EconPapers: Myths of Timbuktu: From African El Dorado to Desertification

<!doctype html> <html> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-1XW7MER8PY"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-1XW7MER8PY'); </script> <meta name="MS.LOCALE" content="EN"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <META http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript"> <LINK REL="SHORTCUT ICON" HREF="/favicon.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="EconPapers" href="/EP_searchplug.xml"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="EconPapers: Author" href="/EPauth_searchplug.xml"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="EconPapers: Title" href="/EPtitle_searchplug.xml"> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/ep.js"> </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/EconPapers.css"> <title>EconPapers: Myths of Timbuktu: From African El Dorado to Desertification</title>  <LINK REL='SCHEMA.dc' HREF='http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/'> <META NAME="dc.Title" CONTENT="Myths of Timbuktu: From African El Dorado to Desertification"> <META NAME="dc.Creator" CONTENT="Benjaminsen, Tor A."> <META NAME="dc.Creator" CONTENT="Berge, Gunnvor"> <meta name="dc.Publisher" content="Taylor & Francis Journals"> <meta name="dc.Type" content="text"> <meta name="dc.Type" scheme="DCT2" content="article"> <meta name='dc.Date' content='2004'> <meta name="redif-type" content="article"> <meta name='handle' content='RePEc:mes:ijpoec:v:34:y:2004:i:1:p:31-59'> <meta name="JEL-Codes" content=""> <meta name='EPDATE' content="2006-12-26"> <meta name='description' content="By Tor A. Benjaminsen and Gunnvor Berge; Myths of Timbuktu: From African El Dorado to Desertification"> <meta name="series" content="International Journal of Political Economy"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Benjaminsen, Tor A.; Berge, Gunnvor"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Benjaminsen, Tor A."> <meta name="citation_author" content="Berge, Gunnvor"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Myths of Timbuktu: From African El Dorado to Desertification"> <meta name="citation_date" content="2004"> <meta name="citation_year" content="2004"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2004"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Political Economy"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Taylor & Francis Journals"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="34"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="31"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="59"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0891-1916"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:mes:ijpoec:v:34:y:2004:i:1:p:31-59"> <link rel='canonical' href='https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:mes:ijpoec:v:34:y:2004:i:1:p:31-59'>  </head> <body background="/bg.gif"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#008241" width="4"> </td> <td bgcolor="#008241" colspan="3" width='251'><a href='https://econpapers.repec.org/'><img border="0" src="/logo_econpapers.gif" width="251" height="37" alt="EconPapers"></a></td> <td bgcolor="#008241" width='100%'> </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#008241" width="4"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#008241" colspan="3" width='251'><a href='https://econpapers.repec.org/'><img border="0" src="/logo2_econpapers.gif" width="251" height="16" alt="Economics at your fingertips"></a></td> <td bgcolor="#008241"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign='top'><div class='sidebar'> <p><a href="/">EconPapers Home</a> <br><a href="/about.htm">About EconPapers</a> <p><a href="/paper/">Working Papers</a> <br><a href="/article/">Journal Articles</a> <br><a href="/bookchap/">Books and Chapters</a> <br><a href="/software/">Software Components</a> <p><a href="/RAS/">Authors</a> <p><a href="/scripts/jelsearch.pf">JEL codes</a> <br><a href='/scripts/nep.pf'>New Economics Papers</a>  <p style='margin-bottom: 0.5em'><a href="/scripts/search.pf">Advanced Search</a></p> <form action="/scripts/search.pf" method="GET" name="search" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div align="left"> <input type="text" name="ft" class='quicksearch' size='10'><br> <input type=submit value="Quick Search" class="button"> </div> </form> <p><a href="/FAQ.htm">EconPapers FAQ</a> <br><span class='smaller'><a href='/archiveFAQ.htm'>Archive maintainers FAQ</a> <br><a href="/FAQ.htm#Cookies">Cookies at EconPapers</a> </span> <p><a href='/scripts/a/abstract.pf?p=y;h=RePEc:mes:ijpoec:v:34:y:2004:i:1:p:31-59'>Format for printing</a> <p><a href='https://blog.repec.org/'>The RePEc blog</a> <br><span class="smaller"><a href="https://plagiarism.repec.org/">The RePEc plagiarism page</a></span> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#008241" width="4">   </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="100%" valign=top bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td rowspan='1' valign='top' width='85%'><div class='bodytext'>  <div id='processing' class='itemref' onClick='clear_wait()'><img width='0' height='0' align=middle src='/EPwait.gif'></div><div id='greyedout' class='itemshadow' onClick='clear_wait()'></div> <h1 class="colored">Myths of Timbuktu: From African El Dorado to Desertification</h1> <p><i>Tor A. Benjaminsen</i> and <i>Gunnvor Berge</i> <p><i><a href='/article/mesijpoec/'>International Journal of Political Economy</a></i>, 2004, vol. 34, issue 1, 31-59 <p><b>Date:</b> 2004<br> <b>References:</b> <a href='https://citec.repec.org/cgi-bin/subRef.pl?h=repec:mes:ijpoec:v:34:y:2004:i:1:p:31-59'>Add references at CitEc</a> <br><b>Citations:</b> <p><b>Downloads:</b> (external link)<br><a href="/scripts/redir.pf?u=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10.1080%2F08911916.2004.11042915;h=repec:mes:ijpoec:v:34:y:2004:i:1:p:31-59">http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08911916.2004.11042915</a> (text/html) <br>Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. <p><b>Related works:</b><br>This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: <a href='/scripts/search.pf?adv=true;wp=on;art=on;soft=on;mh=100;ph=10;sort=rank;kwp=true;kw=Myths+of+Timbuktu:+From+African+El+Dorado+to+Desertification'>Search</a> for items with the same title. <p><b>Export reference:</b> <span class="fakelink" onClick="return item_as_reference('bibtex')">BibTeX</span> <span class=fakelink onClick="return item_as_reference('ris')">RIS</span> (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) <span class=fakelink onClick="return item_as_reference('html')">HTML/Text</span> <div id='itemref' class='itemref'></div><div id='itemshadow' class='itemshadow'></div> <p><b>Persistent link:</b> <a href='/RePEc:mes:ijpoec:v:34:y:2004:i:1:p:31-59'>https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:mes:ijpoec:v:34:y:2004:i:1:p:31-59</a> <p><b>Ordering information:</b> This journal article can be ordered from<br><a href='http://www.tandfonline.com/pricing/journal/MIJP20'>http://www.tandfonline.com/pricing/journal/MIJP20</a><p><b>DOI:</b> <a href='/scripts/redir.pf?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F08911916.2004.11042915;h=repec:mes:ijpoec:v:34:y:2004:i:1:p:31-59'>10.1080/08911916.2004.11042915</a> <p><a href='https://logec.repec.org/scripts/paperstat.pf?h=repec:mes:ijpoec:v:34:y:2004:i:1:p:31-59'>Access Statistics</a> for this article <p><a href='/article/mesijpoec/'>More articles</a> in International Journal of Political Economy from <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/MIJP20">Taylor & Francis Journals</a><span class='smaller'><br>Bibliographic data for series maintained by Chris Longhurst (<script language='JavaScript' type='text/javascript'>Obfuscate( 'tandf.co.uk', 'chris.longhurst' )</script>).</span> </div></td><td rowspan='1' valign='top' width='15%'><div class='bodytext'>   <script type="text/javascript">var addthis_config = {"data_track_clickback":true}; var addthis_share = { url: "https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:mes:ijpoec:v:34:y:2004:i:1:p:31-59"}</script> <div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style"> <a href="https://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=250&username=econpapers" class="addthis_button_compact">Share</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/250/addthis_widget.js#username=econpapers"></script>  </div></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign='bottom'><div class='sidebar'> <p class="smaller"><div align="center"><a href='http://repec.org/'><img src="/repec3.gif" alt="RePEc" width='127' height='29'></a></div> <div class="smaller">This site is part of <a href="http://repec.org/">RePEc</a> and all the data displayed here is part of the RePEc data set.</div> <p class="smaller">Is your work missing from RePEc? 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EconPapers: Myths of Timbuktu: From African El Dorado to Desertification