been as consistent as human beings can be."<a href="#cite_note-334">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-shifting-335">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-ff-336">[318]</a> In the month before voting began, <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> experienced a significant surge – taking a solid lead in national polls and most of the early caucus and primary states<a href="#cite_note-pol-nfr-337">[319]</a> – before settling back into parity or worse with Romney following a barrage of negative ads from <a href="/wiki/Restore_Our_Future" title="Restore Our Future">Restore Our Future</a>, a pro-Romney <a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">Super PAC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[320]</a> In the initial contest, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election in Iowa, 2012">Iowa caucuses</a> of January 3, election officials announced Romney as ahead with 25% of the vote, edging out a late-gaining <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> by eight votes (<a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> finished third).<a href="#cite_note-339">[321]</a> Sixteen days later, however, they certified Santorum as the winner by 34 votes.<a href="#cite_note-340">[322]</a> A week after the Iowa caucuses, Romney earned a decisive win in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_primary,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire Republican primary, 2012">the New Hampshire primary</a> with 39% of the vote; Paul finished second and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr." title="Jon Huntsman Jr.">Jon Huntsman Jr.</a> third.<a href="#cite_note-341">[323]</a> In the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_primary,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina Republican primary, 2012">South Carolina Republican primary</a>, Gingrich launched ads criticizing Romney for causing job losses while at Bain Capital, Perry referred to Romney's role there as "<a href="/wiki/Vulture_capitalist" title="Vulture capitalist">vulture capitalism</a>", and Palin pressed Romney to prove his claim that he created 100,000 jobs during that time.<a href="#cite_note-fox011312-342">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[325]</a> Romney also faced accusations of <a href="/wiki/Asset_Stripping" class="mw-redirect" title="Asset Stripping">asset stripping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[328]</a> Many conservatives rallied in defense of Romney, rejecting what they took to be criticism of free-market capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-fox011312-342">[324]</a> During two debates in the state, Romney fumbled questions about releasing his income tax returns, while Gingrich gained support with audience-rousing attacks on the debate moderators.<a href="#cite_note-mcc-sc-347">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[330]</a> Romney's double-digit lead in state polls evaporated; he lost the January 21 primary to Gingrich by 13 points.<a href="#cite_note-mcc-sc-347">[329]</a> Combined with the delayed loss in Iowa, Romney's poor week represented a lost chance to end the race early, and he quickly decided to release two years of his tax returns.<a href="#cite_note-mcc-sc-347">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[331]</a> The race turned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida,_2012#Republican_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election in Florida, 2012">Florida primary</a>, where in debates, appearances, and advertisements, Romney launched a sustained barrage against Gingrich's record, associations and electability.<a href="#cite_note-350">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[333]</a> Romney enjoyed a large spending advantage from both his campaign and his aligned Super PAC, and after a record-breaking rate of negative ads from both sides, Romney won Florida on January 31, with 46% of the vote to Gingrich's 32%.<a href="#cite_note-352">[334]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Ryan_with_Mitt_Romney_in_Norfolk,_Virginia_8-11-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan seen in medium distance on an outdoor stage, with large crowd around them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Paul_Ryan_with_Mitt_Romney_in_Norfolk%2C_Virginia_8-11-12.jpg/250px-Paul_Ryan_with_Mitt_Romney_in_Norfolk%2C_Virginia_8-11-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Paul_Ryan_with_Mitt_Romney_in_Norfolk%2C_Virginia_8-11-12.jpg/375px-Paul_Ryan_with_Mitt_Romney_in_Norfolk%2C_Virginia_8-11-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Paul_Ryan_with_Mitt_Romney_in_Norfolk%2C_Virginia_8-11-12.jpg/500px-Paul_Ryan_with_Mitt_Romney_in_Norfolk%2C_Virginia_8-11-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>With running mate <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, during the vice presidential selection announcement on August 11, 2012</figcaption></figure> Several caucuses and primaries took place during February, and Santorum won three in a single night early in the month, propelling him into the lead in national and some state polls and positioning him as Romney's chief rival.<a href="#cite_note-353">[335]</a> Days later, Romney told the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">Conservative Political Action Conference</a> that he had been a "severely conservative governor"<a href="#cite_note-354">[336]</a> (while in 2005 he had maintained that his positions were moderate and characterized reports that he was shifting to the right to attract conservative votes as a media distortion<a href="#cite_note-355">[337]</a>). He sought Donald Trump's endorsement, and received it in February 2012, with a speech by Trump and Romney in which Romney joked that he had spent his "life in the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>, not quite as successful as this guy [Trump] but successful nonetheless".<a href="#cite_note-356">[338]</a> Romney won the other five February contests, including a <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_primary,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Republican primary, 2012">closely fought one in Michigan</a> at the end of the month.<a href="#cite_note-357">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[340]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Tuesday, 2012">Super Tuesday primaries and caucuses of March 6</a>, Romney won six of ten contests, including a <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_primary,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Republican primary, 2012">narrow victory in Ohio</a> over a vastly outspent Santorum. Although his victories were not enough to end the race, they were enough to establish a two-to-one delegate lead over Santorum.<a href="#cite_note-359">[341]</a> Romney maintained his delegate margin through subsequent contests,<a href="#cite_note-360">[342]</a> and Santorum suspended his campaign on April 10.<a href="#cite_note-361">[343]</a> Following a sweep of five more contests on April 24, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> put its resources to work for Romney as the party's <a href="/wiki/Presumptive_nominee" class="mw-redirect" title="Presumptive nominee">presumptive nominee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_election">General election</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">Polls consistently indicated</a> a tight race for the November general election.<a href="#cite_note-363">[345]</a> Negative ads from both sides dominated the campaign, with Obama's proclaiming that Romney shipped jobs overseas while at Bain Capital and kept money in offshore tax havens and <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Swiss bank accounts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-364">[346]</a> A related issue dealt with Romney's purported responsibility for actions at Bain Capital after taking the Olympics post.<a href="#cite_note-bg-paid-111">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-exit-113">[105]</a> Romney faced demands from Democrats to <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Financial_disclosures" title="United States presidential election">release additional years of his tax returns</a>, an action a number of Republicans also felt would be wise; after being adamant that he would not do that, he released summaries of them in late September.<a href="#cite_note-pol-taxes11-365">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[348]</a> During May and June, the Obama campaign spent heavily and was able to paint a negative image of Romney in voters' minds before the Romney campaign could construct a positive one.<a href="#cite_note-bg-retro-367">[349]</a> In July 2012, Romney visited the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, meeting leaders in an effort to raise his credibility as a world statesman.<a href="#cite_note-368">[350]</a> Comments he made about the readiness of the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> were perceived as undiplomatic by the British press.<a href="#cite_note-369">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[352]</a> Israeli Prime Minister (and former BCG colleague) <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> embraced Romney, though some Palestinians criticized him for suggesting that Israel's culture led to their greater economic success.<a href="#cite_note-wt-trip-371">[353]</a> On August 11, 2012, the Romney campaign announced Representative <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> of Wisconsin as his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-372">[354]</a> On August 28, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 Republican National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a>, officially nominated Romney for president.<a href="#cite_note-373">[355]</a> Romney became the first LDS Church member to be a major-party presidential nominee.<a href="#cite_note-374">[356]</a> In mid-September, a video surfaced of Romney speaking before a group of supporters in which he said that 47% of the nation pays no income tax, are dependent on the federal government, see themselves as victims, and will support Obama unconditionally. He went on to say, "And so my job is not to worry about those people. I'll never convince them that they should take personal responsibility and care for their lives."<a href="#cite_note-375">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-47-376">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[359]</a> After facing criticism about the tone and accuracy of these comments, he at first characterized them as "inelegantly stated", then a couple of weeks later commented: "I said something that's just completely wrong."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-deb1-378">[360]</a> Exit polls published following the election showed that voters never saw Romney as someone who cared about people like them.<a href="#cite_note-bg-retro-367">[349]</a> In an interview on <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Blitzer" title="Wolf Blitzer">Wolf Blitzer</a>, Romney called Russia "our number one geopolitical foe".<a href="#cite_note-379">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[362]</a> At the time an innocuous response to a foreign policy question, it became a focal point for Democratic attacks on Romney during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-381">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-mediaite.com-383">[365]</a> Hillary Clinton, then secretary of state, called Romney's position "dated" and said Russia had been an ally in solving problems,<a href="#cite_note-384">[366]</a> while Joe Biden, then vice president, accused Romney of having a "Cold War mentality" and being "uninformed" on foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-385">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[368]</a> John Kerry, then a senator, called Romney's comments "breathtakingly off target"<a href="#cite_note-387">[369]</a> and reiterated that position at the Democratic National Convention, saying, "He's even blurted out the preposterous notion that Russia is our number one political geopolitical foe."<a href="#cite_note-388">[370]</a> Romney defended his remarks, saying, "The nation which consistently opposes our actions at the United Nations has been Russia ... Russia is a geopolitical foe in that regard",<a href="#cite_note-389">[371]</a> and continued to defend his position in the presidential debates.<a href="#cite_note-390">[372]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colored map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/250px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/375px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/500px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Electoral College results</figcaption></figure> The first of three <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates, 2012">2012 presidential election debates</a> took place on October 3, in Denver. Media figures and political analysts widely viewed Romney as having delivered a stronger and more focused presentation than Obama.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-deb1-378">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[373]</a> That debate overshadowed Obama's improved presentation in the next two debates later in October, and Romney maintained a small advantage in the debates when seen as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-392">[374]</a> The election took place on November 6, and Obama was projected the winner at about 11:14 pm <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Standard Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whio-393">[375]</a> He won 332 electoral votes to Romney's 206. Romney lost all but one of nine <a href="/wiki/Battleground_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Battleground state">battleground states</a> and received 47% of the popular vote to Obama's 51%.<a href="#cite_note-394">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[377]</a> Media accounts described Romney as "shellshocked" by the result.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-end-396">[378]</a> He and his senior campaign staff had disbelieved public polls showing Obama narrowly ahead and had thought they were going to win until the vote tallies began to be reported on election night.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-end-396">[378]</a> But Romney's <a href="/wiki/Get_out_the_vote" title="Get out the vote">get out the vote</a> operation had been inferior to Obama's, both in person-to-person organization and in voter modeling and outreach technology<a href="#cite_note-397">[379]</a> (the latter exemplified by the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Project_Orca" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Orca">Project Orca</a> application).<a href="#cite_note-bg-retro-367">[349]</a> In his concession speech to his supporters, he said, "Like so many of you, Paul and I have left everything on the field. We have given our all to this campaign. I so wish that I had been able to fulfill your hopes to lead this country in a different direction, but the nation chose another leader."<a href="#cite_note-398">[380]</a> Reflecting on his defeat during a conference call to hundreds of fundraisers and donors a week after the election, Romney attributed the outcome to Obama's having secured the votes of specific interest groups, including African Americans, Hispanic Americans, young people, and women, by offering them what Romney called "extraordinary financial gifts".<a href="#cite_note-399">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[383]</a> The remark drew heavy criticism from prominent members of the Republican party.<a href="#cite_note-402">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_activities">Subsequent activities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speaker_Ryan_with_Governor_%26_Ann_Romney.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Speaker_Ryan_with_Governor_%26_Ann_Romney.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Speaker_Ryan_with_Governor_%26_Ann_Romney.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Speaker_Ryan_with_Governor_%26_Ann_Romney.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Speaker_Ryan_with_Governor_%26_Ann_Romney.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Speaker_Ryan_with_Governor_%26_Ann_Romney.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Speaker_Ryan_with_Governor_%26_Ann_Romney.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Mitt and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Romney" title="Ann Romney">Ann Romney</a> with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> During the first year after his defeat, Romney generally kept a low profile,<a href="#cite_note-404">[386]</a> with his ordinary daily activities around <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> captured via social media glimpses.<a href="#cite_note-405">[387]</a> In December 2012, he joined the board of Marriott International for a third stint as a director.<a href="#cite_note-ap-mbd-3-406">[388]</a> In March 2013, Romney gave a reflective interview on <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Sunday" title="Fox News Sunday">Fox News Sunday</a>, saying, "It kills me not to be there, not to be in the White House doing what needs to be done." He again expressed regret at the "47 percent" remark, saying "There's no question that hurt and did real damage to my campaign."<a href="#cite_note-407">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[390]</a> (He echoed both those sentiments a year later.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-noquit-409">[391]</a>) Romney began working as executive partner group chairman for Solamere Capital, a private capital firm in Boston owned by his son Tagg.<a href="#cite_note-bg-year-later-410">[392]</a> He was also involved in supporting several charitable causes.<a href="#cite_note-bg-year-later-410">[392]</a> The Romneys bought a home in the <a href="/wiki/Deer_Valley" title="Deer Valley">Deer Valley</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Park_City,_Utah" title="Park City, Utah">Park City, Utah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-411">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-slt-vreg-412">[394]</a> and a property in <a href="/wiki/Holladay,_Utah" title="Holladay, Utah">Holladay, Utah</a>, where they planned to tear down an existing house and build a new one.<a href="#cite_note-bg-year-later-410">[392]</a> They also gained long-sought permission to replace their La Jolla home with a much bigger one, including a car elevator that had brought some derision during the 2012 campaign.<a href="#cite_note-bg-year-later-410">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-slt-rooms-413">[395]</a> Romney and his siblings continued to own a cottage in a <a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">gated community</a> called <a href="/wiki/Beach_O%27_Pines" title="Beach O' Pines">Beach O' Pines</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bend,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Bend, Ontario">Grand Bend, Ontario</a>, which has been in the family for more than 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-414">[396]</a> With the new acquisitions the couple briefly had five homes, near each of their five sons and their families, and the couple continued to spend considerable time with their grandchildren, who by 2013 numbered 22.<a href="#cite_note-bg-year-later-410">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-slt-rooms-413">[395]</a> They then sold the condominium in Belmont and decided to make their main residence in Utah,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-noquit-409">[391]</a> switching their voter registration.<a href="#cite_note-slt-vreg-412">[394]</a> The 2014 documentary film <a href="/wiki/Mitt_(film)" title="Mitt (film)">Mitt</a> showed a behind-the-scenes, family-based perspective on both of Romney's presidential campaigns and received positive reviews for humanizing Romney and illustrating the toll campaigning takes.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-noquit-409">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-2016-run-416">[398]</a> Romney thought he might be branded a "loser for life" and fade into an obscurity like his fellow former Massachusetts governor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-noquit-409">[391]</a> (a similar figure with no obvious base of political support who had lost what his party considered a winnable presidential election)<a href="#cite_note-db-cb-417">[399]</a> but, to the surprise of many political observers, that did not happen.<a href="#cite_note-418">[400]</a> Romney reemerged onto the political scene in the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_elections" title="2014 United States elections">2014 U.S. midterm elections</a>, endorsing, campaigning, and fundraising for a number of Republican candidates, especially <a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2014 United States Senate elections">those running for the U.S. Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-419">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[402]</a> Romney was treated for <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> in summer 2017.<a href="#cite_note-421">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_presidential_election">2016 presidential election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg/250px-Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg/375px-Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg/500px-Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5052" data-file-height="3368" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iefXdC794I">Watch Mitt Romney's full March 3 speech: 'Trump is a phony, a fraud'</a>, 17:49, see 2;40–10:00, <a href="/wiki/PBS_Newshour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Newshour">PBS Newshour</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs1-422">[404]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WvLe9CHcNY">Donald Trump responds to Romney's comments at Maine rally</a>, 43:25, see 7:50–10:00, <a href="/wiki/PBS_Newshour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Newshour">PBS Newshour</a></td></tr></tbody></table> By early 2014, the lack of a clear mainstream Republican candidate for the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a> led some supporters, donors, and pollsters to suggest that Romney stage a third run.<a href="#cite_note-bg-2016-run-416">[398]</a> Regarding such a possibility, Romney at first refused.<a href="#cite_note-bg-2016-run-416">[398]</a> Nevertheless, speculation continued: Obama's declining popularity led to remorse among some voters; the <a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine">2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine</a> made Romney's "number one geopolitical foe" remark look prescient; and an August 2014 poll of Iowa Republicans showed Romney with a large lead there over other potential 2016 candidates.<a href="#cite_note-423">[405]</a> A July 2014 CNN poll showed Romney with a 53% to 44% lead over Obama in a hypothetical election "redo".<a href="#cite_note-424">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[407]</a> By early 2015, Romney was considering the idea and contacting his network of supporters.<a href="#cite_note-426">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-3-2016-427">[409]</a> In doing so he was positioning himself in the <a href="/wiki/Invisible_primary" title="Invisible primary">invisible primary</a> – the preliminary jockeying for the backing of party leaders, donors, and political operatives – against former Florida governor <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a>, who had already set a likely campaign in motion and would be a rival to Romney for establishment Republican support.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-3-2016-427">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT4915-428">[410]</a> Despite support in some quarters for a third bid for the presidency, there was a backlash from conservatives who wanted a fresher face without a history of presidential losses,<a href="#cite_note-429">[411]</a> and many of Romney's past donors were not willing to commit to him again.<a href="#cite_note-430">[412]</a> On January 30, 2015, Romney announced that he would not run for president in 2016, saying that while he thought he could win the nomination, "one of our next generation of Republican leaders" would be better positioned to win the general election.<a href="#cite_note-431">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Donald_Trump">Relationship with Donald Trump</h3></div> As the presidential election went into primary season, Romney had not endorsed anyone but was one of the Republican establishment figures who were becoming increasingly concerned about the front-runner status of New York businessman <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-desperate-433">[415]</a> Romney publicly criticized Trump for not releasing his taxes, saying there might be a "bombshell" in them.<a href="#cite_note-434">[416]</a> Trump responded by calling Romney "one of the dumbest and worst candidates in the history of Republican politics".<a href="#cite_note-nyt-desperate-433">[415]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney%27s_2016_anti-Trump_speech" title="Mitt Romney's 2016 anti-Trump speech">March 3, 2016</a> speech at the <a href="/wiki/Hinckley_Institute_of_Politics" title="Hinckley Institute of Politics">Hinckley Institute of Politics</a>, Romney made a scathing attack on Trump's personal behavior, business performance, and domestic and foreign policy stances. He called him a "con man" who relied on <a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump" title="Fred Trump">his father's</a> loans<a href="#cite_note-435">[417]</a> and "a phony, a fraud", adding: "He's playing members of the American public for suckers. If we Republicans choose Donald Trump as our nominee, the prospects for a safe and prosperous future are greatly diminished".<a href="#cite_note-436">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romneyslam-437">[419]</a> In response, Trump called Romney a "choke artist".<a href="#cite_note-Romneyslam-437">[419]</a> Romney's speech represented an unprecedented attack by a major U.S. party's most recent presidential nominee against the party's current front-runner for the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-Romneyslam-437">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[421]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_Hosts_a_Listening_Session_(49118848461)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/President_Trump_Hosts_a_Listening_Session_%2849118848461%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-President_Trump_Hosts_a_Listening_Session_%2849118848461%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/President_Trump_Hosts_a_Listening_Session_%2849118848461%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-President_Trump_Hosts_a_Listening_Session_%2849118848461%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/President_Trump_Hosts_a_Listening_Session_%2849118848461%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-President_Trump_Hosts_a_Listening_Session_%2849118848461%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Romney with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> during a White House listening session on the youth vaping and electronic cigarette epidemic in 2019.</figcaption></figure> Romney encouraged Republicans to engage in <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">tactical voting</a>, by supporting whichever of the remaining rivals had the best chance to beat Trump in any given state.<a href="#cite_note-440">[422]</a> As such, Romney announced he was voting for, although not endorsing, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> for president in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election in Utah, 2016">March 22 Utah caucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-441">[423]</a> As the race went on, there was some evidence that tactical voting was occurring, and some partial arrangements were formed among candidates,<a href="#cite_note-442">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[425]</a> but by May 3, Trump had defeated all his opponents and became the party's presumptive nominee. Romney announced that he would not support Trump in the general election, saying, "I am dismayed at where we are now. I wish we had better choices."<a href="#cite_note-444">[426]</a> In June, Romney said that he would not vote for Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, saying: "It's a matter of personal conscience. I can't vote for either of those two people." He suggested that he might vote for a third-party candidate, or <a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">write in</a> his wife's name, saying she would be "an ideal president". When pressed on which of Trump and Clinton was more qualified to be president, Romney quoted <a href="/wiki/P._J._O%27Rourke" title="P. J. O'Rourke">P. J. O'Rourke</a>: "Hillary Clinton is wrong on every issue, but she's wrong within the normal parameters."<a href="#cite_note-consciencewont-445">[427]</a> Romney considered voting for the Libertarian ticket of former Republican governors <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a> (the latter, like Romney, also a former governor of Massachusetts), saying that he would "get to know Gary Johnson better and see if he's someone who I could end up voting for", adding that "if Bill Weld were at the top of the ticket, it would be very easy for me to vote for Bill Weld for president."<a href="#cite_note-trickledown-446">[428]</a> In September, he called for Johnson to be included in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates, 2016">presidential debates</a><a href="#cite_note-trickledown-446">[428]</a> and in October it emerged that Independent candidate <a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin" title="Evan McMullin">Evan McMullin</a> was using an email list of 2.5 million Romney supporters to raise money.<a href="#cite_note-evanusing-447">[429]</a> McMullin's chief strategist said that it was purchased from Romney for President and that "we'll let other folks discuss what that may mean and certainly never speak for [Romney]."<a href="#cite_note-evanusing-447">[429]</a> A spokeswoman for Romney said that the list had been "rented by several political candidates in the presidential primary, and by countless other political and commercial users in the time since the 2012 campaign"<a href="#cite_note-evanusing-447">[429]</a> and Romney made no public comment on McMullin's candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-romneycast-448">[430]</a> Romney and his wife cast early ballots in Utah, but he declined to say who he voted for.<a href="#cite_note-romneycast-448">[430]</a> In May 2018, Romney revealed that he had cast a write-in vote for his wife Ann.<a href="#cite_note-449">[431]</a> After Trump won the election, Romney congratulated him by phone and on Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-450">[432]</a> On November 19, Romney met with him at the <a href="/wiki/Trump_National_Golf_Club_(Bedminster,_New_Jersey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump National Golf Club (Bedminster, New Jersey)">Trump National Golf Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bedminster,_New_Jersey" title="Bedminster, New Jersey">Bedminster, New Jersey</a>, reportedly to discuss the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>,<a href="#cite_note-451">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[434]</a> which ultimately went to <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-453">[435]</a> In February 2017, Romney said that Trump was "off to a very strong start" in fulfilling his campaign promises, although he had "no regrets" about his anti-Trump speech.<a href="#cite_note-454">[436]</a> The next year, Trump endorsed Romney's 2018 senate campaign.<a href="#cite_note-455">[437]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_United_States_Senate_campaign_in_Utah">2018 United States Senate campaign in Utah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2018 United States Senate election in Utah">2018 United States Senate election in Utah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swearing_in_of_Mitt_Romney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Swearing_in_of_Mitt_Romney.jpg/220px-Swearing_in_of_Mitt_Romney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Swearing_in_of_Mitt_Romney.jpg/330px-Swearing_in_of_Mitt_Romney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Swearing_in_of_Mitt_Romney.jpg/440px-Swearing_in_of_Mitt_Romney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Romney being sworn in as Senator from Utah by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></figcaption></figure> September and October 2017 press reports said that should U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> retire, Romney would run for that seat in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-456">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[439]</a> On January 2, 2018, after Hatch announced that he would retire, Romney changed his Twitter location from Massachusetts to <a href="/wiki/Holladay,_Utah" title="Holladay, Utah">Holladay, Utah</a>, contributing to speculation that he was considering a Senate campaign.<a href="#cite_note-458">[440]</a> On February 16, 2018, Romney formally launched his campaign with a video message posted on Facebook and Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-459">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[443]</a> At the state Republican nominating convention held on April 21, 2018, Romney received 1,585 delegate votes (49.1%), finishing second to <a href="/wiki/Utah_House_of_Representatives" title="Utah House of Representatives">State Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Kennedy_(politician)" title="Mike Kennedy (politician)">Mike Kennedy</a>, with 1,642 delegate votes (50.9%). Since neither Romney nor Kennedy garnered the 60% of delegate votes necessary to claim the endorsement, they competed in a June 26 primary election.<a href="#cite_note-462">[444]</a> In the primary, Romney defeated Kennedy, 71.7–28.3%.<a href="#cite_note-463">[445]</a> Romney was <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah#Results_3" title="2018 United States Senate election in Utah">elected</a> U.S. Senator from Utah on November 6, defeating Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wilson_(politician)" title="Jenny Wilson (politician)">Jenny Wilson</a>, 62.6% to 30.9%.<a href="#cite_note-464">[446]</a> With his election, Romney became the third person to have served as governor of one state and senator from another state.<a href="#cite_note-:0-465">[447]</a> (The other two were <a href="/wiki/William_Wyatt_Bibb" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wyatt Bibb">William W. Bibb</a>, who served as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">U.S. senator from Georgia</a> and then the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Alabama" title="List of governors of Alabama">governor of Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>, who was the sixth <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">governor of Tennessee</a> before becoming a <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">U.S. senator from Texas</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-:0-465">[447]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senate_(2019–present)">U.S. Senate (2019–present)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biden_meets_with_Republican_senators_on_COVID_relief.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Biden_meets_with_Republican_senators_on_COVID_relief.png/220px-Biden_meets_with_Republican_senators_on_COVID_relief.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Biden_meets_with_Republican_senators_on_COVID_relief.png/330px-Biden_meets_with_Republican_senators_on_COVID_relief.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Biden_meets_with_Republican_senators_on_COVID_relief.png/440px-Biden_meets_with_Republican_senators_on_COVID_relief.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Romney and other Republican Senators meet with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> to discuss COVID-19 relief in February 2021.</figcaption></figure> Shortly before assuming office, Romney wrote a <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> editorial strongly criticizing Trump's character.<a href="#cite_note-466">[448]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">Ronna McDaniel</a>, Romney's niece and the chair of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a>, called his comments "disappointing and unproductive", while Trump wrote that he "[w]ould much prefer that Mitt focus on Border Security and so many other things where he can be helpful".<a href="#cite_note-467">[449]</a> By November 9, 2019, Romney was just one of three Republican senators, along with <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> of Maine and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a> of Alaska, who declined to co-sponsor a resolution opposing the impeachment inquiry process into Trump.<a href="#cite_note-468">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[451]</a> He was one of two Republicans (with Collins) who joined all Democrats voting to allow impeachment witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-470">[452]</a> Romney condemned the <a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a>, saying: "As we celebrate the miracle of Easter, we hold in our hearts the victims of the senseless violence in Sri Lanka and their loved ones."<a href="#cite_note-471">[453]</a> After many called for Representative <a href="/wiki/George_Santos" title="George Santos">George Santos</a> to step down after being investigated by the <a href="/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Ethics Committee">House Ethics Committee</a>, Romney confronted Santos during President Biden's <a href="/wiki/2023_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2023 State of the Union Address">2023 State of the Union Address</a>, saying he "shouldn't be in Congress".<a href="#cite_note-472">[454]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_media">Social media</h4></div> In the October 2019 issue of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, Romney revealed that he used a secret Twitter account to keep tabs on political conversation there, saying, "What do they call me, a <a href="/wiki/Lurker" title="Lurker">lurker</a>?"<a href="#cite_note-Coppins-473">[455]</a> Shortly thereafter, <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> found a Twitter account with the name Pierre Delecto. The account was registered in July 2011, followed about 700 people, and had eight followers at the time it was discovered. It had tweeted 10 times, always in reply to other tweets. The next day, Romney confirmed ownership of the account.<a href="#cite_note-474">[456]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[457]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump_(2019–2020)">First impeachment of Donald Trump (2019–2020)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm/219px--FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="219" height="123" data-durationhint="511" data-mwtitle="FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm/FULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFULL_REMARKS_--_Senator_Mitt_Romney_to_vote_to_convict_President_Trump_on_Abuse_of_Power.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>"Full Remarks – Senator Mitt Romney to vote to convict President Trump on Abuse of Power" – video from C-SPAN</figcaption></figure> On February 5, 2020, after Romney read a prepared text on the Senate floor decrying "corrupting an election to keep oneself in office" as "perhaps the most abusive and destructive violation of one's oath of office that I can imagine",<a href="#cite_note-476">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[459]</a> he broke ranks with the Republican majority as the sole Republican senator to vote to convict Trump in his <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">first impeachment trial</a>,<a href="#cite_note-478">[460]</a> thereby becoming, according to press reports, the first U.S. senator in <a href="/wiki/United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="United States history">United States history</a> to vote to convict a president of the same political party.<a href="#cite_note-479">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[462]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[463]</a> Fallout from the vote included Romney's being formally censured by various Republican organizations outside of Utah; in comparison, anger against Romney among Republicans within Utah was more muted, and his impeachment vote, according to opinion polling, was supported by Utah Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-482">[464]</a> Jason Perry, director of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hinckley_Institute_of_Politics" title="Hinckley Institute of Politics">Hinckley Institute of Politics</a>, said, "Democrats in Utah were more excited about Mitt Romney's vote than [Utah] Republicans were disappointed."<a href="#cite_note-483">[465]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republicans_for_the_Rule_of_Law" title="Republicans for the Rule of Law">Republicans for the Rule of Law</a> ran various ads thanking Romney.<a href="#cite_note-484">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-486">[468]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="March_with_Black_Lives_Matter">March with Black Lives Matter</h4></div> On June 7, 2020, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a> and the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">worldwide protests</a> against police brutality, Romney became the first Republican senator to participate in a protest alongside <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[470]</a> He said, "We need many voices against racism and against brutality, and we need to make sure that people understand that Black Lives Matter."<a href="#cite_note-489">[471]</a> This act drew praise and admiration from the left and right, with some Republicans questioning why other congressional Republicans were not showing support for the movement. On Twitter, Senator <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> praised Romney's actions, saying, "We need more of this."<a href="#cite_note-490">[472]</a> Trump mocked Romney, saying, "Tremendous sincerity, what a guy. Hard to believe, with this kind of political talent, his numbers would 'tank' so badly in Utah!"<a href="#cite_note-491">[473]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_presidential_election">2020 presidential election</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a></div> Romney did not endorse Trump's <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020 reelection campaign</a> and told reporters that he did not vote for him.<a href="#cite_note-492">[474]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> op-ed, Romney wrote that Trump "has not risen to the mantle of the office".<a href="#cite_note-493">[475]</a> After the victory of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and his running mate, Kamala Harris, Romney was the first Republican senator to extend his congratulations to them.<a href="#cite_note-494">[476]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021_U.S._Capitol_attack">2021 U.S. Capitol attack</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Mitt_Romney_pays_tribute_to_Officer_Brian_Sicknick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Senator_Mitt_Romney_pays_tribute_to_Officer_Brian_Sicknick.jpg/220px-Senator_Mitt_Romney_pays_tribute_to_Officer_Brian_Sicknick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Senator_Mitt_Romney_pays_tribute_to_Officer_Brian_Sicknick.jpg/330px-Senator_Mitt_Romney_pays_tribute_to_Officer_Brian_Sicknick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Senator_Mitt_Romney_pays_tribute_to_Officer_Brian_Sicknick.jpg/440px-Senator_Mitt_Romney_pays_tribute_to_Officer_Brian_Sicknick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Romney pays tribute to Officer <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Brian Sicknick</a>.</figcaption></figure> On the morning of January 5, 2021, Romney was heckled and harassed at <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_International_Airport" title="Salt Lake City International Airport">the airport</a> on his way to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, to certify <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Presidential election">Joe Biden's election win</a> in the Senate. Cellphone footage of the incident showed Trump supporters accusing Romney of not supporting Trump's baseless claims of election fraud, and chanting "Traitor! Traitor! Traitor!" as Romney boarded his flight.<a href="#cite_note-495">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-496">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-497">[479]</a> On the morning of January 6, protesters assembled at the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack#January_6_Trump_rally" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">"Save America" rally</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Ellipse" title="The Ellipse">the Ellipse</a>, where Trump, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>, and several members of Congress addressed the crowd fueling the conspiracy theories about election fraud.<a href="#cite_note-498">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-499">[481]</a><a href="#cite_note-500">[482]</a> Trump said, "We will never give up, we will never concede. You don't concede when there's theft", and encouraged his supporters to "fight like hell" to "take back our country" and to march to the Capitol.<a href="#cite_note-501">[483]</a> Later that day, while the Senate was in session certifying the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2021 United States Electoral College vote count">2021 United States Electoral College vote count</a> within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, hundreds of Trump supporters violently <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">attacked the Capitol</a>, where they looted senators' offices and broke into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">chamber of the United States Senate</a>. Police evacuated the senators and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_Mike_Pence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President Mike Pence">Vice President Mike Pence</a> to an undisclosed area. As they were evacuating Romney, he yelled at <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> and other Republican congressmen, "This is what you've gotten, guys!"<a href="#cite_note-502">[484]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Martin_(journalist)" title="Jonathan Martin (journalist)">Jonathan Martin</a>, Romney told him with "fury in his voice", "This is what the president has caused today, this insurrection!"<a href="#cite_note-503">[485]</a> Romney fully rebuked Trump and condemned the actions of the attackers. Later that night, when Congress had reconvened, Romney said on the Senate floor: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We gather today due to a selfish man's injured pride and the outrage of his supporters whom he has deliberately misinformed for the past two months and stirred to action this very morning ... Those who choose to continue to support his dangerous gambit by objecting to the results of a legitimate, democratic election will forever be seen as being complicit in an unprecedented attack against our democracy ... They will be remembered for their role in this shameful episode in American history. That will be their legacy…The best way we can show respect for the voters who are upset is by telling them the truth! That is the burden, and the duty, of leadership. The truth is that President-elect Biden won the election. President Trump lost. I've had that experience myself. It's no fun.<a href="#cite_note-504">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[487]</a></blockquote>On February 10, 2021, new video was released during <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Trump's second impeachment trial</a> that showed capitol police officer <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Goodman_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Goodman (police officer)">Eugene Goodman</a> saving Romney from running into the Capitol rioters.<a href="#cite_note-506">[488]</a> During a break in the hearing, Romney said, "It was very troubling seeing the great violence the capitol police were subjected to. It tears at your heart and brings tears to your eyes. It was overwhelmingly distressing and emotional." Romney also said he didn't know how close he was and didn't know it had been Goodman who diverted him away from the rioters, but that he looked forward to thanking Goodman.<a href="#cite_note-507">[489]</a> On May 27, 2021, along with five other Republicans and all present Democrats, Romney voted to establish a bipartisan commission to investigate the January 6 attack. The vote failed for lack of 60 required "yes" votes.<a href="#cite_note-508">[490]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump_(2021)">Second impeachment of Donald Trump (2021)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment of Donald Trump</a></div> On January 13, 2021, the House voted to <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">impeach Trump a second time</a> for incitement of insurrection.<a href="#cite_note-509">[491]</a> On January 26, Republican senator <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> introduced a motion to dismiss the impeachment charge. The objection was defeated on a 55–45 vote; Romney was one of the five Republicans to vote against it, along with <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Sasse" title="Ben Sasse">Ben Sasse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Pat Toomey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-510">[492]</a> On February 13, 2021, Romney and five other Republican senators voted to allow other witnesses in the impeachment trial. Republican senator and Trump ally <a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson" title="Ron Johnson">Ron Johnson</a>, who was "visibly upset", got in a heated exchange with Romney for his vote, saying, "We never should've had this impeachment trial."<a href="#cite_note-511">[493]</a> Later that day Romney voted to convict Trump for the second time along with six of his Republican colleagues. The final vote was 57 to convict and 43 to acquit. He wrote a statement that read in part: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">President Trump attempted to corrupt the election by pressuring the <a href="/wiki/Brad_Raffensperger" title="Brad Raffensperger">Secretary of State of Georgia</a> to falsify the election results in his state. President Trump incited the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">insurrection against Congress</a> by using the power of his office to summon his supporters to Washington on January 6th and urging them to march on the Capitol during the counting of electoral votes. He did this despite the obvious and well known threats of violence that day. President Trump also violated his oath of office by failing to protect the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President">Vice President</a>, and others in the Capitol. Each and every one of these conclusions compels me to support conviction.<a href="#cite_note-512">[494]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_assignments">Committee assignments</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current">Current</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Committee on Foreign Relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_East_Asia,_The_Pacific,_and_International_Cybersecurity_Policy" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asia, The Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy">Subcommittee on East Asia, the Pacific and International Cybersecurity Policy</a> (Ranking Member)</li> <li>Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Near_East,_South_Asia,_Central_Asia,_and_Counterterrorism" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near East, South Asia, Central Asia, and Counterterrorism">Subcommittee on Near East, South Asia, Central Asia and Counterterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_Subcommittee_on_Emerging_Threats_and_Spending_Oversight" title="United States Senate Homeland Security Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Spending Oversight">Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Spending Oversight</a></li> <li>Subcommittee on Governmental Operations and Border Management</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Committee on Budget</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Health_Subcommittee_on_Children_and_Families" title="United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Children and Families">Subcommittee on Children and Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Health_Subcommittee_on_Employment_and_Workplace_Safety" title="United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety">Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety</a></li></ul></li></ul> Source:<a href="#cite_note-513">[495]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">Political positions of Mitt Romney</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Romney and Obama shaking hands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/250px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/375px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/500px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Romney meeting with <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">President Obama</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Buchanan Jr.">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Mellon Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In addition to calling for cuts in federal government spending to help reduce the national debt, Romney proposed measures intended to limit the growth of entitlement programs, such as introducing <a href="/wiki/Means_test" title="Means test">means testing</a> and gradually raising the eligibility ages for receipt of <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-detroitecon-514">[496]</a> He supported substantial increases in military spending and promised to invest more heavily in military weapons programs while increasing the number of active-duty military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-cnndefenspend-515">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-milspend-516">[498]</a> He was very supportive of the directions taken by <a href="/wiki/The_Path_to_Prosperity" title="The Path to Prosperity">the budget proposals of Paul Ryan</a>, though he later proposed his own budget plan.<a href="#cite_note-517">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[500]</a> Romney pledged to lead an effort to repeal the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> ("Obamacare") and replace it with a system that gives states more control over <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> and makes health insurance premiums tax-advantaged for individuals in the same way they are for businesses.<a href="#cite_note-519">[501]</a> He favored repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a> and intended to replace them with what he called a "streamlined, modern regulatory framework".<a href="#cite_note-520">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[503]</a> He also promised to seek income tax law changes that he said would help to lower federal deficits and would stimulate economic growth. These included reducing individual income tax rates across the board by 20%, maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">Bush administration-era tax rate</a> of 15% on investment income from <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividends</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_gain" title="Capital gain">capital gains</a> (and eliminating this tax entirely for those with annual incomes less than $200,000), cutting the top tax rate on corporations from 35% to 25%, and eliminating the <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">estate tax</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Minimum_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Minimum Tax">Alternative Minimum Tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-romneytaxplan-522">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnnmtaxcut-523">[505]</a> He promised that the loss of government revenue from these tax cuts would be offset by closing loopholes and placing limits on tax deductions and credits available to taxpayers with the highest incomes,<a href="#cite_note-cnnmtaxcut-523">[505]</a> but said that that aspect of the plan could not yet be evaluated because details would have to be worked out with Congress.<a href="#cite_note-524">[506]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney_and_Amy_Coney_Barrett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mitt_Romney_and_Amy_Coney_Barrett.jpg/250px-Mitt_Romney_and_Amy_Coney_Barrett.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mitt_Romney_and_Amy_Coney_Barrett.jpg/375px-Mitt_Romney_and_Amy_Coney_Barrett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mitt_Romney_and_Amy_Coney_Barrett.jpg/500px-Mitt_Romney_and_Amy_Coney_Barrett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4444" data-file-height="2963" /></a><figcaption>Romney said he would support President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a></figcaption></figure> Romney opposed the use of <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">mandatory limits</a> on <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> to deal with global warming.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-shifting-335">[317]</a> He stated that he believed climate change is occurring, but that he did not know how much of it could be linked to human activity.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-shifting-335">[317]</a> He was a proponent of increased domestic oil drilling, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> ("fracking"), building more nuclear power plants, and reducing the regulatory authority of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-romenergy-525">[507]</a><a href="#cite_note-njfrack-526">[508]</a> He believed <a href="/wiki/North_American_energy_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="North American energy independence">North American energy independence</a> could be achieved by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-527">[509]</a> Romney called Russia America's "number one geopolitical foe",<a href="#cite_note-528">[510]</a> a position many ridiculed him for,<a href="#cite_note-mediaite.com-383">[365]</a> including former secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>,<a href="#cite_note-529">[511]</a> who later publicly apologized to him.<a href="#cite_note-530">[512]</a> He has asserted that preventing Iran from obtaining nuclear capability should be America's "highest national security priority".<a href="#cite_note-531">[513]</a> Romney stated his strong support for Israel.<a href="#cite_note-532">[514]</a> He planned to formally label China a <a href="/wiki/Currency_manipulator" title="Currency manipulator">currency manipulator</a> and take associated counteractions unless China changed its trade practices.<a href="#cite_note-ontheissues.org-533">[515]</a> Romney supported the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Patrio-534">[516]</a> the continued operation of the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>, and use of <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a> against suspected terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-Patrio-534">[516]</a> He described same-sex marriage as a "state issue" while running for Senate in 1994 and opposed a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-535">[517]</a> Romney opposed <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil unions</a>, but favored domestic partnership legislation that gives certain legal rights to same-sex couples, such as hospital visitation.<a href="#cite_note-536">[518]</a> In 2011, he signed a pledge promising to seek passage of an amendment to the U.S. Constitution to define marriage as the union of one man and one woman.<a href="#cite_note-537">[519]</a> In 2022, Romney reversed his previous position on federal marriage, and was one of 12 Republicans voting to advance legislation to codify same-sex marriage into federal law by voting for the <a href="/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act" title="Respect for Marriage Act">Respect for Marriage Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-538">[520]</a><a href="#cite_note-539">[521]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_Herzog_in_Tel_Aviv-Yafo,_October_2023_(GPOHZ0_1847).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Isaac_Herzog_in_Tel_Aviv-Yafo%2C_October_2023_%28GPOHZ0_1847%29.jpg/250px-Isaac_Herzog_in_Tel_Aviv-Yafo%2C_October_2023_%28GPOHZ0_1847%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Isaac_Herzog_in_Tel_Aviv-Yafo%2C_October_2023_%28GPOHZ0_1847%29.jpg/375px-Isaac_Herzog_in_Tel_Aviv-Yafo%2C_October_2023_%28GPOHZ0_1847%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Isaac_Herzog_in_Tel_Aviv-Yafo%2C_October_2023_%28GPOHZ0_1847%29.jpg/500px-Isaac_Herzog_in_Tel_Aviv-Yafo%2C_October_2023_%28GPOHZ0_1847%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Romney and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> with Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a> in Tel Aviv during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> on October 15, 2023</figcaption></figure> Since 2005, Romney has described himself as "pro-life".<a href="#cite_note-540">[522]</a> That year, he wrote: "I believe that abortion is the wrong choice except in cases of incest, rape, and to save the life of the mother."<a href="#cite_note-541">[523]</a><a href="#cite_note-nb-abor-123">[nb 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-nb-stem-223">[nb 13]</a> During his 1994 Senate campaign, Romney had said, "I believe that abortion should be safe and legal in this country", a stance he reiterated during his 2002 campaign for governor.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-a-views-142">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-ft-544">[526]</a> While Romney would prefer to see passage of a constitutional amendment that would outlaw abortion, he did not believe the public would support such an amendment;<a href="#cite_note-545">[527]</a> as an alternative, he promised to nominate Supreme Court justices who would help overturn <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>, allowing each state to decide on the legality of abortion.<a href="#cite_note-judges-546">[528]</a> His earlier <a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">pro-abortion rights</a> stance in particular and support for some gay rights and gun restrictions as governor of Massachusetts earned him the criticism of some conservatives; the conservative magazine <a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a> labeled him one of the top ten <a href="/wiki/Republican_In_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican In Name Only">RINOs</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-547">[529]</a> Romney said he would appoint federal judges in the mold of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> justices <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>.<a href="#cite_note-548">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-huck-video-549">[531]</a> He advocated <a href="/wiki/Judicial_restraint" title="Judicial restraint">judicial restraint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionism" title="Strict constructionism">strict constructionism</a> as judicial philosophies.<a href="#cite_note-huck-video-549">[531]</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[532]</a> Romney declared his support for the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> international human rights movement by attending the rally,<a href="#cite_note-BoorsteinNatanson-551">[533]</a> and then joining the Faith Works<a href="#cite_note-christianitytoday-552">[534]</a> march, on June 7, 2020,<a href="#cite_note-andrewsolender-553">[535]</a> from southeast Washington,<a href="#cite_note-christianitytoday-552">[534]</a> past the <a href="/wiki/Old_Post_Office_(Washington,_D.C.)#Trump_International_Hotel_Washington,_D.C." title="Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)">Trump International Hotel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BoorsteinNatanson-551">[533]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BoorsteinNatanson-551">[533]</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-andrewsolender-553">[535]</a><a href="#cite_note-BoorsteinNatanson-551">[533]</a><a href="#cite_note-christianitytoday-552">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-554">[536]</a> In July 2020, Romney, along with <a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Pat Toomey</a>, was one of two Republican U.S. Senators who condemned Trump's decision to commute the sentence of <a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Roger Stone</a>, which Romney described as "Unprecedented, historic corruption: an American president commutes the sentence of a person convicted by a jury of lying to shield that very president."<a href="#cite_note-555">[537]</a> In June 2024, Romney proposed a framework to mitigate the <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a> along with Senators <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Jack Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Jerry Moran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">Angus King</a>. Romney said he would like to see regulation that "would restrict the types of actions that could lead to existential, or health, or other serious consequences".<a href="#cite_note-556">[538]</a> On July 21, 2024, when President Biden <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election">dropped</a> out of the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 presidential election</a>, Romney posted a statement reading: "Others will judge his presidency. However, having worked with him these past few years, I respect President Biden. His decision to withdraw from the race was right and is in the best interest of the country." He added, "Ann and I send warm personal wishes to the President and First Lady."<a href="#cite_note-557">[539]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._senator_from_Massachusetts">U.S. senator from Massachusetts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Note: percentages may not total 100% because of rounding.</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>Massachusetts United States Senate Republican primary, 1994<a href="#cite_note-558">[540]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Mitt Romney </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em">188,280 </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em">82.0% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_Lakian" title="John Lakian">John Lakian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">40,898 </td> <td style="text-align:right">17.8% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #FFFFFF; width: 2px;"> </td> <td class="org" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">Write-in</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">318 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">229,496 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1994</a><a href="#cite_note-559">[541]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">1,266,011 </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">58.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">–6.9% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Mitt Romney </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">894,005 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">41.0% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+7.1% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">Lauraleigh Dozier </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">14,484 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.7% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.2% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">LaRouche Was Right </td> <td class="fn">William A. Ferguson Jr. </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,776 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.2% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: white; width: 2px;"> </td> <td class="org" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">Write-in</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">688 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">nil </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">2,179,964 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100% </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #3333FF;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> hold </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Note: percentages may not total 100% because of rounding.</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2002">Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2002</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Mitt Romney (<a href="/wiki/Kerry_Healey" title="Kerry Healey">Kerry Healey</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">1,091,988 </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">49.8% </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">–1.0% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Shannon_O%27Brien" title="Shannon O'Brien">Shannon O'Brien</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chris_Gabrieli" title="Chris Gabrieli">Chris Gabrieli</a>) </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">985,981 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">44.9% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–2.4% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #17aa5c; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green-Rainbow_Party" title="Green-Rainbow Party">Green-Rainbow</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> (Tony Lorenzen) </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">76,530 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3.5% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+3.5% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Carla_Howell" title="Carla Howell">Carla Howell</a> (Rich Aucoin) </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">23,044 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.1% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–0.6% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn">Barbara C. Johnson (Joe Schebel) </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">15,335 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.7% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.7% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: white; width: 2px;"> </td> <td class="org" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">Write-in</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,301 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">–0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">2,194,179 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+4.0% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"> </td> <td class="fn">Blank </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,122 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,220,301 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">106,007 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4.8% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #E81B23"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> hold </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">+1.4% </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_Republican_nominee_for_President_of_the_United_States">2012 Republican nominee for President of the United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Note: percentages may not total 100% because of rounding.</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">inc.</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em">65,915,795 </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em">51.1% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Mitt Romney / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">60,933,504 </td> <td style="text-align:right">47.2% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FED105;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,275,971 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1.0% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#17aa5c;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cheri_Honkala" title="Cheri Honkala">Cheri Honkala</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">469,627 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.4% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#A356DE;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a> / James Clymer </td> <td style="text-align:right">122,389 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#00FF00;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan" title="Cindy Sheehan">Cindy Sheehan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">67,326 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#ADD8E6;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luis_J._Rodriguez" title="Luis J. Rodriguez">Luis J. Rodriguez</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">43,018 </td> <td style="text-align:right">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#800080;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a> / J.D. Ellis </td> <td style="text-align:right">40,628 </td> <td style="text-align:right">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#6A287E;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Barnett" title="Andre Barnett">Andre Barnett</a> / Kenneth Cross </td> <td style="text-align:right">956 </td> <td style="text-align:right">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#DDDDDD;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/N/A" title="N/A">N/A</a> </td> <td class="fn">Other </td> <td style="text-align:right">216,196 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">129,085,410 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #3333FF;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> hold </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Senator_from_Utah">U.S. Senator from Utah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Note: percentages may not total 100% because of rounding.</div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Utah State Republican Convention results, 2018 </th></tr> <tr style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"> <th scope="col" style="width: 12em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">First ballot </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Pct. </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Second ballot </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Pct. </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Kennedy_(politician)" title="Mike Kennedy (politician)">Mike Kennedy</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1,354 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,642 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">50.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitt Romney</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1,539 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">46.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,585 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">49.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Loy Brunson </th> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.1% </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cbcbcb">Eliminated </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Alicia Colvin </th> <td style="text-align:center;">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.9% </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cbcbcb">Eliminated </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Stoney Fonua </th> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.2% </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cbcbcb">Eliminated </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Chris Forbush </th> <td style="text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">N/A </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cbcbcb">Eliminated </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Timothy Jiminez </th> <td style="text-align:center;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.0% </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cbcbcb">Eliminated </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Joshua Lee </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.1% </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cbcbcb">Eliminated </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Larry Meyers </th> <td style="text-align:center;">163 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.9% </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cbcbcb">Eliminated </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Gayle Painter </th> <td style="text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">N/A </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cbcbcb">Eliminated </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Samuel Parker </th> <td style="text-align:center;">122 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.7% </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cbcbcb">Eliminated </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Total </th> <td style="text-align:center;">3,328 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">100% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,227 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">100% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>Republican primary results, Utah 2018<a href="#cite_note-primary_election_results-560">[542]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Mitt Romney </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em">240,021 </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em">71.3% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Kennedy_(politician)" title="Mike Kennedy (politician)">Mike Kennedy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">96,771 </td> <td style="text-align:right">28.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">336,792 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2018 United States Senate election in Utah">United States Senate general election in Utah, 2018</a><a href="#cite_note-general_election_results-561">[543]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Mitt Romney </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">665,215 </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">62.6% </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">–2.7% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wilson_(politician)" title="Jenny Wilson (politician)">Jenny Wilson</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">328,541 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">30.9% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.9% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #A356DE; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a> </td> <td class="fn">Tim Aalders </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">28,774 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.7% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–0.5% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">Craig Bowden </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">27,607 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.6% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #c49334; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_American_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent American Party (page does not exist)">Independent American</a> </td> <td class="fn">Reed McCandless </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">12,708 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.2% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: white; width: 2px;"> </td> <td class="org" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">Write-in</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">52 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">nil </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">1,062,897 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #E81B23;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> hold </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;">Date </th> <th style="width:20%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Degree </th></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a></td> <td>Doctorate of Business<a href="#cite_note-562">[544]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bentley_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentley College">Bentley College</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Law" title="Doctor of Law">Doctor of Law</a><a href="#cite_note-563">[545]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_University_Law_School" title="Suffolk University Law School">Suffolk University Law School</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Administration" title="Doctor of Public Administration">Doctor of Public Administration</a><a href="#cite_note-564">[546]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></td> <td>Doctorate in Public Service<a href="#cite_note-565">[547]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Humanities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctor of Humanities (page does not exist)">Doctor of Humanities</a><a href="#cite_note-566">[548]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Virginia_University" title="Southern Virginia University">Southern Virginia University</a></td> <td>Honorary Doctorate<a href="#cite_note-567">[549]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_University" title="Jacksonville University">Jacksonville University</a></td> <td>Honorary Doctorate<a href="#cite_note-568">[550]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah_Valley_University" title="Utah Valley University">Utah Valley University</a></td> <td>Doctorate of Business<a href="#cite_note-569">[551]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anselm_College" title="Saint Anselm College">Saint Anselm College</a></td> <td>Honorary Doctorate<a href="#cite_note-570">[552]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-academic_awards_and_honors">Non-academic awards and honors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romney_2006_ESGR.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Romney flanked by two other men at a formal awards occasion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Romney_2006_ESGR.PNG/220px-Romney_2006_ESGR.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Romney_2006_ESGR.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Receiving the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Defense_Employer_Support_Freedom_Award" title="Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award">Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Massachusetts">his state</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a> magazine included Romney in its <a href="/wiki/People_Magazine%27s_100_Most_Beautiful_People" class="mw-redirect" title="People Magazine's 100 Most Beautiful People">50 Most Beautiful People list</a> for 2002,<a href="#cite_note-571">[553]</a> and in 2004, a foundation that promotes the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_truce" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic truce">Olympic truce</a> gave him its inaugural Truce Ideal Award.<a href="#cite_note-572">[554]</a> The Cranbrook School gave him its Distinguished Alumni Award in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-cran-24">[24]</a> In 2008, he shared with his wife Ann the <a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canterbury Medal">Canterbury Medal</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Becket_Fund_for_Religious_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty">The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty</a>, for "refus[ing] to compromise their principles and faith" during the presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-573">[555]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine included Romney in their <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">List of The 100 Most Influential People in the World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-574">[556]</a> In 2021, Romney received the <a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a> for being the only member of his party to vote to convict Donald Trump during his first impeachment trial.<a href="#cite_note-575">[557]</a> In 2024, Romney received the annual Legislative Achievement Award from the National Emergency Management Association for his efforts in creating the Wildland Fire Mitigation and Management Commission in Utah.<a href="#cite_note-576">[558]</a><a href="#cite_note-577">[559]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRomneyRobinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Romney, Mitt; Robinson, Timothy (2004). <a href="/wiki/Turnaround:_Crisis,_Leadership,_and_the_Olympic_Games" title="Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games">Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games</a>. Washington: <a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-084-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-084-0"><bdi>978-0-89526-084-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turnaround%3A+Crisis%2C+Leadership%2C+and+the+Olympic+Games&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-89526-084-0&rft.aulast=Romney&rft.aufirst=Mitt&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomney2010" class="citation book cs1">Romney, Mitt (2010). <a href="/wiki/No_Apology:_The_Case_for_American_Greatness" class="mw-redirect" title="No Apology: The Case for American Greatness">No Apology: The Case for American Greatness</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-60980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-60980-1"><bdi>978-0-312-60980-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Apology%3A+The+Case+for+American+Greatness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-312-60980-1&rft.aulast=Romney&rft.aufirst=Mitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of Massachusetts">List of governors of Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">List of United States senators from Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Organising_Committee_for_the_Olympic_Games" title="President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games">President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Pranks conducted by Romney during his Cranbrook years included <a href="/wiki/Ice_blocking" title="Ice blocking">sliding down golf courses on large ice cubes</a>, dressing as a police officer and tapping on the car windows of friends who were making out, and staging an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Formal_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal dinner">formal dinner</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Median_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Median (road)">median</a> of a busy street.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-prankster-25">[25]</a> The golf course escapade led to Romney and Ann Davies being detained by local police.<a href="#cite_note-ap-2007-prof-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-fortune-2007-29">[29]</a> In 2012, five former classmates described a 1965 episode where Romney, then a senior, took the lead in holding down a younger student while cutting his long, bleached-blond hair with scissors.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-cran-24">[24]</a> Romney said that he does not recall the incident, though he acknowledged that he might have participated in some high school "hijinks and pranks" that went too far, and he apologized for any harm that resulted from them.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Pranks conducted by Romney during his Stanford years included dressing as a police officer and pretending to arrest people<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> and pre-<a href="/wiki/Big_Game_(American_football)" title="Big Game (American football)">"Big Game"</a> customs involving the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Axe" title="Stanford Axe">Stanford Axe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Mitt's great-grandfather, grandfather, father, and two uncles had been missionaries,<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> as had his brother, Scott.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a> He did briefly consider breaking with tradition and not going on a mission<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> (and he had successfully been rushed by the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Sigma" title="Phi Kappa Sigma">Phi Kappa Sigma</a> fraternity at Stanford, for sophomore year membership).<a href="#cite_note-cbs-rcp-stan-34">[33]</a> But he did go, and all five of Mitt's sons later served as missionaries as well.<a href="#cite_note-hewitt-82-42">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Based on figures from 1971 to 2010, the average Mormon gets only 4–8 baptism converts to the faith per year during a mission.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> The church succeeds in expanding by having huge numbers of missionaries, so that the small number of conversions from each one add up.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Romney's task was complicated by proselytizing for a <a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">religion that prohibits alcohol</a> in a <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">country known for it</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries2-16">[16]</a> He reflected upon this in 2002: "As you can imagine, it's quite an experience to go to Bordeaux and say, 'Give up your wine! I've got a great religion for you!'"<a href="#cite_note-nykr2002-48">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nb-acc-54"><a href="#cite_ref-nb-acc_54-0">^</a> On June 16, 1968, Romney and five fellow Mormons were traveling on dangerous roads in southern France.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-mission-51">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-accident-52">[47]</a> As they drove through the village of <a href="/wiki/Bernos-Beaulac" title="Bernos-Beaulac">Bernos-Beaulac</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes</a> that was passing a truck missed a curve and swerved into the opposite lane hitting the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a> Romney was driving <a href="/wiki/Head-on_collision" title="Head-on collision">head-on</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-lexpress.fr-53">[48]</a> Trapped between the steering wheel and door, the unconscious Romney had to be pried from the car; a French police officer mistakenly wrote Il est mort in his passport.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-2007-prof-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-accident-52">[47]</a> Besides killing the wife of the mission president, the other four passengers were seriously injured.<a href="#cite_note-bg-accident-52">[47]</a> George Romney relied on his friend <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador to France">U.S. Ambassador to France</a>, to go to the local hospital and discover that his son had survived.<a href="#cite_note-ap-2007-prof-28">[28]</a> Mitt Romney, who was not at fault in the accident,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-accident-52">[47]</a> had suffered broken ribs, a fractured arm, a concussion, and facial injuries, but recovered quickly without needing surgery.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-mission-51">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-bg-accident-52">[47]</a> The French police say that they have no records of the incident because such records are routinely destroyed after 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-bg-accident-52">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Some sources incorrectly report that Romney graduated first in his class at BYU. Romney himself has corrected this notion, saying that he didn't. While Romney believes he did have the highest grade point average for his on-campus BYU years in the College of Humanities, he did not if his Stanford record was factored in.<a href="#cite_note-hewitt-46-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-lamb20060319-66">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> One study of 68 deals that Bain Capital made during Romney's time there found that the firm lost money or broke even on 33 of them.<a href="#cite_note-vf-excerpt-79">[72]</a> Another study that looked at the eight-year period following 77 deals during Romney's time found that in 17 cases the company went bankrupt or out of business, and in 6 cases Bain Capital lost all its investment. But 10 deals were very successful and represented 70 percent of the total profits.<a href="#cite_note-wsj-bc-95">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nb-abor-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nb-abor_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nb-abor_123-1">b</a> Romney's cited exceptions regarding abortion are in line with those of the LDS Church,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-bishop-119">[111]</a> which allows it in cases of rape, incest, when the mother's health is seriously threatened, or when the fetus cannot survive past birth.<a href="#cite_note-vf-excerpt-79">[72]</a> When Romney was a bishop in the 1980s, there was a case where a woman in his congregation with four children was advised by her doctor to terminate her pregnancy because she had a potentially life-threatening blood clot. Romney strongly advised her not to, but she did anyway.<a href="#cite_note-vf-excerpt-79">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-bishop-119">[111]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Kennedy spent $10.5 million overall, including a $1.5 million loan to himself.<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> This was the second-most expensive race of the 1994 election cycle, after the <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a>–<a href="/wiki/Michael_Huffington" title="Michael Huffington">Michael Huffington</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_California,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in California, 1994">Senate race in California</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Official state figures for fiscal year 2005 (July 1, 2004 – June 30, 2005) declared a $594.4 million surplus.<a href="#cite_note-bgseries6-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-gov-mass-196">[186]</a> For fiscal 2006, the surplus was $720.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-gov-mass-196">[186]</a> During fiscal 2007, Romney cut $384 million in spending that the legislature wanted; in January 2007, midway through the fiscal year, incoming Governor <a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a> restored that amount,<a href="#cite_note-bg010707-197">[187]</a> and also declared that the state faced a "looming budget shortfall" of $1 billion for fiscal 2008.<a href="#cite_note-ap-deficit-198">[188]</a> Patrick consequently proposed a budget for fiscal 2008 that included $515 million in spending cuts and $295 million in new corporate taxes.<a href="#cite_note-199">[189]</a> As it happened, the state ended fiscal 2007 with a $307.1 million deficit and fiscal 2008 with a $495.2 million deficit.<a href="#cite_note-gov-mass-196">[186]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Upon passage of the law, Romney said "There really wasn't Republican or Democrat in this. People ask me if this is conservative or liberal, and my answer is yes. It's liberal in the sense that we're getting our citizens health insurance. It's conservative in that we're not getting a government takeover."<a href="#cite_note-nyt040606-207">[196]</a> Within four years, the Massachusetts law had achieved its primary goal of expanding coverage: in 2010, 98% of state residents had coverage, compared to a national average of 83%. Among children and seniors the 2010 coverage rate was even higher, 99.8% and 99.6% respectively. Approximately two-thirds of residents received coverage through employers; one-sixth each received it through Medicare or public plans.<a href="#cite_note-213">[202]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nb-stem-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nb-stem_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nb-stem_223-1">b</a> Romney also amended his position on <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic stem cell research">embryonic stem cell research</a>: having once supported it broadly, he changed to being against <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_cloning" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic cloning">therapeutic cloning</a> of embryos for scientific research, insisting that "surplus embryos" from fertility treatments should be used instead.<a href="#cite_note-542">[524]</a><a href="#cite_note-543">[525]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> American political opinion periodically looked towards industry for business managers who it was thought could straighten out what was held to be wrong in the nation's capital. The track record of such efforts was at best mixed, with <a href="/wiki/Lee_Iacocca" title="Lee Iacocca">Lee Iacocca</a> declining to run, Romney's father George and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Forbes" title="Steve Forbes">Steve Forbes</a> failing to get far in the primaries, and <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> staging one of the more successful third-party runs in American history.<a href="#cite_note-239">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[227]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Biographical parallels between George and Mitt Romney include: Both served as Mormon missionaries in Europe and considered the experiences formative. Both pursued high school sweethearts single-mindedly until the women agreed to marry them several years later, then had families with four or five children. Both had very successful careers in business and became known for turning around failing companies or organizations. Both presided over a stake in the LDS Church. Both achieved their first elected position at age 55, as Republican governor of a Democratic-leaning state. The two bear a close physical resemblance at similar ages and both have been said to "look like a president". Both staged their first presidential run in the year they turned 60. Both were considered suspect by ideological conservatives within the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-time-prof-2007-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[228]</a> Neither protested publicly against the LDS Church policy that <a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">did not allow black people in its lay clergy</a>, although the elder Romney hoped the church leadership would revise the policy,<a href="#cite_note-243">[229]</a> and his son has said that he was greatly relieved when the church did so in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-searching-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-117">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[230]</a> There are also obvious differences in their paths, including that George had a hardscrabble upbringing while Mitt's was affluent, and that Mitt far exceeded George's accomplishments in formal education. Another is that Mitt's personality is more reserved, private, and controlled than his father's was, traits he got from his mother Lenore,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-lessons-64">[58]</a> and his political personality is also shaped at least as much by Lenore as by George.<a href="#cite_note-time-dreams-63">[57]</a> And while George was willing to defy political trends, Mitt has been much more willing to adapt to them.<a href="#cite_note-time-prof-2007-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-dreams-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-tnr-cohn-192">[182]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Regarding the role of Romney's religion in the 2008 campaign, one academic study, based upon research conducted throughout the 2008 primaries, showed that a negative perception of <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> was widespread during the election, and that perception was often resistant to factual information that would correct mistaken notions about the religion or Romney's relationship to it.<a href="#cite_note-campbell-green-monson-264">[249]</a> The authors concluded that, "For Romney ... religion is the central story."<a href="#cite_note-campbell-green-monson-264">[249]</a> Another study, analyzing a survey conducted during January 2008 (when an African American, a woman, and a Mormon all had realistic chances of becoming the first president from that group), found that voters had internally accepted the notion of black equality, paving the way for <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s election; had partially established but not fully internalized the notion of gender equality, making <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s task somewhat more difficult; but had only selectively internalized the notion of religious equality, and in particular not extended it to Mormons, thus making Romney's run significantly more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-monson-riding-265">[250]</a> Those authors concluded that, "for a Mormon candidate, the road to the presidency remains very rough ... The bias against a Mormon candidate is substantial."<a href="#cite_note-monson-riding-265">[250]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> During most of Romney's first stint on the Marriott board, he was a member of, and for six years chair of, the board's <a href="/wiki/Audit_committee" title="Audit committee">audit committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bn-mi-291">[275]</a> In 1994, during Romney's time as chair, Marriott implemented the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_BOSS" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of BOSS">Son of BOSS</a> tax shelter, which resulted in the company claiming $71 million in losses. In 2008 and 2009, federal courts ruled this use of the shelter illegal and said those losses never existed. <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact.com" class="mw-redirect" title="PolitiFact.com">PolitiFact.com</a> calls a 2012 claim that Romney personally approved the shelter as "Half True".<a href="#cite_note-bn-mi-291">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[276]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> After having attended the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a>, Romney and wife were on board an <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a> plane waiting to take off on a flight from Vancouver to Los Angeles when he got into a physical altercation with Sky Blu, sitting in front of him, over Sky Blu's seat not being in the upright position. Romney said that Sky Blu became physically violent and that he did not retaliate, while Sky Blu said that Romney gave him a "<a href="/wiki/Vulcan_nerve_pinch" title="Vulcan nerve pinch">Vulcan grip</a>" first and that he responded physically to that. Sky Blu was escorted off the aircraft by Canadian police but Romney did not press charges and Sky Blu was released.<a href="#cite_note-299">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[284]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeCosta-Klipa,_Nik2018" class="citation web cs1">DeCosta-Klipa, Nik (January 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2018/01/02/mitt-romney-twitter-location">"Mitt Romney just changed his Twitter location from Massachusetts to Utah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston.com" title="Boston.com">Boston.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808023855/https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2018/01/02/mitt-romney-twitter-location">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020. 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Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230913213815/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/09/13/mitt-romney-senate-reelection/">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mitt+Romney+says+he+will+not+seek+a+second+term+in+the+Senate&rft.date=2023-09-13&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Balz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F09%2F13%2Fmitt-romney-senate-reelection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitt-bc-8"><a href="#cite_ref-mitt-bc_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosenball2012" class="citation news cs1">Hosenball, Mark (May 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/05/29/romneys-birth-certificate-evokes-his-fathers-controversy/">"Romney's birth certificate evokes his father's controversy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020083249/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-29/news/sns-rt-us-usa-campaign-romney-birth-certificatebre84s1gf-20120529_1_george-romney-republican-mitt-romney-citizen">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Romney%27s+birth+certificate+evokes+his+father%27s+controversy&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft.aulast=Hosenball&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2012%2F05%2F29%2Fromneys-birth-certificate-evokes-his-fathers-controversy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.reuters.com/resources/media/editorial/20120529/RomneyBirthCertificate.pdf">"State of Michigan Certificate of Live Birth"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315085751/http://static.reuters.com/resources/media/editorial/20120529/RomneyBirthCertificate.pdf">Archived</a> March 15, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2012" class="citation news cs1">Page, Susan (February 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2012-02-17/michigan-primary-santorum-romney/53159656/1">"Home sweet home? Michigan primary a challenge for Romney"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113083727/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2012-02-17/michigan-primary-santorum-romney/53159656/1">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Home+sweet+home%3F+Michigan+primary+a+challenge+for+Romney&rft.date=2012-02-20&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fstory%2F2012-02-17%2Fmichigan-primary-santorum-romney%2F53159656%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 59–62, 104, 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiroff2011" class="citation news cs1">Miroff, Nick (July 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in-besieged-mormon-colony-mitt-romneys-mexican-roots/2011/07/21/gIQAFGOXVI_story.html">"In besieged Mormon colony, Mitt Romney's Mexican roots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518123356/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in-besieged-mormon-colony-mitt-romneys-mexican-roots/2011/07/21/gIQAFGOXVI_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+besieged+Mormon+colony%2C+Mitt+Romney%27s+Mexican+roots&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft.aulast=Miroff&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fin-besieged-mormon-colony-mitt-romneys-mexican-roots%2F2011%2F07%2F21%2FgIQAFGOXVI_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett,_John2012" class="citation news cs1">Burnett, John (January 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605053609/http://app1.kuhf.org/articles/npr1327244449-Mexican-Cousins-Keep-Romneys-Family-Tree-Rooted.html">"Mexican Cousins Keep Romney's Family Tree Rooted"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app1.kuhf.org/articles/npr1327244449-Mexican-Cousins-Keep-Romneys-Family-Tree-Rooted.html">the original</a> on June 5, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mexican+Cousins+Keep+Romney%27s+Family+Tree+Rooted&rft.date=2012-01-22&rft.au=Burnett%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapp1.kuhf.org%2Farticles%2Fnpr1327244449-Mexican-Cousins-Keep-Romneys-Family-Tree-Rooted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 52, 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-rsgsg-14"><a href="#cite_ref-rsgsg_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Boyd_Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary Boyd Roberts (page does not exist)">Roberts, Gary Boyd</a> (1998). Notable Kin: An Anthology of Columns First Published in the NEHGS NEXUS 1986–1995, Volume 2. Boston: Carl Boyer, 3rd. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936124-20-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936124-20-9"><bdi>978-0-936124-20-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notable+Kin%3A+An+Anthology+of+Columns+First+Published+in+the+NEHGS+NEXUS+1986%E2%80%931995%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Carl+Boyer%2C+3rd&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-936124-20-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Gary+Boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsgsgs-15"><a href="#cite_ref-rsgsgs_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2012" class="citation news cs1">Potter, Mitch (January 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/01/23/mitt_romney_has_canadian_roots.html">"Mitt Romney has Canadian roots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304054655/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/01/23/mitt_romney_has_canadian_roots.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Mitt+Romney+has+Canadian+roots&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2012%2F01%2F23%2Fmitt_romney_has_canadian_roots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgseries2-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries2_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries2_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries2_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries2_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries2_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries2_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries2_16-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKranish,_MichaelPaulson,_Michael2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kranish" title="Michael Kranish">Kranish, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Paulson" title="Michael Paulson">Paulson, Michael</a> (June 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113083534/http://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/25/centered_in_faith_a_family_emerges/">"The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 2: Centered in faith, a family emerges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/25/centered_in_faith_a_family_emerges/">the original</a> on January 13, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Mitt+Romney%3A+Part+2%3A+Centered+in+faith%2C+a+family+emerges&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft.au=Kranish%2C+Michael&rft.au=Paulson%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F06%2F25%2Fcentered_in_faith_a_family_emerges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> Also available as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2007/7/2/20027702/mitt-s-lds-roots-run-deep">"Mitt's LDS roots run deep"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206173241/https://www.deseret.com/2007/7/2/20027702/mitt-s-lds-roots-run-deep">Archived</a> February 6, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Deseret Morning News, July 2, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FaithRise-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FaithRise_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FaithRise_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaleem2012" class="citation news cs1">Kaleem, Jaweed (August 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mitt-romney-mormon-faith_n_1834466">"Mitt Romney Holds Mormon Faith Close Through Political Rise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410060815/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mitt-romney-mormon-faith_n_1834466">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Mitt+Romney+Holds+Mormon+Faith+Close+Through+Political+Rise&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft.aulast=Kaleem&rft.aufirst=Jaweed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fmitt-romney-mormon-faith_n_1834466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 104, 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-real-14-19"><a href="#cite_ref-real-14_19-0">^</a> Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-crim102194-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crim102194_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crim102194_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crim102194_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crim102194_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crim102194_20-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGell,_Jeffrey_N.1994" class="citation news cs1">Gell, Jeffrey N. (October 21, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1994/10/21/romney-gains-momentum-as-he-keeps/">"Romney Gains Momentum As He Keeps On Running"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113083251/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1994/10/21/romney-gains-momentum-as-he-keeps/">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Romney+Gains+Momentum+As+He+Keeps+On+Running&rft.date=1994-10-21&rft.au=Gell%2C+Jeffrey+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F1994%2F10%2F21%2Fromney-gains-momentum-as-he-keeps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-real-15-21"><a href="#cite_ref-real-15_21-0">^</a> Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCandee1958" class="citation book cs1">Candee, Marjorie Dent, ed. (1958). <a href="/wiki/Current_Biography_Yearbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Biography Yearbook">Current Biography Yearbook 1958</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/H._W._Wilson_Company" title="H. W. Wilson Company">H. W. Wilson Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/currentbiogr195800cand/page/368">368</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0124-1"><bdi>978-0-8242-0124-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Biography+Yearbook+1958&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=H.+W.+Wilson+Company&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-8242-0124-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgseries1-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries1_23-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwidey,_NeilPaulson,_Michael2007" class="citation news cs1">Swidey, Neil; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Paulson" title="Michael Paulson">Paulson, Michael</a> (June 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/24/privilege_tragedy_and_a_young_leader/">"The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 1: Privilege, tragedy, and a young leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070918153844/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part1_main/">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Mitt+Romney%3A+Part+1%3A+Privilege%2C+tragedy%2C+and+a+young+leader&rft.date=2007-06-24&rft.au=Swidey%2C+Neil&rft.au=Paulson%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F06%2F24%2Fprivilege_tragedy_and_a_young_leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502134029/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8712338.html">available from HighBeam</a>. Also available as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070918090328/http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0%2C1249%2C680195540%2C00.html">"Mitt Romney: the beginning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Morning News">Deseret Morning News</a>. July 1, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,680195540,00.html">the original</a> on September 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Mitt+Romney%3A+the+beginning&rft.date=2007-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeseretnews.com%2Fdn%2Fview%2F0%2C1249%2C680195540%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-cran-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-cran_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-cran_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-cran_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-cran_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-cran_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-cran_24-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2012" class="citation news cs1">Horowitz, Jason (May 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mitt-romneys-prep-school-classmates-recall-pranks-but-also-troubling-incidents/2012/05/10/gIQA3WOKFU_singlePage.html">"Mitt Romney's prep school classmates recall pranks, but also troubling incidents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821045215/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mitt-romneys-prep-school-classmates-recall-pranks-but-also-troubling-incidents/2012/05/10/gIQA3WOKFU_singlePage.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2017. 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(November 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/15/us/politics/15romney.html">"Romney, Searching and Earnest, Set His Path in '60s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117095728/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/15/us/politics/15romney.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Romney%2C+Searching+and+Earnest%2C+Set+His+Path+in+%2760s&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F11%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F15romney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-hewitt-82-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hewitt-82_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hewitt-82_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hewitt-82_42-2">c</a> Hewitt, A Mormon in the White House?, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2007" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, David G. Jr. (2007). The Law of the Harvest: Practical Principles of Effective Missionary Work. Henderson, Nevada: Cumorah Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9795121-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9795121-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9795121-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+the+Harvest%3A+Practical+Principles+of+Effective+Missionary+Work&rft.place=Henderson%2C+Nevada&rft.pub=Cumorah+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9795121-0-0&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=David+G.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushmanBushman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Lauper_Bushman" title="Claudia Lauper Bushman">Bushman, Claudia Lauper</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bushman" title="Richard Bushman">Bushman, Richard Lyman</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingkingdomh0000bush">Building the Kingdom: A History of Mormons in America</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingkingdomh0000bush/page/97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515022-3"><bdi>978-0-19-515022-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+Kingdom%3A+A+History+of+Mormons+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515022-3&rft.aulast=Bushman&rft.aufirst=Claudia+Lauper&rft.au=Bushman%2C+Richard+Lyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildingkingdomh0000bush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-nykr2002-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nykr2002_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nykr2002_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Wright, Lawrence</a> (January 21, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/01/21/lives-of-the-saints">"Lives of the Saints"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324033934/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/01/21/lives-of-the-saints">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Lives+of+the+Saints&rft.date=2002-01-21&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2002%2F01%2F21%2Flives-of-the-saints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tlgh-paris-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tlgh-paris_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tlgh-paris_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelSwaine2011" class="citation news cs1">Samuel, Henry; Swaine, Jon (December 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216023502/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/8959440/US-election-2012-Mitt-Romneys-life-as-a-poor-Mormon-missionary-in-France-questioned.html">"Mitt Romney's life as a poor Mormon missionary in France questioned"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/8959440/US-election-2012-Mitt-Romneys-life-as-a-poor-Mormon-missionary-in-France-questioned.html">the original</a> on December 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Mitt+Romney%27s+life+as+a+poor+Mormon+missionary+in+France+questioned&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Swaine%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fus-politics%2F8959440%2FUS-election-2012-Mitt-Romneys-life-as-a-poor-Mormon-missionary-in-France-questioned.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-mission-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-mission_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-mission_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-mission_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-mission_51-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaslow,_Eli2007" class="citation news cs1">Saslow, Eli (December 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/09/AR2007120901473.html">"A Mission Accepted"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225011259/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/09/AR2007120901473.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Mission+Accepted&rft.date=2007-12-10&rft.au=Saslow%2C+Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F12%2F09%2FAR2007120901473.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bg-accident-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bg-accident_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bg-accident_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bg-accident_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bg-accident_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bg-accident_52-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bg-accident_52-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bg-accident_52-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulson,_Michael2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Paulson" title="Michael Paulson">Paulson, Michael</a> (June 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101020133426/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part1_side/?page=full">"The Making of Mitt Romney: Survivors recall tragic car crash in France with Romney at the wheel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part1_side/">the original</a> on October 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Mitt+Romney%3A+Survivors+recall+tragic+car+crash+in+France+with+Romney+at+the+wheel&rft.date=2007-06-24&rft.au=Paulson%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Fspecials%2Fromney%2Farticles%2Fpart1_side%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> Also available as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/24/world/europe/24iht-24Romney.6300715.html">"Survivors recall tragic car crash in France with Romney"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. June 24, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120031921/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/24/world/europe/24iht-24Romney.6300715.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Survivors+recall+tragic+car+crash+in+France+with+Romney&rft.date=2007-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F24%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F24iht-24Romney.6300715.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexpress.fr-53"><a href="#cite_ref-lexpress.fr_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130005110/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/monde/dossier/usa2008/diaporama.asp?id=464805">"La jeunesse française de Mitt Romney"</a>. <a href="/wiki/L%27Express_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Express (France)">L'Express</a> (in French). January 23, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexpress.fr/info/monde/dossier/usa2008/diaporama.asp?id=464805">the original</a> on January 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Express&rft.atitle=La+jeunesse+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Mitt+Romney&rft.date=2008-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpress.fr%2Finfo%2Fmonde%2Fdossier%2Fusa2008%2Fdiaporama.asp%3Fid%3D464805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/united-states/120111/mitt-romney-blasts-obama-europe-new-hampshire-speech">"Mitt Romney blasts Obama, Europe in NH primary victory speech"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GlobalPost" title="GlobalPost">GlobalPost</a>. January 11, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109043542/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/united-states/120111/mitt-romney-blasts-obama-europe-new-hampshire-speech">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mitt+Romney+blasts+Obama%2C+Europe+in+NH+primary+victory+speech&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatch%2Fnews%2Fregions%2Famericas%2Funited-states%2F120111%2Fmitt-romney-blasts-obama-europe-new-hampshire-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-horowitz20120218-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-horowitz20120218_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-horowitz20120218_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-horowitz20120218_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-horowitz20120218_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-horowitz20120218_57-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz,_Jason2012" class="citation news cs1">Horowitz, Jason (February 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mitt-romney-as-a-student-at-a-chaotic-time-for-byu-focused-on-family-church/2012/02/17/gIQABaWaMR_story.html">"Mitt Romney, as a student at a chaotic time for BYU, focused on family, church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126215547/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mitt-romney-as-a-student-at-a-chaotic-time-for-byu-focused-on-family-church/2012/02/17/gIQABaWaMR_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mitt+Romney%2C+as+a+student+at+a+chaotic+time+for+BYU%2C+focused+on+family%2C+church&rft.date=2012-02-18&rft.au=Horowitz%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fmitt-romney-as-a-student-at-a-chaotic-time-for-byu-focused-on-family-church%2F2012%2F02%2F17%2FgIQABaWaMR_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgseries4-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries4_58-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwidey,_NeilEbbert,_Stephanie2007" class="citation news cs1">Swidey, Neil; Ebbert, Stephanie (June 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part4_main/">"The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 4: Journeys of a shared life: Raising sons, rising expectations bring unexpected turns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112211501/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part4_main/">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Mitt+Romney%3A+Part+4%3A+Journeys+of+a+shared+life%3A+Raising+sons%2C+rising+expectations+bring+unexpected+turns&rft.date=2007-06-27&rft.au=Swidey%2C+Neil&rft.au=Ebbert%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Fspecials%2Fromney%2Farticles%2Fpart4_main%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203030413/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8706571.html">available in HighBeam</a>. Also available as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/680196334/Romney-determined-to-make-mark-early.html">"Romney determined to make mark early"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101102020010/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/680196334/Romney-determined-to-make-mark-early.html">Archived</a> November 2, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Deseret Morning News, July 4, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-wedding-59"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wedding_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1969/03/22/archives/mitt-romney-marries-ann-davies.html">"Mitt Romney Marries Ann Davies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. March 22, 1969. p. 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182352/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/03/22/archives/mitt-romney-marries-ann-davies.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2018. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/columnist/frank/article/0,9565,219417,00.html">the original</a> on April 6, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Jane+Swift+Takes+One+For+the+Team&rft.date=2002-03-21&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fcolumnist%2Ffrank%2Farticle%2F0%2C9565%2C219417%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dn022202-171"><a href="#cite_ref-dn022202_171-0">^</a> Berwick Jr., Bob; Roche, Lisa Riley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/897445/Boston-GOP-beseeching-Mitt.html">"Boston GOP beseeching Mitt: But hero of S.L. Games is coy about his future"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313223320/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/897445/Boston-GOP-beseeching-Mitt.html">Archived</a> March 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Deseret News (Salt Lake City), February 22, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeleny2002" class="citation news cs1">Zeleny, Jeff (March 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2002/03/20/gops-swift-drops-out-romney-is-in/">"GOP's Swift drops out"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919233204/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-03-20/news/0203200179_1_massachusetts-governor-first-governor-mitt-romney">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=GOP%27s+Swift+drops+out&rft.date=2002-03-20&rft.aulast=Zeleny&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2002%2F03%2F20%2Fgops-swift-drops-out-romney-is-in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn031902-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn031902_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn031902_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/03/19/massachusetts.governor/index.html">"Swift exits, Romney joins Mass. governor's race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. March 19, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108195146/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/03/19/massachusetts.governor/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Swift+exits%2C+Romney+joins+Mass.+governor%27s+race&rft.date=2002-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2002%2FALLPOLITICS%2F03%2F19%2Fmassachusetts.governor%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-race-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbs-race_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs-race_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030625184413/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2002/races/ma_governor.html">"Vote 2002: Massachusetts Governor's Race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS_NewsHour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS NewsHour">PBS NewsHour</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2002/races/ma_governor.html">the original</a> on June 25, 2003. Retrieved November 1, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=Vote+2002%3A+Massachusetts+Governor%27s+Race&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fvote2002%2Fraces%2Fma_governor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarinoCrummy2002" class="citation news cs1">Guarino, David R.; Crummy, Karen E. (June 8, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502151752/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87037568.html">"State Dems file challenge on residency of Romney"</a>. Boston Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87037568.html">the original</a> on May 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Herald&rft.atitle=State+Dems+file+challenge+on+residency+of+Romney&rft.date=2002-06-08&rft.aulast=Guarino&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.au=Crummy%2C+Karen+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-87037568.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-challenge-177"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-challenge_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fox_Butterfield" title="Fox Butterfield">Butterfield, Fox</a> (June 8, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/08/us/republican-s-candidacy-is-challenged-by-democrats.html">"Republican's Candidacy Is Challenged By Democrats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320191720/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/08/us/republican-s-candidacy-is-challenged-by-democrats.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Republican%27s+Candidacy+Is+Challenged+By+Democrats&rft.date=2002-06-08&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F06%2F08%2Fus%2Frepublican-s-candidacy-is-challenged-by-democrats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsnos2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Osnos" title="Evan Osnos">Osnos, Evan</a> (June 25, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502183559/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120282117.html">"Mass. board confirms GOP gubernatorial candidate's residency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120282117.html">the original</a> on May 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Mass.+board+confirms+GOP+gubernatorial+candidate%27s+residency&rft.date=2002-06-25&rft.aulast=Osnos&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-120282117.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgseries6-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries6_179-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooney2007" class="citation news cs1">Mooney, Brian (June 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/29/taking_office_remaining_an_outsider/">"The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 6: Taking office, remaining an outsider"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112081226/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part6_main/">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Mitt+Romney%3A+Part+6%3A+Taking+office%2C+remaining+an+outsider&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F06%2F29%2Ftaking_office_remaining_an_outsider%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502161440/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8712468.html">available in HighBeam</a>. Also available as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/680196789/Romney-took-on-outsider-role-at-helm-of-Bay-State.html">"Romney took on 'outsider' role at helm of Bay State"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202035700/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/680196789/Romney-took-on-outsider-role-at-helm-of-Bay-State.html">Archived</a> February 2, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Deseret Morning News, July 6, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillough,_Ashley2011" class="citation news cs1">Killough, Ashley (December 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214050837/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/13/democrats-rail-against-romney-over-decade-old-comments/">"Democrats rail against Romney over decade-old comments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/13/democrats-rail-against-romney-over-decade-old-comments/">the original</a> on December 14, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Democrats+rail+against+Romney+over+decade-old+comments&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.au=Killough%2C+Ashley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalticker.blogs.cnn.com%2F2011%2F12%2F13%2Fdemocrats-rail-against-romney-over-decade-old-comments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> See "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motherjones.com/mojo/2011/12/romney-2002-moderate-progressive-not-partisan-Worcester">Romney in 2002: I'm "Moderate," "Progressive," and "Not a Partisan Republican"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217115131/http://motherjones.com/mojo/2011/12/romney-2002-moderate-progressive-not-partisan-Worcester">Archived</a> December 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" for video. </li> <li id="cite_note-bgseries7-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries7_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries7_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries7_181-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries7_181-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries7_181-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries7_181-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries7_181-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries7_181-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries7_181-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries7_181-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgseries7_181-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooney,_Brian_C.Ebbert,_StephanieHelman,_Scott2007" class="citation news cs1">Mooney, Brian C.; Ebbert, Stephanie; Helman, Scott (June 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part7_main/">"The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 7: Ambitious goals; shifting stances"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003315/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part7_main/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Mitt+Romney%3A+Part+7%3A+Ambitious+goals%3B+shifting+stances&rft.date=2007-06-30&rft.au=Mooney%2C+Brian+C.&rft.au=Ebbert%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Helman%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Fspecials%2Fromney%2Farticles%2Fpart7_main%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502160824/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8706866.html">available in HighBeam</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-baylesgolden-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baylesgolden_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baylesgolden_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baylesgolden_182-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayles2002" class="citation news cs1">Bayles, Fred (October 16, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002-10-15-massgov-usat_x.htm">"Romney may be losing his touch in Mass"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006134313/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002-10-15-massgov-usat_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2008. 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Retrieved September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Romney%27s+Data+Cruncher&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft.au=Cillizza%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F07%2F04%2FAR2007070401423.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleinshirtless-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinshirtless_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinshirtless_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2002" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Rick (September 26, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021002043211/http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/269/metro/New_ads_work_days_show_down_to_earth_candidate%2B.shtml">"New Ads, 'Work Days' Show Down-to-Earth Candidate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/269/metro/New_ads_work_days_show_down_to_earth_candidate+.shtml">the original</a> on October 2, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=New+Ads%2C+%27Work+Days%27+Show+Down-to-Earth+Candidate&rft.date=2002-09-26&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fdailyglobe2%2F269%2Fmetro%2FNew_ads_work_days_show_down_to_earth_candidate%2B.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> Also available with photo as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sVFOAAAAIBAJ&pg=1371,5073072">"Mitt takes his shirt off as campaign heats up"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204222108/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sVFOAAAAIBAJ&pg=1371,5073072">Archived</a> December 4, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Deseret News, September 27, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-MigaFuzzy-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MigaFuzzy_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MigaFuzzy_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MigaFuzzy_185-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MigaFuzzy_185-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiga2012" class="citation news cs1">Miga, Andrew (April 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20120405/PC1603/120409549">"Don't expect a warm and fuzzy Romney this fall"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier" title="The Post and Courier">The Post and Courier</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929154441/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20120405/PC1603/120409549">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2012. 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Retrieved February 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mitt+Romney+changes+position+on+TARP%2C+DNC+says&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft.aulast=Moorhead&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Ffactchecks%2F2011%2Fnov%2F30%2Fdemocratic-national-committee%2Fmitt-romney-changes-position-tarp-dnc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitt_Romney2008" class="citation news cs1">Mitt Romney (November 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/opinion/19romney.html">"Let Detroit Go Bankrupt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207054757/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/opinion/19romney.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Let+Detroit+Go+Bankrupt&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft.au=Mitt+Romney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F19%2Fopinion%2F19romney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> Note that the title of this op-ed was written by the newspaper; Romney originally submitted it as "The Way Forward for the Auto Industry". 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We pray that God may bless them in the days and years ahead"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ann+and+I+extend+our+congratulations+to+President-elect+Joe+Biden+and+Vice+President-elect+Kamala+Harris.+We+know+both+of+them+as+people+of+good+will+and+admirable+character.+We+pray+that+God+may+bless+them+in+the+days+and+years+ahead.&rft.date=2020-11-07&rft.au=MittRomney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FMittRomney%2Fstatus%2F1325142815354064896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-supporters-accost-romney-airport-plane-fraud-claims-video-2021-1">"Trump supporters accost Mitt Romney on a plane and call him a 'traitor' for refusing to back the president's efforts to overturn the election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. 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April 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Romney+gets+Profile+in+Courage+Award+for+impeachment+vote&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fdonald-trump-impeachments-mitt-romney-d77c4e352ce6fce8bd12079252edabff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nemaweb.org/about/congressional-awards/">"LEGISLATIVE Awards"</a>. National Emergency Management Association. Retrieved October 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Emergency+Management+Association&rft.atitle=LEGISLATIVE+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnemaweb.org%2Fabout%2Fcongressional-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltz2024" class="citation web cs1">Waltz, Paige (March 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romney.senate.gov/senator-mitt-romney-r-ut-today-was-presented-with-the-national-emergency-management-associations-annual-legislative-achievement-award-in-recognition-of-his-efforts-in-enac/">"Romney Receives National Emergency Management Association's Legislative Achievement Award"</a>. Mitt Romney. Retrieved October 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mitt+Romney&rft.atitle=Romney+Receives+National+Emergency+Management+Association%27s+Legislative+Achievement+Award&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft.aulast=Waltz&rft.aufirst=Paige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romney.senate.gov%2Fsenator-mitt-romney-r-ut-today-was-presented-with-the-national-emergency-management-associations-annual-legislative-achievement-award-in-recognition-of-his-efforts-in-enac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalzJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Balz" title="Dan Balz">Balz, Dan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Haynes_Johnson" title="Haynes Johnson">Johnson, Haynes</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleforamerica00balz_0">The Battle for America, 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Penguin">Viking Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02111-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02111-6"><bdi>978-0-670-02111-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+America%2C+2008%3A+The+Story+of+an+Extraordinary+Election&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02111-6&rft.aulast=Balz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Haynes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleforamerica00balz_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroneCohen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barone_(pundit)" title="Michael Barone (pundit)">Barone, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Cohen" title="Richard E. Cohen">Cohen, Richard E.</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Almanac_of_American_Politics" title="The Almanac of American Politics">The Almanac of American Politics 2004</a> (paperback). Washington: <a href="/wiki/National_Journal_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="National Journal Group">National Journal Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-106-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-106-1"><bdi>978-0-89234-106-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almanac+of+American+Politics+2004&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=National+Journal+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-89234-106-1&rft.aulast=Barone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroneCohen2006" class="citation book cs1">Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Almanac_of_American_Politics" title="The Almanac of American Politics">The Almanac of American Politics 2006</a>. Washington: <a href="/wiki/National_Journal_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="National Journal Group">National Journal Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-111-5"><bdi>978-0-89234-111-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almanac+of+American+Politics+2006&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=National+Journal+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-89234-111-5&rft.aulast=Barone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroneCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Almanac_of_American_Politics" title="The Almanac of American Politics">The Almanac of American Politics 2008</a> (paperback). Washington: <a href="/wiki/National_Journal_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="National Journal Group">National Journal Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-116-0"><bdi>978-0-89234-116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almanac+of+American+Politics+2008&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=National+Journal+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-89234-116-0&rft.aulast=Barone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanellosThe_Team_at_The_Boston_Globe2009" class="citation book cs1">Canellos, Peter S.; The Team at The Boston Globe, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastlionfallrise00pete">The Last Lion: The Fall and Rise of Ted Kennedy</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3817-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3817-5"><bdi>978-1-4391-3817-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Lion%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Ted+Kennedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-3817-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastlionfallrise00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clymer" title="Adam Clymer">Clymer, Adam</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardmkennedybi00clym_0">Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Wm._Morrow_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. Morrow & Company">Wm. Morrow & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-14285-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-14285-8"><bdi>978-0-688-14285-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+M.+Kennedy%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wm.+Morrow+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-688-14285-8&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedwardmkennedybi00clym_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilemannHalperin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Heilemann" title="John Heilemann">Heilemann, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Halperin" title="Mark Halperin">Halperin, Mark</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/Game_Change" title="Game Change">Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-173363-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-173363-5"><bdi>978-0-06-173363-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Change%3A+Obama+and+the+Clintons%2C+McCain+and+Palin%2C+and+the+Race+of+a+Lifetime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-173363-5&rft.aulast=Heilemann&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Halperin%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1997" class="citation book cs1">Hersh, Burton (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowpresidentt00hers">The Shadow President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition</a>. South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883642-30-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883642-30-3"><bdi>978-1-883642-30-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shadow+President%3A+Ted+Kennedy+in+Opposition&rft.place=South+Royalton%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=Steerforth+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-883642-30-3&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshadowpresidentt00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt" title="Hugh Hewitt">Hewitt, Hugh</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mormoninwhitehou00hewi">A Mormon in the White House?: 10 Things Every American Should Know About Mitt Romney</a>. Washington: <a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-502-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-502-5"><bdi>978-1-59698-502-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mormon+in+the+White+House%3F%3A+10+Things+Every+American+Should+Know+About+Mitt+Romney&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59698-502-5&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmormoninwhitehou00hewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKranishHelman2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kranish" title="Michael Kranish">Kranish, Michael</a>; Helman, Scott (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realromney00kran">The Real Romney</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-212327-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-212327-5"><bdi>978-0-06-212327-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Romney&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-212327-5&rft.aulast=Kranish&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Helman%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealromney00kran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahoney1960" class="citation book cs1">Mahoney, Tom (1960). The Story of George Romney: Builder, Salesman, Crusader. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/236830">236830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+George+Romney%3A+Builder%2C+Salesman%2C+Crusader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F236830&rft.aulast=Mahoney&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alongtimecominge00thom">"A Long Time Coming": The Inspiring, Combative 2008 Campaign and the Historic Election of Barack Obama</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-607-5"><bdi>978-1-58648-607-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22A+Long+Time+Coming%22%3A+The+Inspiring%2C+Combative+2008+Campaign+and+the+Historic+Election+of+Barack+Obama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-607-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falongtimecominge00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_and_viewing">Further reading and viewing</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppins2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/McKay_Coppins" title="McKay Coppins">Coppins, McKay</a> (2023). <a href="/wiki/Romney:_A_Reckoning" title="Romney: A Reckoning">Romney: A Reckoning</a>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982196202" title="Special:BookSources/9781982196202"><bdi>9781982196202</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1394141101">1394141101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romney%3A+A+Reckoning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1394141101&rft.isbn=9781982196202&rft.aulast=Coppins&rft.aufirst=McKay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2008" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Craig (2008). A Different God?: Mitt Romney, the Religious Right, and the Mormon Question. Draper, Utah: Greg Kofford Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58958-117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58958-117-3"><bdi>978-1-58958-117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Different+God%3F%3A+Mitt+Romney%2C+the+Religious+Right%2C+and+the+Mormon+Question&rft.place=Draper%2C+Utah&rft.pub=Greg+Kofford+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58958-117-3&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2012" class="citation book cs1">Hines, Phillip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mittromneyinhiso0000romn">Mitt Romney in His Own Words</a>. New York: Threshold Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8780-4"><bdi>978-1-4516-8780-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitt+Romney+in+His+Own+Words&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Threshold+Editions&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-8780-4&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmittromneyinhiso0000romn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2011" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Ronald B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mittromneyinhiso0000romn">Mitt Romney: An Inside Look at the Man and His Politics</a>. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-7927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-7927-7"><bdi>978-0-7627-7927-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitt+Romney%3A+An+Inside+Look+at+the+Man+and+His+Politics&rft.place=Guilford%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-7927-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Ronald+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmittromneyinhiso0000romn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerField2007" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Lisa Ray; Field, Kimberly (2007). Mitt Romney: The Man, His Values, and His Vision. Silverton, Idaho: Mapletree Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60065-109-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60065-109-0"><bdi>978-1-60065-109-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitt+Romney%3A+The+Man%2C+His+Values%2C+and+His+Vision&rft.place=Silverton%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=Mapletree+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60065-109-0&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Ray&rft.au=Field%2C+Kimberly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteley2014" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Whiteley, Greg (2014). <a href="/wiki/Mitt_(film)" title="Mitt (film)">Mitt – A Netflix original documentary</a> (documentary film). <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitt+%E2%80%93+A+Netflix+original+documentary&rft.pub=Netflix&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Whiteley&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romney.senate.gov">Official U.S. Senate website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romneyforutah.com">Mitt Romney for U.S. Senate</a>  – Official campaign site</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000615">Biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S8UT00176">Financial information (federal office)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/member/mitt-romney/R000615">Legislation sponsored</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/21942">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vote_Smart" title="Vote Smart">Vote Smart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?37242">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205213032/https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/02/05/mitt-romney-trump-impeachment-trial-vote-announcement-full-vpx.cnn">Video of his explanation to the Senate why he plans to vote to convict President Trump in the Senate impeachment trial</a> from <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ffcc66;">Business positions </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chief Executive Officer of <a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain Capital</a> 1984–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Position abolished </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bain_(consultant)" title="Bill Bain (consultant)">Bill Bain</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"> Chief Executive Officer of <a href="/wiki/Bain_%26_Company" title="Bain & Company">Bain and Company</a> 1991–1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Ellis_(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Ellis (businessman) (page does not exist)">Steve Ellis</a></div>as Worldwide Managing Director of Bain and Company </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Orit_Gadiesh" title="Orit Gadiesh">Orit Gadiesh</a></div>as Chair of Bain and Company </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Malone_(politician)" title="Joe Malone (politician)">Joe Malone</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 1</a>) <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1994">1994</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Jack Robinson</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cellucci" title="Paul Cellucci">Paul Cellucci</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> <a href="/wiki/2002_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">2002</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Healey" title="Kerry Healey">Kerry Healey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Guinn" title="Kenny Guinn">Kenny Guinn</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a> 2005–2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Sonny Perdue</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 1</a>) <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2018 United States Senate election in Utah">2018</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Curtis_(Utah_politician)" title="John Curtis (Utah politician)">John Curtis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #78FF78;">Sporting positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eishiro_Saito" title="Eishiro Saito">Eishiro Saito</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Organising_Committee_for_the_Olympic_Games" title="President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games">President of the Organising Committee for Winter Olympic Games</a> <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentino_Castellani" title="Valentino Castellani">Valentino Castellani</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Swift" title="Jane Swift">Jane Swift</a> Acting</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> 2003–2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">United States Senator (Class 1) from Utah</a> 2019–present Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Cramer" title="Kevin Cramer">Kevin Cramer</a></div>as United States Senator from <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as United States Senator from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> since January 3, 2019 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a></div>as United States Senator from <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacky_Rosen" title="Jacky Rosen">Jacky Rosen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">United States senators by seniority</a> 77th </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Mike Braun</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mitt_Romney" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mitt_Romney" title="Template:Mitt Romney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mitt_Romney" title="Template talk:Mitt Romney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mitt_Romney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mitt Romney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mitt_Romney" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitt Romney</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">from Utah</a> (2019–present)</li> <li>70th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> (2003–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1994 senatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">2002 gubernatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Governorship of Mitt Romney">Governor of Massachusetts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_health_care_reform" title="Massachusetts health care reform">health care reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2008 presidential campaign">2008 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2012 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">vice presidential candidate selection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_presidential_transition_of_Mitt_Romney" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned presidential transition of Mitt Romney">Planned presidential transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 U.S. presidential election</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Binders_full_of_women" title="Binders full of women">Binders full of women</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_vs._Mitt_Romney_(video)" title="Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney (video)">Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_(film)" title="Mitt (film)">Mitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney%27s_2016_anti-Trump_speech" title="Mitt Romney's 2016 anti-Trump speech">2016 anti-Trump speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2018 United States Senate election in Utah">2018 senatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Electoral history of Mitt Romney">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Public image of Mitt Romney">Public image</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg/100px-Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg/150px-Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg/200px-Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1901" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Business career of Mitt Romney">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bain_%26_Company" title="Bain & Company">Bain & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Olympics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Organizing_Committee_for_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Winter_Games_of_2002" title="Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002">Salt Lake Organizing Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround:_Crisis,_Leadership,_and_the_Olympic_Games" title="Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games">Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Apology" title="No Apology">No Apology: The Case for American Greatness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romney_family" title="Romney family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Romney" title="Ann Romney">Ann Romney</a> (spouse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagg_Romney" title="Tagg Romney">Tagg Romney</a> (eldest son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenore_Romney" title="Lenore Romney">Lenore Romney</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaskell_Romney" title="Gaskell Romney">Gaskell Romney</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_A._Lafount" title="Harold A. Lafount">Harold A. Lafount</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Park_Romney" title="Miles Park Romney">Miles Park Romney</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Romney" title="Milton Romney">Milton Romney</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">Ronna Romney McDaniel</a> (niece)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mitt_Romney" title="Category:Mitt Romney">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Mitt_Romney" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Mitt_Romney" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Mitt Romney</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Family_tree_of_Mitt_Romney" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romney_family_tree" title="Template:Romney family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romney_family_tree" title="Template talk:Romney family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romney_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romney family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Family_tree_of_Mitt_Romney" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romney_family" title="Romney family">Family tree of Mitt Romney</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="text-align:left"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font-size: 90%;align=right;background:transparent"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Pratt" title="Parley P. Pratt">Parley P. Pratt</a> (1807–1857)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilcken" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wilcken">Charles Wilcken</a> (1830–1915)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Miles_Romney" title="Miles Romney">Miles Romney</a> (1806–1877)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Emeline Billingsley (1852–1910)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Helaman_Pratt" title="Helaman Pratt">Helaman Pratt</a> (1846–1909)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Anna Wilcken (1854–1929)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Hannah Hill (1842–1928)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Miles_Park_Romney" title="Miles Park Romney">Miles Park Romney</a> (1843–1904)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Catharine Cottam (1855–1918)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Harold_A._Lafount" title="Harold A. Lafount">Harold A. Lafount</a> (1880–1952)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rey_Pratt" title="Rey Pratt">Rey Pratt</a> (1878–1931)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Anna Amelia Pratt (1876–1926)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaskell_Romney" title="Gaskell Romney">Gaskell Romney</a> (1871–1955)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George_S._Romney" title="George S. Romney">George S. Romney</a> (1873–1935)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Vernon Romney (1896–1976)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Caroline Cottam Romney (1874–1954)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Roderick_Davies" title="Edward Roderick Davies">Edward Roderick Davies</a> (1915–1992)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lenore_Romney" title="Lenore Romney">Lenore LaFount</a> (1908–1998)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> (1907–1995)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marion_G._Romney" title="Marion G. Romney">Marion G. Romney</a> (1897–1988)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_B._Romney" title="Vernon B. Romney">Vernon B. Romney</a> (1924–2013)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">Spencer Woolley Kimball</a> (1895–1985)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Camilla Eyring (1894–1987)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a> (1901–1981)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Romney" title="Ann Romney">Ann Davies</a> (born 1949)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#eee"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Willard Mitt Romney</a> (born 1947)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">G. Scott Romney (born 1941)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ronna_Romney" title="Ronna Romney">Ronna Romney</a> (born 1943)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Eyring" title="Henry B. Eyring">Henry B. Eyring</a> (born 1933)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Tagg_Romney" title="Tagg Romney">Tagg Romney</a> (born 1970)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Matt Romney (born 1971)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Josh Romney (born 1975)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Ben Romney (born 1978)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Craig Romney (born 1981)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">Ronna McDaniel</a> (born 1973)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Eyring" title="Henry J. Eyring">Henry J. Eyring</a> (born 1963)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">References: <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBennett1951" class="citation cs2">Bennett, Archibald Fowler (1951), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrFpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22portrait+painter%22">A Guide for Genealogical Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>: <a href="/wiki/Genealogical_Society_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogical Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Genealogical Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+for+Genealogical+Research&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=Genealogical+Society+of+the+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrFpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522portrait%2Bpainter%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGivensGrow2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terryl_Givens" title="Terryl Givens">Givens, Terryl L.</a>; Grow, Matthew J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yM5XY5KimksC&pg=PA401">Parley P. Pratt: The Apostle Paul of Mormonism</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195375732" title="Special:BookSources/9780195375732"><bdi>9780195375732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parley+P.+Pratt%3A+The+Apostle+Paul+of+Mormonism&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780195375732&rft.aulast=Givens&rft.aufirst=Terryl+L.&rft.au=Grow%2C+Matthew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyM5XY5KimksC%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaite2012" class="citation cs2">Hebblethwaite, Cordelia (June 13, 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18422949">Mitt Romney's Mormon roots in northern England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston, England</a>: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitt+Romney%27s+Mormon+roots+in+northern+England&rft.place=Preston%2C+England&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.aulast=Hebblethwaite&rft.aufirst=Cordelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18422949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRomney1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catharine_Cottam_Romney" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharine Cottam Romney">Romney, Catharine Cottam</a> (1992). Hansen, Jennifer Moulton (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWww69owr1kC">Letters of Catharine Cottam Romney, plural wife</a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252018688" title="Special:BookSources/9780252018688"><bdi>9780252018688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Catharine+Cottam+Romney%2C+plural+wife&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780252018688&rft.aulast=Romney&rft.aufirst=Catharine+Cottam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWww69owr1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/UU_EAD&CISOPTR=2015">Special Collections: Inventory of the Henry Eyring papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Willard_Marriott_Library" title="J. Willard Marriott Library">J. Willard Marriott Library</a>, University of Utah, retrieved March 14, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Collections%3A+Inventory+of+the+Henry+Eyring+papers&rft.pub=J.+Willard+Marriott+Library%2C+University+of+Utah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fcdm4%2Fitem_viewer.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2FUU_EAD%26CISOPTR%3D2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMitt+Romney" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Utah&#039;s_current_delegation_to_the_United_States_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Utah" title="United States congressional delegations from Utah">Utah's current delegation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">Senators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitt Romney</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Utah" title="List of United States representatives from Utah">Representatives (ordered by district)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Blake_Moore" title="Blake Moore">Blake Moore</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Maloy" title="Celeste Maloy">Celeste Maloy</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Curtis_(Utah_politician)" title="John Curtis (Utah politician)">John Curtis</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Burgess_Owens" title="Burgess Owens">Burgess Owens</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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tempore</a>: ▌ <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (D)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alabama" title="List of United States senators from Alabama">AL</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tuberville" title="Tommy Tuberville">Tuberville</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Katie_Britt" title="Katie Britt">Britt</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alaska" title="List of United States senators from Alaska">AK</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Murkowski</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._senator)" title="Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)">Sullivan</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona" title="List of United States senators from Arizona">AZ</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Sinema</a> (I)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kelly" title="Mark Kelly">Kelly</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arkansas" title="List of United States senators from Arkansas">AR</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Boozman" title="John Boozman">Boozman</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">CA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Padilla</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Laphonza_Butler" title="Laphonza Butler">Butler</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Colorado" title="List of United States senators from Colorado">CO</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennet" title="Michael Bennet">Bennet</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Hickenlooper" title="John Hickenlooper">Hickenlooper</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States senators from Connecticut">CT</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware" title="List of United States senators from Delaware">DE</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Carper</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Coons</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Florida" title="List of United States senators from Florida">FL</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">R. Scott</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">GA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jon_Ossoff" title="Jon Ossoff">Ossoff</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Warnock</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Hawaii" title="List of United States senators from Hawaii">HI</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Schatz</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Hirono</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Idaho" title="List of United States senators from Idaho">ID</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Crapo</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">IL</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Duckworth</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="List of United States senators from Indiana">IN</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Todd_Young" title="Todd Young">Young</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Braun</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa" title="List of United States senators from Iowa">IA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Joni_Ernst" title="Joni Ernst">Ernst</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kansas" title="List of United States senators from Kansas">KS</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Moran</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Roger_Marshall" title="Roger Marshall">Marshall</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">KY</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States senators from Louisiana">LA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Cassidy</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_(Louisiana_politician)" title="John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)">Kennedy</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="List of United States senators from Maine">ME</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Collins</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">King</a> (I)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">MD</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Van Hollen</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">MA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">MI</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">MN</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Klobuchar</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tina_Smith" title="Tina Smith">Smith</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States senators from Mississippi">MS</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Wicker</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Hyde-Smith" title="Cindy Hyde-Smith">Hyde-Smith</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">MO</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Schmitt</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Montana" title="List of United States senators from Montana">MT</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Tester</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Daines</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nebraska" title="List of United States senators from Nebraska">NE</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Deb_Fischer" title="Deb Fischer">Fischer</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Pete_Ricketts" title="Pete Ricketts">Ricketts</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nevada" title="List of United States senators from Nevada">NV</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Cortez Masto</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jacky_Rosen" title="Jacky Rosen">Rosen</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States senators from New Hampshire">NH</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Shaheen" title="Jeanne Shaheen">Shaheen</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Hassan" title="Maggie Hassan">Hassan</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Jersey" title="List of United States senators from New Jersey">NJ</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Booker</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/George_Helmy" title="George Helmy">Helmy</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Mexico" title="List of United States senators from New Mexico">NM</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich" title="Martin Heinrich">Heinrich</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ray_Luj%C3%A1n" title="Ben Ray Luján">Luján</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">NY</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Gillibrand</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from North Carolina">NC</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Tillis</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ted_Budd" title="Ted Budd">Budd</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from North Dakota">ND</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">Hoeven</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Cramer" title="Kevin Cramer">Cramer</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio" title="List of United States senators from Ohio">OH</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Brown</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oklahoma" title="List of United States senators from Oklahoma">OK</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/James_Lankford" title="James Lankford">Lankford</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Markwayne_Mullin" title="Markwayne Mullin">Mullin</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oregon" title="List of United States senators from Oregon">OR</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Merkley</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">PA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Casey</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island" title="List of United States senators from Rhode Island">RI</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Reed</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Whitehouse</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">SC</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Graham</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">T. Scott</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from South Dakota">SD</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rounds" title="Mike Rounds">Rounds</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">TN</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hagerty" title="Bill Hagerty">Hagerty</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">TX</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">Cornyn</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">UT</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Lee</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romney</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">VT</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a> (I)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Welch</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">VA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Washington" title="List of United States senators from Washington">WA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Cantwell</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from West Virginia">WV</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Manchin</a> (I)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Capito</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">WI</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson" title="Ron Johnson">Johnson</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Baldwin</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wyoming" title="List of United States senators from Wyoming">WY</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">Barrasso</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Lummis" title="Cynthia Lummis">Lummis</a> (R)</div></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>: 49</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>: 47</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>: 4</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Utah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="Template:United States senators from Utah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="Template talk:United States senators from Utah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Utah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Utah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">United States senators from Utah</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Cannon" title="Frank J. Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kearns" title="Thomas Kearns">Kearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._King" title="William H. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Murdock" title="Abe Murdock">Murdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_V._Watkins" title="Arthur V. Watkins">Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moss" title="Frank Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romney</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brown_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Brown (U.S. senator)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Rawlins" title="Joseph L. Rawlins">Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_D._Thomas" title="Elbert D. Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_F._Bennett" title="Wallace F. Bennett">W. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Garn" title="Jake Garn">Garn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bennett_(politician)" title="Bob Bennett (politician)">R. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governors of Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Colony (1629–1686)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haynes_(governor)" title="John Haynes (governor)">Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Vane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leverett" title="John Leverett">Leverett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="527" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion (1686–1689)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province (1692–1776)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Phips" title="William Phips">W. Phips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coote,_1st_Earl_of_Bellomont" title="Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont">Bellomont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shute" title="Samuel Shute">Shute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnet_(colonial_administrator)" title="William Burnet (colonial administrator)">Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Belcher" title="Jonathan Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pownall" title="Thomas Pownall">Pownall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Commonwealth (since 1776)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bowdoin" title="James Bowdoin">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Sumner" title="Increase Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gill" title="Moses Gill">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sullivan_(governor)" title="James Sullivan (governor)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Lincoln Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gore" title="Christopher Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brooks_(governor)" title="John Brooks (governor)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">Lincoln Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Turell_Armstrong" title="Samuel Turell Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Clifford" title="John H. Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Washburn" title="Emory Washburn">E. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gardner" title="Henry Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bullock" title="Alexander Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">W. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gaston_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William Gaston (Massachusetts politician)">Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ames_(governor)" title="Oliver Ames (governor)">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Q._A._Brackett" title="John Q. A. Brackett">Brackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Russell_(politician)" title="William E. Russell (politician)">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_T._Greenhalge" title="Frederic T. Greenhalge">Greenhalge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Roger Wolcott (Massachusetts politician)">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Bates" title="John L. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Douglas" title="William Lewis Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Guild_Jr." title="Curtis Guild Jr.">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Sumner_Draper" title="Eben Sumner Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">McCall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_T._Fuller" title="Alvan T. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Allen" title="Frank G. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Ely" title="Joseph B. Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Hurley" title="Charles F. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Bradford" title="Robert F. Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Dever" title="Paul A. Dever">Dever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">Furcolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endicott_Peabody" title="Endicott Peabody">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sargent" title="Francis Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cellucci" title="Paul Cellucci">Cellucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Swift" title="Jane Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maura_Healey" title="Maura Healey">Healey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Governor_Mitt_Romney_(2003–2007)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mitt_Romney_cabinet" title="Template:Mitt Romney cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mitt_Romney_cabinet" title="Template talk:Mitt Romney cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mitt_Romney_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mitt Romney cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Governor_Mitt_Romney_(2003–2007)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitt Romney</a> (2003–2007)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Lieutenant Governor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Healey" title="Kerry Healey">Kerry Healey</a> (2003–2007)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_6.jpg/95px-Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_6.jpg/142px-Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_6.jpg/189px-Mitt_Romney_by_Gage_Skidmore_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="2730" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of Health and Human Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Preston_(state_cabinet_secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ron Preston (state cabinet secretary) (page does not exist)">Ron Preston</a> (2003–2004)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timothy_R._Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timothy R. Murphy (page does not exist)">Timothy R. Murphy</a> (2005–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of Environmental Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Roy_Herzfelder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellen Roy Herzfelder (page does not exist)">Ellen Roy Herzfelder</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Pritchard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Pritchard (page does not exist)">Stephen Pritchard</a> (2005–2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_W._Golledge,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert W. Golledge, Jr. (page does not exist)">Robert W. Golledge, Jr.</a> (2006–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of Public Safety & Homeland Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Flynn" title="Edward A. Flynn">Edward A. Flynn</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Haas" title="Robert C. Haas">Robert C. Haas</a> (2006–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Grabauskas" title="Daniel Grabauskas">Daniel Grabauskas</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cogliano" title="John Cogliano">John Cogliano</a> (2005–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of Administration and Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kriss" title="Eric Kriss">Eric Kriss</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trimarco" title="Thomas Trimarco">Thomas Trimarco</a> (2005–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of Economic Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pozen" title="Robert Pozen">Robert Pozen</a> (2003–2004)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranch_C._Kimball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranch C. Kimball (page does not exist)">Ranch C. Kimball</a> (2004–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of Elder Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Davis_Carey" title="Jennifer Davis Carey">Jennifer Davis Carey</a> (2003–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of Veterans' Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Kelley" title="Thomas G. Kelley">Thomas G. Kelley</a> (2003–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of Commonwealth Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_I._Foy" title="Douglas I. Foy">Douglas I. Foy</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Gottlieb_(state_cabinet_secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Gottlieb (state cabinet secretary) (page does not exist)">Andrew Gottlieb</a> (2006–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of Workforce Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Edmonds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Edmonds (page does not exist)">Jane Edmonds</a> (2003–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential tickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national conventions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by state and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2004)_2008_United_States_presidential_election_(2012_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2008 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2008 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2008 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2004)_2008_United_States_presidential_election_(2012_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">← 2004</a>) <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_United_States_elections" title="Template:2008 United States elections">2008 United States elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_candidates_in_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="List of candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_2008_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="Comparison of the 2008 United States presidential candidates">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_endorsements_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Congressional endorsements for the 2008 United States presidential election">Congressional endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_access_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot access for the 2008 United States presidential election">Ballot access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2008 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday,_2008" title="Super Tuesday, 2008">Super Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_primary" title="Potomac primary">Potomac primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Super_Tuesday_II" title="2008 Super Tuesday II">Super Tuesday II</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="International opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">international</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">WFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superdelegates_at_the_2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of superdelegates at the 2008 Democratic National Convention">superdelegates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">cross-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Evan Bayh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Evan Bayh 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Hillary_Clinton" title="Political positions of Hillary Clinton">positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Chris Dodd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Chris Dodd 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John Edwards 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_Edwards" title="Political positions of John Edwards">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Gravel 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Dennis Kucinich 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Richardson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tom Vilsack 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">CPNY</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York" title="Independence Party of New York">IPNY</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primary candidates">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_McCain" title="Political positions of John McCain">positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of John McCain 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_liberal_support_for_John_McCain_in_2008" title="Democratic and liberal support for John McCain in 2008">cross-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_presidential_candidacy_of_Sarah_Palin" title="Vice presidential candidacy of Sarah Palin">candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Sarah_Palin" title="Political positions of Sarah Palin">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2008 Republican Party presidential candidates">Other candidates</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Sam Brownback 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Cox" title="John H. Cox">John H. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Jim Gilmore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Rudy Giuliani 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rudy_Giuliani" title="Political positions of Rudy Giuliani">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Huckabee 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mike_Huckabee" title="Political positions of Mike Huckabee">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter" title="Duncan L. Hunter">Duncan L. Hunter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Duncan L. Hunter 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_McKinney" title="Ray McKinney">Ray McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitt Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tom Tancredo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tom Tancredo 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson" title="Fred Thompson">Fred Thompson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Fred Thompson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tommy Thompson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Draft_(politics)" title="Draft (politics)">Draft movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Democratic: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Mark_Warner_movement" title="Draft Mark Warner movement">movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Republican: <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Condi_movement" title="Draft Condi movement">movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Bloomberg_movement" title="Draft Bloomberg movement">movement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2008 United States presidential election">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Chuck Baldwin 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: Darrell Castle</li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Imperato" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Imperato">Daniel Imperato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_Green_National_Convention" title="2008 Green National Convention">convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Cynthia McKinney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Cynthia_McKinney" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of Cynthia McKinney">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Clemente" title="Rosa Clemente">Rosa Clemente</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Brown" title="Elaine Brown">Elaine Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2008 Libertarian National Convention">convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Barr 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bob_Barr" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of Bob Barr">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Wayne Allyn Root</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Gravel 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Kubby" title="Steve Kubby">Steve Kubby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Wayne Allyn Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ruwart" title="Mary Ruwart">Mary Ruwart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Stanhope" title="Doug Stanhope">Doug Stanhope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;">America's Independent Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: Brian Rohrbough</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 yellow;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jay" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Jay">Charles Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist Party">Objectivist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stevens_(Objectivist_Party_politician)" title="Tom Stevens (Objectivist Party politician)">Tom Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Matt_Gonzalez" title="Matt Gonzalez">Matt Gonzalez</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Cynthia McKinney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(political_activist)" title="Brian Moore (political activist)">Brian Moore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Brian Moore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Amondson" title="Gene Amondson">Gene Amondson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Weill" title="Ted Weill">Ted Weill</a></li> <li>VP nominee: Frank McEnulty</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Puryear" title="Eugene Puryear">Eugene Puryear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(political_activist)" title="Brian Moore (political activist)">Brian Moore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Brian Moore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Chester" title="Eric Chester">Eric Chester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Róger Calero</a></li> <li>Alternate nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independent / Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Boss" title="Jeff Boss">Jeff Boss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_(character)" title="Stephen Colbert (character)">Stephen Colbert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Stephen Colbert 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lyttle" title="Bradford Lyttle">Bradford Lyttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_(performance_artist)" title="Frank Moore (performance artist)">Frank Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Sharkey" title="Jonathon Sharkey">Jonathon Sharkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>Other 2008 elections: <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2008 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2008 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2008)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(2016_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2008)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(2016_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">← 2008</a>) <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2012 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">National polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">Statewide polls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pre-2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Pre-2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">pre-2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early/Mid_2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Early/Mid 2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">early 2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2012 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">General election debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2012 United States presidential election">Newspaper endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_Hurricane_Sandy" title="Political impact of Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;">Democratic Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Challengers</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ely" title="Bob Ely">Bob Ely</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Judd" title="Keith Judd">Keith Judd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_Mosler" title="Warren Mosler">Warren Mosler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Randall_Terry" title="Randall Terry">Randall Terry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Wolfe_Jr." title="John Wolfe Jr.">John Wolfe</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;">Republican Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2012 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Statewide polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">National polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Straw polls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2012 Republican Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitt Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Paul_Ryan" title="Political positions of Paul Ryan">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Michele Bachmann 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain" title="Herman Cain">Herman Cain</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Herman Cain 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Herman_Cain" title="Political positions of Herman Cain">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Callahan" title="Mark Callahan">Mark Callahan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Newt Gingrich 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Newt_Gingrich" title="Political positions of Newt Gingrich">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Greenleaf" title="Stewart Greenleaf">Stewart Greenleaf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Jr._(2012_presidential_candidate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Davis Jr. (2012 presidential candidate)">John Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr." title="Jon Huntsman Jr.">Jon Huntsman</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Jon Huntsman 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fred_Karger" title="Fred Karger">Fred Karger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">Thaddeus McCotter</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Thaddeus McCotter 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McMillan" title="Jimmy McMillan">Jimmy McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty" title="Tim Pawlenty">Tim Pawlenty</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Tim Pawlenty 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rick_Perry" title="Political positions of Rick Perry">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Buddy Roemer 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Santorum 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;">Libertarian Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2012 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Person" title="Carl Person">Carl Person</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sloan" title="Sam Sloan">Sam Sloan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;">Green Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_National_Convention" title="2012 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Cheri_Honkala" title="Cheri Honkala">Cheri Honkala</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2012 United States presidential election">third-party and independent candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Drake" title="Wiley Drake">Wiley Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Virgil Goode 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Noonan" title="Edward C. Noonan">Edward C. Noonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Roth" title="Laurie Roth">Laurie Roth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Third Position Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Miller" title="Merlin Miller">Merlin Miller</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Abernethy" title="Virginia Abernethy">Virginia Abernethy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Constitution_Party_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Virgil Goode 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: Jim Clymer</li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Roth" title="Laurie Roth">Laurie Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: Stephen Durham</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #50C878;"><a href="/wiki/Grassroots%E2%80%93Legalize_Cannabis_Party" title="Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party">Grassroots Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carlson_(businessman)" title="Jim Carlson (businessman)">Jim Carlson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Luis_J._Rodriguez" title="Luis J. Rodriguez">Luis J. Rodriguez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peta_Lindsay" title="Peta Lindsay">Peta Lindsay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan" title="Cindy Sheehan">Cindy Sheehan</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peta_Lindsay" title="Peta Lindsay">Peta Lindsay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/James_Hedges" title="James Hedges">James Hedges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Barnett" title="Andre Barnett">Andre Barnett</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Kotlikoff" title="Laurence Kotlikoff">Laurence Kotlikoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Buddy Roemer 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(socialist)" title="Jerry White (socialist)">Jerry White</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Stewart Alexander 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mendoza" title="Alejandro Mendoza">Alejandro Mendoza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Objectivist Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stevens_(Objectivist_Party_politician)" title="Tom Stevens (Objectivist Party politician)">Tom Stevens</a></dd> <dt>Independents</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lee_Abramson" title="Lee Abramson">Lee Abramson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Randy_Blythe" title="Randy Blythe">Randy Blythe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Boss" title="Jeff Boss">Jeff Boss</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naked_Cowboy" title="Naked Cowboy">Robert Burck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones_(pastor)" title="Terry Jones (pastor)">Terry Jones</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Draft_Bloomberg_movement" title="Draft Bloomberg movement">attempt to draft</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_elections" title="2012 United States elections">Other 2012 elections</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2012 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2012 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bain_Capital" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bain_Capital" title="Template:Bain Capital"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bain_Capital" title="Template talk:Bain Capital"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bain_Capital" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bain Capital"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bain_Capital" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain Capital</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bain_(consultant)" title="Bill Bain (consultant)">Bill Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kriss" title="Eric Kriss">Eric Kriss</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitt Romney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portfolio companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleris" title="Aleris">Aleris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Yachtbau" title="Bavaria Yachtbau">Bavaria Yachtbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Recreational_Products" title="Bombardier Recreational Products">Bombardier Recreational Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookstone" title="Brookstone">Brookstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burger_King" title="Burger King">Burger King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_(department_store)" title="Burlington (department store)">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%2BM_Group" title="D+M Group">D+M Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollarama" title="Dollarama">Dollarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino%27s" title="Domino's">Domino's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edcon" title="Edcon">Edcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOME_Electrical_Appliances" title="GOME Electrical Appliances">GOME Electrical Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_Center" title="Guitar Center">Guitar Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymboree" title="Gymboree">Gymboree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCA_Healthcare" title="HCA Healthcare">HCA Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_Supply" title="HD Supply">HD Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">iHeartMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Bolt_and_Nut_Company_plant" title="Kansas City Bolt and Nut Company plant">Kansas City Bolt and Nut Company plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KB_Toys" title="KB Toys">KB Toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaels" title="Michaels">Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="New Life Lodge">New Life Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors" title="NXP Semiconductors">NXP Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_Zoo" title="Retail Zoo">Retail Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealy_Corporation" title="Sealy Corporation">Sealy Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staples_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Staples Inc">Staples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us" title="Toys "R" Us">Toys "R" Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_Brands" title="Varsity Brands">Varsity Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Australia_Holdings" title="Virgin Australia Holdings">Virgin Australia Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Channel" title="The Weather Channel">The Weather Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aspen_Education_Group" title="Aspen Education Group">Aspen Education Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspen_Achievement_Academy" title="Aspen Achievement Academy">Aspen Achievement Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_at_Swift_River" title="Academy at Swift River">Academy at Swift River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromley_Brook_School" title="Bromley Brook School">Bromley Brook School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excel_Academy_(Conroe,_Texas)" title="Excel Academy (Conroe, Texas)">Excel Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bachelor_Academy" title="Mount Bachelor Academy">Mount Bachelor Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leaf_Academy" title="New Leaf Academy">New Leaf Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NorthStar_Center" title="NorthStar Center">NorthStar Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakley_School" title="Oakley School">Oakley School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellspring_Academies" title="Wellspring Academies">Wellspring Academies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bain_%26_Company" title="Bain & Company">Bain & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital_Ventures" title="Bain Capital Ventures">Bain Capital Ventures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Utah&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_116th–present_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Utah&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_116th–present_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>'s delegation(s) to the 116th–present <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">M. Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Romney</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Utah" title="List of United States representatives from Utah">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rob_Bishop" title="Rob Bishop">R. Bishop</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chris_Stewart_(politician)" title="Chris Stewart (politician)">C. Stewart</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Curtis_(Utah_politician)" title="John Curtis (Utah politician)">J. Curtis</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ben_McAdams" title="Ben McAdams">B. McAdams</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">M. Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Romney</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Utah" title="List of United States representatives from Utah">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chris_Stewart_(politician)" title="Chris Stewart (politician)">C. Stewart</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Curtis_(Utah_politician)" title="John Curtis (Utah politician)">J. Curtis</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Blake_Moore" title="Blake Moore">B. Moore</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Burgess_Owens" title="Burgess Owens">B. Owens</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">M. Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">W. Romney</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Utah" title="List of United States representatives from Utah">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chris_Stewart_(politician)" title="Chris Stewart (politician)">C. Stewart</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Curtis_(Utah_politician)" title="John Curtis (Utah politician)">J. Curtis</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Blake_Moore" title="Blake Moore">B. Moore</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Burgess_Owens" title="Burgess Owens">B. Owens</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Maloy" title="Celeste Maloy">C. Maloy</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/21px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/42px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/21px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/42px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Olympics">Olympics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/21px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/42px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts" title="Portal:Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/21px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/32px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/42px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Utah" title="Portal:Utah">Utah</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Mitt Romney at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mitt_Romney" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mitt Romney">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mitt_Romney" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mitt Romney">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mitt_Romney" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Mitt Romney">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000367600185">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/231888783">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/355923/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdrJGkJYyx3Xv8vQY3PcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/173761410">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95017857">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16576373s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16576373s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2012714135&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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