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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrina_religioasă_și_principiile_credinței" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrina_religioasă_și_principiile_credinței"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Doctrina religioasă și principiile credinței</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrina_religioasă_și_principiile_credinței-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Doctrina religioasă și principiile credinței subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrina_religioasă_și_principiile_credinței-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apariție_în_istorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apariție_în_istorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Apariție în istorie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apariție_în_istorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principii_de_credință" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principii_de_credință"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Principii de credință</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principii_de_credință-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scrieri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scrieri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scrieri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scrieri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scrieri subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scrieri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Listă_structurată_a_lucrărilor_centrale,_a_practicii_și_gândirii_mozaice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Listă_structurată_a_lucrărilor_centrale,_a_practicii_și_gândirii_mozaice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Listă structurată a lucrărilor centrale, a practicii și gândirii mozaice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Listă_structurată_a_lucrărilor_centrale,_a_practicii_și_gândirii_mozaice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanah_-_Biblia_ebraică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanah_-_Biblia_ebraică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tanah - Biblia ebraică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanah_-_Biblia_ebraică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talmud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talmud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Talmud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talmud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sărbători" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sărbători"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sărbători</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sărbători-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sărbători subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sărbători-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sâmbăta_(Shabatul)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sâmbăta_(Shabatul)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sâmbăta (Shabatul)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sâmbăta_(Shabatul)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roș_haȘana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roș_haȘana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Roș haȘana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roș_haȘana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Purim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Șavuot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Șavuot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Șavuot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Șavuot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sukkot_(סוכות)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukkot_(סוכות)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span><i>Sukkot</i> (סוכות)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukkot_(סוכות)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pesah_(פסח_-_Paștele_)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pesah_(פסח_-_Paștele_)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Pesah (פסח - Paștele )</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pesah_(פסח_-_Paștele_)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iom_Kipur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iom_Kipur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Iom Kipur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iom_Kipur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanuka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanuka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Hanuka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanuka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritualuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritualuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ritualuri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ritualuri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ritualuri subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ritualuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Veșmintele_de_cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veșmintele_de_cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Veșmintele de cult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veșmintele_de_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugăciunile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugăciunile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rugăciunile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugăciunile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poziția_femeii_în_iudaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poziția_femeii_în_iudaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Poziția femeii în iudaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poziția_femeii_în_iudaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabinul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabinul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Rabinul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabinul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cașrut_—_legile_alimentare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cașrut_—_legile_alimentare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cașrut — legile alimentare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cașrut_—_legile_alimentare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Istoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Filme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectură_suplimentară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Lectură suplimentară</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iudaism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 215 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-215" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">215 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Джурт – adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Джурт" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Judaïsme – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Judaïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judentum" title="Judentum – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Judentum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%81%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%93" title="አይሁድና – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አይሁድና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuda%C3%ADsmo" title="Chudaísmo – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chudaísmo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="यहूदी धर्म – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यहूदी धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اليهودية – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اليهودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%97%DC%98%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="يهودية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="يهودية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="يهوديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="ইহুদী ধৰ্ম – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইহুদী ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuda%C3%ADsmu" title="Xudaísmu – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xudaísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Иудаизм – avară" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Иудаизм" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0udaizm" title="İudaizm – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İudaizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="یهودیلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یهودیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Йәһүдилек – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәһүдилек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Yahudi" title="Agama Yahudi – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Agama Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judndum" title="Judndum – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Judndum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joda%C4%97zmos" title="Jodaėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jodaėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudaismo" title="Hudaismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hudaismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Іўдаізм – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іўдаізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Юдаізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Юдаізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_(agama)" title="Yahudi (agama) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Yahudi (agama)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Юдаизъм – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юдаизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="यहूदी धर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यहूदी धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Yahudi" title="Agama Yahudi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Agama Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="စျူးဘာႏသာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="စျူးဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="ইহুদি ধর্ম – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইহুদি ধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡིའུ་ཐའེ་ཆོས་ལུགས། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡིའུ་ཐའེ་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzevegezh" title="Yuzevegezh – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yuzevegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizam" title="Judaizam – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Judaizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahudi" title="Jahudi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jahudi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Иудаизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Иудаизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaisme" title="Judaisme – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Judaisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B9-t%C3%A1i-g%C3%A1u" title="Iù-tái-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iù-tái-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Жуьгталла – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жуьгталла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudaismo" title="Hudaismo – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hudaismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جوولەکایەتی – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوولەکایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghjudaisimu" title="Ghjudaisimu – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ghjudaisimu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeudilik" title="Yeudilik – turcă crimeeană" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yeudilik" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turcă crimeeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismus" title="Judaismus – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Judaismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Иудаизм – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иудаизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iddewiaeth" title="Iddewiaeth – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iddewiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8dedom" title="Jødedom – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jødedom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judentum" title="Judentum – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Judentum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%B1hudiye" title="Cıhudiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cıhudiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%94%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%AB%DE%8B%DE%A9%DE%8B%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޔަހޫދީދީން – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޔަހޫދީދީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιουδαϊσμός – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιουδαϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Judaism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judismo" title="Judismo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Judismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo" title="Judaísmo – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judaísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Judaism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismo" title="Judaismo – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judaismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmu" title="Judaísmu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Judaísmu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="یهودیت – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudanci" title="Yahudanci – fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Yahudanci" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutalaisuus" title="Juutalaisuus – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juutalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Judaism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8dad%C3%B3mur" title="Jødadómur – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jødadómur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Judaïsme – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Judaïsme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A2ismo" title="Judâismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Judâismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudendoom" title="Juudendoom – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Juudendoom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebraisim" title="Ebraisim – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ebraisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joadedom" title="Joadedom – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Joadedom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Gi%C3%BAdachas" title="An Giúdachas – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Giúdachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joudayism" title="Joudayism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Joudayism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B9dhachd" title="Iùdhachd – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iùdhachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuda%C3%ADsmo" title="Xudaísmo – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xudaísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hud%C3%ADo_jerovia" title="Hudío jerovia – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hudío jerovia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE" title="યહૂદી ધર્મ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યહૂદી ધર્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ewaghys" title="Yn Ewaghys – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ewaghys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudanci" title="Yahudanci – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yahudanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B9-thai-kau" title="Yù-thai-kau – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yù-thai-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%27omana_Iukaio" title="Ho'omana Iukaio – hawaiiană" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Ho'omana Iukaio" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="יהדות – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="यहूदी धर्म – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यहूदी धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizam" title="Judaizam – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Judaizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidayis" title="Jidayis – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jidayis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsid%C3%B3_vall%C3%A1s" title="Zsidó vallás – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zsidó vallás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հուդայականություն – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուդայականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismo" title="Judaismo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Judaismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengarap_Judah" title="Pengarap Judah – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pengarap Judah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudaisme" title="Yudaisme – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yudaisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeisme" title="Judeisme – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Judeisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Judaism" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudaismo" title="Hudaismo – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hudaismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Жугтий ди – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Жугтий ди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismo" title="Judaismo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Judaismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B0ingd%C3%B3mur" title="Gyðingdómur – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gyðingdómur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebraismo" title="Ebraismo – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebraismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E6%95%99" title="ユダヤ教 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudizim" title="Juudizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Juudizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Yahudi" title="Agama Yahudi – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Agama Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იუდაიზმი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუდაიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudayt" title="Tudayt – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tudayt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuudaayism" title="Yuudaayism – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yuudaayism" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwiyahuda" title="Khwiyahuda – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwiyahuda" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Яһудилік – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Яһудилік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutit" title="Juutit – kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Juutit" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಯಹೂದಿ ಧರ್ಮ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯಹೂದಿ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EA%B5%90" title="유대교 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유대교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Иудейлик – karaceai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Иудейлик" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaceai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D9%97%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="یہوٗدیت – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یہوٗدیت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCddedom" title="Jüddedom – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jüddedom" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cih%C3%BBt%C3%AE" title="Cihûtî – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cihûtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedhoweth" title="Yedhoweth – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yedhoweth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_Iudaica" title="Religio Iudaica – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Religio Iudaica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djudaismo" title="Djudaismo – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Djudaismo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juddentum" title="Juddentum – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Juddentum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="ЖугьутӀнал дин – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЖугьутӀнал дин" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Иудаизм – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Иудаизм" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudisme" title="Iudisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Iudisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joededom" title="Joededom – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Joededom" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebraiximo" title="Ebraiximo – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ebraiximo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaism" title="Iudaism – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Iudaism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Judaism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy%C3%BAda" title="Boyúda – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Boyúda" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2" title="ສາສະໜາຊູດາ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາສະໜາຊູດາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizmas" title="Judaizmas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Judaizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABdaisms" title="Jūdaisms – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūdaisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Иудаизмась – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Иудаизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodaisma" title="Jodaisma – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jodaisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamo_Yahudi" title="Agamo Yahudi – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Agamo Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Јудаизам – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јудаизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="യഹൂദമതം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യഹൂദമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Иудаизм – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иудаизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯖꯨꯗꯥꯏꯁꯝ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯨꯗꯥꯏꯁꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ज्यू धर्म – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्यू धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Yahudi" title="Agama Yahudi – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agama Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0udai%C5%BCmu" title="Ġudaiżmu – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġudaiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo" title="Judaísmo – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Judaísmo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဂျူးဘာသာ – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျူးဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جهودی دین – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جهودی دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurieismo" title="Giurieismo – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Giurieismo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodendom" title="Jodendom – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jodendom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6%C3%A4dendom" title="Jöädendom – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Jöädendom" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="यहुदी धर्म – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="यहुदी धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="यहुद धर्म – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="यहुद धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodendom" title="Jodendom – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jodendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8dedommen" title="Jødedommen – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jødedommen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8dedom" title="Jødedom – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jødedom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Judaïsme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Judaïsme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejuda" title="Sejuda – sotho de nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sejuda" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Judaïsme – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Judaïsme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaayizimii" title="Judaayizimii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Judaayizimii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Иудаизм – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иудаизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਯਹੂਦੀ ਧਰਮ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਹੂਦੀ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudaismu" title="Hudaismu – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hudaismu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudaismo" title="Hudaismo – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hudaismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%AFme" title="Judaïme – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Judaïme" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuddedum" title="Yuddedum – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Yuddedum" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Judaism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizm" title="Judaizm – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Judaizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudaism" title="Giudaism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Giudaism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="یہودیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یہودیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="يهوديت – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يهوديت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo" title="Judaísmo – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judaísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huriyu_i%C3%B1iy" title="Huriyu iñiy – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Huriyu iñiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudaissem" title="Giudaissem – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Giudaissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Иудаизм – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иудаизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Юдаїзм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Юдаїзм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyahudi_(Judaism)" title="Kiyahudi (Judaism) – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kiyahudi (Judaism)" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Иудаизм – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Иудаизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebraismu" title="Ebraismu – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ebraismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismu" title="Judaismu – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Judaismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Judaism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="يهوديت – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يهوديت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizam" title="Judaizam – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Judaizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8" title="ၸၢဝ်းၵျူး – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၸၢဝ်းၵျူး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="ජුදා ආගම – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජුදා ආගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Judaism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizmus" title="Judaizmus – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Judaizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="یہودیت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="یہودیت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judovstvo" title="Judovstvo – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Judovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujudha" title="Ujudha – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ujudha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuhuuda" title="Yuhuuda – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Yuhuuda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizmi" title="Judaizmi – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Judaizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Јудаизам – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јудаизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudendum" title="Juudendum – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Juudendum" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudaisme" title="Yudaisme – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Yudaisme" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judendom" title="Judendom – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judendom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyahudi" title="Uyahudi – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uyahudi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judajizm" title="Judajizm – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Judajizm" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யூதம் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಯಹೂದಿ ಧರ್ಮ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಯಹೂದಿ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="జుడాయిజం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జుడాయిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%B3%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Яҳудият – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Яҳудият" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="ศาสนายูดาห์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนายูดาห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dehudylykda" title="Ýehudylykda – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýehudylykda" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudaismo" title="Hudaismo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hudaismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaisim" title="Judaisim – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Judaisim" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudilik" title="Yahudilik – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuyuda" title="Vuyuda – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vuyuda" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Яһүд дине – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яһүд дине" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89" title="يەھۇدى دىنى – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەھۇدى دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Юдаїзм – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юдаїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="یہودیت – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہودیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiylik" title="Yahudiylik – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yahudiylik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizm" title="Judaizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Judaizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Th%C3%A1i_gi%C3%A1o" title="Do Thái giáo – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Do Thái giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djudayisse" title="Djudayisse – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djudayisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismo" title="Judaismo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Judaismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" title="犹太教 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="犹太教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იუდაიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იუდაიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="יידישקייט – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יידישקייט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youzdaigyau" title="Youzdaigyau – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Youzdaigyau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%B4d%27ndom" title="Joôd'ndom – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Joôd'ndom" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ – tamazight standard marocană" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight standard marocană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" title="犹太教 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犹太教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" title="猶太教 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="猶太教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB-th%C3%A0i-k%C3%A0u" title="Iû-thài-kàu – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iû-thài-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" title="猶太教 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="猶太教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuJuda" title="UbuJuda – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UbuJuda" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9268#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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.ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}</style><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-content ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/50px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/75px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/100px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>Acest articol sau această secțiune are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor">bibliografia</a> incompletă sau inexistentă.</b><br /> Puteți contribui prin adăugarea de referințe în vederea <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilitate" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilitate">susținerii bibliografice</a> a afirmațiilor pe care le conține.<span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iudaism" title="Portal:Iudaism">Portal Iudaism </a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16501920"><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-content ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Ambox_content.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>Acest articol are nevoie de atenția unui <a href="/wiki/Expert" title="Expert">expert</a> în istoria religiilor.</b><br /> Recrutați unul sau, dacă sunteți în măsură, <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit">ajutați</a> chiar dumneavoastră la îmbunătățirea articolului!<span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Judaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Judaica.jpg/250px-Judaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Judaica.jpg/375px-Judaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Judaica.jpg/500px-Judaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Obiecte de cult ale iudaismului.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Iudaismul</b> (din grecescul <i>Ioudaïsmos</i>, derivat din <a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">limba ebraică</a>: יהודה, <i>Yehudah</i>, „Iuda”; în ebraică: יַהֲדוּת, <i>Yahadut</i>, caracterele distinctive a iudaicului <i>eáqnov</i>), cunoscut și sub numele de <b>religie mozaică</b> (după principalul profet evreu, <a href="/wiki/Moise" title="Moise">Moise</a>) este religia poporului <a href="/wiki/Evrei" title="Evrei">evreu</a>. Preceptele iudaismului au stat la baza religiilor <a href="/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism">monoteiste</a> <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism">creștinism</a> și <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>. Termenul <i>iudaism</i> își are originea în numele <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">regatului Iuda</a>, țara tribului <a href="/wiki/Iuda_(personaj_din_Vechiul_Testament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuda (personaj din Vechiul Testament)">Iuda</a>—descendenții celui de-al patrulea fiu al patriarhului <a href="/wiki/Iacob_(personaj_biblic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iacob (personaj biblic)">Iacob</a> (secolul XVIII - finele secolului XVII î.Hr.) -- cu capitala la <a href="/wiki/Ierusalim" title="Ierusalim">Ierusalim</a>, lăcașul Marelui <a href="/wiki/Templu" title="Templu">Templu</a>. </p><p>Istoria iudaismului este împărțită în trei perioade: 1. Perioada <a href="/wiki/Templul_lui_Solomon" title="Templul lui Solomon">Templului</a> din <a href="/wiki/Ierusalim" title="Ierusalim">Ierusalim</a>; 2. Perioada talmudică; 3. Perioada rabinică (din secolul al VI-lea până în prezent). Iudaismul ortodox contemporan s-a format pe baza mișcării fariseilor (pirushim) din perioada Macabeilor. </p><p>Iudaismul contemporan nu are o instituție sau personalitate, acceptată universal, care ar avea autoritatea dreptului, învățăturii sau puterii. Sursele dreptului (<a href="/wiki/Halaha" title="Halaha">Halaha</a>) ale iudaismului contemporan sunt: Tanahul (Tora scrisă) și <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudul</a> (Tora orală). <a href="/wiki/Halaha" title="Halaha">Halaha</a> reglementează aspectele vieții evreilor care nu sunt reflectate în codurile penale sau civile din sistemul secular, ci servesc doar ca ghid obligatoriu pentru cei aparținând aceluiași curent religios. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrina_religioasă_și_principiile_credinței"><span id="Doctrina_religioas.C4.83_.C8.99i_principiile_credin.C8.9Bei"></span>Doctrina religioasă și principiile credinței</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Doctrina religioasă și principiile credinței" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Doctrina religioasă și principiile credinței"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iudaismul este o religie monoteistă, bazată pe principii și etică, incluse în <a href="/wiki/Biblia_ebraic%C4%83" title="Biblia ebraică">Biblia ebraică</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanah">Tanah</a>), precum au fost, în continuare, explorate și explicate în <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> și în alte texte. În conformitate cu tradiția evreiască, iudaismul începe cu Legământul dintre <a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu" title="Dumnezeu">Dumnezeu</a> și <a href="/wiki/Abraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. </p><p>În timp ce iudaismul a fost rareori monolitic în practică, el întotdeauna cu înverșunare a fost monoteist în teologie, deși Tanahul amintește perioade de <a href="/wiki/Apostazie" title="Apostazie">apostazie</a> de la iudaism printre israeliți. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apariție_în_istorie"><span id="Apari.C8.9Bie_.C3.AEn_istorie"></span>Apariție în istorie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Apariție în istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Apariție în istorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iudaismul a apărut în <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_V-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Secolul al V-lea î.Hr.">secolul V î.e.n.</a><sup id="cite_ref-f441_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f441-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„Idolatria poporului <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Regatului Iuda</a> nu era o abatere de la un monoteism anterior al lor. Ea era de fapt felul în care poporul <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Regatului Iuda</a> se închina de sute de ani.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”</div><div class="templatequotecite">—Israel Finkelstein și Neil Asher Silberman, <i>The Bible Unearthed. Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and The Origin of Its Sacred Texts.</i></div></blockquote> <p>Într-un documentar al <a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC,</a> dr. Francesca Stavrakopoulou, fostă lector principal la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_din_Exeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea din Exeter — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Exeter</a>, actualmente profesor universitar deplin, specializată în studii biblice ebraice, declara: „Biblia nu era o sursă de încredere, ea nu ne spune adevărul despre acești oameni din antichitate [adică evreii — n.n.].”<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Întrebat în același documentar dacă evreii au fost monoteiști, lucru care i-ar fi distins față de religia <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">canaanită</a>, prof. dr. Herbert Niehr de la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_T%C3%BCbingen" title="Universitatea din Tübingen">Universitatea din Tübingen</a> declara că evreii au fost politeiști din secolul al X-lea î.e.n. până cel puțin în 586 î.e.n., după care lucrurile au început să se schimbe foarte lent, evreii fiind covârșitor monoteiști începând cu perioada <a href="/wiki/Macabei" title="Macabei">Macabeilor</a> (secolul al II-lea î.e.n.).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Toynbee1961_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toynbee1961-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un curs de la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Yale" title="Universitatea Yale">Universitatea Yale</a> și alte lucrări confirmă acest lucru.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_2012_p._56_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton_2012_p._56-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2020MJ_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2020MJ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edelman_1995_p._19_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edelman_1995_p._19-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gnuse_2016_p._5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gnuse_2016_p._5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carraway_2013_p._66_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carraway_2013_p._66-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer2009145_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer2009145-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Foxwell Albright, liderul unei generații trecute de arheologi biblici, nu a fost, totuși, un literalist biblic, <i>Iahve și zeii din Canaan</i>, de exemplu, susținând opinia că religia israeliților a evoluat de la un politeism originar la un monoteism care l-a văzut pe Dumnezeu acționând în istorie - o viziune pe deplin conformă cu opiniile principale din ultimele două secole de critică biblică dinaintea lui.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_2003_p._14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_2003_p.-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În documentarul History Channel <i>The Bible Unearthed</i> (Biblia dezgropată), Amihai Mazar afirmă că Iahve avea o nevastă în religia tradițională israelită, conform celei mai vechi inscripții care-l menționează pe Iahve.<sup id="cite_ref-icarus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icarus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În același documentar, Baruch Halpern afirmă că monoteismul a pornit din reforma constând din epurările religioase produse la ordinul regelui Iosia, reluare a epurărilor la ordinul străbunicului său, regele Ezechia. Regele Iosia a avut nevoie de centralizarea cultului pentru a obține controlul total al statului și sprijinul populației în scopuri expansioniste, această ideologie fiind consemnată în <a href="/wiki/Deuteronom" title="Deuteronom">Deuteronom</a>. Halpern afirmă despre reforma bazată pe Deuteronom că nu e vorba de invenție de tradiție, ci dimpotrivă, de un refuz radical al tradiției.<sup id="cite_ref-icarus_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icarus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fost o ruptură abruptă între religia străveche a israeliților și iudaismul celui de-al Doilea Templu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle2011449_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle2011449-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israelul pre-exilic era <a href="/wiki/Politeism" title="Politeism">politeist</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertz1994a61_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz1994a61-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99era" title="Așera">Așera</a> era probabil adorată drept soția lui Yahweh, în templele sale din Ierusalim, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bethel — pagină inexistentă">Bethel</a> și Samaria, iar o zeiță numită <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regina_cerului_(antichitate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regina cerului (antichitate) — pagină inexistentă">Regina Cerului</a>, probabil o fuziune a <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarteei</a> cu zeița mesopotamiană <a href="/wiki/I%C8%99tar" title="Iștar">Iștar</a>, era de asemenea adorată.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003395_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003395-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> și Yahweh au coexistat în perioada timpurie, dar au fost considerați ireconciliabili după secolul al IX-lea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200247_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200247-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adorarea doar a lui Yahweh, care era preocuparea unui mic partid în perioada monarhică, s-a extins în perioada exilică și post-exilică,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertz1994a61_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz1994a61-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și abia atunci existența altor zei a fost negată.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetz2000917_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetz2000917-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolegomena_zur_Geschichte_Israels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels — pagină inexistentă">Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a> a susținut că iudaismul ca religie bazată pe respectarea pe scară largă a legii Torei a apărut pentru prima dată în anul 444 î.e.n. când, conform relatării biblice furnizate în <a href="/wiki/Cartea_lui_Neemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartea lui Neemia">Cartea lui Neemia</a> (capitolul 8), un scrib preot pe nume <a href="/wiki/Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> a citit o copie a Torei mozaice înaintea populației din Iudeea adunate în piața centrală a Ierusalimului.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellhausen credea că această narațiune ar trebui acceptată ca istorică pentru că sună plauzibil, notând: „Credibilitatea narațiunii reiese în mod fățiș.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> După Wellhausen, majoritatea cercetătorilor de-a lungul secolului XX și începutul secolului XXI au acceptat că respectarea Torei pe scară largă a început undeva la mijlocul secolului al V-lea î.Hr. </p><p>Mai recent, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yonatan_Adler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yonatan Adler — pagină inexistentă">Yonatan Adler</a> a susținut că, de fapt, nu există nicio dovadă care să supraviețuiască care să susțină ideea că Tora a fost cunoscută pe scară largă, considerată autoritară și pusă în practică, în orice moment înainte de mijlocul secolului al II-lea î.Hr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2023_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adler a explorat probabilitatea ca iudaismul, ca practică larg răspândită a legii Torei de către societatea evreiască în general, să fi apărut pentru prima dată în Iudeea în timpul domniei <a href="/wiki/Hasmonei" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonei">dinastiei Hasmoneene</a>, cu secole după timpul presupus al lui Ezra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benjamin D. Sommer argumentează că diferența între politeism și monoteism a fost puternic exagerată.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer2009145_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer2009145-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principii_de_credință"><span id="Principii_de_credin.C8.9B.C4.83"></span>Principii de credință</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Principii de credință" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Principii de credință"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istoric, iudaismul a accentuat credința în revelația divină și în acceptarea versiunilor Torei scrise și orale ca esență fundamentală de bază a convingerilor. Iudaismul nu are o autoritate centralizată care expune dogmele religioase. Aceasta a dat naștere la multe formule în ceea ce privește anumite convingeri teologice inerente în <a href="/wiki/Tora" title="Tora">Tora</a> și <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. </p><p>De-a lungul secolelor, au apărut o serie de formulări ale principiilor de credință, și chiar dacă acestea diferă în ceea ce privește anumite detalii, ele demonstrează un nucleu ideologic comun. Din aceste formulări, cele mai autoritare sunt „treisprezece principii de credință”, formulate în secolul al XII-lea î.e.n. de <a href="/wiki/Maimonide" class="mw-redirect" title="Maimonide">Maimonide</a>. Cele treisprezece principii au fost ignorate de cea mai mare parte a comunității evreiești pentru câteva secole. Peste secole reformularea acestor principii ai fost incluse sub formă poetică („Ani Ma'amin” și „Yigdal”) în cărțile de rugăciuni evreiești, și, în cele din urmă, au devenit general acceptate. </p><p>Joseph Albo și Raavad au criticat lista lui Maimonide, care conținea prea multe elemente, deși adevărate, dar care nu au fost principii de credință și, astfel, plasând prea mulți evrei în categoria de „eretic”. Mulți alții au criticat orice astfel de formulare, care ducea la minimizarea întregii Tore. </p><p>În acest sens, istoricul Josephus a accentuat practica religioasă mai mult decât dogmele religioase, asociind apostaziile cu nerespectarea legii evreiești, și menținea că cerințele pentru convertirea la iudaism sunt: circumcizia și aderarea la obiceiurile tradiționale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scrieri">Scrieri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Scrieri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Scrieri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iudaismul întotdeauna a preamărit studiul Torei și a altor texte religioase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Listă_structurată_a_lucrărilor_centrale,_a_practicii_și_gândirii_mozaice"><span id="List.C4.83_structurat.C4.83_a_lucr.C4.83rilor_centrale.2C_a_practicii_.C8.99i_g.C3.A2ndirii_mozaice"></span>Listă structurată a lucrărilor centrale, a practicii și gândirii mozaice</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Listă structurată a lucrărilor centrale, a practicii și gândirii mozaice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Listă structurată a lucrărilor centrale, a practicii și gândirii mozaice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanah">Tanah</a> (Biblia ebraică) și comentariile <ol><li>Mesora</li> <li>Targum</li> <li>Exegeză biblică evreiască (<a href="/wiki/Midra%C8%99" title="Midraș">Midraș</a> de mai jos)</li></ol></li> <li>Lucrări din era talmudică (literatura rabinică clasică) <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C8%99na" title="Mișna">Mișna</a> și comentariile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> și tractatele minore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>: <ol><li>Talmudul babilonian și comentariile</li> <li>Talmudul ierusalimitean și comentariile</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li>Literatura <a href="/wiki/Midra%C8%99" title="Midraș">Midrașică</a>: <ol><li>Midrașul Halahic (despre <a href="/wiki/Halaha" title="Halaha">Halaha</a>)</li> <li>Midrașul Agadic (despre <a href="/wiki/Agada" title="Agada">Agada</a>)</li></ol></li> <li>Literatura halahică <ol><li>Codurile Legii și tradiției Mozaice <ol><li>Mișne Tora și comentariile</li> <li>Tur și comentariile</li> <li>Șulchan Aruch și comentariile</li> <li>Literatura responsa</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li>Gândirea și etica evreiască <ol><li>Filosofia evreiască</li> <li>Kabbala</li> <li>Lucrări hasidice</li> <li>Etica evreiască și Mișcarea Mussar</li></ol></li> <li>Siddur și Liturghie</li> <li>Piyyut (poezia clasică evreiască)</li></ol></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanah_-_Biblia_ebraică"><span id="Tanah_-_Biblia_ebraic.C4.83"></span>Tanah - Biblia ebraică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tanah - Biblia ebraică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Tanah - Biblia ebraică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Biblia_ebraic%C4%83" title="Biblia ebraică">Biblia ebraică</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <p>Cartea fundamentală a religiei iudaice este <a href="/wiki/Tora" title="Tora">Tora</a>, adică primele cinci scrieri (<a href="/wiki/Pentateuh" title="Pentateuh">Pentateuh</a>) din <a href="/wiki/Vechiul_Testament" title="Vechiul Testament">Vechiul Testament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblia_ebraic%C4%83" title="Biblia ebraică">Biblia ebraică</a>). Scrisă într-un limbaj arhaic, în urmă cu circa 3 000 de ani și fără vocalizare și punctuație, Tora este un subiect de studiu esențial al iudaismului. În decursul veacurilor, Tora a fost interpretată într-un număr imens de modalități. Interpretări bazate pe traducerea unui cuvânt sau pe punctuații diferite au dus la dispute interminabile între înțelepții evrei. Studiul Torei are o importanță capitală în iudaism, fiind preocuparea esențială a omului. În ierarhia interioară a învățăceilor de Tora, "rabinul" este "autoritatea doctrinară" recunoscută. În lumea iudaismului, există diferite curente și instituții de studiu rabinice. </p><p>În principiu, Tora este obiectul de studiu permanent și zilnic. Tora este citită ceremonial și public în sinagogă, în zilele de <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2mb%C4%83t%C4%83" title="Sâmbătă">Sâmbătă</a> (<i>Șabat</i>) și de sărbătoare. Gândirea filozofică și doctrinară a iudaismului se bazează primordial pe Tora. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biblia_ebraic%C4%83" title="Biblia ebraică">Biblia ebraică</a> cuprinde 24 de cărți grupate în 3 secțiuni. Acestea sunt: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tora" title="Tora">Tora</a></i> (תורה) (<i><a href="/wiki/Pentateuh" title="Pentateuh">Pentateuhul</a></i>), care cuprinde primele cinci cărți ale <a href="/wiki/Biblie" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblie">Bibliei</a>: <ol><li>Facerea (<a href="/wiki/Geneza" title="Geneza">Geneza</a>) בראשית - (Bereshít) Întâia Carte A Lui Moise</li> <li>Ieșirea (<a href="/wiki/Exodul" title="Exodul">Exodul</a>) שמות - (Shemot) A Doua Carte A Lui Moise</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviticul" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticul">Leviticul</a> ויקרא - (Vaikrá) A Treia Carte A Lui Moise</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeri" class="mw-disambig" title="Numeri">Numeri</a> במדבר - (B'midbar) A Patra Carte A Lui Moise</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomul" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomul">Deuteronomul</a> (A doua Lege) דברים - (Dvarim) A Cincea Carte A Lui Moise</li></ol></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profe%C8%9Bii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Profeții — pagină inexistentă">Profeții</a></i> (נביאים, <i>Neviim</i>),"cei vechi": <ol><li>Profeții vechi <ol><li>Cartea lui <a href="/wiki/Iosua" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosua">Iosua</a> (יהושע)</li> <li>Cartea Judecătorilor (שופטים)</li> <li>Cartea întâi a lui Samuel (שמואל), Cartea a doua a lui Samuel</li> <li>Cartea întâi a Regilor (מלכים) Cartea a doua a Regilor</li></ol></li> <li>Profeții noi <ol><li>Cartea Profetului <a href="/wiki/Isaia" title="Isaia">Isaia</a></li> <li>Cartea profetului Ieremia (ירמיהו)</li> <li>Cartea profetului Ezechiel (יחזקאל)</li></ol></li> <li>Cei doisprezece mici profeți <ol><li>Cartea profetului Osea</li> <li>Cartea profetului Ioel</li> <li>Cartea profetului Amos</li> <li>Cartea profetului Abdia</li> <li>Cartea profetului <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a></li> <li>Cartea profetului Mihea</li> <li>Cartea profetului Nahum</li> <li>Cartea profetului <a href="/wiki/Habacuc" title="Habacuc">Habacuc</a></li> <li>Cartea profetului Sofonia</li> <li>Cartea profetului <a href="/wiki/Agheu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agheu">Agheu</a></li> <li>Cartea profetului Zaharia</li> <li>Cartea profetului Malahia.</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li><i>Scrierile</i> (כתובים, <i>Ketuvim</i>) cuprind: <ol><li>Cărțile poetice <ol><li>Cartea Psalmilor (תהילים <i>Tehilim</i> - 150 de cântări și imnuri)</li> <li>Cartea Proverbelor (משלי)</li> <li>Cartea lui Iov (איוב)</li></ol></li> <li>Cele cinci cărți hagiografice (megilot) <ol><li>Cartea <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ntarea_C%C3%A2nt%C4%83rilor" title="Cântarea Cântărilor">Cântării Cântărilor</a> (שיר השירים)</li> <li>Rut רות</li> <li>Cartea Lamentațiilor (איכה - Plângerile lui Ieremia)</li> <li>Cartea lui Qohelet (קהלת - Ecleziastul)</li> <li>Cartea <a href="/wiki/Estera_(carte)" title="Estera (carte)">Esterei</a> (אסתר)</li></ol></li> <li>Alte cărți <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel" title="Daniel">Daniel</a> דניאל</li> <li>Ezra עזרא și Nehemia נחמיה</li> <li>Cronici 1 si 2. דברי הימים</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li>Cărți apocrife <ol><li>Cartea întâi a Macabeilor, Cartea a doua a Macabeilor,(apocrife nebiblice)</li> <li>Cartea lui Tobia (apocrifă nebiblică)</li> <li>Cartea Iuditei (apocrifă nebiblică)</li> <li>Cartea profetului Baruh(apocrifă nebiblică)</li> <li>Cartea Înțelepciunii, Cartea lui Ben Sirah (Ecleziasticul)(apocrifă nebiblică)</li></ol></li></ol></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talmud">Talmud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Talmud" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Talmud"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudul</a> este o compilație imensă de cazuistică reglementată de autoritățile rabinice din diferite locuri și perioade. Talmudul ca noțiune este o derivație a noțiunii de "studiu". Talmudul este o compilație consacrată care nu mai poate fi schimbată, dar în jurul căreia se fac noi adausuri interpretative extratextuale. Talmudul este studiat zilnic iar întregul ciclu prestabilit de studiu durează cca. 5 ani, după care se reîncepe. Talmudul propriu-zis este format din <i>משנה <a href="/wiki/Mi%C8%99na" title="Mișna">Mișna</a></i> și <i>גמרא <a href="/wiki/Ghemara" title="Ghemara">Ghemara</a></i> precum și din straturi doctrinare suplimentare, consacrate în expunerea și analiza fundamentelor iudaice din Mișna și Gmara. "Talmudul" ca noțiune include două variante: Talmudul Babilonian și Talmudul Ierusalomitan. Talmudul Babilonian este versiunea mai cunoscută și studiată. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sărbători"><span id="S.C4.83rb.C4.83tori"></span>Sărbători</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sărbători" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Sărbători"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sâmbăta_(Shabatul)"><span id="S.C3.A2mb.C4.83ta_.28Shabatul.29"></span>Sâmbăta (Shabatul)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sâmbăta (Shabatul)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Sâmbăta (Shabatul)"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sâmbăta</i> este principala zi de sărbătoare evreiască, ziua de odihnă a Creatorului, conform specificațiilor teologice, după cele șase zile de facere a lumii (Geneza). Potrivit religiei iudaice, este interzis să se lucreze în ziua de sâmbătă și în zilele de sărbători. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roș_haȘana"><span id="Ro.C8.99_ha.C8.98ana"></span>Roș haȘana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Roș haȘana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Roș haȘana"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99_ha%C8%98ana" class="mw-redirect" title="Roș haȘana">Roș haȘana</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Conform calendarului mozaic<i>, Roș Hașana</i> este Anul Nou </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purim">Purim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Purim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Purim"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p><i>Purim</i> este o sărbătoare evreiască prin care comemorează eliberarea poporului evreu din Imperiul Persan antic de distrugere de către Haman, după cum este scris în cartea biblică Cartea Esterei (Megillat Esther). În funcție de poveste, Haman trage la sorți pentru a stabili data la care să fie exterminați evreii. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Șavuot"><span id=".C8.98avuot"></span>Șavuot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Șavuot" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Șavuot"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/%C8%98avuot" title="Șavuot">Șavuot</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p><i>Șavuot</i> (ebraică: שבועות; în pronunția așkenază Șavuos, ad literam, "Sărbătoarea săptămânilor") este o sărbătoare evreiască care cade în ziua a șasea a lunii Sivan (sfârșitul lunii mai - începutul lunii iunie). Ea eternizează momentul când Legea divină Tora a fost dată poporului evreu pe muntele Sinai. Este una din așa-numitele "șaloș regalim", adică cele trei evenimente festivalice când evreii făceau pelerinaj la Ierusalim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukkot_(סוכות)"><span id="Sukkot_.28.D7.A1.D7.95.D7.9B.D7.95.D7.AA.29"></span><i>Sukkot</i> (סוכות)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sukkot (סוכות)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Sukkot (סוכות)"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În timpul sărbătorii de <i>Sukkot</i> (סוכות) evreii ies din casele lor și locuiesc timp de șapte zile în niște umbrare sau colibe construite după reguli stricte, în amintirea celor patruzeci de ani de pribegie în deșert. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pesah_(פסח_-_Paștele_)"><span id="Pesah_.28.D7.A4.D7.A1.D7.97_-_Pa.C8.99tele_.29"></span>Pesah (פסח - Paștele )</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Pesah (פסח - Paștele )" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Pesah (פסח - Paștele )"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Pesah" title="Pesah">Pesah</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>În timpul celor șapte zile ale sărbătorii Paștelui פסח (Pessah) (în amintirea ieșirii din Egipt מצרים) nu se mănâncă pâine dospită din cele cinci feluri de cereale, ci numai „<a href="/wiki/Pasc%C4%83" title="Pască">pască</a>”, pâine nedospită (în ebraică <i>mața</i> מצה). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iom_Kipur">Iom Kipur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Iom Kipur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Iom Kipur"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Iom_Kipur" title="Iom Kipur">Iom Kipur</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Iom Kippur (יום כפור iom kippùr, Ziua ispășirii) - este una din cele trei mari sărbători evreiești; este ziua de post religioasă ebraică care celebrează ziua ispășirii. În Torah este numită Yom haKippurim ("Ziua celor care ispășesc"). Este una din așa-zisele Iamim Noraim ("Zilele temerii reverențioase"). Iamim Noraim sunt Roș haȘana și Yom Kippur, respectiv primele și ultimele două zile din cele Zece zile ale Penitenței. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanuka">Hanuka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Hanuka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Hanuka"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka">Hanuka</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Hanuka (în ebraică חֲנֻכָּה sau חנוכה) reprezintă "Sărbătoarea inaugurării" sau "Sărbătoarea luminilor". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ritualuri">Ritualuri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ritualuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Ritualuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Torah_and_jad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Torah_and_jad.jpg/250px-Torah_and_jad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Torah_and_jad.jpg/375px-Torah_and_jad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Torah_and_jad.jpg/500px-Torah_and_jad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Un papirus din Tora</figcaption></figure> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Sinagog%C4%83" title="Sinagogă">sinagoga</a>, lăcașul de cult, se află un dulăpior (chivotul) în care se află textele religioase, de regulă, scrise pe suluri și, de asemenea, <i>Menorá</i> (candelabrul cu șapte brațe). </p><p>La opt zile de la naștere, copilul de sex masculin este <a href="/wiki/Circumcizie" title="Circumcizie">circumcis</a>, ca semn al legământului cu <a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu" title="Dumnezeu">Dumnezeu</a>. Majoratul religios pentru fete este la vârsta de 12 ani, iar pentru băieți la 13 ani. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veșmintele_de_cult"><span id="Ve.C8.99mintele_de_cult"></span>Veșmintele de cult</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Veșmintele de cult" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Veșmintele de cult"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chisinau_jew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chisinau_jew.jpg/220px-Chisinau_jew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chisinau_jew.jpg/330px-Chisinau_jew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chisinau_jew.jpg/440px-Chisinau_jew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption> Un bărbat evreu din <a href="/wiki/Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Chişinău">Chișinău</a> (1900) purtând <i>kippa</i></figcaption></figure> <p>O kippah (în ebraică: כִּפָּה, kippot plural; idiș: יאַרמלקע, yarmulke) este un acoperământ pentru cap ușor rotunjită fără margini lărgite purtate de mulți bărbați evrei în timp ce se roagă, mănâncă, recită binecuvântări, studiază texte religioase evreiești, și în orice moment de către unii bărbați evrei. În comunitățile non-ortodoxe, unele femei au început, de asemenea, să poarte kippot. Există o gamă de kippot de diferite mărimi (de la unele mici, care acoperă numai partea din spate a capului, la unele mari, care acoperă coroana capului în întregime). </p><p>Țițit (ebraică: צִיציִת) (pronunție așkenazică: tzitzis) sunt șaluri speciale, cu noduri "franjuri" sau "ciucuri" găsite pe cele patru colțuri ale tallit (ebraică: טַלִּית) care seamănă cu o eșarfă pentru rugăciune. Tallit este purtat de bărbații evrei și de unele femei evreice în timpul serviciului divin. Tradițiile variază în ceea ce privește când un evreu începe să poarte un tallit. În comunitatea sefarzilor, băieți poartă tallit de la vârsta de bar mitzvah, adică de la 13 ani. În unele comunități ale așkenazilor se obișnuiește să se poarte numai după căsătorie. Un tallit katan (tallit mic) este un articol de îmbrăcăminte cu franjuri purtat pe sub haine pe parcursul zilei. În unele cercuri ortodoxe, franjurilor li se permite să atârne în mod liber peste îmbrăcăminte. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Prayer_Shawl.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Prayer_Shawl.JPG/200px-Prayer_Shawl.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Prayer_Shawl.JPG/300px-Prayer_Shawl.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Prayer_Shawl.JPG/400px-Prayer_Shawl.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Un bărbat purtând tallit cu țițit peste cap în timpul rugăciunii.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Tefillin_worn_by_a_man_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tefillin_worn_by_a_man_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Tefillin_worn_by_a_man_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tefillin_worn_by_a_man_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Tefillin_worn_by_a_man_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tefillin_worn_by_a_man_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Tefillin_worn_by_a_man_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="2702" /></a><figcaption>Un bărbat îmbrăcat în tefillin, în Ierusalim.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tefillin (ebraică: תְפִלִּין), cunoscut în limba engleză ca phylacteries (de la φιλακτέριον cuvântul grecesc, însemnând cetate sau de protecție a), sunt două cutii pătrate de piele care conțin versete biblice, atașat la frunte și în jurul brațul stâng cu ajutorul curelelor din piele. Ele sunt purtate în timpul rugăciunii zilnice de dimineață, de către bărbații evrei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugăciunile"><span id="Rug.C4.83ciunile"></span>Rugăciunile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Rugăciunile" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Rugăciunile"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iudaismul a accentuat importanța executării poruncilor mai mult decât afișarea unor convingeri dogmatice. Astfel, nu există un canon de rugăciune, ci o varietate de cărți de rugăciune, care, totuși, au un număr mare de rugăciuni unificate, deseori în versiunea din Scripturi sau din poezia religioasă medievală. Profetul <a href="/wiki/Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> a fost acela care a stabilit formulări fixe ale rugăciunii și includerea cântecelor în serviciul divin. Ulterior, după distrugerea celui de al II-lea Templu din <a href="/wiki/Ierusalim" title="Ierusalim">Ierusalim</a>, rugăciunea, conform tradiției rabinice, va înlocui jertfele din Templu. </p><p>Evreii se roagă de trei ori pe zi: dimineața, la prânz și seara. La rugăciunea de dimineață bărbații se înfășoară în patrafir (<i>Talith</i>, un șal cu ciucuri în cele patru colțuri), simbol al prezenței divine, ei recitând cu această ocazie o serie de binecuvântări, printre care și <i>baruh șelo asani ișa</i> („Binecuvântat e Dumnezeu că nu m-a făcut femeie”); evreii religioși poartă patrafirul (un fel de «poncio» mic, cu ciucuri la cele patru colțuri) toată ziua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poziția_femeii_în_iudaism"><span id="Pozi.C8.9Bia_femeii_.C3.AEn_iudaism"></span>Poziția femeii în iudaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Poziția femeii în iudaism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Poziția femeii în iudaism"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cel puțin până în secolul al II-lea e.n. iudaismul a permis <a href="/wiki/Poligamie" title="Poligamie">poliginia</a>, dar niciodată n-a permis <a href="/wiki/Poliandrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliandrie">poliandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coogan_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coogan-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deși este o religie cu puternice rădăcini patriarhale, iudaismul rezervă femeii din punct de vedere religios și social un loc de onoare. Prin binecuvântarea aceasta, evreii nu fac, în niciun caz, o afirmație sexistă, ci, dimpotrivă, ei îi mulțumesc lui Dumnezeu pentru toate ritualurile care li s-au dat și pe care sunt obligați să le respecte, spre deosebire de femei care nu sunt obligate, deoarece acestea pot menține legătura strânsă cu Dumnezeu și în lipsa acestor obligații<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Din rugăciune nu trebuie să lipsească profesiunea de credință: <i>Shma Israel</i> („Ascultă, Israele”, Deuteronom 6, 4-9). De asemenea, în timpul rugăciunii, bărbații trebuie să poarte așa numitele <i>filacterii</i> (<i>tefilin</i>). </p><p>Cultul mozaic este axat pe îndeplinirea celor <a href="/wiki/613_porunci" title="613 porunci">613 porunci</a> enumerate în <a href="/wiki/Tora" title="Tora">Tora</a> (primele cinci cărți ale lui <a href="/wiki/Moise" title="Moise">Moise</a>), spre deosebire de <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism">creștinism</a>, care își bazează doctrinele în special pe învățăturile lui Isus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabinul">Rabinul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Rabinul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Rabinul"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La sinagogă, conducătorul ritualului este <a href="/wiki/Rabin" title="Rabin">rabinul</a>, care are funcția unui îndrumător religios. El este cel care coordonează studiul Torei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cașrut_—_legile_alimentare"><span id="Ca.C8.99rut_.E2.80.94_legile_alimentare"></span>Cașrut — legile alimentare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cașrut — legile alimentare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Cașrut — legile alimentare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Cu%C8%99er" class="mw-redirect" title="Cușer">Cușer</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Iudaismul impune și o serie de restricții alimentare, cu distincția dintre <i>pur</i> și <i>impur</i> respectiv, <a href="/wiki/Cu%C8%99er" class="mw-redirect" title="Cușer">cușer</a> (în <a href="/wiki/Limba_idi%C8%99" title="Limba idiș">limba idiș</a>, <i>kașer</i> în limba ebraică) care înseamnă „pregătit după ritual” și, în cazul mâncării, garantat a fi conform regulilor. Astfel, evreii au voie să mănânce doar carnea rumegătoarelor cu copita despicată: ovine, capre, bovine, pești cu solzi și înotătoare și păsări nerăpitoare (vezi Levitic cap. 11); există reguli precise la sacrificarea animalelor; este interzis de mâncat lactate împreună cu carne, etc. </p> <ul><li>Vezi și <a href="/wiki/Halaha" title="Halaha">Halaha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vezi și <a href="/wiki/Hasidism" title="Hasidism">Hasidism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Șoa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust">holocaustul</a>, nimicirea în ebraică) a avut loc în perioada nazistă, când șase milioane de evrei au fost exterminați în lagărele de concentrare (<a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobib%C3%B3r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobibór — pagină inexistentă">Sobibór</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lag%C4%83rul_de_exterminare_Treblinka" title="Lagărul de exterminare Treblinka">Treblinka</a> și altele) prin gazare și alte forme de asasinare, cadavrele fiind apoi incinerate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filme">Filme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifică secțiunea: Filme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Filme"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>„<a href="/wiki/Cele_Zece_Porunci" class="mw-redirect" title="Cele Zece Porunci">Cele Zece Porunci</a>”, ("<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Ten_Commandmens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Ten Commandmens — pagină inexistentă">The Ten Commandmens</a>") regizat de celebrul <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">USA</a> 1956. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-f441-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f441_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mindell, David P. (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=s8kA6eaz7hsC&pg=PA224"><i>The Evolving World: Evolution in Everyday Life</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-674-04108-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-674-04108-0">978-0-674-04108-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2024-06-06">6 iunie 2024</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolving+World%3A+Evolution+in+Everyday+Life&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04108-0&rft.aulast=Mindell&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds8kA6eaz7hsC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002" class="citation book">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234&dq=The+idolatry+of+the+people+of+Judah+was+not+a+departure+from+their+earlier+monotheism.+It+was,+instead,+the+way+the+people+of+Judah+had+worshiped+for+hundreds+of+years.&source=bl&ots=lQF2Lqja7D&sig=2oySBbSqenVKlRf4nE7d6_lo5Qg&hl=nl&ei=X3e8TPWPHoHm4AbtnbHVDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">„9. The Transformation of Judah (c. 930-705 BCE)”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Bible-Unearthed-Archaeologys-Vision-Ancient/dp/0684869128"><i>The Bible Unearthed. Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and The Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. First Touchstone Edition 2002). New York: Touchstone. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-684-86913-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-684-86913-1">978-0-684-86913-1</a>. <q>The idolatry of the people of Judah was not a departure from their earlier monotheism. It was, instead, the way the people of Judah had worshiped for hundreds of years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+The+Transformation+of+Judah+%28c.+930-705+BCE%29&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed.+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+The+Origin+of+Its+Sacred+Texts.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=234&rft.edition=First+Touchstone+Edition+2002&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86913-1&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC%26pg%3DPA234%26lpg%3DPA234%26dq%3DThe%2Bidolatry%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2Bof%2BJudah%2Bwas%2Bnot%2Ba%2Bdeparture%2Bfrom%2Btheir%2Bearlier%2Bmonotheism.%2BIt%2Bwas%2C%2Binstead%2C%2Bthe%2Bway%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2Bof%2BJudah%2Bhad%2Bworshiped%2Bfor%2Bhundreds%2Bof%2Byears.%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DlQF2Lqja7D%26sig%3D2oySBbSqenVKlRf4nE7d6_lo5Qg%26hl%3Dnl%26ei%3DX3e8TPWPHoHm4AbtnbHVDA%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D1%26ved%3D0CBUQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bible's Buried Secrets, Did God have A Wife, BBC, 2011. Citat: „The Bible was an unreliable source, it's not telling us the truth about these ancient people.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zw3fl">„BBC Two - Bible's Buried Secrets, Did God Have a Wife?”</a>. BBC. <time datetime="2011-12-21">21 decembrie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-07-04">4 iulie 2012</time></span>. <q>Between the 10th century and the beginning of their exile in 586 there was polytheism as normal religion all throughout Israel; only afterwards things begin to change and very slowly they begin to change. I would say it is only correct for the last centuries, maybe only from the period of the Maccabees, that means the second century BC, so in the time of Jesus of Nazareth it is true, but for the time before it, it is not true.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Two+-+Bible%27s+Buried+Secrets%2C+Did+God+Have+a+Wife%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00zw3fl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toynbee1961-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toynbee1961_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Nu e o opinie prea nouă, cf. <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Joseph_Toynbee" title="Arnold Joseph Toynbee">Toynbee, Arnold</a>; Royal Institute of International Affairs (<time datetime="1961">1961</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h98IAQAAIAAJ"><i>A Study of History</i></a>. <b>12</b>. Oxford University Press, H. Milford. p. 425.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+History&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+H.+Milford&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.au=Royal+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh98IAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> și Hermann Gunkel în 1901, conform <cite class="citation book">Lyons, William John (<time datetime="2002-07-01">1 iulie 2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVqvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140"><i>Canon and Exegesis: Canonical Praxis and the Sodom Narrative</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-567-40343-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-567-40343-8">978-0-567-40343-8</a>. <q>Because of his view of the history of religions as an evolutionary process, the latter is his preferred option. Polytheism is seen as older than monotheism and so as the more likely background for the original version of the legend, the visit of three gods to test an individual who proves through his hospitality his worthiness to be given the gift of a son.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canon+and+Exegesis%3A+Canonical+Praxis+and+the+Sodom+Narrative&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-567-40343-8&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=William+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVqvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton_2012_p._56-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barton_2012_p._56_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Barton, John (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=xD8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"><i>The Theology of the Book of Amos</i></a>. Old Testament Theology. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-107-37715-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-107-37715-8">978-1-107-37715-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-09-05">5 septembrie 2023</time></span>. <q>There can be little doubt that polytheism was the normal religion of Israel in practice. [...] On popular religion in Israel see Francesca Stavrakopoulou , “‘Popular’ Religion and ‘Official’ Religion: Practice, Perception, Portrayal,” in Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah (eds. F. Stavrakopoulou and J. Barton ; London: T & T Clark, 2010), 37–58. This essay problematizes the distinction between popular and official religion, a distinction that was not necessarily obvious at the time to everyone, even though the Old Testament gives the impression that it was.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+Book+of+Amos&rft.series=Old+Testament+Theology&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-37715-8&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxD8hAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford2020MJ-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford2020MJ_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Winn Leith, Mary Joan (<time datetime="2020">2020</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.es/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_the_Historical_Bo/7y4DEAAAQBAJ?hl=es&pg=PA148">„New Perspectives on the Return from Exile and Persian-Period Yehud”</a>. În Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-19-026116-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-19-026116-0">978-0-19-026116-0</a>. <q>New data from archaeological surveys, excavations, and, sadly, from looted artifacts purchased on the antiquities market have advanced knowledge of the Persian period in its local and international aspects (Stern 2001; Grabbe 2004; Betlyon 2005; Pearce and Wunsch 2014; Lemaire 2015). Archaeological discoveries since the 1970s have demonstrated that preexilic Israelite religion was not yet monotheistic and that strictly monotheistic Yahwism gained adherents in the Persian period (Gnuse 1997; Smith 2002; Albertz and Becking 2003). Not surprisingly then, the last few decades have witnessed reassessments of old certainties and new questions about the history, religion, and culture of the people who worshiped Yhwh in the sixth through late fourth centuries BCE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Return+from+Exile+and+Persian-Period+Yehud&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Historical+Books+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026116-0&rft.aulast=Winn+Leith&rft.aufirst=Mary+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.es%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Oxford_Handbook_of_the_Historical_Bo%2F7y4DEAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Des%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edelman_1995_p._19-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edelman_1995_p._19_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Edelman, Diana V. (<time datetime="1995">1995</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C&pg=PA19"><i>The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms</i></a>. Contributions to biblical exegesis and theology. Kok Pharos. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-90-390-0124-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-90-390-0124-0">978-90-390-0124-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-09-01">1 septembrie 2022</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Elohim%3A+From+Yahwisms+to+Judaisms&rft.series=Contributions+to+biblical+exegesis+and+theology&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Kok+Pharos&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-390-0124-0&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Diana+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbua2dMa9fJ4C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnuse_2016_p._5-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gnuse_2016_p._5_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gnuse, Robert Karl (<time datetime="2016">2016</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=gdTYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Trajectories of Justice: What the Bible Says about Slaves, Women, and Homosexuality</i></a>. Lutterworth Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7188-4456-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7188-4456-1">978-0-7188-4456-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-09-01">1 septembrie 2022</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajectories+of+Justice%3A+What+the+Bible+Says+about+Slaves%2C+Women%2C+and+Homosexuality&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Lutterworth+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-4456-1&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdTYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carraway_2013_p._66-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carraway_2013_p._66_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carraway, George (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=je7UAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>Christ is God Over All: Romans 9:5 in the context of Romans 9-11</i></a>. The Library of New Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-567-26701-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-567-26701-6">978-0-567-26701-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-09-01">1 septembrie 2022</time></span>. <q>Second, it was probably not until the exile that monotheism proper was clearly formulated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+is+God+Over+All%3A+Romans+9%3A5+in+the+context+of+Romans+9-11&rft.series=The+Library+of+New+Testament+Studies&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-567-26701-6&rft.aulast=Carraway&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dje7UAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Center_for_Online_Judaic_Studies_2008_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hayes, Christine (<time datetime="2008-07-03">3 iulie 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/moses_and_the_beginning_of_yahwism-_-genesis_37-_exodus_4-_christine_hayes-_open_yale_courses_-transcription-_2006/">„Moses and the Beginning of Yahwism: (Genesis 37- Exodus 4), Christine Hayes, Open Yale Courses (Transcription), 2006”</a>. <i>Center for Online Judaic Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-08-17">17 august 2022</time></span>. <q>Only later would a Yahweh-only party polemicize against and seek to suppress certain… what came to be seen as undesirable elements of Israelite-Judean religion, and these elements would be labeled Canaanite, as a part of a process of Israelite differentiation. But what appears in the Bible as a battle between Israelites, pure Yahwists, and Canaanites, pure polytheists, is indeed better understood as a civil war between Yahweh-only Israelites, and Israelites who are participating in the cult of their ancestors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Online+Judaic+Studies&rft.atitle=Moses+and+the+Beginning+of+Yahwism%3A+%28Genesis+37-+Exodus+4%29%2C+Christine+Hayes%2C+Open+Yale+Courses+%28Transcription%29%2C+2006.&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fmoses_and_the_beginning_of_yahwism-_-genesis_37-_exodus_4-_christine_hayes-_open_yale_courses_-transcription-_2006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002234_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002">Finkelstein & Silberman 2002</a>, p. 234. : The idolatry of the people of Judah was not a departure from their earlier monotheism. It was, instead, the way the people of Judah had worshiped for hundreds of years.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer2009145-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer2009145_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer2009145_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSommer2009">Sommer 2009</a>, p. 145. It is a commonplace of modern biblical scholarship that Israelite religion prior to the Babylonian exile was basically polytheistic. [...] Many scholars argue that ancient Israelites worshipped a plethora of gods and goddesses [...].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_2003_p.-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_2003_p._14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sanders, Seth (<time datetime="2003-12-31">31 decembrie 2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/reviews/review119.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">„Review of Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Foreword by Patrick D. Miller”</a>. <i>The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</i>. University of Alberta Libraries. <b>4</b>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs5866">10.5508/jhs5866</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1203-1542">1203-1542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=Review+of+Mark+S.+Smith%2C+The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Other+Deities+in+Ancient+Israel%2C+Foreword+by+Patrick+D.+Miller&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2003-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5508%2Fjhs5866&rft.issn=1203-1542&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wikiwix.com%2Fcache%2Findex2.php%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.ualberta.ca%2FJHS%2Freviews%2Freview119.htm%23federation%3Darchive.wikiwix.com%26tab%3Durl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icarus-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icarus_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icarus_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619000702/http://icarusfilms.com/new2006/bib2.html">„Background on Scholars”</a>. <i>icarusfilms.com</i>. <time datetime="2017-06-19">19 iunie 2017</time>. Arhivat din original în <time datetime="2017-06-19">19 iunie 2017</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2019-03-26">26 martie 2019</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icarusfilms.com&rft.atitle=Background+on+Scholars&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficarusfilms.com%2Fnew2006%2Fbib2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_URL_impropriu" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle2011449-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle2011449_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooreKelle2011">Moore & Kelle 2011</a>, p. 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz1994a61-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertz1994a61_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertz1994a61_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertz1994a">Albertz 1994a</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003395-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003395_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200247-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200247_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetz2000917-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetz2000917_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBetz2000">Betz 2000</a>, p. 917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1885">Wellhausen 1885</a>, p. 405– 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1_22-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1885">Wellhausen 1885</a>, p. 408 n. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2023-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2023_23-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2023">Adler 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234_24-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2022">Adler 2022</a>, p. 223–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coogan-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coogan_25-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Coogan, Michael (<time datetime="2010">2010</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=2_gPKQEACAAJ&dq=god+and+sex&hl=nl&ei=4fbCTaPKDpGXOrq88Z0I&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAQ"><i>God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. 1st). New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-446-54525-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-446-54525-9">978-0-446-54525-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-05-05">5 mai 2011</time></span>. <q>Polygyny continued to be practiced well into the biblical period, and it is attested among Jews as late as the second century CE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Sex.+What+the+Bible+Really+Says&rft.place=New+York%2C+Boston&rft.pages=78&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Twelve.+Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-446-54525-9&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_gPKQEACAAJ%26dq%3Dgod%2Band%2Bsex%26hl%3Dnl%26ei%3D4fbCTaPKDpGXOrq88Z0I%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D2%26ved%3D0CEcQ6AEwAQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sex Roles - A Journal of Research</i>, May 2003; în: Marilyn P. Safir, Amir Rosenmann, Orly Kloner, <i>Tomboyism, sexual orientation and adult gender roles among Israeli women</i>: "Although the majority of Israelis define themselves as nonreligious, during the High Holy Days, it is the norm to attend prayer services at Orthodox synagogues (which receive state funding, unlike the small number of Reform and Conservative synagogues in Israel). Only men can actively participate in these prayer services as well as perform the Kadish prayer for the dead. In addition, men's daily Morning Prayer includes the Hebrew phrase <i>Barukh shelo assani isha</i> ("<b>Blessed is God for not creating me a woman</b>"). Women are hidden from men's sight and are excluded from praying aloud, so that they do not distract the men, in these Orthodox synagogues. In fact, even in the traditional Orthodox wedding ceremony, the woman is a silent, not an active, participant."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_2003_May/ai_104635133/pg_1">[1]</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2003" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Ackerman_(biblical_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Ackerman (biblical scholar) — pagină inexistentă">Ackerman, Susan</a> (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&pg=PA394#v=onepage">„Goddesses”</a>. În Richard, Suzanne. <i>Near Eastern Archaeology:A Reader</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781575060835" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781575060835">9781575060835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Goddesses&rft.btitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology%3AA+Reader&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781575060835&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhR0apPid8gC%26pg%3DPA394%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAdler2022" class="citation book">Adler, Yonatan (<time datetime="2022">2022</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books/about/The_Origins_of_Judaism.html?id=k8KREAAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y"><i>The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780300254907" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780300254907">9780300254907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Judaism%3A+An+Archaeological-Historical+Reappraisal&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780300254907&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Yonatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Origins_of_Judaism.html%3Fid%3Dk8KREAAAQBAJ%26source%3Dkp_book_description%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAdler2023" class="citation web">Adler, Yonatan (<time datetime="2023-02-16">16 februarie 2023</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/when-did-jews-start-observing-torah">„When Did Jews Start Observing Torah? - TheTorah.com”</a>. <i>www.thetorah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-02-23">23 februarie 2023</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thetorah.com&rft.atitle=When+Did+Jews+Start+Observing+Torah%3F+-+TheTorah.com&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Yonatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fwhen-did-jews-start-observing-torah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz1994a" class="citation book">Albertz, Rainer (<time datetime="1994">1994</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&pg=PA89&dq=%22the+real+centre+of+the+main+cult%22%22three+great+annual+festivals%22#v=onepage"><i>A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy</i></a>. Westminster John Knox. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780664227197" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780664227197">9780664227197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israelite+Religion%2C+Volume+I%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+End+of+the+Monarchy&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780664227197&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvZUWbTftSgC%26pg%3DPA89%26dq%3D%2522the%2Breal%2Bcentre%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bmain%2Bcult%2522%2522three%2Bgreat%2Bannual%2Bfestivals%2522%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBetz2000" class="citation book">Betz, Arnold Gottfried (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA917#v=onepage">„Monotheism”</a>. În Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-9053565032" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-9053565032">978-9053565032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9053565032&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA917%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li>Etilé. R-L P, <i>Etude sur une civilisation nêgro-adfricaine de l'Egypte antique</i>, Ed. Menaibuc.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMooreKelle2011" class="citation book">Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (<time datetime="2011">2011</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&pg=PA334&dq=%22received+its+most+formative+editorial+shaping%22#v=onepage"><i>Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780802862600" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780802862600">9780802862600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+History+and+Israel%27s+Past%3A+The+Changing+Study+of+the+Bible+and+History&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780802862600&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Megan+Bishop&rft.au=Kelle%2C+Brad+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjkz_8EMoaUC%26pg%3DPA334%26dq%3D%2522received%2Bits%2Bmost%2Bformative%2Beditorial%2Bshaping%2522%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li>Picard, Marianne, <i>Juifs et Judaïsme. Manuel d'histoire juive. De 700 avant à 70 après</i>. Paris, 1987, Pacej.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_S._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark S. Smith — pagină inexistentă">Smith, Mark S.</a> (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&pg=PA28&dq=%22Iron+I+Israel+was+largely+Canaanite%22#v=onepage"><i>The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780802839725" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780802839725">9780802839725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Other+Deities+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780802839725&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yM3AuBh4AsC%26pg%3DPA28%26dq%3D%2522Iron%2BI%2BIsrael%2Bwas%2Blargely%2BCanaanite%2522%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSommer2009" class="citation book">Sommer, Benjamin D. (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEYhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145"><i>The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1139477789" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1139477789">978-1139477789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodies+of+God+and+the+World+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1139477789&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEYhAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWellhausen1885" class="citation book">Wellhausen, Julius (<time datetime="1885">1885</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books?id=f061b0TKi-UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Prolegomena+to+the+History+of+Israel&hl=da&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Prolegomena to the History of Israel</i></a>. Black. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781606202050" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781606202050">9781606202050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prolegomena+to+the+History+of+Israel&rft.pub=Black&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=9781606202050&rft.aulast=Wellhausen&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df061b0TKi-UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DProlegomena%2Bto%2Bthe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BIsrael%26hl%3Dda%26sa%3DX%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIudaism" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avraam" title="Avraam">Avraam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendarul_ebraic" title="Calendarul ebraic">Calendarul ebraic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism">Creștinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu" title="Dumnezeu">Dumnezeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evrei" title="Evrei">Evrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghemara" title="Ghemara">Ghemara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midra%C8%99" title="Midraș">Midraș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tora" title="Tora">Tora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ierusalim" title="Ierusalim">Ierusalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istoria_evreilor_%C3%AEn_Rom%C3%A2nia" class="mw-redirect" title="Istoria evreilor în România">Istoria evreilor în România</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_sinagogilor_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Lista sinagogilor din România">Lista sinagogilor din România</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism">Monoteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentateuh" title="Pentateuh">Pentateuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiunea_Autonom%C4%83_Evreiasc%C4%83" title="Regiunea Autonomă Evreiască">Regiunea Autonomă Evreiască</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">Religie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagog%C4%83" title="Sinagogă">Sinagogă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanio%C8%9Bi" title="Romanioți">Romanioți</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lectură_suplimentară"><span id="Lectur.C4.83_suplimentar.C4.83"></span>Lectură suplimentară</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lectură suplimentară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Lectură suplimentară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>O istorie intelectuală a iudaismului, Volume 2</i>, Maurice R. Hayoun, Editura Hasefer, 1999</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vopus.org/ro/gnoza-gnosticism/cabala/izvoare-kabala.html">Tradiția iudaică în studiul Cabalei</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120134422/http://www.vopus.org/ro/gnoza-gnosticism/cabala/izvoare-kabala.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2008-11-20">20 noiembrie 2008</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080728112725/http://www.geocities.com/athens/delphi/5647/rel50.htm">Mozaicismul</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/religie/conceptia-despre-lume-viata-iudaism-crestinism-69351.html">Concepția despre lume și viață în iudaism și creștinism</a>, 6 decembrie 2006, Pr. Conf. Dr. Ioan Stancu, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/religiile-lumii/iudaism/scrierile-iudeilor-128751.html">Scrierile iudeilor</a>, 19 iulie 2012, Teodor Dănălache, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/religiile-lumii/iudaism/poporul-ales-128672.html">Poporul ales</a>, 19 iulie 2012, Iulian Predescu, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/religiile-lumii/iudaism/sinagogile-locasurile-cult-evreilor-124858.html">Sinagogile, locașurile de cult ale evreilor</a>, 19 iulie 2012, Teodor Dănălache, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/religiile-lumii/iudaism/locasurile-cult-evreilor-128754.html">Locașurile de cult ale evreilor</a>, 19 iulie 2012, Iulian Predescu, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/religiile-lumii/iudaism/legea-talionului-125032.html">Legea Talionului</a>, 19 iulie 2012, Teodor Dănălache, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Iudaism" title="Format:Iudaism"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Iudaism" title="Discuție Format:Iudaism"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Iudaism&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iudaism</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Denominații </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schisme — pagină inexistentă">Schisme</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Karai%C8%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaiți">Karaiți</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Iudaismul_ortodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaismul ortodox">Iudaism ortodox</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism_reformat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iudaism reformat — pagină inexistentă">Iudaism reformat</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism_conservativ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iudaism conservativ — pagină inexistentă">Iudaism conservativ</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hasidism" title="Hasidism">Hasidism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Evrei_a%C8%99kenazi" title="Evrei așkenazi">Rit așkenaz</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Evrei_sefarzi" title="Evrei sefarzi">Rit sefard</a></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="15"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Star_of_David_3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steaua lui David"><img alt="Steaua lui David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Star_of_David_3.svg/75px-Star_of_David_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Star_of_David_3.svg/113px-Star_of_David_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Star_of_David_3.svg/150px-Star_of_David_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Scrieri </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Biblia_ebraic%C4%83" title="Biblia ebraică">Biblia ebraică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tora" title="Tora">Tora</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mi%C8%99na" title="Mișna">Mișna</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ghemara" title="Ghemara">Ghemara</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chumash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chumash — pagină inexistentă">Chumash</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Midra%C8%99" title="Midraș">Midraș</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah_Berurah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mishnah Berurah — pagină inexistentă">Mishnah Berurah</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Halaha" title="Halaha">Halaha</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Agada" title="Agada">Agada</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shulchan_Aruch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shulchan Aruch — pagină inexistentă">Shulchan Aruch</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Adepți </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Evrei" title="Evrei">Evrei</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Regatul Iuda</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatul Israel">Regatul Israel</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazar">Hazar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Instituții și funcții religioase </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sinagog%C4%83" title="Sinagogă">Sinagogă</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rabin" title="Rabin">Rabin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posek — pagină inexistentă">Posek</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazzan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazzan — pagină inexistentă">Hazzan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Preot" title="Preot">Kohen/Preot</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashgiah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mashgiah — pagină inexistentă">Mashgiah</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabbai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabbai — pagină inexistentă">Gabbai</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maggid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maggid — pagină inexistentă">Maggid</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beth_din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beth din — pagină inexistentă">Beth din</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosh_yeshiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosh yeshiva — pagină inexistentă">Rosh yeshiva</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Ritual </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Circumcizia" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcizia">Circumcizia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/613_porunci" title="613 porunci">613 porunci</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rug%C4%83ciuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugăciuni">Rugăciuni</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Calendarul ebraic<br />și sărbători </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pesah" title="Pesah">Pesah</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C8%98avuot" title="Șavuot">Șavuot</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99_Ha%C8%99ana" title="Roș Hașana">Roș Hașana</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Iom_Kipur" title="Iom Kipur">Iom Kipur</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka">Hanuka</a>· <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tammuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz">Tammuz</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Av" title="Av">Av</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ti%C8%99rei" title="Tișrei">Tișrei</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/He%C8%99van" title="Heșvan">Heșvan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C8%98evat" class="mw-redirect" title="Șevat">Șevat</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Altele </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Lista_sinagogilor_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Lista sinagogilor din România">Lista sinagogilor din România</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism">Monoteism</a>· <a href="/wiki/Istoria_evreilor_%C3%AEn_Rom%C3%A2nia" class="mw-redirect" title="Istoria evreilor în România">Istoria evreilor în România</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu" title="Dumnezeu">Dumnezeu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Moise" title="Moise">Moise</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism">Creștinism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Samariteni" title="Samariteni">Samariteni</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">Limba ebraică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_obiecte_cu_importan%C8%9B%C4%83_biblic%C4%83" title="Listă de obiecte cu importanță biblică">Listă de obiecte cu importanță biblică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cortul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2lnirii" title="Cortul întâlnirii">Cortul întâlnirii</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Personalități </td> <td 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