CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Blast furnace - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2762dd71-0e3b-4e42-ad90-bb5cc591302f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Blast_furnace","wgTitle":"Blast furnace","wgCurRevisionId":1259327393,"wgRevisionId":1259327393,"wgArticleId":297203,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: postscript","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2020","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2021", "Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021","Articles to be expanded from July 2021","All articles to be expanded","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2021","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024","Pages with missing ISBNs","Commons link from Wikidata","Blast furnaces","Chinese inventions","Firing techniques","Industrial buildings and structures","Industrial furnaces","Industrial Revolution","Metallurgy","Smelting","Steelmaking"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Blast_furnace","wgRelevantArticleId":297203,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q181485","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG/1200px-Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1873"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG/800px-Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1248"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG/640px-Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="999"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Blast furnace - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Blast_furnace rootpage-Blast_furnace skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Blast+furnace" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Blast+furnace" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Blast+furnace" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Blast+furnace" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Process_engineering_and_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_engineering_and_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Process engineering and chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_engineering_and_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oldest_European_blast_furnaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_European_blast_furnaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Oldest European blast furnaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_European_blast_furnaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cistercian_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cistercian_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Cistercian contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cistercian_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_spread_of_early_modern_blast_furnaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_spread_of_early_modern_blast_furnaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Origin and spread of early modern blast furnaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_spread_of_early_modern_blast_furnaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coke_blast_furnaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coke_blast_furnaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Coke blast furnaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coke_blast_furnaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam-powered_blast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam-powered_blast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Steam-powered blast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam-powered_blast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hot_blast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hot_blast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Hot blast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hot_blast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_applications_of_the_blast_furnace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_applications_of_the_blast_furnace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern applications of the blast furnace</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_applications_of_the_blast_furnace-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern applications of the blast furnace subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_applications_of_the_blast_furnace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iron_blast_furnaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_blast_furnaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Iron blast furnaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_blast_furnaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxygen_blast_furnace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen_blast_furnace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Oxygen blast furnace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen_blast_furnace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zinc_blast_furnaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zinc_blast_furnaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Zinc blast furnaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zinc_blast_furnaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture_of_stone_wool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture_of_stone_wool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Manufacture of stone wool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture_of_stone_wool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_iron_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_iron_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern iron process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_iron_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preserved_historic_blast_furnaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preserved_historic_blast_furnaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Preserved historic blast furnaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preserved_historic_blast_furnaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blast furnace</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogoond" title="Hoogoond – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hoogoond" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD" title="فرن لافح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرن لافح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="মারুত চুল্লি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারুত চুল্লি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87" title="Доменная печ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Доменная печ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%89" title="Доменна пещ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Доменна пещ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoka_pe%C4%87" title="Visoka peć – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Visoka peć" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_forn" title="Alt forn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alt forn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysok%C3%A1_pec" title="Vysoká pec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vysoká pec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffwrnais_chwyth" title="Ffwrnais chwyth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffwrnais chwyth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jovn" title="Højovn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Højovn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochofen" title="Hochofen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochofen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Υψικάμινος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υψικάμινος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_horno" title="Alto horno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alto horno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altforno" title="Altforno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Altforno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labe_garai" title="Labe garai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Labe garai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کوره بلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوره بلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut_fourneau" title="Haut fourneau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haut fourneau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foirn%C3%A9is_soinne%C3%A1in" title="Foirnéis soinneáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foirnéis soinneáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_forno" title="Alto forno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alto forno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EA%B4%91%EB%A1%9C" title="용광로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용광로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Վատերժակետային վառարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վատերժակետային վառարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80" title="वात्या भट्ठी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वात्या भट्ठी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoka_pe%C4%87" title="Visoka peć – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Visoka peć" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanur_tiup" title="Tanur tiup – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanur tiup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoforno" title="Altoforno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Altoforno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%9D" title="תנור רם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנור רם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8A%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86" title="ಊದುಕುಲುಮೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಊದುಕುಲುಮೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Домна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Домна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ichuewen" title="Héichuewen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Héichuewen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyolvaszt%C3%B3" title="Nagyolvasztó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagyolvasztó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Висока печка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Висока печка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ലാസ്റ്റ് ഫർണസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലാസ്റ്റ് ഫർണസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relau_bagas" title="Relau bagas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Relau bagas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogoven" title="Hoogoven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoogoven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%82%89" title="高炉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高炉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovn" title="Masovn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Masovn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masomn" title="Masomn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Masomn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domna_pechi" title="Domna pechi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Domna pechi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A0%E0%A9%80" title="ਧਮਨ ਭੱਠੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਮਨ ਭੱਠੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_piec" title="Wielki piec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki piec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto-forno" title="Alto-forno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alto-forno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnal" title="Furnal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Furnal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C" title="Доменная печь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доменная печь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blast furnace" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysok%C3%A1_pec" title="Vysoká pec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vysoká pec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plav%C5%BE" title="Plavž – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plavž" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%9B" title="Висока пећ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Висока пећ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoka_pe%C4%87" title="Visoka peć – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Visoka peć" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masuuni" title="Masuuni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Masuuni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masugn" title="Masugn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Masugn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ஊதுலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊதுலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCksek_f%C4%B1r%C4%B1n" title="Yüksek fırın – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüksek fırın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87" title="Доменна піч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Доменна піч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2_cao" title="Lò cao – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lò cao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4t-fornea" title="Hôt-fornea – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hôt-fornea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%93%E9%A2%A8%E7%88%90" title="鼓風爐 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鼓風爐" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%88%90" title="高爐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高爐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181485#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Blast_furnace" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Blast_furnace" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Blast_furnace" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&oldid=1259327393" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Blast_furnace&id=1259327393&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBlast_furnace"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBlast_furnace"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Blast_furnace&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181485" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alto_Horno,_Puerto_de_Sagunto,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2015-01-04,_DD_91.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG/240px-Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG/360px-Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG/480px-Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3095" data-file-height="4830" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Altos_Hornos_del_Mediterr%C3%A1neo" title="Altos Hornos del Mediterráneo">AHM</a> blast furnace in Port of Sagunt, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure><p>A <b>blast furnace</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace" title="Metallurgical furnace">metallurgical furnace</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> to produce industrial metals, generally <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>, but also others such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> or <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. <i>Blast</i> refers to the combustion air being supplied above <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a blast furnace, fuel (<a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ores" class="mw-redirect" title="Ores">ores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>) are continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, while a hot blast of <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> (sometimes with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> enrichment) is blown into the lower section of the furnace through a series of pipes called <a href="/wiki/Tuyeres" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuyeres">tuyeres</a>, so that the <a href="#Process_engineering_and_chemistry">chemical reactions</a> take place throughout the furnace as the material falls downward. The end products are usually molten metal and <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> phases tapped from the bottom, and waste gases (<a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a>) exiting from the top of the furnace.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The downward flow of the ore along with the flux in contact with an upflow of hot, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>-rich combustion gases is a <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent exchange</a> and chemical reaction process.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, air furnaces (such as <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">reverberatory furnaces</a>) are naturally aspirated, usually by the <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> of hot gases in a <a href="/wiki/Chimney-flue" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimney-flue">chimney flue</a>. According to this broad definition, <a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">bloomeries</a> for iron, <a href="/wiki/Blowing_house" title="Blowing house">blowing houses</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smelt_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Smelt mill">smelt mills</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> would be classified as blast furnaces. However, the term has usually been limited to those used for smelting <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>, an intermediate material used in the production of commercial iron and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, and the shaft furnaces used in combination with <a href="/wiki/Sinter_plant" title="Sinter plant">sinter plants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Base_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Base metals">base metals</a> smelting.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blast furnaces are estimated to have been responsible for over 4% of global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> between 1900 and 2015, but are difficult to decarbonize.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_engineering_and_chemistry">Process engineering and chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process engineering and chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VysokePece1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/VysokePece1.jpg/240px-VysokePece1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/VysokePece1.jpg/360px-VysokePece1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/VysokePece1.jpg/480px-VysokePece1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Blast furnaces of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%99inec_Iron_and_Steel_Works" title="Třinec Iron and Steel Works">Třinec Iron and Steel Works</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_(page_111)_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/240px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/360px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/480px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Charcoal burning iron blast furnace in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Ohio" title="Jackson County, Ohio">Jackson County, Ohio</a>, 1923</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blast_Furnace_Reactions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Blast_Furnace_Reactions.jpg/240px-Blast_Furnace_Reactions.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Blast_Furnace_Reactions.jpg/360px-Blast_Furnace_Reactions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Blast_Furnace_Reactions.jpg/480px-Blast_Furnace_Reactions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>Rising <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> reduces <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a> to pure <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> through a series of reactions that occur at different areas within a blast furnace.</figcaption></figure> <p>Blast furnaces operate on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">chemical reduction</a> whereby carbon monoxide converts iron oxides to elemental iron. </p><p>Blast furnaces differ from <a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">bloomeries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">reverberatory furnaces</a> in that in a blast furnace, flue gas is in direct contact with the ore and iron, allowing carbon monoxide to diffuse into the ore and reduce the iron oxide. The blast furnace operates as a <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent exchange</a> process whereas a bloomery does not. Another difference is that bloomeries operate as a batch process whereas blast furnaces <a href="/wiki/Continuous_production" title="Continuous production">operate continuously</a> for long periods. Continuous operation is also preferred because blast furnaces are difficult to start and stop. Also, the carbon in pig iron lowers the melting point below that of steel or pure iron; in contrast, iron does not melt in a bloomery. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">Silica</a> has to be removed from the pig iron. It reacts with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a> (burned limestone) and forms silicates, which float to the surface of the molten pig iron as slag. Historically, to prevent contamination from sulfur, the best quality iron<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> was produced with charcoal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a blast furnace, a downward-moving column of ore, flux, <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> (or charcoal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) and their reaction products must be sufficiently porous for the flue gas to pass through, upwards. To ensure this permeability the particle size of the coke or charcoal is of great relevance. Therefore, the coke must be strong enough so it will not be crushed by the weight of the material above it. Besides the physical strength of its particles, the coke must also be low in sulfur, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and ash.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main chemical reaction producing the molten iron is: </p> <dl><dd>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO<sub>2</sub><sup id="cite_ref-Formulae_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formulae-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>This reaction might be divided into multiple steps, with the first being that preheated air blown into the furnace reacts with the carbon in the form of coke to produce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and heat: </p> <dl><dd>2 C<sub>(s)</sub> + O<sub>2(g)</sub> → 2 CO<sub>(g)</sub><sup id="cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InorganicChemistry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Hot carbon monoxide is the reducing agent for the iron ore and reacts with the <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> to produce molten iron and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. Depending on the temperature in the different parts of the furnace (warmest at the bottom) the iron is reduced in several steps. At the top, where the temperature usually is in the range between 200 °C and 700 °C, the iron oxide is partially reduced to iron(II,III) oxide, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. </p> <dl><dd>3 Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(s)</sub> + CO<sub>(g)</sub> → 2 Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4(s)</sub> + CO<sub>2(g)</sub><sup id="cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InorganicChemistry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The temperatures 850 °C, further down in the furnace, the iron(II,III) is reduced further to iron(II) oxide: </p> <dl><dd>Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4(s)</sub> + CO<sub>(g)</sub> → 3 FeO<sub>(s)</sub> + CO<sub>2(g)</sub><sup id="cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InorganicChemistry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Hot carbon dioxide, unreacted carbon monoxide, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> from the air pass up through the furnace as fresh feed material travels down into the reaction zone. As the material travels downward, the counter-current gases both preheat the feed charge and decompose the limestone to <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a> and carbon dioxide: </p> <dl><dd>CaCO<sub>3(s)</sub> → CaO<sub>(s)</sub> + CO<sub>2(g)</sub><sup id="cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InorganicChemistry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The calcium oxide formed by decomposition reacts with various acidic impurities in the iron (notably <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>), to form a <a href="/wiki/Fayalite" title="Fayalite">fayalitic</a> slag which is essentially <a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate" title="Calcium silicate">calcium silicate</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-Formulae_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formulae-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>SiO<sub>2</sub> + CaO → CaSiO<sub>3</sub><sup id="cite_ref-form2sci_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-form2sci-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-openstax_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openstax-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>As the iron(II) oxide moves down to the area with higher temperatures, ranging up to 1200 °C degrees, it is reduced further to iron metal: </p> <dl><dd>FeO<sub>(s)</sub> + CO<sub>(g)</sub> → Fe<sub>(s)</sub> + CO<sub>2(g)</sub><sup id="cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InorganicChemistry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The carbon dioxide formed in this process is re-reduced to carbon monoxide by the <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>: </p> <dl><dd>C<sub>(s)</sub> + CO<sub>2(g)</sub> → 2 CO<sub>(g)</sub><sup id="cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InorganicChemistry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The temperature-dependent equilibrium controlling the gas atmosphere in the furnace is called the <a href="/wiki/Boudouard_reaction" title="Boudouard reaction">Boudouard reaction</a>: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>2CO ⇌ CO<sub>2</sub> + C</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> produced by the blast furnace has a relatively high carbon content of around 4–5% and usually contains too much sulphur, making it very brittle, and of limited immediate commercial use. Some pig iron is used to make <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>. The majority of pig iron produced by blast furnaces undergoes further processing to reduce the carbon and sulphur content and produce various grades of steel used for construction materials, automobiles, ships and machinery. Desulphurisation usually takes place during the transport of the liquid steel to the steelworks. This is done by adding <i>calcium oxide</i>, which reacts with the <a href="/wiki/Iron_sulfide" title="Iron sulfide">iron sulfide</a> contained in the pig iron to form <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfide" title="Calcium sulfide">calcium sulfide</a> (called <i>lime desulfurization</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a further process step, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic oxygen furnace">basic oxygen steelmaking</a>, the carbon is oxidized by blowing oxygen onto the liquid pig iron to form <i>crude steel</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_ferrous_metallurgy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png/240px-Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png/360px-Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png/480px-Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of furnace bellows operated by <a href="/wiki/Waterwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterwheel">waterwheels</a> from the <i>Nong Shu</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(inventor)" title="Wang Zhen (inventor)">Wang Zhen</a> in 1313 during China's <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/240px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/360px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/480px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese fining and blast furnace in <i><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_Kaiwu" title="Tiangong Kaiwu">Tiangong Kaiwu</a></i>, 1637</figcaption></figure> <p>Cast iron has been found in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> dating to the 5th century BC, but the earliest extant blast furnaces in China date to the 1st century AD and in the West from the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golas1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golas1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spread from the region around <a href="/wiki/Namur_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Namur (province)">Namur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> (Belgium) in the late 15th century, being introduced to England in 1491. The fuel used in these was invariably charcoal. The successful substitution of coke for charcoal is widely attributed to English inventor <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_I" title="Abraham Darby I">Abraham Darby</a> in 1709. The efficiency of the process was further enhanced by the practice of preheating the combustion air (<a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">hot blast</a>), patented by Scottish inventor <a href="/wiki/James_Beaumont_Neilson" title="James Beaumont Neilson">James Beaumont Neilson</a> in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_China" title="History of metallurgy in China">History of metallurgy in China</a></div> <p>Archaeological evidence shows that bloomeries appeared in China around 800 BC. Originally it was thought that the Chinese started casting iron right from the beginning, but this theory has since been debunked<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="how does the discovery debunk the hypothesis? (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by the discovery of 'more than ten' iron digging implements found in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Jing_of_Qin" title="Duke Jing of Qin">Duke Jing of Qin</a> (d. 537 BC), whose tomb is located in <a href="/wiki/Fengxiang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengxiang County">Fengxiang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> (a museum exists on the site today).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is however no evidence of the bloomery in China after the appearance of the blast furnace and cast iron. In China, blast furnaces produced cast iron, which was then either converted into finished implements in a cupola furnace, or turned into wrought iron in a fining hearth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2008230_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2008230-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> farm tools and weapons were widespread in China by the 5th century BC<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="according to whom and what scientific evidence? It seemed far fetched that cast iron tools we're widely spread when labor requirements in ancient China remained higher than many other cultures (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, employing workforces of over 200 men in iron smelters from the 3rd century onward, the earliest blast furnaces constructed were attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> in the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_30_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_30-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early furnaces had clay walls and used <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>-containing minerals as a <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese blast furnaces ranged from around two to ten meters in height, depending on the region. The largest ones were found in modern <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, while the 'dwarf" blast furnaces were found in <a href="/wiki/Dabieshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabieshan">Dabieshan</a>. In construction, they are both around the same level of technological sophistication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20086_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20086-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effectiveness of the Chinese human and horse powered blast furnaces was enhanced during this period by the engineer <a href="/wiki/Du_Shi" title="Du Shi">Du Shi</a> (c. AD 31), who applied the power of <a href="/wiki/Waterwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterwheel">waterwheels</a> to <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a> in forging cast iron.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early water-driven reciprocators for operating blast furnaces were built according to the structure of horse powered reciprocators that already existed. That is, the circular motion of the wheel, be it horse driven or water driven, was transferred by the combination of a <a href="/wiki/Belt_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt drive">belt drive</a>, a crank-and-connecting-rod, other <a href="/wiki/Connecting_rods" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecting rods">connecting rods</a>, and various shafts, into the reciprocal motion necessary to operate a push bellow.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_118_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_118-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donald Wagner suggests that early blast furnace and cast iron production evolved from furnaces used to melt <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. Certainly, though, iron was essential to military success by the time the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Qin">State of Qin</a> had unified China (221 BC). Usage of the blast and cupola furnace remained widespread during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Coming_of_the_Ages_of_Steel_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Coming_of_the_Ages_of_Steel-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> Chinese iron industry made a switch of resources from <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> in casting iron and steel, sparing thousands of acres of woodland from felling. This may have happened as early as the 4th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary advantage of the early blast furnace was in large scale production and making iron implements more readily available to peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2008169_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2008169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cast iron is more brittle than wrought iron or steel, which required additional fining and then cementation or co-fusion to produce, but for menial activities such as farming it sufficed. By using the blast furnace, it was possible to produce larger quantities of tools such as ploughshares more efficiently than the bloomery. In areas where quality was important, such as warfare, wrought iron and steel were preferred. Nearly all Han period weapons are made of wrought iron or steel, with the exception of axe-heads, of which many are made of cast iron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20081_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20081-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blast furnaces were also later used to produce <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> weapons such as cast iron <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">bomb shells</a> and cast iron <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiang2006_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiang2006-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The simplest <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a>, known as the Corsican, was used prior to the advent of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Examples of improved bloomeries are the Stuckofen,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes called wolf-furnace,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which remained until the beginning of the 19th century. Instead of using natural draught, air was pumped in by a <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe" title="Trompe">trompe</a></i>, resulting in better quality iron and an increased capacity. This pumping of air in with bellows is known as <i>cold blast</i>, and it increases the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a> of the bloomery and improves yield. They can also be built bigger than natural draught bloomeries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oldest_European_blast_furnaces">Oldest European blast furnaces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oldest European blast furnaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest known blast furnaces in the West were built in <a href="/wiki/Durstel" title="Durstel">Durstel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the Märkische <a href="/wiki/Sauerland" title="Sauerland">Sauerland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Lapphyttan" title="Lapphyttan">Lapphyttan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, where the complex was active between 1205 and 1300.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Noraskog in the Swedish parish of Järnboås, traces of even earlier blast furnaces have been found, possibly from around 1100.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early blast furnaces, like the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese history">Chinese</a> examples, were very inefficient compared to those used today. The iron from the Lapphyttan complex was used to produce balls of <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Osmond_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmond iron">osmonds</a>, and these were traded internationally – a possible reference occurs in a treaty with <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> from 1203 and several certain references in accounts of English customs from the 1250s and 1320s. Other furnaces of the 13th to 15th centuries have been identified in <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The technology required for blast furnaces may have either been transferred from China, or may have been an indigenous innovation. <a href="/wiki/Al-Qazvini" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qazvini">Al-Qazvini</a> in the 13th century and other travellers subsequently noted an iron industry in the <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alburz</a> Mountains to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. This is close to the <a href="/wiki/Silk_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk route">silk route</a>, so that the use of technology derived from China is conceivable. Much later descriptions record blast furnaces about three metres high.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangian</a> <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> traded with the Caspian (using their <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a>), it is possible that the technology reached Sweden by this means.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vikings are known to have used double bellows, which greatly increases the volumetric flow of the blast.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Caspian region may also have been the source for the design of the furnace at <a href="/wiki/Ferriere" title="Ferriere">Ferriere</a>, described by <a href="/wiki/Filarete" title="Filarete">Filarete</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involving a water-powered bellows at Semogo in <a href="/wiki/Valdidentro" title="Valdidentro">Valdidentro</a> in northern Italy in 1226. In a two-stage process the molten iron was tapped twice a day into water, thereby granulating it.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cistercian_contributions">Cistercian contributions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cistercian contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The General Chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian</a> monks spread some technological advances across Europe. This may have included the blast furnace, as the Cistercians are known to have been skilled <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_34_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods_34-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jean Gimpel, their high level of industrial technology facilitated the diffusion of new techniques: "Every monastery had a model factory, often as large as the church and only several feet away, and waterpower drove the machinery of the various industries located on its floor." Iron ore deposits were often donated to the monks along with forges to extract the iron, and after a time surpluses were offered for sale. The Cistercians became the leading iron producers in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a>, France, from the mid-13th century to the 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Gimpel_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimpel-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also using the <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>-rich slag from their furnaces as an agricultural <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologists are still discovering the extent of Cistercian technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods36_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods36-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Laskill" title="Laskill">Laskill</a>, an outstation of <a href="/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey" title="Rievaulx Abbey">Rievaulx Abbey</a> and the only medieval blast furnace so far identified in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, the slag produced was low in iron content.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods37_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods37-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slag from other furnaces of the time contained a substantial concentration of iron, whereas Laskill is believed to have produced cast iron quite efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods37_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods37-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woods_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its date is not yet clear, but it probably did not survive until <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> in the late 1530s, as an agreement (immediately after that) concerning the "smythes" with the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Manners,_1st_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland">Earl of Rutland</a> in 1541 refers to blooms.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the means by which the blast furnace spread in medieval Europe has not finally been determined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_spread_of_early_modern_blast_furnaces">Origin and spread of early modern blast furnaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origin and spread of early modern blast furnaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HautfourneauXVIII_1nb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HautfourneauXVIII_1nb.jpg/240px-HautfourneauXVIII_1nb.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HautfourneauXVIII_1nb.jpg/360px-HautfourneauXVIII_1nb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HautfourneauXVIII_1nb.jpg/480px-HautfourneauXVIII_1nb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="4268" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of an 18th-century blast furnace</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lohtaja.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lohtaja.vaakuna.svg/240px-Lohtaja.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lohtaja.vaakuna.svg/360px-Lohtaja.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lohtaja.vaakuna.svg/480px-Lohtaja.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Early modern blast furnace pictured in the former coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Lohtaja" title="Lohtaja">Lohtaja</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the increased demand for iron for casting cannons, the blast furnace came into widespread use in France in the mid 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tylecote_1992-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The direct ancestor of those used in France and England was in the Namur region, in what is now Wallonia (Belgium). From there, they spread first to the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Bray" title="Pays de Bray">Pays de Bray</a> on the eastern boundary of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and from there to the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, where the first furnace (called Queenstock) in <a href="/wiki/Buxted" title="Buxted">Buxted</a> was built in about 1491, followed by one at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Newbridge,_East_Sussex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newbridge, East Sussex (page does not exist)">Newbridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ashdown_Forest" title="Ashdown Forest">Ashdown Forest</a> in 1496. They remained few in number until about 1530 but many were built in the following decades in the Weald, where the iron industry perhaps reached its peak about 1590. Most of the pig iron from these furnaces was taken to <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">finery forges</a> for the production of <a href="/wiki/Bar_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar iron">bar iron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Queenstock_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queenstock-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first British furnaces outside the Weald appeared during the 1550s, and many were built in the remainder of that century and the following ones. The output of the industry probably peaked about 1620, and was followed by a slow decline until the early 18th century. This was apparently because it was more economic to import iron from <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and elsewhere than to make it in some more remote British locations. Charcoal that was economically available to the industry was probably being consumed as fast as the wood to make it grew.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first blast furnace in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> opened in 1637 near <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a> and was called the Gorodishche Works. The blast furnace spread from there to central Russia and then finally to the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dwip_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwip-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coke_blast_furnaces">Coke blast furnaces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coke blast furnaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blast_Furnaces_at_Blists_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Blast_Furnaces_at_Blists_Hill.jpg/240px-Blast_Furnaces_at_Blists_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Blast_Furnaces_at_Blists_Hill.jpg/360px-Blast_Furnaces_at_Blists_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Blast_Furnaces_at_Blists_Hill.jpg/480px-Blast_Furnaces_at_Blists_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The original blast furnaces at <a href="/wiki/Blists_Hill_Victorian_Town" title="Blists Hill Victorian Town">Blists Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madeley,_Shropshire" title="Madeley, Shropshire">Madeley, England</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THC_2003.902.116_Charging_the_Experimental_Blast_Furnace.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/THC_2003.902.116_Charging_the_Experimental_Blast_Furnace.tif/lossy-page1-240px-THC_2003.902.116_Charging_the_Experimental_Blast_Furnace.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/THC_2003.902.116_Charging_the_Experimental_Blast_Furnace.tif/lossy-page1-360px-THC_2003.902.116_Charging_the_Experimental_Blast_Furnace.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/THC_2003.902.116_Charging_the_Experimental_Blast_Furnace.tif/lossy-page1-480px-THC_2003.902.116_Charging_the_Experimental_Blast_Furnace.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2087" /></a><figcaption>Charging the experimental blast furnace, a photo from the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, 1930</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C,_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C%2C_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.JPG/240px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C%2C_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C%2C_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.JPG/360px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C%2C_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C%2C_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.JPG/480px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C%2C_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of a blast furnace in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> first commissioned in 1715 by order of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> with the help of Holland masters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1709, at <a href="/wiki/Coalbrookdale" title="Coalbrookdale">Coalbrookdale</a> in Shropshire, England, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_I" title="Abraham Darby I">Abraham Darby</a> began to fuel a blast furnace with <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>. Coke's initial advantage was its lower cost, mainly because making coke required much less labor than cutting trees and making charcoal, but using coke also overcame localized shortages of wood, especially in Britain and eleswhere in Europe. Metallurgical grade coke will bear heavier weight than charcoal, allowing larger furnaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Landes_1969_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landes_1969-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A disadvantage is that coke contains more impurities than charcoal, with sulfur being especially detrimental to the iron's quality. Coke's impurities were more of a problem before hot blast reduced the amount of coke required and before furnace temperatures were hot enough to make slag from limestone free flowing. (Limestone ties up<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (November 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> sulphur. Manganese may also be added to tie up<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> sulphur.)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 123–125">: 123–125 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McNeil1990_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeil1990-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tylecote_1992-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122–123">: 122–123 </span></sup> </p><p>Coke iron was initially only used for <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundry</a> work, making pots and other cast iron goods. Foundry work was a minor branch of the industry, but Darby's son built a new furnace at nearby Horsehay, and began to supply the owners of <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">finery forges</a> with coke pig iron for the production of bar iron. Coke pig iron was by this time cheaper to produce than charcoal pig iron. The use of a coal-derived fuel in the iron industry was a key factor in the British <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in many areas of the world charcoal was cheaper while coke was more expensive even after the Industrial Revolution: e. g., in the US charcoal-fueled iron production fell in share to about a half ca. 1850<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but still continued to increase in absolute terms until ca. 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Monlevade" title="João Monlevade">João Monlevade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a> charcoal-fired blast furnaces were built as late as the 1930s and only phased out in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darby's original blast furnace has been archaeologically excavated and can be seen in situ at Coalbrookdale, part of the <a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a> Museums. Cast iron from the furnace was used to make <a href="/wiki/Girder" title="Girder">girders</a> for the world's first cast iron bridge in 1779. <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge" title="The Iron Bridge">The Iron Bridge</a> crosses the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a> at Coalbrookdale and remains in use for pedestrians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_First_Coke_Blast_Furnace_Miniature_DM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Germany_First_Coke_Blast_Furnace_Miniature_DM.jpg/240px-Germany_First_Coke_Blast_Furnace_Miniature_DM.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Germany_First_Coke_Blast_Furnace_Miniature_DM.jpg/360px-Germany_First_Coke_Blast_Furnace_Miniature_DM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Germany_First_Coke_Blast_Furnace_Miniature_DM.jpg/480px-Germany_First_Coke_Blast_Furnace_Miniature_DM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The first coke blast furnace in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (1794-), depicted in a miniature in the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum" title="Deutsches Museum">Deutsches Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steam-powered_blast">Steam-powered blast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Steam-powered blast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The steam engine was applied to power blast air, overcoming a shortage of water power in areas where coal and iron ore were located. This was first done at Coalbrookdale where a <a href="/wiki/Newcomen_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcomen engine">steam engine</a> replaced a horse-powered pump in 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such engines were used to pump water to a reservoir above the furnace. The first engines used to blow cylinders directly was supplied by <a href="/wiki/Boulton_and_Watt" title="Boulton and Watt">Boulton and Watt</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">John Wilkinson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Willey,_Shropshire" title="Willey, Shropshire">New Willey</a> Furnace.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This powered a <a href="/wiki/Blowing_engine" title="Blowing engine">cast iron blowing cylinder</a>, which had been invented by his father <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Wilkinson" title="Isaac Wilkinson">Isaac Wilkinson</a>. He patented such cylinders in 1736,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to replace the leather bellows, which wore out quickly. Isaac was granted a second patent, also for blowing cylinders, in 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The steam engine and cast iron blowing cylinder led to a large increase in British iron production in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tylecote_1992-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hot_blast">Hot blast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hot blast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">Hot blast</a> was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace and was one of the most important technologies developed during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hot blast was patented by <a href="/wiki/James_Beaumont_Neilson" title="James Beaumont Neilson">James Beaumont Neilson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wilsontown_Ironworks" title="Wilsontown Ironworks">Wilsontown Ironworks</a> in Scotland in 1828. Within a few years of the introduction, hot blast was developed to the point where fuel consumption was cut by one-third using coke or two-thirds using coal, while furnace capacity was also significantly increased. Within a few decades, the practice was to have a "stove" as large as the furnace next to it into which the waste gas (containing CO) from the furnace was directed and burnt. The resultant heat was used to preheat the air blown into the furnace.<sup id="cite_ref-Neilson_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neilson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hot blast enabled the use of raw <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> coal, which was difficult to light, in the blast furnace. Anthracite was first tried successfully by George Crane at <a href="/wiki/Ynyscedwyn_Ironworks" title="Ynyscedwyn Ironworks">Ynyscedwyn Ironworks</a> in south Wales in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was taken up in America by the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Crane_Iron_Company" title="Lehigh Crane Iron Company">Lehigh Crane Iron Company</a> at <a href="/wiki/Catasauqua,_Pennsylvania" title="Catasauqua, Pennsylvania">Catasauqua, Pennsylvania</a>, in 1839. Anthracite use declined when very high capacity blast furnaces requiring coke were built in the 1870s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_applications_of_the_blast_furnace">Modern applications of the blast furnace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern applications of the blast furnace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_blast_furnaces">Iron blast furnaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iron blast furnaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blast furnace remains an important part of modern iron production. Modern furnaces are highly efficient, including <a href="/wiki/Cowper_stove" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowper stove">Cowper stoves</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">pre-heat</a> the blast air and employ recovery systems to extract the heat from the hot gases exiting the furnace. Competition in industry drives higher production rates. The largest blast furnace in the world is in South Korea, with a volume around 6,000 m<sup>3</sup> (210,000 cu ft). It can produce around 5,650,000 tonnes (5,560,000 LT) of iron per year.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is a great increase from the typical 18th-century furnaces, which averaged about 360 tonnes (350 long tons; 400 short tons) per year. Variations of the blast furnace, such as the Swedish electric blast furnace, have been developed in countries which have no native coal resources. </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Monitor" title="Global Energy Monitor">Global Energy Monitor</a></i>, the blast furnace is likely to become obsolete to meet <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> objectives of reducing carbon dioxide emission,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a> disagrees.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative process involving <a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">direct reduced iron</a> (DRI) is likely to succeed it,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but this also needs to use a blast furnace to melt the iron and remove the <a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">gangue</a> (impurities) unless the ore is very high quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxygen_blast_furnace">Oxygen blast furnace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oxygen blast furnace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The oxygen blast furnace (OBF) process has been extensively studied theoretically because of the potentials of promising energy conservation and CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emission reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type may be the most suitable for use with CCS.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main blast furnace has of three levels; the reduction zone (523–973 K (250–700 °C; 482–1,292 °F)), slag formation zone (1,073–1,273 K (800–1,000 °C; 1,472–1,832 °F)), and the combustion zone (1,773–1,873 K (1,500–1,600 °C; 2,732–2,912 °F)). </p><p>Blast furnaces are currently rarely used in copper smelting, but modern lead smelting blast furnaces are much shorter than iron blast furnaces and are rectangular in shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair77_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair77-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern lead blast furnaces are constructed using water-cooled steel or copper jackets for the walls, and have no refractory linings in the side walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair75_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair75-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The base of the furnace is a hearth of <a href="/wiki/Fire_brick" title="Fire brick">refractory material</a> (bricks or castable refractory).<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair75_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair75-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lead blast furnaces are often open-topped rather than having the charging bell used in iron blast furnaces.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The blast furnace used at the <a href="/wiki/Nyrstar" title="Nyrstar">Nyrstar</a> <a href="/wiki/Port_Pirie" title="Port Pirie">Port Pirie</a> lead smelter differs from most other lead blast furnaces in that it has a double row of tuyeres rather than the single row normally used.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair77_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair77-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower shaft of the furnace has a chair shape with the lower part of the shaft being narrower than the upper.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair77_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair77-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower row of tuyeres being located in the narrow part of the shaft.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair77_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair77-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the upper part of the shaft to be wider than the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair77_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair77-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zinc_blast_furnaces">Zinc blast furnaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Zinc blast furnaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blast furnaces used in the <a href="/wiki/Zinc_smelting#Blast_furnace_process_(Imperial_Smelting_Process)" title="Zinc smelting">Imperial Smelting Process</a> ("ISP") were developed from the standard lead blast furnace, but are fully sealed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair89_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair89-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because the zinc produced by these furnaces is recovered as metal from the vapor phase, and the presence of oxygen in the off-gas would result in the formation of zinc oxide.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair89_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair89-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blast furnaces used in the ISP have a more intense operation than standard lead blast furnaces, with higher air blast rates per m<sup>2</sup> of hearth area and a higher coke consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair89_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair89-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zinc production with the ISP is more expensive than with <a href="/wiki/Zinc_smelting#Electrolysis_process" title="Zinc smelting">electrolytic zinc</a> plants, so several smelters operating this technology have closed in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, ISP furnaces have the advantage of being able to treat zinc concentrates containing higher levels of lead than can electrolytic zinc plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair89_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair89-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacture_of_stone_wool">Manufacture of stone wool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Manufacture of stone wool"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blast_furnace_tuyeres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blast_furnace_tuyeres.jpg/240px-Blast_furnace_tuyeres.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blast_furnace_tuyeres.jpg/360px-Blast_furnace_tuyeres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blast_furnace_tuyeres.jpg/480px-Blast_furnace_tuyeres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Tuyeres of a blast furnace in <a href="/wiki/Gerdau" title="Gerdau">Gerdau</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>Stone wool or <a href="/wiki/Mineral_wool" title="Mineral wool">rock wool</a> is a spun mineral <a href="/wiki/Fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre">fibre</a> used as an <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a> product and in <a href="/wiki/Hydroponic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroponic">hydroponics</a>. It is manufactured in a blast furnace fed with <a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">diabase</a> rock which contains very low levels of metal oxides. The resultant slag is drawn off and spun to form the rock wool product.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very small amounts of metals are also produced which are an unwanted <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-product</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_iron_process">Modern iron process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern iron process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blast_furnace_NT.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Blast_furnace_NT.PNG/350px-Blast_furnace_NT.PNG" decoding="async" width="350" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Blast_furnace_NT.PNG/525px-Blast_furnace_NT.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Blast_furnace_NT.PNG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><b>Blast furnace placed in an installation</b> <div><ol><li>Iron ore + limestone sinter</li><li>Coke</li><li>Elevator</li><li>Feedstock inlet</li><li>Layer of coke</li><li>Layer of sinter pellets of ore and limestone</li><li>Hot blast (around 1200 °C)</li><li>Removal of slag</li><li>Tapping of molten pig iron</li><li>Slag pot</li><li>Torpedo car for pig iron</li><li>Dust cyclone for separation of solid particles</li><li>Cowper stoves for hot blast</li><li>Smoke stack</li><li>Feed air for Cowper stoves (air pre-heaters)</li><li>Powdered coal</li><li>Coke oven</li><li>Coke</li><li>Blast furnace gas downcomer</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VysokaPec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/VysokaPec.jpg/350px-VysokaPec.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/VysokaPec.jpg/525px-VysokaPec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/VysokaPec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><b>Blast furnace diagram</b> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">Hot blast</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cowper_stove" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowper stove">Cowper stoves</a></li><li>Melting zone (<i>bosh</i>)</li><li>Reduction zone of <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous oxide">ferrous oxide</a> (<i>barrel</i>)</li><li>Reduction zone of <a href="/wiki/Ferric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric oxide">ferric oxide</a> (<i>stack</i>)</li><li>Pre-heating zone (<i>throat</i>)</li><li>Feed of ore, limestone, and coke</li><li>Exhaust gases</li><li>Column of ore, coke and limestone</li><li>Removal of <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a></li><li>Tapping of molten <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a></li><li>Collection of waste gases</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: hydrogen and ccs are mentioned in another section but info is out of date - I guess the process should be described in this section.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Modern furnaces are equipped with an array of supporting facilities to increase efficiency, such as ore storage yards where barges are unloaded. The raw materials are transferred to the stockhouse complex by ore bridges, or <a href="/wiki/Hopper_car" title="Hopper car">rail hoppers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railcar" title="Railcar">ore transfer cars</a>. Rail-mounted scale cars or computer controlled weight hoppers weigh out the various raw materials to yield the desired hot metal and slag chemistry. The raw materials are brought to the top of the blast furnace via a <a href="/wiki/Skip_(container)" title="Skip (container)">skip</a> car powered by winches or conveyor belts.<sup id="cite_ref-AISI_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AISI-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different ways in which the raw materials are charged into the blast furnace. Some blast furnaces use a "double bell" system where two "bells" are used to control the entry of raw material into the blast furnace. The purpose of the two bells is to minimize the loss of hot gases in the blast furnace. First, the raw materials are emptied into the upper or small bell which then opens to empty the charge into the large bell. The small bell then closes, to seal the blast furnace, while the large bell rotates to provide specific distribution of materials before dispensing the charge into the blast furnace.<sup id="cite_ref-et_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-et-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent design is to use a "bell-less" system. These systems use multiple hoppers to contain each raw material, which is then discharged into the blast furnace through valves.<sup id="cite_ref-et_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-et-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These valves are more accurate at controlling how much of each constituent is added, as compared to the skip or conveyor system, thereby increasing the efficiency of the furnace. Some of these bell-less systems also implement a discharge chute in the throat of the furnace (as with the Paul Wurth top) in order to precisely control where the charge is placed.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The iron making blast furnace itself is built in the form of a tall structure, lined with <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> brick, and profiled to allow for expansion of the charged materials as they heat during their descent, and subsequent reduction in size as melting starts to occur. Coke, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> flux, and iron ore (iron oxide) are charged into the top of the furnace in a precise filling order which helps control gas flow and the chemical reactions inside the furnace. Four "uptakes" allow the hot, dirty gas high in carbon monoxide content to exit the furnace throat, while "bleeder valves" protect the top of the furnace from sudden gas pressure surges. The coarse particles in the exhaust gas settle in the "dust catcher" and are dumped into a railroad car or truck for disposal, while the gas itself flows through a <a href="/wiki/Venturi_scrubber" title="Venturi scrubber">venturi scrubber</a> and/or electrostatic precipitators and a gas cooler to reduce the temperature of the cleaned gas.<sup id="cite_ref-AISI_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AISI-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "casthouse" at the bottom half of the furnace contains the bustle<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> pipe, water cooled copper tuyeres and the equipment for casting the liquid iron and slag. Once a "taphole" is drilled through the refractory clay plug, liquid iron and slag flow down a trough through a "skimmer" opening, separating the iron and slag. Modern, larger blast furnaces may have as many as four tapholes and two casthouses.<sup id="cite_ref-AISI_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AISI-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the pig iron and slag has been tapped, the taphole is again plugged with refractory clay. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tuyere" title="Tuyere">tuyeres</a> are used to implement a <a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">hot blast</a>, which is used to increase the efficiency of the blast furnace. The hot blast is directed into the furnace through water-cooled copper nozzles called tuyeres near the base. The hot blast temperature can be from 900 to 1,300 °C (1,650 to 2,370 °F) depending on the stove design and condition. The temperatures they deal with may be 2,000 to 2,300 °C (3,630 to 4,170 °F). <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, powdered <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> can also be injected into the furnace at tuyere level to combine with the coke to release additional energy and increase the percentage of reducing gases present which is necessary to increase productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-AISI_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AISI-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exhaust gasses of a blast furnace are generally cleaned in the <a href="/wiki/Dust_collector" title="Dust collector">dust collector</a> – such as an <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertial</a> separator, a <a href="/wiki/Baghouse" title="Baghouse">baghouse</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">electrostatic precipitator</a>. Each type of dust collector has strengths and weaknesses – some collect fine particles, some coarse particles, some collect electrically charged particles. Effective exhaust clearing relies on multiple stages of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waste heat is usually collected from the exhaust gases, for example by the use of a <a href="/wiki/Cowper_stove" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowper stove">Cowper stove</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a> (coke, natural gas) use in blast furnaces is a source of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and the blast furnace is the most emission intensive stage of the steel making process.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuels and reductants such as <a href="/wiki/Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">plastic waste</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biomass<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hydrogen<sup id="cite_ref-:3_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are being used by steelmakers<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as possible alternatives to fossil fuels, although cost and availability remain a challenge<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and deployment is limited. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">Electric arc furnaces (EAF)</a> are cited as an alternative steel production path which avoids the use of blast furnaces, however, depending on the characteristics of the steel product required the two furnace types are not always interchangeable. Furthermore, EAFs utilize steel scrap as a feedstock but estimates suggest that there will not be enough scrap available to meet future steel demand.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using hydrogen gas as a reductant to produce DRI (so called H2-DRI) from iron ore, which is then used as a feedstock for an EAF provides a technologically feasible, low emission alternative to blast furnaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The H2-DRI EAF production route is in a fledgling state, with just one plant in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2000 report from the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> Greenhouse Gas Technical Collaboration Programme (IEAGHG)<sup id="cite_ref-:4_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows that 70% of the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions from integrated steel plants arise directly from the blast furnace gas (BFG). By treating BFG with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture</a> technology prior to use for heat exchange and energy recovery within the plant, a portion of these emissions can be abated. The report estimates that chemical CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> absorption would cost $35/t of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>, plus $8–20/t CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> for transportation and storage.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, this would have increased steel production costs by 15–20%,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="More recent citation required (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> presenting a barrier to decarbonisation for steelmakers which typically operate with margins of 8-10%.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024 no blast furnaces have been equipped with carbon capture technology. </p><p> ULCOS (Ultra Low <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a European programme exploring processes to reduce blast furnace emissions by at least 50%. Technologies identified include carbon capture and storage (CCS) and alternative energy sources and reductants such as hydrogen, electricity and biomass.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_catcher_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dust_catcher_drawing.png/240px-Dust_catcher_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="452" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dust_catcher_drawing.png/360px-Dust_catcher_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Dust_catcher_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>A drawing of a blast furnace dust catcher</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preserved_historic_blast_furnaces">Preserved historic blast furnaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Preserved historic blast furnaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_preserved_historic_blast_furnaces" title="List of preserved historic blast furnaces">List of preserved historic blast furnaces</a></div> <p>Historically it was normal procedure for a decommissioned blast furnace to be demolished and either replaced with a newer, improved one, or to have the entire site demolished and treated for follow-up use of the area. In recent decades, several countries have realized the historic value of blast furnaces and have transformed them into museums. Examples can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, France, Germany, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, Spain, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abandoned blast furnace in Sestao, Spain. The furnace itself is inside the central girderwork."><img alt="Abandoned blast furnace in Sestao, Spain. The furnace itself is inside the central girderwork." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg/103px-Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg/155px-Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg/207px-Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abandoned blast furnace in <a href="/wiki/Sestao" title="Sestao">Sestao</a>, Spain. The furnace itself is inside the central girderwork.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_blast_furnace_gas_cleaning_plant_2012-05-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of the gas cleaning system of a blast furnace in Monclova, Mexico. This one is about to be de-commissioned and replaced."><img alt="Part of the gas cleaning system of a blast furnace in Monclova, Mexico. This one is about to be de-commissioned and replaced." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Old_blast_furnace_gas_cleaning_plant_2012-05-02.jpg/90px-Old_blast_furnace_gas_cleaning_plant_2012-05-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Old_blast_furnace_gas_cleaning_plant_2012-05-02.jpg/135px-Old_blast_furnace_gas_cleaning_plant_2012-05-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Old_blast_furnace_gas_cleaning_plant_2012-05-02.jpg/180px-Old_blast_furnace_gas_cleaning_plant_2012-05-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of the gas cleaning system of a blast furnace in <a href="/wiki/Monclova" title="Monclova">Monclova</a>, Mexico. This one is about to be de-commissioned and replaced.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic oxygen furnace">Basic oxygen furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_smelting#Blast_furnace_process_(Imperial_Smelting_Process)" title="Zinc smelting">Blast furnace zinc smelting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">Crucible steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraction of iron">Extraction of iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gas" title="Water gas">Water gas</a>, produced by a "steam blast"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FINEX_(steelmaking_process)" title="FINEX (steelmaking process)">FINEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupp-Renn_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Krupp-Renn Process">Krupp-Renn Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flodin_process" title="Flodin process">Flodin process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ironworks_and_steelworks_in_England" title="Category:Ironworks and steelworks in England">Ironworks and steelworks in England</a>, which covers ironworks of all kinds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaft_furnace_breather" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaft furnace breather">Shaft furnace breather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reduction" title="Direct reduction">Direct reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reduction_(blast_furnace)" title="Direct reduction (blast furnace)">Direct reduction (blast furnace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coking_factory" title="Coking factory">Coking factory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/blast-furnace">"Blast furnace | Definition, Temperature, Diagrams, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 11 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Blast+furnace+%7C+Definition%2C+Temperature%2C+Diagrams%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fblast-furnace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmult2016" class="citation journal cs1">Schmult, Brian (2016). "Evolution of the Hopewell Furnace Blast Machinery". <i>IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 5–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IA.+The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Industrial+Archeology&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Hopewell+Furnace+Blast+Machinery&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5-22&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Schmult&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpirinYaroshenkoLavrov2016" class="citation journal cs1">Spirin, N A; Yaroshenko, Yu G; Lavrov, V V (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F150%2F1%2F012022">"Development of heat-transfer circuits in the blast furnace"</a>. <i>IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering</i>. <b>150</b> (1): 012022. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MS&E..150a2022S">2016MS&E..150a2022S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F150%2F1%2F012022">10.1088/1757-899X/150/1/012022</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IOP+Conference+Series%3A+Materials+Science+and+Engineering&rft.atitle=Development+of+heat-transfer+circuits+in+the+blast+furnace&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012022&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F150%2F1%2F012022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016MS%26E..150a2022S&rft.aulast=Spirin&rft.aufirst=N+A&rft.au=Yaroshenko%2C+Yu+G&rft.au=Lavrov%2C+V+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1757-899X%252F150%252F1%252F012022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P J Wand, "Copper smelting at Electrolytic Refining and Smelting Company of Australia Ltd., Port Kembla, N.S.W.", in: <i> Mining and Metallurgical Practices in Australasia: The Sir Maurice Mawby Memorial Volume</i>, Ed J T Woodcock (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 1980) 335–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R J Sinclair, <i>The Extractive Metallurgy of Lead</i> (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2009), 9–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPooler2019" class="citation news cs1">Pooler, Michael (January 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/3bcbcb60-037f-11e9-99df-6183d3002ee1">"Cleaning up steel is key to tackling climate change"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3bcbcb60-037f-11e9-99df-6183d3002ee1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Cleaning+up+steel+is+key+to+tackling+climate+change&rft.date=2019-01&rft.aulast=Pooler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F3bcbcb60-037f-11e9-99df-6183d3002ee1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOetersOttowMeilerLüngen2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oeters, Franz; Ottow, Manfred; Meiler, Heinrich; Lüngen, Hans Bodo; Koltermann, Manfred; Buhr, Andreas; Yagi, Jun-Ichiro; Formanek, Lothar; Rose, Fritz; Flickenschild, Jürgen; Hauk, Rolf; Steffen, Rolf; Skroch, Reiner; Mayer-Schwinning, Gernot; Bünnagel, Heinz-Lothar; Hoff, Hans-Georg (2006). "Iron". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a14_461.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a14_461.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iron&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a14_461.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Oeters&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft.au=Ottow%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Meiler%2C+Heinrich&rft.au=L%C3%BCngen%2C+Hans+Bodo&rft.au=Koltermann%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Buhr%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Yagi%2C+Jun-Ichiro&rft.au=Formanek%2C+Lothar&rft.au=Rose%2C+Fritz&rft.au=Flickenschild%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Hauk%2C+Rolf&rft.au=Steffen%2C+Rolf&rft.au=Skroch%2C+Reiner&rft.au=Mayer-Schwinning%2C+Gernot&rft.au=B%C3%BCnnagel%2C+Heinz-Lothar&rft.au=Hoff%2C+Hans-Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Formulae-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Formulae_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Formulae_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217143213/http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/industrial/blastfurnace.html">"Blast Furnace"</a>. Science Aid. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/industrial/blastfurnace.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blast+Furnace&rft.pub=Science+Aid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceaid.co.uk%2Fchemistry%2Findustrial%2Fblastfurnace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InorganicChemistry-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InorganicChemistry_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner-Canham_&_Overton2006" class="citation cs2">Rayner-Canham & Overton (2006), <i>Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, Fourth Edition</i>, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, pp. 534–535, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-7695-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-7695-6"><bdi>978-0-7167-7695-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptive+Inorganic+Chemistry%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=534-535&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-7695-6&rft.au=Rayner-Canham+%26+Overton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-form2sci-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-form2sci_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. K. E. Lee, Form Two Science (Biology Chemistry Physics)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-openstax-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-openstax_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlowersRobinsonLangleyTheopold2015" class="citation book cs1">Flowers, Paul; Robinson, William R.; Langley, Richard; Theopold, Klaus (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/19-1-occurrence-preparation-and-properties-of-transition-metals-and-their-compounds">"Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction"><i>Chemistry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OpenStax" title="OpenStax">OpenStax</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1938168390" title="Special:BookSources/978-1938168390"><bdi>978-1938168390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Occurrence%2C+Preparation%2C+and+Properties+of+Transition+Metals+and+Their+Compounds&rft.btitle=Chemistry&rft.pub=OpenStax&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1938168390&rft.aulast=Flowers&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Robinson%2C+William+R.&rft.au=Langley%2C+Richard&rft.au=Theopold%2C+Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenstax.org%2Fbooks%2Fchemistry%2Fpages%2F19-1-occurrence-preparation-and-properties-of-transition-metals-and-their-compounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtec-science2018" class="citation web cs1">tec-science (21 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tec-science.com/material-science/steel-making/from-pig-iron-to-crude-steel/">"From pig iron to crude steel"</a>. <i>tec-science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tec-science&rft.atitle=From+pig+iron+to+crude+steel&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft.au=tec-science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tec-science.com%2Fmaterial-science%2Fsteel-making%2Ffrom-pig-iron-to-crude-steel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golas1999-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golas1999_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._Golas1999" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Golas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSiII7s2wLkC&pg=PA152"><i>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 13, Mining</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58000-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58000-7"><bdi>978-0-521-58000-7</bdi></a>. <q>...earliest blast furnace discovered in China from about the first century AD</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+Volume+5%2C+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Part+13%2C+Mining&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58000-7&rft.au=Peter+J.+Golas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSiII7s2wLkC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simcoe, Charles R. "The Age of Steel: Part II." Advanced Materials & Processes 172.4 (2014): 32–33. Academic Search Premier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Earliest Use of Iron in China" by Donald B. Wagner in <i>Metals in Antiquity</i>, by Suzanne M. M. Young, A. Mark Pollard, Paul Budd and Robert A. Ixer (BAR International Series, 792), Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Archaeopress" title="Archaeopress">Archaeopress</a>, 1999, pp. 1–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2008230-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2008230_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2008">Wagner 2008</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_30-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_30_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.hum.ku.dk/dbwagner/KoreanFe/KoreanFe.html">Early iron in China, Korea, and Japan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205063947/http://www.staff.hum.ku.dk/dbwagner/KoreanFe/KoreanFe.html">Archived</a> 5 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Donald B. Wagner, March 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20086-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20086_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2008">Wagner 2008</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation cs2">Needham, Joseph (1986), <i>Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering</i>, Taipei: Cambridge University Press, p. 370, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-05803-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-05803-1"><bdi>0-521-05803-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Volume+4%3A+Physics+and+Physical+Technology%2C+Part+2%2C+Mechanical+Engineering&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-05803-1&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong-Sen_Yan,_Marco_Ceccarelli2009" class="citation book cs1">Hong-Sen Yan, Marco Ceccarelli (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dkq6_mdW43IC&q=han+dynasty+crank+and+connecting+rod&pg=PA249"><i>International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms</i></a>. Springer Science and Business Media. pp. 235–249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9484-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9484-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-9484-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Symposium+on+History+of+Machines+and+Mechanisms&rft.pages=235-249&rft.pub=Springer+Science+and+Business+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9484-2&rft.au=Hong-Sen+Yan%2C+Marco+Ceccarelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkq6_mdW43IC%26q%3Dhan%2Bdynasty%2Bcrank%2Band%2Bconnecting%2Brod%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_118-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_118_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Coming_of_the_Ages_of_Steel-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Coming_of_the_Ages_of_Steel_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uMwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54"><i>The Coming of the Ages of Steel</i></a>. Brill Archive. 1961. p. 54. GGKEY:DN6SZTCNQ3G.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Ages+of+Steel&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuMwUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald B. Wagner, 'Chinese blast furnaces from the 10th to the 14th century' <i>Historical Metallurgy</i> 37(1) (2003), 25–37; originally published in <i>West Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine</i> 18 (2001), 41–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2008169-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2008169_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2008">Wagner 2008</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20081-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20081_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2008">Wagner 2008</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiang2006-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiang2006_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiang2006">Liang 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrassburger1969" class="citation book cs1">Strassburger, Julius H. (1969). <i>Blast Furnace-theory and Practice</i>. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-677-10420-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-677-10420-1"><bdi>978-0-677-10420-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blast+Furnace-theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach+Science+Publishers&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-677-10420-1&rft.aulast=Strassburger&rft.aufirst=Julius+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Alan Fisher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davistownmuseum.org/toolPreBlastFurnace.html">Excerpt from The Epic of Steel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225050049/http://www.davistownmuseum.org/toolPreBlastFurnace.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Davis Town Museum & Harper & Row, NY 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jockenhövel, Albrecht <i>et al.</i> (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-muenster.de/UrFruehGeschichte/forschen/maerkischessauerland_engl.html">"Archaeological Investigations on the Beginning of Blast Furnace-Technology in Central Europe"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224111115/http://www.uni-muenster.de/UrFruehGeschichte/forschen/maerkischessauerland_engl.html">Archived</a> 24 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Abteilung für Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; abstract published as: Jockenhövel, A. (1997) "Archaeological Investigations on the Beginning of Blast Furnace-Technology in Central Europe" pp. 56–58 <i>In</i> Crew, Peter and Crew, Susan (editors) (1997) <i>Early Ironworking in Europe: Archaeology and Experiment: Abstracts of the International Conference at Plas Tan y Bwlch 19–25 September 1997</i> (Plas Tan y Bwlch Occasional Papers No 3) Snowdonia National Park Study Centre, Gwynedd, Wales, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470699473">470699473</a>; archived here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224111115/http://www.uni-muenster.de/UrFruehGeschichte/forschen/maerkischessauerland_engl.html">[1]</a> by <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a> on 11 March 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Wetterholm, 'Blast furnace studies in Nora bergslag' (Örebro universitet 1999, Järn och Samhälle) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7668-204-8" title="Special:BookSources/91-7668-204-8">91-7668-204-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Bjökenstam, 'The Blast Furnace in Europe during the Middle Ages: part of a new system for producing wrought iron' in G. Magnusson, <i>The Importance of Ironmaking: Technological Innovation and Social Change</i> I (Jernkontoret, Stockholm 1995), 143–153 and other papers in the same volume.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner 2008, 349–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner 2008, 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkewitz2006" class="citation web cs1">Markewitz, Darrell (25 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warehamforge.ca/ROMiron/index.html">"Adventures in Early Iron Production – An overview of experimental iron smelts, 2001–2005"</a>. <i>www.warehamforge.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922082031/http://www.warehamforge.ca/ROMiron/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.warehamforge.ca&rft.atitle=Adventures+in+Early+Iron+Production+%E2%80%93+An+overview+of+experimental+iron+smelts%2C+2001%E2%80%932005&rft.date=2006-03-25&rft.aulast=Markewitz&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warehamforge.ca%2FROMiron%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner 2008, 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwty1989" class="citation journal cs1">Awty, B. G. (January 1989). "The Blast Furnace in the Renaissance Period: <i>Haut Fourneau</i> or <i>Fonderie</i>?". <i>Transactions of the Newcomen Society</i>. <b>61</b> (1): 65–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftns.1989.005">10.1179/tns.1989.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Newcomen+Society&rft.atitle=The+Blast+Furnace+in+the+Renaissance+Period%3A+Haut+Fourneau+or+Fonderie%3F&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-78&rft.date=1989-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftns.1989.005&rft.aulast=Awty&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods_34-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods_34_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimpel-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gimpel_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gimpel, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods36-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods36_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods37-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woods37_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods37_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._W._Vernon,_G._McDonnell_and_A._Schmidt1998" class="citation journal cs1">R. W. Vernon, G. McDonnell and A. Schmidt (1998). "An integrated geophysical and analytical appraisal of early iron-working: three case studies". <i>Historical Metallurgy</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 72–75, 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Metallurgy&rft.atitle=An+integrated+geophysical+and+analytical+appraisal+of+early+iron-working%3A+three+case+studies&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=72-75%2C+79&rft.date=1998&rft.au=R.+W.+Vernon%2C+G.+McDonnell+and+A.+Schmidt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Derbyshire, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1397905/Henry-stamped-out-Industrial-Revolution.html">'Henry "Stamped Out Industrial Revolution"'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140613091020/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1397905/Henry-stamped-out-Industrial-Revolution.html">Archived</a> 13 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> (21 June 2002); cited by Woods.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchubert1957" class="citation cs2">Schubert, H. R. (1957), <i>History of the British iron and steel industry from c. 450 BC to AD 1775</i>, Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 395–397</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+British+iron+and+steel+industry+from+c.+450+BC+to+AD+1775&rft.pages=395-397&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tylecote_1992-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tylecote_1992_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylecote1992" class="citation book cs1">Tylecote, R. F. (1992). <i>A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition</i>. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901462886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901462886"><bdi>978-0901462886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Metallurgy%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Maney+Publishing%2C+for+the+Institute+of+Materials&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0901462886&rft.aulast=Tylecote&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerson1990" class="citation book cs1">Merson, John (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers/page/69"><i>The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World</i></a>. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87951-397-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87951-397-7"><bdi>0-87951-397-7</bdi></a>A companion to the PBS Series "The Genius That Was China"</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genius+That+Was+China%3A+East+and+West+in+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+New+York&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87951-397-7&rft.aulast=Merson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeniusthatwaschi0000mers%2Fpage%2F69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Queenstock-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Queenstock_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwtyWhittick2002" class="citation journal cs1">Awty, Brian; Whittick, Christopher (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1085896">"The Lordship of Canterbury, iron-founding at Buxted, and the continental antecedents of cannon-founding in the Weald"</a>. <i>Sussex Archaeological Collections</i>. <b>140</b>: 71–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1085896">10.5284/1085896</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sussex+Archaeological+Collections&rft.atitle=The+Lordship+of+Canterbury%2C+iron-founding+at+Buxted%2C+and+the+continental+antecedents+of+cannon-founding+in+the+Weald&rft.volume=140&rft.pages=71-81&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1085896&rft.aulast=Awty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Whittick%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5284%252F1085896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. W. King, 'The production and consumption of iron in early modern England and Wales' <i>Economic History Review</i> LVIII(1), 1–33; G. Hammersley, 'The charcoal iron industry and its fuel 1540–1750' <i>Economic History Review</i> Ser. II, XXVI (1973), pp. 593–613.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwip-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dwip_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakovlev1957" class="citation cs2">Yakovlev, V. B. (1957), "Development of Wrought Iron Production", <i>Metallurgist</i>, <b>1</b> (8), New York: Springer: 545, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00732452">10.1007/BF00732452</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137551466">137551466</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metallurgist&rft.atitle=Development+of+Wrought+Iron+Production&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=545&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00732452&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137551466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yakovlev&rft.aufirst=V.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landes_1969-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landes_1969_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Landes" title="David Landes">Landes, David. S.</a> (1969). <i>The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present</i>. Cambridge; New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 90–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09418-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09418-6"><bdi>0-521-09418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unbound+Prometheus%3A+Technological+Change+and+Industrial+Development+in+Western+Europe+from+1750+to+the+Present&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pages=90-93&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-521-09418-6&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2012" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, William (2012). <i>The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226726342" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226726342"><bdi>978-0226726342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Powerful+Idea+in+the+World%3A+A+Story+of+Steam%2C+Industry+and+Invention&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0226726342&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylecote1992" class="citation book cs1">Tylecote, R. F. (1992). <i>A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition</i>. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901462886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901462886"><bdi>978-0901462886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Metallurgy%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Maney+Publishing%2C+for+the+Institute+of+Materials&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0901462886&rft.aulast=Tylecote&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeil1990-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNeil1990_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil1990" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, Ian (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415147927"><i>An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415147921" title="Special:BookSources/0415147921"><bdi>0415147921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Technology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0415147921&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780415147927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208204105/https://www.steel.org/making-steel/how-its-made/processes/processes-info/coke-production-for-blast-furnace-ironmaking.aspx">"Coke for Blast Furnace Ironmaking"</a>. <i>steel.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steel.org/making-steel/how-its-made/processes/processes-info/coke-production-for-blast-furnace-ironmaking.aspx">the original</a> on 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=steel.org&rft.atitle=Coke+for+Blast+Furnace+Ironmaking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steel.org%2Fmaking-steel%2Fhow-its-made%2Fprocesses%2Fprocesses-info%2Fcoke-production-for-blast-furnace-ironmaking.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaistrick1953" class="citation cs2">Raistrick, Arthur (1953), <i>Dynasty of Iron Founders: The Darbys and Coalbrookedale</i>, York: Longmans, Green</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynasty+of+Iron+Founders%3A+The+Darbys+and+Coalbrookedale&rft.place=York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Raistrick&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrinderTrinder2000" class="citation cs2">Trinder, Barrie Stuart; Trinder, Barrie (2000), <i>The Industrial Revolution in Shropshire</i>, Chichester: Phillimore, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-133-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-133-5"><bdi>1-86077-133-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Industrial+Revolution+in+Shropshire&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-86077-133-5&rft.aulast=Trinder&rft.aufirst=Barrie+Stuart&rft.au=Trinder%2C+Barrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20150522202649/https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1985/baker85a.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20150522202649/https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1985/baker85a.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchallenberg1975" class="citation journal cs1">Schallenberg, Richard H. (July 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00033797500200331">"Evolution, adaptation and survival: the very slow death of the American charcoal iron industry"</a>. <i>Annals of Science</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 341–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033797500200331">10.1080/00033797500200331</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3790">0003-3790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=Evolution%2C+adaptation+and+survival%3A+the+very+slow+death+of+the+American+charcoal+iron+industry&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=341-358&rft.date=1975-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033797500200331&rft.issn=0003-3790&rft.aulast=Schallenberg&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00033797500200331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://thebeautyofsteel.com/steel-plants-archive/arcelormittal-monlevadea">https://thebeautyofsteel.com/steel-plants-archive/arcelormittal-monlevadea</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Raistrick, <i>Dynasty of ironmasters</i> (Sessions, York, 1989), 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.W. Dickinson and Rhys Jenkins, <i>James Watt and the steam engine</i> (Moorland, Ashbourne 1981 edn), 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English patent, no.553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English patent, no.713.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Landes" title="David Landes">Landes, David. S.</a> (1969). <i>The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present</i>. Cambridge; New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09418-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09418-6"><bdi>0-521-09418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unbound+Prometheus%3A+Technological+Change+and+Industrial+Development+in+Western+Europe+from+1750+to+the+Present&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-521-09418-6&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres1989" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ayres_(scientist)" title="Robert Ayres (scientist)">Ayres, Robert</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301220936/http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/RR-89-001.pdf">"Technological Transformations and Long Waves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/RR-89-001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technological+Transformations+and+Long+Waves&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiasa.ac.at%2FAdmin%2FPUB%2FDocuments%2FRR-89-001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span> Fig. 7 shows C/Fe ratio time series.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neilson-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neilson_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birch, pp. 181–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.donga.com/List/3/all/26/406398/1">"POSCO Gwangyang blast furnace emerges as world largest"</a>, <i>The Dong-a Ilbo</i>, 10 June 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dong-a+Ilbo&rft.atitle=POSCO+Gwangyang+blast+furnace+emerges+as+world+largest&rft.date=2013-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.donga.com%2FList%2F3%2Fall%2F26%2F406398%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/steel-sector-may-be-saddled-with-up-70-bln-stranded-assets-report-2021-06-29/">"Steel sector may be saddled with up to $70 bln stranded assets -report"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 29 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Steel+sector+may+be+saddled+with+up+to+%2470+bln+stranded+assets+-report&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fsteel-sector-may-be-saddled-with-up-70-bln-stranded-assets-report-2021-06-29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhp.com/media-and-insights/prospects/2020/11/pathways-to-decarbonisation-episode-two-steelmaking-technology/">"Pathways to decarbonisation episode two: steelmaking technology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105063202/https://www.bhp.com/media-and-insights/prospects/2020/11/pathways-to-decarbonisation-episode-two-steelmaking-technology/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pathways+to+decarbonisation+episode+two%3A+steelmaking+technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhp.com%2Fmedia-and-insights%2Fprospects%2F2020%2F11%2Fpathways-to-decarbonisation-episode-two-steelmaking-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangDaiLiYu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Wei; Dai, Jing; Li, Chengzhi; Yu, Xiaobing; Xue, Zhengliang; Saxén, Henrik (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2022012811123">"A Review on Explorations of the Oxygen Blast Furnace Process"</a>. <i>Steel Research International</i>. <b>92</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsrin.202000326">10.1002/srin.202000326</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224952826">224952826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steel+Research+International&rft.atitle=A+Review+on+Explorations+of+the+Oxygen+Blast+Furnace+Process&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsrin.202000326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224952826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Dai%2C+Jing&rft.au=Li%2C+Chengzhi&rft.au=Yu%2C+Xiaobing&rft.au=Xue%2C+Zhengliang&rft.au=Sax%C3%A9n%2C+Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furn.fi%2FURN%3ANBN%3Afi-fe2022012811123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinclair77-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair77_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair77_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair77_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair77_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair77_75-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R J Sinclair, <i>The Extractive Metallurgy of Lead</i> (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2009), 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinclair75-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair75_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair75_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R J Sinclair, <i>The Extractive Metallurgy of Lead</i> (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2009), 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R J Sinclair, <i>The Extractive Metallurgy of Lead</i> (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2009), 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinclair89-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair89_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair89_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair89_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair89_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R J Sinclair, <i>The Extractive Metallurgy of Lead</i> (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2009), 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R J Sinclair, <i>The Extractive Metallurgy of Lead</i> (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2009), 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210081645/http://www.rockwool.co.uk/about%2Brockwool/what%2Bis%2Bstone%2Bwool-c7-">"What is stone wool?"</a>. <i>rockwool.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockwool.co.uk/about+rockwool/what+is+stone+wool-c7-">the original</a> on 10 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rockwool.co.uk&rft.atitle=What+is+stone+wool%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockwool.co.uk%2Fabout%2Brockwool%2Fwhat%2Bis%2Bstone%2Bwool-c7-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AISI-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AISI_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AISI_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AISI_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AISI_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">American Iron and Steel Institute (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510164459/http://www.steel.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&template=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=5433">How a Blast Furnace Works</a>. steel.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-et-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-et_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-et_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2002" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, Ian (2002). <i>An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19211-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19211-5"><bdi>978-0-203-19211-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Technology&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-19211-5&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrassburger1969" class="citation book cs1">Strassburger, Julius H. (1969). <i>Blast Furnace-theory and Practice</i>. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. p. 564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-677-10420-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-677-10420-1"><bdi>978-0-677-10420-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blast+Furnace-theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach+Science+Publishers&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-677-10420-1&rft.aulast=Strassburger&rft.aufirst=Julius+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield" class="citation cs2">Whitfield, Peter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305185028/http://www2.sea.siemens.com/NR/rdonlyres/FFA8AF1C-1791-46E8-AA09-917BB28D8701/0/038.pdf"><i>Design and Operation of a Gimbal Top Charging System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.sea.siemens.com/NR/rdonlyres/FFA8AF1C-1791-46E8-AA09-917BB28D8701/0/038.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+and+Operation+of+a+Gimbal+Top+Charging+System&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.sea.siemens.com%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FFFA8AF1C-1791-46E8-AA09-917BB28D8701%2F0%2F038.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/488404/Reg_60_response_dated_02-09-13.pdf">"Comparison of techniques employed at Scunthorpe Integrated Steelworks with those in the BAT Conclusions for Iron and Steel Production published in the Official Journal of the European Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. HM Government UK. 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparison+of+techniques+employed+at+Scunthorpe+Integrated+Steelworks+with+those+in+the+BAT+Conclusions+for+Iron+and+Steel+Production+published+in+the+Official+Journal+of+the+European+Union&rft.pub=HM+Government+UK&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F488404%2FReg_60_response_dated_02-09-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiangWangXuNing2023" class="citation journal cs1">Liang, Wang; Wang, Guangwei; Xu, Runsheng; Ning, Xiaojun; Zhang, Jianliang; Guo, Xingmin; Jiang, Chunhe; Wang, Chuan (August 2023). "Life cycle assessment of blast furnace ironmaking processes: A comparison of fossil fuels and biomass hydrochar applications". <i>Fuel</i>. <b>345</b>: 128138. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Fuel..34528138L">2023Fuel..34528138L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fuel.2023.128138">10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fuel&rft.atitle=Life+cycle+assessment+of+blast+furnace+ironmaking+processes%3A+A+comparison+of+fossil+fuels+and+biomass+hydrochar+applications&rft.volume=345&rft.pages=128138&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fuel.2023.128138&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Fuel..34528138L&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Guangwei&rft.au=Xu%2C+Runsheng&rft.au=Ning%2C+Xiaojun&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jianliang&rft.au=Guo%2C+Xingmin&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Chunhe&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">IEA-GHG, 2000. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Major Industrial Sources – Iron and Steel Production. Report no. PH3/30. Cheltenham, UK, IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/PH3-30%20iron-steel.pdf">https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/PH3-30%20iron-steel.pdf</a> Accessed July 30, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnepperBabichSenkBürgler2012" class="citation web cs1">Knepper, M.; Babich, A.; Senk, D.; Bürgler, Thomas; Feilmayr, Christoph; Kieberger, N. (22 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347574211">"Waste Plastics Injection: Reaktion Kinetics and Effect on the Blast Furnace Process"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Waste+Plastics+Injection%3A+Reaktion+Kinetics+and+Effect+on+the+Blast+Furnace+Process&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft.aulast=Knepper&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Babich%2C+A.&rft.au=Senk%2C+D.&rft.au=B%C3%BCrgler%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Feilmayr%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Kieberger%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F347574211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangMellinLövgrenNilsson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Chuan; Mellin, Pelle; Lövgren, Jonas; Nilsson, Leif; Yang, Weihong; Salman, Hassan; Hultgren, Anders; Larsson, Mikael (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-165060">"Biomass as blast furnace injectant – Considering availability, pretreatment and deployment in the Swedish steel industry"</a>. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>. <b>102</b>: 217–226. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ECM...102..217W">2015ECM...102..217W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enconman.2015.04.013">10.1016/j.enconman.2015.04.013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Conversion+and+Management&rft.atitle=Biomass+as+blast+furnace+injectant+%E2%80%93+Considering+availability%2C+pretreatment+and+deployment+in+the+Swedish+steel+industry&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=217-226&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enconman.2015.04.013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ECM...102..217W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chuan&rft.au=Mellin%2C+Pelle&rft.au=L%C3%B6vgren%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+Leif&rft.au=Yang%2C+Weihong&rft.au=Salman%2C+Hassan&rft.au=Hultgren%2C+Anders&rft.au=Larsson%2C+Mikael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Akth%3Adiva-165060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiPetäjäniemiRegnellWijk2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pei, Martin; Petäjäniemi, Markus; Regnell, Andreas; Wijk, Olle (18 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmet10070972">"Toward a Fossil Free Future with HYBRIT: Development of Iron and Steelmaking Technology in Sweden and Finland"</a>. <i>Metals</i>. <b>10</b> (7): 972. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmet10070972">10.3390/met10070972</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metals&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Fossil+Free+Future+with+HYBRIT%3A+Development+of+Iron+and+Steelmaking+Technology+in+Sweden+and+Finland&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=972&rft.date=2020-07-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmet10070972&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Pet%C3%A4j%C3%A4niemi%2C+Markus&rft.au=Regnell%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Wijk%2C+Olle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fmet10070972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_RasVan_de_VijverGalvitaMarin2019" class="citation journal cs1">De Ras, Kevin; Van de Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V; Marin, Guy B; Van Geem, Kevin M (December 2019). "Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering". <i>Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering</i>. <b>26</b>: 81–87. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019COCE...26...81D">2019COCE...26...81D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.coche.2019.09.001">10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8635595">1854/LU-8635595</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Chemical+Engineering&rft.atitle=Carbon+capture+and+utilization+in+the+steel+industry%3A+challenges+and+opportunities+for+chemical+engineering&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=81-87&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-8635595&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.coche.2019.09.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019COCE...26...81D&rft.aulast=De+Ras&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Van+de+Vijver%2C+Ruben&rft.au=Galvita%2C+Vladimir+V&rft.au=Marin%2C+Guy+B&rft.au=Van+Geem%2C+Kevin+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIEA2020" class="citation web cs1">IEA (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/iron-and-steel-technology-roadmap">"Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Energy+Agency&rft.atitle=Iron+and+Steel+Technology+Roadmap&rft.date=2020&rft.au=IEA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Firon-and-steel-technology-roadmap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hybritdevelopment.se/en/">"Hybrit"</a>. <i>Hybrit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hybrit&rft.atitle=Hybrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybritdevelopment.se%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieaghg.org/">"IEAGHG - Facilitating technology advancements, addressing barriers, and enabling deployment"</a>. <i>IEAGHG</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEAGHG&rft.atitle=IEAGHG+-+Facilitating+technology+advancements%2C+addressing+barriers%2C+and+enabling+deployment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieaghg.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/how-we-help-clients/steel-lens">"SteelLens | Metals & Mining | McKinsey & Company"</a>. <i>www.mckinsey.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mckinsey.com&rft.atitle=SteelLens+%7C+Metals+%26+Mining+%7C+McKinsey+%26+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Findustries%2Fmetals-and-mining%2Fhow-we-help-clients%2Fsteel-lens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ulcos.org">http://www.ulcos.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121182534/http://www.ulcos.org/">Archived</a> 21 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICIT-Revue de Métallurgie, September and October issues, 2009</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch2005" class="citation cs2">Birch, Alan (2005), <i>The Economic History of the British Iron and Steel Industry, 1784–1879</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-38248-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-38248-3"><bdi>0-415-38248-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+History+of+the+British+Iron+and+Steel+Industry%2C+1784%E2%80%931879&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-38248-3&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2005" class="citation cs2">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastasiacultural00ebre_0"><i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i></a>, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4"><bdi>0-618-13384-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-618-13384-4&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rft.au=Palais%2C+James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastasiacultural00ebre_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimpel1976" class="citation cs2">Gimpel, Jean (1976), <i>The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages</i>, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-014636-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-014636-4"><bdi>0-03-014636-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Machine%3A+The+Industrial+Revolution+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-03-014636-4&rft.aulast=Gimpel&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1977" class="citation cs2">Hyde, Charles K. (1977), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/technologicalcha0000hyde"><i>Technological Change and the British iron industry, 1700–1870</i></a></span>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05246-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05246-8"><bdi>0-691-05246-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technological+Change+and+the+British+iron+industry%2C+1700%E2%80%931870&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-691-05246-8&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftechnologicalcha0000hyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiang2006" class="citation cs2">Liang, Jieming (2006), <i>Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity</i>, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-05-5380-3" title="Special:BookSources/981-05-5380-3"><bdi>981-05-5380-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Siege+Warfare%3A+Mechanical+Artillery+%26+Siege+Weapons+of+Antiquity&rft.place=Singapore%2C+Republic+of+Singapore&rft.pub=Leong+Kit+Meng&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=981-05-5380-3&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Jieming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2008" class="citation cs2">Wagner, Donald B. (2008), <i>Science and Civilization in China Volume 5–11: Ferrous Metallurgy</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China+Volume+5%E2%80%9311%3A+Ferrous+Metallurgy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2005" class="citation cs2">Woods, Thomas (2005), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howcatholicchurc0000wood"><i>How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization</i></a></span>, Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publ., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-038-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-038-7"><bdi>0-89526-038-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Catholic+Church+Built+Western+Civilization&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery+Publ.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-89526-038-7&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowcatholicchurc0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlast+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace" class="extiw" title="commons:Blast furnace"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Blast furnace</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223190954/http://www.steel.org/Making%20Steel/How%20Its%20Made/Processes/How%20a%20Blast%20Furnace%20Works.aspx">American Iron and Steel Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/launch_ani_blast_furnace.shtml">Blast Furnace animation </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106211900/http://www.stahlseite.de/">Extensive picture gallery about all methods of making and shaping of iron and steel in North America and Europe. In German and English.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/art-1535">Schematic diagram of blast furnace and Cowper stove</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iron_and_steel_production" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Template:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Template talk:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iron_and_steel_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> production</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steel_producers" title="List of steel producers">List of steel producers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron production<br />(<a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Ironworks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">Bloomery</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">sponge iron</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blast furnace</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_blast" title="Cold blast">Cold blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">Hot blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite_iron" title="Anthracite iron">Anthracite iron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">Direct reduced iron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">Finery forge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">Reverberatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">Puddling</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">Furnace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Cupola_furnace" title="Cupola furnace">Cupola furnace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Induction_furnace" title="Induction furnace">Induction furnace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/120px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/180px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/240px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">Steel mill</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Pre-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_welding" title="Pattern welding">Pattern welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">Crucible steel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatara_(furnace)" title="Tatara (furnace)">Tatara furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementation_process" title="Cementation process">Cementation process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Post-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hearth furnace">Open hearth furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">Electric arc furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_steelmaking" title="Basic oxygen steelmaking">Basic oxygen process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-slag_remelting" title="Electro-slag remelting">Electro-slag remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_arc_remelting" title="Vacuum arc remelting">Vacuum arc remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon_oxygen_decarburization" title="Argon oxygen decarburization">Argon oxygen decarburization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">Heat treatment</a> methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">Annealing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_hydrogen_annealing" title="Low hydrogen annealing">Low hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annealing_by_short_circuit" title="Annealing by short circuit">Short circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardening_(metallurgy)" title="Hardening (metallurgy)">Hardening</a> / <br /><a href="/wiki/Case-hardening" title="Case-hardening">Case-hardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausforming" title="Ausforming">Ausforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boriding" title="Boriding">Boriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonitriding" title="Carbonitriding">Carbonitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburizing" title="Carburizing">Carburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Cryogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferritic_nitrocarburizing" title="Ferritic nitrocarburizing">Ferritic nitrocarburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_hardening" title="Induction hardening">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitriding" title="Nitriding">Nitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_hardening" title="Precipitation hardening">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quench_polish_quench" title="Quench polish quench">Quench polish quench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)" title="Tempering (metallurgy)">Tempering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austempering" title="Austempering">Austempering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martempering" title="Martempering">Martempering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_treatment" title="Cryogenic treatment">Cryogenic treatment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deburring" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic deburring">Deburring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deflashing" title="Cryogenic deflashing">Deflashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Hardening</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_heat_treatment" title="Differential heat treatment">Differential heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarburization" title="Decarburization">Decarburization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_gas" title="Forming gas">Forming gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_weld_heat_treatment" title="Post weld heat treatment">Post weld heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenching" title="Quenching">Quenching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superplastic_forming" title="Superplastic forming">Superplastic forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production" title="List of countries by steel production">Production by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Italy" title="Steel industry in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Luxembourg" title="Steel industry in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Steel industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Iron and steel industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181485#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4160175-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Blast furnaces"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014790">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hauts fourneaux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952049q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hauts fourneaux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952049q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vysoké pece"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph221554&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283248205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&oldid=1259327393">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&oldid=1259327393</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blast_furnaces" title="Category:Blast furnaces">Blast furnaces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_inventions" title="Category:Chinese inventions">Chinese inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firing_techniques" title="Category:Firing techniques">Firing techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_buildings_and_structures" title="Category:Industrial buildings and structures">Industrial buildings and structures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_furnaces" title="Category:Industrial furnaces">Industrial furnaces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_Revolution" title="Category:Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metallurgy" title="Category:Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Smelting" title="Category:Smelting">Smelting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Steelmaking" title="Category:Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2021">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_November_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from July 2021">Articles to be expanded from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_July_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2021">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 15:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blast_furnace&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-hrkh7","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.334","walltime":"1.610","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8621,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":191698,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11943,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":250100,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1406.279 1 -total"," 36.06% 507.068 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.59% 163.055 15 Template:Cite_web"," 6.61% 92.926 4 Template:Navbox"," 6.53% 91.899 1 Template:Iron_and_steel_production"," 6.12% 85.999 14 Template:Cite_book"," 5.86% 82.437 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.77% 81.129 9 Template:Fix"," 5.62% 79.100 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.42% 76.165 1 Template:Commons"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.783","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11832601,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAwty1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAwtyWhittick2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyres1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_RasVan_de_VijverGalvitaMarin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlowersRobinsonLangleyTheopold2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimpel1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong-Sen_Yan,_Marco_Ceccarelli2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyde1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIEA2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnepperBabichSenkBürgler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandes1969\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLiang2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiangWangXuNing2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkewitz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeil1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeil2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeiPetäjäniemiRegnellWijk2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_J._Golas1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPooler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._W._Vernon,_G._McDonnell_and_A._Schmidt1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaistrick1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayner-Canham_\u0026amp;_Overton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchallenberg1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmult2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchubert1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpirinYaroshenkoLavrov2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrassburger1969\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTrinderTrinder2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTylecote1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangMellinLövgrenNilsson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitfield\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYakovlev1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangDaiLiYu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFtec-science2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"According to whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CO2\"] = 5,\n [\"Chem\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 15,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 3,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 8,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Blast Furnace\"] = 1,\n [\"Eqm\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 2,\n [\"Explain\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Iron and steel production\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordered list\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ullmann\"] = 1,\n [\"Update section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-jmf6h","timestamp":"20241125133911","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Blast furnace","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blast_furnace","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q181485","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q181485","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-15T19:58:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T15:37:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/Alto_Horno%2C_Puerto_de_Sagunto%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-01-04%2C_DD_91.JPG","headline":"type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals"}</script> </body> </html>