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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Timbuktu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 leids</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboektoe" title="Timboektoe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Timboektoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbukt%C3%BA" title="Timbuktú – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Timbuktú" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تمبكتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمبكتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تمبكتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تمبكتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuct%C3%BA" title="Tombuctú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tombuctú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuktu" title="Tumbuktu – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tumbuktu" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تیمبوکتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیمبوکتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тамбукту – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамбукту" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тимбукту – Bulgairien" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тимбукту" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgairien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouktou" title="Tombouktou – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tombouktou" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuctu" title="Timbuctu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Timbuctu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Dens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Τιμπουκτού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιμπουκτού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Inglis" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inglis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktuo" title="Timbuktuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Timbuktuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuct%C3%BA" title="Tombuctú – Spainish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tombuctú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spainish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Eastlands" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Eastlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تیمبوکتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیمبوکتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_(Steed)" title="Timbuktu (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Timbuktu (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timb%C3%BBkt%C3%BB" title="Timbûktû – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Timbûktû" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbeact%C3%BA" title="Timbeactú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Timbeactú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiombuctu" title="Tiombuctu – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tiombuctu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%81" title="ટિમ્બક્ટુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટિમ્બક્ટુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95" title="טימבוקטו – Ebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טימבוקטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82" title="टिम्बकटू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टिम्बकटू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timb%C3%BAkt%C3%BA" title="Timbúktú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Timbúktú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuct%C3%B9" title="Timbuctù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Timbuctù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5" title="トンブクトゥ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トンブクトゥ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3" title="ტომბუქტუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომბუქტუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Buktu" title="Tin Buktu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tin Buktu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Томбукту – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томбукту" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81" title="ಟಿಂಬಕ್ಟು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಿಂಬಕ್ಟು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%80%EB%B6%81%ED%88%AC" title="팀북투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팀북투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombutum" title="Tombutum – Laitin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tombutum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Laitin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboektoe" title="Timboektoe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Timboektoe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Lithuanie" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanie" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuktu" title="Tombuktu – Letts" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tombuktu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letts" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="तिमबुक्तु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तिमबुक्तु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82" title="റ്റിംബക്റ്റൂ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റ്റിംബക്റ്റൂ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82" title="टिंबक्टू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टिंबक्टू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="तिमबुक्तु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तिमबुक्तु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboektoe_(stad)" title="Timboektoe (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Timboektoe (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboct%C3%B3" title="Timboctó – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Timboctó" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਤਿੰਬਕਤੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਿੰਬਕਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Polls" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%88" title="ٹمبکٹو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹمبکٹو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuctu" title="Tombuctu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tombuctu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Roumains" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roumains" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Томбукту – Roushien" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Томбукту" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Roushien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuct%C3%B9" title="Timbuctù – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Timbuctù" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_(mesto)" title="Timbuktu (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Timbuktu (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Slovein" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovein" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тимбукту – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тимбукту" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Swaidish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swaidish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="திம்பக்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திம்பக்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9" title="ทิมบักตู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทิมบักตู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_na_%C9%94kyer%C9%9Bwee" title="Timbuktu na ɔkyerɛwee – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Timbuktu na ɔkyerɛwee" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тімбукту – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тімбукту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%88" title="ٹمبکٹو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹمبکٹو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuktu" title="Tombuktu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tombuktu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%9B%BE" title="廷巴克图 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="廷巴克图" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95" title="טימבוקטו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טימבוקטו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93" title="ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵓⴽⵜⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵓⴽⵜⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%83%E5%9B%BE" title="通布图 – Cheenese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通布图" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cheenese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%83%E5%9C%96" title="通布圖 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="通布圖" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%80%91%E5%9C%96" title="湯瀑圖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯瀑圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9427#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Eedit interleid airtins" class="wbc-editpage">Eedit airtins</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sco" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Timbuktu</div><br /><div class="nickname" style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">Tombouctou</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"><div class="category">Ceety</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">  transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koyra_Chiini_leid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koyra Chiini leid (page disna exeest)">Koyra Chiini</a>:</th><td>Tumbutu</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbuktu_Mosque_Sankore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu"><img alt="Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Timbuktu_Mosque_Sankore.jpg/250px-Timbuktu_Mosque_Sankore.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Timbuktu_Mosque_Sankore.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><div style="padding:0.4em 0 0 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sankore_Madrasah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sankore Madrasah (page disna exeest)">Sankore Mosque</a> in Timbuktu</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showin the main trans-Saharan caravan routes in around 1400. Shown an aw are the Ghana Empire (till the 13t century) an 13t – 15t century Mali Empire. Note the wastren route runnin frae Djenné via Timbuktu tae Sijilmassa. Present day Niger in yellae."><img alt="Map showin the main trans-Saharan caravan routes in around 1400. Shown an aw are the Ghana Empire (till the 13t century) an 13t – 15t century Mali Empire. Note the wastren route runnin frae Djenné via Timbuktu tae Sijilmassa. Present day Niger in yellae." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG/250px-Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG/375px-Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG/500px-Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="326" /></a></span><div style="padding:0.3em 0 0 0;">Map showin the main <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Saharan_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-Saharan trade (page disna exeest)">trans-Saharan caravan routes</a> in around 1400. Shown an aw are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghana Empire (page disna exeest)">Ghana Empire</a> (till the 13t century) an 13t – 15t century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mali Empire (page disna exeest)">Mali Empire</a>. Note the wastren route runnin frae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Djenn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djenné (page disna exeest)">Djenné</a> via Timbuktu tae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sijilmassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sijilmassa (page disna exeest)">Sijilmassa</a>. Present day <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> in yellae.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r840575">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timbuktu is located in Mali"><img alt="Timbuktu is located in Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mali_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Mali_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mali_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Mali_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mali_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Mali_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span><div class="od" style="top:55.216%;left:55.118%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Timbuktu"><img alt="Timbuktu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div>Timbuktu</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location o Timbuktu athin Mali</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r840235">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timbuktu&params=16_46_33_N_3_00_34_W_region:ML_type:city(54453)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°46′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°00′34″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.77583°N 3.00944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16.77583; -3.00944</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r840235"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timbuktu&params=16_46_33_N_3_00_34_W_region:ML_type:city(54453)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°46′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°00′34″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.77583°N 3.00944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16.77583; -3.00944</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Kintra</th><td><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">Region</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tombouctou_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tombouctou Region (page disna exeest)">Tombouctou Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">Cercle</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu_Cercle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbuktu Cercle (page disna exeest)">Timbuktu Cercle</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Settled</th><td>12t century</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Elevation<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>261 m (856 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Population<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2009)<sup id="cite_ref-population_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Total</th><td>54,453</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="border:4px solid #FFE153; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Warld_Heritage_Steid" title="Warld Heritage Steid">UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">Teep</th><td>Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">Criteria</th><td>ii, iv, v</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">Designatit</th><td>1988 <small>(12th <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Heritage_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Heritage Committee (page disna exeest)">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">Reference no.</th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/119">119</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">State Party</th><td>Mali</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">Region</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africae (page disna exeest)">Africae</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World Heritage in Danger (page disna exeest)">Endangered</a></th><td>1990–2005</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Timbuktu</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Koyra_Chiini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koyra Chiini (page disna exeest)">Koyra Chiini</a>: <i>Tumbutu</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_leid" title="French leid">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Tombouctou</i>), umwhile spelt <b>Timbuctoo</b> an <b>Timbuktoo</b> an aw, is a ceety in the Wast African naition o <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> situatit 15 km (9.3 mi) north o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River Niger (page disna exeest)">River Niger</a> on the soothren edge o the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>. It is the caipital o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbuktu Region (page disna exeest)">Timbuktu Region</a>, ane o the aicht <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regions_o_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regions o Mali (page disna exeest)">admeenistrative regions o Mali</a>. It haed a population o 54,453 in the 2009 census. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Eedit section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main airticle: <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_o_Timbuktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History o Timbuktu (page disna exeest)">History o Timbuktu</a></div> <p>Stairtin oot as a saisonal dounset, Timbuktu became a permanent dounset early in the 12t century. Efter a shift in tradin routes, Timbuktu flourished frae the trade in salt, gowd, ivory an slaves, an it became pairt o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mali Empire (page disna exeest)">Mali Empire</a> early in the 13t century. In the first hauf o the 15t century the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_fowk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuareg fowk (page disna exeest)">Tuareg</a> tribes teuk control o the ceety for a short period till the expandin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhay_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Songhay Empire (page disna exeest)">Songhay Empire</a> absorbit the ceety in 1468. A <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> airmy defeatit the Songhay in 1591, an made Timbuktu, rather than <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao (page disna exeest)">Gao</a>, thair stranghauld. The invaders established a new rulin class, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arma_fowk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arma fowk (page disna exeest)">arma</a>, who efter 1612 became independent o Morocco. Housomeivver, the gowden age o the ceety wis ower an it entered a lang period o decline. Different tribes govrened till the French teuk ower in 1893, a situation that lastit till it became pairt o the current Republic o <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> in 1960. Presently Timbuktu is impoverished an suffers frae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desertification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desertification (page disna exeest)">desertification</a>. Several initiatives are bein unnertaken tae restore the historic manuscripts still kept in the ceety. Meanwhile, tourism forms an important soorce o income. </p><p>In its Gowden Age, the toun's numerous Islamic scholars and extensive trading network made possible an important beuk trade: thegither wi the campuses o the Sankore <i>madrassah</i>, an Islamic varsity, this established Timbuktu as a scholarly centre in Africae. Several notable historic writers, sic as Shabeni an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Africanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Africanus (page disna exeest)">Leo Africanus</a>, hae describit Timbuktu. Thir stories fuelled speculation in Europe, whaur the ceety's reputation shiftit frae bein extremely rich tae bein mysterious. This reputation owershadows the toun itsel in modren times, tae the pynt whaur it is best kent in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wastren_cultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wastren cultur (page disna exeest)">Wastren cultur</a> as an expression for a distant or ootlandish place. </p><p>On 1 Aprile 2012, ane day efter the captur o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao (page disna exeest)">Gao</a>, Timbuktu wis captured frae the Malian militar bi the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_Tuareg_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 Tuareg rebellion (page disna exeest)">Tuareg rebels</a> o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=MNLA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MNLA (page disna exeest)">MNLA</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ansar_Dine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ansar Dine (page disna exeest)">Ansar Dine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five days later, the MNLA declared the region independent o Mali as the naition o <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-english.alarabiya.net_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly declared poleetical entity haes no been recognizit bi ony local naitions or the internaitional commonty.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Eedit section: Climate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Climate"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wather is het an dry throughoot hintle o the year. Average daily maximum temperaturs in the hettest months o the year – Aprile, Mey an Juin – exceed 40 °C <span class="nowrap">(104 °F)</span>. Lawest temperaturs occur durin the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northren_Hemisphere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northren Hemisphere (page disna exeest)">Northren Hemisphere</a> winter – December, Januar an Februar. Housomeivver, average maximum temperaturs dae no drop belaw 30 °C <span class="nowrap">(86 °F)</span>. Thir "winter" months are characterizit bi a dry, dusty <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_wind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade wind (page disna exeest)">trade wind</a> blowin frae the Saharan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibesti_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibesti Region (page disna exeest)">Tibesti Region</a> soothwaird tae the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guwf_o_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guwf o Guinea (page disna exeest)">Guwf o Guinea</a>: pickin up dust pairticles on thair wey, thir winds leemit visibility in wha haes been dubbit the '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmattan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harmattan (page disna exeest)">Harmattan</a> Haze'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, when the dust settles in the ceety, saund builds up an desertification looms.<sup id="cite_ref-benjaminsen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benjaminsen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timbuktu's climate is classifeed as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#GROUP_B:_Dry_.28arid_and_semiarid.29_climates" class="extiw" title="en:Köppen climate classification">BWhw</a> accordin tae the <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Köppen Climate Classification (page disna exeest)">Köppen Climate Classification</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desert_climate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desert climate (page disna exeest)">arid</a>, wi nae month averagin belaw 0 °C (32 °F) an a <a href="/wiki/Dry_saison" title="Dry saison">dry saison</a> durin winter. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Timbuktu </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record heich °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;">36<br />(97) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;">39<br />(102) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;">42<br />(108) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;">45<br />(113) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;">48<br />(118) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;">47<br />(117) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;">47<br />(117) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;">43<br />(109) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;">47<br />(117) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;">47<br />(117) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;">40<br />(104) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;">42<br />(108) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">48<br />(118) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average heich °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;">36.6<br />(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;">42.2<br />(108.0) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;">41.6<br />(106.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;">38.5<br />(101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;">36.5<br />(97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;">38.3<br />(100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;">39.1<br />(102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;">35.2<br />(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">36.8<br />(98.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average law °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">21.0<br />(69.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record law °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;">5<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;">15<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;">21<br />(70) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;">17<br />(63) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;">21<br />(70) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;">18<br />(64) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;">1<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">1<br />(34) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/w/index.php?title=Precipitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precipitation (page disna exeest)">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;">0.6<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;">1.0<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;">4.0<br />(0.16) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;">16.4<br />(0.65) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;">53.5<br />(2.11) </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;">73.6<br />(2.90) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;">29.4<br />(1.16) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;">3.8<br />(0.15) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;">0.2<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">182.8<br />(7.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;">3 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;">4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;">3 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">14 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source #1: World Meteorological Organization<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source #2: Weatherbase<sup id="cite_ref-Weatherbase_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weatherbase-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><br style="clear:both;" /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_ceeties">Sister ceeties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Eedit section: Sister ceeties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sister ceeties"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Timbuktu is <a href="/wiki/Twin_touns_an_sister_ceeties" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin touns an sister ceeties">a sister ceety</a> tae the follaein ceeties:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hay-on-Wye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hay-on-Wye (page disna exeest)">Hay-on-Wye</a>, Wales, Unitit Kinrick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, Tunisie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakech" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>, Morocco</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saintes,_Charente-Maritime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saintes, Charente-Maritime (page disna exeest)">Saintes</a>, Fraunce</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe, Arizona</a>, Unitit States</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tifariti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tifariti (page disna exeest)">Tifariti</a>, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Wastren Sahara)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Eedit section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-population_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6FBLpTLbL?url=http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/tombouctou.pdf"><i>Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Tombouctou)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique, archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/tombouctou.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 Mairch 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 Apryle</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resultats+Provisoires+RGPH+2009+%28R%C3%A9gion+de+Tombouctou%29&rft.pub=R%C3%A9publique+de+Mali%3A+Institut+National+de+la+Statistique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstat.gov.ml%2Fdocumentation%2Ftombouctou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r809032">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRukmini_Callimachi2012" class="citation web cs1">Rukmini Callimachi (1 Apryle 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/mali-coup-leader-reinstates-1403759.html">"Mali coup leader reinstates old constitution"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 Mairch</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mali+coup+leader+reinstates+old+constitution&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.au=Rukmini+Callimachi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fmali-coup-leader-reinstates-1403759.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-english.alarabiya.net_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/04/06/205763.html">"Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali"</a>. Al Arabiya. 6 Apryle 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 Apryle</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tuareg+rebels+declare+the+independence+of+Azawad%2C+north+of+Mali&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2012%2F04%2F06%2F205763.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/04/20124149184982408.html">Azawad: the latest African Border Dilemma, Walter G. Moseley, Al Jazeera, 18 April 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAdefolalu1984" class="citation journal cs1">Adefolalu, D.O. (25 December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/720572u375828w84/">"On bioclimatological aspects of Harmattan dust haze in Nigeria"</a>. <i>Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics</i>. New York, NY: Springer Wien. <b>33</b> (4): 387–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02274004">10.1007/BF02274004</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 Februar</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorology+and+Atmospheric+Physics&rft.atitle=On+bioclimatological+aspects+of+Harmattan+dust+haze+in+Nigeria&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-404&rft.date=1984-12-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02274004&rft.aulast=Adefolalu&rft.aufirst=D.O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F720572u375828w84%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since January 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page disna exeest)">deid airtin</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benjaminsen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-benjaminsen_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminsenBerge2004" class="citation journal cs1">Benjaminsen, Tor A; Berge, Gunnvor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econpapers.repec.org/article/mesijpoec/v_3a34_3ay_3a2004_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a31-59.htm">"Myths of Timbuktu: From African El Dorado to Desertification"</a>. <i>International Journal of Political Economy</i>. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. <b>34</b> (1): 31–59<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Myths+of+Timbuktu%3A+From+African+El+Dorado+to+Desertification&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-59&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Benjaminsen&rft.aufirst=Tor+A&rft.au=Berge%2C+Gunnvor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconpapers.repec.org%2Farticle%2Fmesijpoec%2Fv_3a34_3ay_3a2004_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a31-59.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldweather.org/034/c00134.htm"><i>World Weather Information Service – Tombouctou (1950-2000)</i></a>, World Meteorological Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 Februar</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Weather+Information+Service+%E2%80%93+Tombouctou+%281950-2000%29&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldweather.org%2F034%2Fc00134.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weatherbase-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Weatherbase_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133900/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=32216&refer=&units=us%20">"Weatherbase: Weather For Timbutku, Mali"</a>. Weatherbase. 2011. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=32216&refer=&units=us">the original</a> on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 Juin</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weatherbase%3A+Weather+For+Timbutku%2C+Mali&rft.pub=Weatherbase&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather.php3%3Fs%3D32216%26refer%3D%26units%3Dus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"> Retrieved on November 23, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/mid_/7058884.stm">"Timbuktu 'twins' make first visit"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. British Broadcasting Corporation. 24 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 Mey</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Timbuktu+%27twins%27+make+first+visit&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fwales%2Fmid_%2F7058884.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freemit_airtins">Freemit airtins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Eedit section: Freemit airtins" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Freemit airtins"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons haes media relatit tae <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Timbuktu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Niger_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Niger River (page disna exeest)">Template:Niger River</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Communes_o_the_Tombouctou_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Communes o the Tombouctou Region (page disna exeest)">Template:Communes o the Tombouctou Region</a> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="metadata plainlinks stub" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Africa_icon.png/40px-Africa_icon.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Africa_icon.png/60px-Africa_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Africa_icon.png/80px-Africa_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td><td><i>This Africae-relatit airticle is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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