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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complaints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complaints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Complaints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complaints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(spole%C4%8Dnost)" title="Baccarat (společnost) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baccarat (společnost)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(virksomhed)" title="Baccarat (virksomhed) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baccarat (virksomhed)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(Unternehmen)" title="Baccarat (Unternehmen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baccarat (Unternehmen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(empresa)" title="Baccarat (empresa) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baccarat (empresa)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="باکرات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باکرات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(cristallerie)" title="Baccarat (cristallerie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baccarat (cristallerie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(perusahaan)" title="Baccarat (perusahaan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baccarat (perusahaan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(%C3%BCveggy%C3%A1r)" title="Baccarat (üveggyár) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baccarat (üveggyár)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9_(%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9)" title="バカラ (ガラス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バカラ (ガラス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(empresa)" title="Baccarat (empresa) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baccarat (empresa)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacara_(cristal)" title="Bacara (cristal) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bacara (cristal)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat" title="Baccarat – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Baccarat" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(f%C3%B6retag)" title="Baccarat (företag) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baccarat (företag)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Manufacturer of fine crystal glassware located in Baccarat, France</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Baccarat SAS</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Baccarat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Logo_Baccarat.svg/220px-Logo_Baccarat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Logo_Baccarat.svg/330px-Logo_Baccarat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Logo_Baccarat.svg/440px-Logo_Baccarat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately held">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">Luxury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">Crystal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1764</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Margareth “Maggie” Henriquez (CEO)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">Fine crystal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baccarat.com">baccarat<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Baccarat</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bakaʁa]</a></span>) is a French luxury house and manufacturer of fine <a href="/wiki/Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">crystal</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Baccarat,_Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Baccarat, Meurthe-et-Moselle">Baccarat, Meurthe-et-Moselle</a>, France. The company owns two museums: the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Baccarat" title="Musée Baccarat">Musée Baccarat</a> in Baccarat, and the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Baccarat,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Baccarat, Paris">Musée Baccarat</a> in Paris on the <a href="/wiki/Place_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Place des États-Unis">Place des États-Unis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Groupe_du_Louvre" title="Groupe du Louvre">Groupe du Louvre</a> was the majority shareholder of the company until 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was then acquired by <a href="/wiki/Starwood_Capital_Group" title="Starwood Capital Group">Starwood Capital Group</a>, which used the name for a luxury hotel called Baccarat Hotel New York, featuring the company's chandeliers, decorative pieces and glasses.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Fortune Fountain Capital, a Beijing-based financial group, acquired an 88.8 per cent stake of the company from Starwood Capital Group and <a href="/wiki/L_Catterton" title="L Catterton">L Catterton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 December 2020, four financing funds based in Hong Kong - Tor Investment Management, Sammasan, Dolphin and Corbin - took control of the capital of Fortune Fountain Limited (FFL), the holding company that held 97% of the shares of Baccarat.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baccarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Baccarat.jpg/220px-Baccarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Baccarat.jpg/330px-Baccarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Baccarat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Baccarat vase 1890–1900, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1764–1816"><span id="1764.E2.80.931816"></span>1764–1816</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1764–1816"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the closure of the Rozières saltworks in 1760 due to a drop in the salt-content of the water, there became available a large quantity of wood floating down to the town of Baccarat. One of the main owners of the Vosges forest where this driftwood came from, namely Monseigneur de Montmorency-Laval, bishop of Metz, that wanted to find another use for it and set a fire pit in Baccarat which became a glassworks. In this way, the Bishop wanted to encourage the creation of this industry in the tiny village of Baccarat.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To justify the creation of this enterprise in a request made to the king in 1764 by the owner of the site, Monseigneur de Montmorency-Laval wrote: "Sire, France lacks artistic glassware, which is why the products from Bohemia enter in such great quantity: from which follows an astonishing export of deniers, at a time when the kingdom would need them so badly”.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1764, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a> gave permission to found a <a href="/wiki/Glassworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassworks">glassworks</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Baccarat,_Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Baccarat, Meurthe-et-Moselle">Baccarat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (province)">Lorraine</a> region in eastern France to Prince Bishop Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_de_Laval-Montmorency" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Joseph de Laval-Montmorency">Louis-Joseph de Laval-Montmorency</a> (1710–1802). Production consisted of window panes, mirrors and <a href="/wiki/Stemware" title="Stemware">stemware</a> until 1816 when the first crystal oven went into operation. By that time over 3,000 workers were employed at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-bac22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bac22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1823–1870"><span id="1823.E2.80.931870"></span>1823–1870</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1823–1870"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the name of the factory was still "Verrerie" (glassworks), in fact it was already specialising in crystal. The technique, however, was not that used for Bohemian Crystal, very well known in Europe and originating in Bohemia, but rather the singular rediscovery of the so-called English technique, worked in an original way at the glassworks of Saint-Louis-lès-Bitche between 1779 and 1781. </p><p>In order to maintain initial levels of activity Gabriel d'Artigues was forced to hand over the company to three wealthier partners: Pierre-Antoine Godard-Desmarest, a former director of military supplies under the Empire, François-Marie-Augustin Lescuyer-Vespin, a landowner in Charleville, and Nicolas-Rémy Lolot, a trader in Charleville. The full buy-out of shares was completed for the sum of FF 396,000. It was paid by the three partners in 1822 and 1823. Prior to 1823, the wealthy Parisian, Pierre-Antoine Godard-Desmarest had also purchased the glassworks of Trélon in the Thiérache region of northern France. This was a small factory near vast forests producing huge amounts of timber, which until then had been manufacturing pane glass.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikitin199222_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikitin199222-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1824, the crystal glassworks obtained the legal status of a limited company.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikitin199222_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikitin199222-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Godard-Desmarest senior entrusted the management of the company to a young polytechnic engineer, Jean-Baptiste Toussaint. This decision gave rise to two family dynasties, one owning the company's capital, the other managing the business.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baccarat received its first royal commission in 1823 from <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_XVIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis XVIII">King Louis XVIII</a>. This was the beginning of a lengthy series of orders from royal families and heads of state from all over the world. The factory benefited from an extraordinary boom linked to strong international growth on the luxury market. Additionally, the strategic choice of location made by A.G. d'Artigues proved to be ideal: in the Vosges foothills, from Épinal to Blamont, Rambervillers, Lunéville and Moyen, a whole number of busy earthenware factories would buy back even the smallest amounts of glass-crystal waste to manufacture faience tableware.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikitin199222_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikitin199222-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1841, the arrival of a thirty-year-old engineer, François-Eugène de Fontenay, already an expert at the Plaine de Walsch factory, whose operations had extended to Vallerysthal, launched the production of coloured glass. This researcher had conducted studies into ways to color glass and now, promoted to assistant director, he developed the first multicolored paperweights made of crystal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The range of manufactured products using watermarked glass engraved with a B was a great success in France and on the export market between 1846 and 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1855, Baccarat won its first <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)" title="Exposition Universelle (1855)">World's Fair</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860, Baccarat registered its trademark on all its products (at the time this was a simple label stuck onto each piece). The mark was a label affixed to the bottom of the work. In the period 1846–1849 Baccarat signed some of their high quality glass <a href="/wiki/Millefiori" title="Millefiori">millefiori</a> <a href="/wiki/Paperweight" title="Paperweight">paperweights</a> with the letter B and the year date in a composite cane. </p><p>Crystal production expanded during this period into luxury crystalware, where Baccarat built a worldwide reputation for producing high quality glass, chandeliers, vases and perfume bottles.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1870–1936"><span id="1870.E2.80.931936"></span>1870–1936</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1870–1936"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmabahce_Baccarat_bannister.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dolmabahce_Baccarat_bannister.JPG/220px-Dolmabahce_Baccarat_bannister.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dolmabahce_Baccarat_bannister.JPG/330px-Dolmabahce_Baccarat_bannister.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dolmabahce_Baccarat_bannister.JPG/440px-Dolmabahce_Baccarat_bannister.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Baccarat crystal chandelier and staircase banister, <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Imperial Era ended in 1870 with the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoléon III</a>. Influences outside France began to have a stronger influence on Baccarat's work during this era, particularly imports from Japan. The world's largest chandelier and a staircase lined with a Baccarat crystal balustrade adorn the <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. Strong growth continued in Asia for Baccarat. Baccarat has become quite famous at the royal houses. The queen of Portugal, for example, commissioned for her private collection decorative pieces and tableware (currently exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ajuda" title="Palace of Ajuda">Ajuda National Palace</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1891, 4,189 of the 5,723 town inhabitants worked at the crystal glassworks or lived with its employees. The number of workers increased from 1,125 in 1855 to 2,223 in 1900, making it one of the largest factories in France. </p><p>At the end of the 19th century, the Baccarat company built a warehouse, a sales store and a bronze workshop in the area of Gare de l'Est in Paris. This warehouse employed some 246 people in 1899. The building became the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Baccarat" title="Musée Baccarat">Baccarat Museum</a> up until 2003. </p><p>One of its most popular products was perfume bottles, and by 1907 production was over 4,000 bottles per day. In 1936, Baccarat began marking all of its works via acid or sandblasting.<sup id="cite_ref-bac22_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bac22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1936–2000"><span id="1936.E2.80.932000"></span>1936–2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1936–2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company also produced crystal <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Francisque" title="Order of the Francisque">Francisques</a> for <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Marshal Phillipe Petain</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and items honouring <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gilbert de La Poix de Fréminville (1886–1941), son of Charles de la Poix de Fréminville, was director of the Crystal Glassworks at the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> with his future son-in-law André Danzin. </p><p>Baccarat created an American subsidiary in 1948 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. They started to produce pieces based on Cylon designs, as the famous Cylon Carrier — Napoleon Hat piece (1958).<sup id="cite_ref-jta.org2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jta.org2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, Baccarat created a gigantic crystal chandelier with 230 lights for its 230th anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, in the midst of a crisis undermining the luxury goods market, Baccarat began selling jewellery. In 1997, it extended its activity into perfumery. It is at this same date that a red tassel engraved with the B of Baccarat hallmarked the chandeliers coming from the factory. </p><p>In 2005, the celebrated designer Philippe Starck created a special "black" collection, "Darkside", which included the Zenith chandelier. </p><p>There are American stores in Costa Mesa, California; Houston, Texas; Greenwich, Connecticut; New York City; Palm Desert, California; Las Vegas; and Miami, Florida. A retrospective was held in 1964 at the Louvre Museum to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the crystal works. In 1993, Baccarat began making jewellery and in 1997 the company expanded into perfume.<sup id="cite_ref-bac3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bac3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–2010"><span id="2000.E2.80.932010"></span>2000–2010</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2000–2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, Baccarat moved to a new location in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-bac3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bac3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, to celebrate the company’s 250th anniversary, it introduced the scent Baccarat Rouge 540 by Maison Francis Kurkdjian.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company also held an exhibition at the Petit Palais in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011–present"><span id="2011.E2.80.93present"></span>2011–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2011–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm/220px--Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="391" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="1920" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm/Buena_Vista_Winery_-_September_2024_-_Sarah_Stierch_02.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Toasting with Baccarat wine glasses at <a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Winery" title="Buena Vista Winery">Buena Vista Winery</a> in Sonoma, California in 2024. The crystal wine glasses make a distinctive sound unlike standard glasses.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016, Baccarat appointed Jim Shreve as the president and CEO of North America operations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, actress <a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhuo" title="Tan Zhuo">Tan Zhuo</a> became the first-ever Chinese brand ambassador of Baccarat.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baccarat has supported UNICEF by underwriting their annual Snowflake Ball.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company has also participated in the Cow Parade in New York City which benefitted the charitable organisation God’s Love We Deliver,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and The Trifecta Gala benefiting several charities and community organisations including the V Foundation for Cancer Research and the West End School.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company also has a partnership with the Virgil Abloh Post Modern Scholarship Fund.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baccarat has also collaborated with The National YoungArts Foundation, a charity established to identify and support high school artists in their educational and professional development.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baccarat has also collaborated with The National YoungArts Foundation, a charity established to identify and support high school artists in their educational and professional development.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2019, Baccarat and <a href="/wiki/Woodford_Reserve" title="Woodford Reserve">Woodford Reserve</a> announced a limited edition American whiskey, Woodford Reserve Baccarat Edition.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Miami Art Basel in 2019, Baccarat announced a collaboration with American designer Virgil Abloh, founder of <a href="/wiki/Off-White_(company)" title="Off-White (company)">Off-White</a> and former artistic director of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton" title="Louis Vuitton">Louis Vuitton menswear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2019, American clothing brand <a href="/wiki/Supreme_(brand)" title="Supreme (brand)">Supreme</a> announced a partnership with Baccarat.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2021, the company appointed Margareth Henriquez, former CEO of Krug Champagne as its chief executive officer.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2021, Baccarat debuted the 180th anniversary version of its Harcourt glass at Paris Fashion Week 2022 with designs by <a href="/wiki/Yoshiki_(musician)" title="Yoshiki (musician)">Yoshiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imane_Ayissi" title="Imane Ayissi">Imane Ayissi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Vilmorin" title="Charles de Vilmorin">Charles de Vilmorin</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company has also participated in the Cow Parade in New York City which benefitted the charitable organisation God’s Love We Deliver.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2023, Adam Banfield was appointed President & CEO of Baccarat's North America Operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 2023, Baccarat participated in the <a href="/wiki/76th_Tony_Awards" title="76th Tony Awards">76th Tony Awards</a> creating the Baccarat Speakeasy in collaboration with Zacapa.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek tennis player <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sakkari" title="Maria Sakkari">Maria Sakkari</a> and Italian tennis player <a href="/wiki/Jannik_Sinner" title="Jannik Sinner">Jannik Sinner</a> participated in Baccarat’s inaugural Petit Slam at the Baccarat Hotel New York in August 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023, Baccarat collaborated with American fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Thom_Browne" title="Thom Browne">Thom Browne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2024 <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_World_Cup_Turf_Invitational" title="Pegasus World Cup Turf Invitational">Pegasus World Cup Turf Invitational</a> was presented by Baccarat at <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_Park" title="Gulfstream Park">Gulfstream Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1940, The Baccarat factory was occupied by German troops, all Baccarat employees were expelled, and German troops transformed the factory into a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of war camp">POW transit camp</a> which held 20,000 French prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 1999 lawsuit, a jury found that Baccarat, Inc. discriminated against a Spanish-speaking worker.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2017 lawsuit, Lawrence Young brought a civil rights action against Baccarat. Young asserted claims under the Americans With Disabilities Act (“ADA”), New York State and New York City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”) against Baccarat.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Baccarat, Inc was forced to pay $100,000 to settle an <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">EEOC</a> Lawsuit for Race, Sexual Orientation and Disability Harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EEOC had charged Baccarat with harassing a sales consultant at its Manhattan store based on race, sexual orientation, and disability.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complaints">Complaints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Complaints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 May 1991, the People of the State of California filed a complaint against Baccarat, Inc. for Civil Penalties and Injunctive relief. The complaint alleged that through the sale of leaded crystal decanters to consumers in California, Baccarat violated provisions of the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 for Civil Penalties and Injunctive relief. The complaint alleged that through the sale of leaded crystal decanters to consumers in California, Baccarat violated provisions of the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In May 2019, the Baccarat crystal factory had to pay 13,000 euros to 30 employees who were victims of asbestos exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2019, the Baccarat crystal factory was found to be at fault for the death of a worker who died of cancer due to asbestos.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2020, the prejudice of anxiety was recognised for 264 former employees of the Baccarat crystal factory exposed to asbestos and they were awarded 9,000 euros each.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2021, Baccarat engaged in a trademark dispute with artist <a href="/wiki/Kalliope_Amorphous" title="Kalliope Amorphous">Kalliope Amorphous</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in a social media controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_involved_in_the_Holocaust" title="List of companies involved in the Holocaust">List of companies involved in the Holocaust</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baccarat.com/en/museums/">"Sites-Baccarat"</a>. <i>baccarat.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607075930/http://www.baccarat.com:80/en/museums/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LeParisien&rft.atitle=Asbestos%3A+the+prejudice+of+anxiety+recognized+for+264+former+employees+of+Baccarat&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Feconomie%2Famiante-le-prejudice-d-anxiete-reconnu-pour-264-ex-salaries-de-baccarat-25-09-2020-8391984.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaccarat+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilly" class="citation web cs1">Lilly, Christiana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southfloridagaynews.com/National/baccarat-targets-queer-minority-owned-small-business-in-trademark-request.html">"Baccarat Targets Queer, Minority-Owned Small Business in Trademark Request"</a>. <i>southfloridagaynews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windy+City+Times&rft.atitle=NATIONAL+Creating+Change%2C+trans+patient+case%2C+queer+artist%2C+D.C.+activist+dies+-+Windy+City+Times+News&rft.date=2021-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.windycitytimes.com%2Flgbt%2FNATIONAL-Creating-Change-trans-patient-case-queer-artist-DC-activist-dies%2F71685.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaccarat+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(company)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:1%">Current<br /> companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_Hocking" title="Anchor Hocking">Anchor Hocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_Holdings" title="Arc Holdings">Arc Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardagh_Group" title="Ardagh Group">Ardagh Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Glass_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Glass Co.">Asahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Glass_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora Glass Foundry">Aurora Glass Foundry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baccarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barovier_%26_Toso" title="Barovier & Toso">Barovier & Toso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengo_Studio" title="Berengo Studio">Berengo Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenko_Glass_Company" title="Blenko Glass Company">Blenko Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodum" title="Bodum">Bodum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bormioli_Rocco" title="Bormioli Rocco">Bormioli Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borosil" title="Borosil">Borosil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caithness_Glass" title="Caithness Glass">Caithness Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corning_Inc." title="Corning Inc.">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystalex" title="Crystalex">Crystalex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartington_Crystal" title="Dartington Crystal">Dartington Crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daum_(studio)" title="Daum (studio)">Daum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duralex" title="Duralex">Duralex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanavid" title="Fanavid">Fanavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenton_Art_Glass_Company" title="Fenton Art Glass Company">Fenton Art Glass Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozabad#Industry" title="Firozabad">Firozabad glass industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Mayer_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Mayer & Co.">Franz Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyao_Group" title="Fuyao Group">Fuyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glava" title="Glava">Glava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaverbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaverbel">Glaverbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Industries" title="Guardian Industries">Guardian Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadeland_Glassverk" title="Hadeland Glassverk">Hadeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardman_%26_Co." title="Hardman & Co.">Hardman & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmegaard_Glass_Factory" title="Holmegaard Glass Factory">Holmegaard Glassworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holophane" title="Holophane">Holophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoya_Corporation" title="Hoya Corporation">Hoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Crystal" title="Kingdom of Crystal">Kingdom of Crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokomo_Opalescent_Glass_Works" title="Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works">Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosta_Boda" title="Kosta Boda">Kosta Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbey_Incorporated" title="Libbey Incorporated">Libbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuli_Gongfang" title="Liuli Gongfang">Liuli Gongfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iittala" title="Iittala">Iittala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_Glass" title="Luoyang Glass">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Manville" title="Johns Manville">Johns Manville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannok" title="Mannok">Mannok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mats_Jonasson" title="Mats Jonasson">Mats Jonasson Målerås</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moser_(glass_company)" title="Moser (glass company)">Moser Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosser_Glass" title="Mosser Glass">Mosser Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sheet_Glass" title="Nippon Sheet Glass">Nippon Sheet Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%BEbor_glassworks" title="Nižbor glassworks">Nižbor glassworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-I_Glass" title="O-I Glass">O-I Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohara_Corporation" title="Ohara Corporation">Ohara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrefors_glassworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Orrefors glassworks">Orrefors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Corning" title="Owens Corning">Owens Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauly_%26_C._%E2%80%93_Compagnia_Venezia_Murano" title="Pauly & C. – Compagnia Venezia Murano">Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Phong_Glass_Joint_Stock_Company" title="Phu Phong Glass Joint Stock Company">Phu Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilkington" title="Pilkington">Pilkington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPG_Industries" title="PPG Industries">PPG Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preciosa_(corporation)" title="Preciosa (corporation)">Preciosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riedel_(glass_manufacturer)" title="Riedel (glass manufacturer)">Riedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_glassworks" title="Rona glassworks">Rona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brierley" title="Royal Brierley">Royal Brierley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain">Saint-Gobain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_(glass_manufacturer)" title="Saint-Louis (glass manufacturer)">Saint-Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seguso" title="Seguso">Seguso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Schott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterlite_Technologies" title="Sterlite Technologies">Sterlite Optical Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steuben_Glass_Works" title="Steuben Glass Works">Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarovski" title="Swarovski">Swarovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Saint_Lambert" title="Val Saint Lambert">Val Saint Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%A9rysthal" title="Vallérysthal">Vallérysthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford_Crystal" title="Waterford Crystal">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts_%26_Co." title="Watts & Co.">Watts & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Kitchen" class="mw-redirect" title="World Kitchen">World Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyi_Glass" title="Xinyi Glass">Xinyi Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwiesel_Kristallglas" title="Zwiesel Kristallglas">Zwiesel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br /> companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_glassmaking_companies" title="List of defunct glassmaking companies">List of defunct glassmaking companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glassmakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(glassmaker)" title="John Adams (glassmaker)">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Atwater" title="Richard M. Atwater">Richard M. Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Carder" title="Frederick Carder">Frederick Carder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Wightman_Colburn" title="Irving Wightman Colburn">Irving Wightman Colburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crimmel" title="Henry Crimmel">Henry Crimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_family" title="Friedrich family">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._H._Heisey" title="A. H. Heisey">A. H. Heisey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deming_Jarves" title="Deming Jarves">Deming Jarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Libbey" title="Edward Libbey">Edward D. Libbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Marioni" title="Dante Marioni">Dante Marioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Neri" title="Antonio Neri">Antonio Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Owens" title="Michael Joseph Owens">Michael Joseph Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Pilkington" title="Alastair Pilkington">Alastair Pilkington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavio_Poli" title="Flavio Poli">Flavio Poli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salviati_(glassmakers)" title="Salviati (glassmakers)">Salviati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schott" title="Otto Schott">Otto Schott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Stiegel" title="Henry William Stiegel">Henry William Stiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Donald_Stookey" title="S. Donald Stookey">S. Donald Stookey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Tagliapietra" title="Lino Tagliapietra">Lino Tagliapietra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._S._Turner" title="W. E. S. Turner">W. E. S. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Urbanowicz" title="Tomasz Urbanowicz">Tomasz Urbanowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Venini" title="Paolo Venini">Paolo Venini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Whitall" title="John M. Whitall">John M. Whitall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Wistar_(glassmaker)" title="Caspar Wistar (glassmaker)">Caspar Wistar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trademarks<br /> and brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_glass" title="Self-cleaning glass">Activ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_glass" title="Bohemian glass">Bohemian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">Bomex/Duran/Endural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_glass" title="Burmese glass">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_bead" title="Chevron bead">Chevron bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corelle" title="Corelle">Corelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorningWare" title="CorningWare">CorningWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">Cranberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristallo" title="Cristallo">Cristallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragontrail" title="Dragontrail">Dragontrail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favrile_glass" title="Favrile glass">Favrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-King" title="Fire-King">Fire-King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_glass" title="Forest glass">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla_Glass" title="Gorilla Glass">Gorilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macor" title="Macor">Macor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millefiori" title="Millefiori">Millefiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murano_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Murano glass">Murano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opaline_glass" title="Opaline glass">Opaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_glass" title="Peking glass">Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrex" title="Pyrex">Pyrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_glassworks" title="Rona glassworks">Rona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenhead_Glass" title="Ravenhead Glass">Ravenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Kiriko_cut_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsuma Kiriko cut glass">Satsuma Kiriko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_glass" title="Tiffany glass">Tiffany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_(cookware)" title="Visions (cookware)">Visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrite" title="Vitrite">Vitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitrolite">Vitrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vycor" title="Vycor">Vycor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford_Crystal" title="Waterford Crystal">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_glass" title="Wood's glass">Wood's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerodur" title="Zerodur">Zerodur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000093884386">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138020330">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Compagnie des Cristalleries de Baccarat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5062553-6">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85812355">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008151j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008151j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36299311">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007445780205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500124177">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/10148">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td 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