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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First World War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socialist_deputy_for_Seine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_deputy_for_Seine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Socialist deputy for Seine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_deputy_for_Seine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stockholm,_"polar_star"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stockholm,_"polar_star""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stockholm, "polar star"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stockholm,_"polar_star"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_postwar_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_postwar_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Initial postwar career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initial_postwar_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Initial postwar career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_postwar_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_Socialist_to_Independent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Socialist_to_Independent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>From Socialist to Independent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Socialist_to_Independent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayor_of_Aubervilliers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor_of_Aubervilliers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mayor of Aubervilliers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor_of_Aubervilliers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Deputy_for_Seine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Deputy_for_Seine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Independent Deputy for Seine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Deputy_for_Seine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Member of government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Member_of_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Member of government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Member_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minister_and_senator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_and_senator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Minister and senator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_and_senator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_investments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_investments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Personal investments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_investments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Labour_and_Social_Insurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Labour_and_Social_Insurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Minister of Labour and Social Insurance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Labour_and_Social_Insurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Laval_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Laval_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>First Laval government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_Laval_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First Laval government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_Laval_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_1931_Austrian_financial_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_1931_Austrian_financial_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Role in 1931 Austrian financial crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_1931_Austrian_financial_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoover_Moratorium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoover_Moratorium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hoover Moratorium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoover_Moratorium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pre-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vichy_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vichy_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vichy France</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vichy_France-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vichy France subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vichy_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Formation of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Vichy_government,_1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Vichy_government,_1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>In Vichy government, 1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Vichy_government,_1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dismissal,_1940–1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismissal,_1940–1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Dismissal, 1940–1942</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dismissal,_1940–1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_power,_1942–1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_power,_1942–1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Return to power, 1942–1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_power,_1942–1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_in_Sigmaringen_and_Spain,_1944–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_in_Sigmaringen_and_Spain,_1944–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Exile in Sigmaringen and Spain, 1944–1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_in_Sigmaringen_and_Spain,_1944–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Trial and execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy and assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Governments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laval's_First_Ministry,_27_January_1931_–_14_January_1932" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laval's_First_Ministry,_27_January_1931_–_14_January_1932"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Laval's First Ministry, 27 January 1931 – 14 January 1932</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laval's_First_Ministry,_27_January_1931_–_14_January_1932-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laval's_Second_Ministry,_14_January_–_20_February_1932" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laval's_Second_Ministry,_14_January_–_20_February_1932"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Laval's Second Ministry, 14 January – 20 February 1932</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laval's_Second_Ministry,_14_January_–_20_February_1932-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laval's_Third_Ministry,_7_June_1935_–_24_January_1936" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laval's_Third_Ministry,_7_June_1935_–_24_January_1936"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Laval's Third Ministry, 7 June 1935 – 24 January 1936</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laval's_Third_Ministry,_7_June_1935_–_24_January_1936-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.1</span> <span>Changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laval's_Ministry_in_the_Vichy_Government,_18_April_1942_–_19_August_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laval's_Ministry_in_the_Vichy_Government,_18_April_1942_–_19_August_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Laval's Ministry in the Vichy Government, 18 April 1942 – 19 August 1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laval's_Ministry_in_the_Vichy_Government,_18_April_1942_–_19_August_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4.1</span> <span>Changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_of_Laval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_of_Laval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Critical of Laval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_of_Laval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_defences_of_Laval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_defences_of_Laval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Post-war defences of Laval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_defences_of_Laval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_by_Laval's_lawyers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_by_Laval's_lawyers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Books by Laval's lawyers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_by_Laval's_lawyers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Full biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_biographical_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_biographical_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Other biographical material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_biographical_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre Laval</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بيير لافال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيير لافال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="П’ер Лаваль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="П’ер Лаваль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Пиер Лавал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиер Лавал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB" title="Πιερ Λαβάλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιερ Λαβάλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پیر لاوال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر لاوال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%9C" title="피에르 라발 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피에르 라발" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C" title="פייר לאוואל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייר לאוואל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="პიერ ლავალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიერ ლავალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пьер Лаваль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пьер Лаваль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Laval" title="Petrus Laval – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Laval" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C4%93rs_Lavals" title="Pjērs Lavals – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pjērs Lavals" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पिएर लव्हाल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पिएर लव्हाल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بيير لافال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيير لافال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB" title="ピエール・ラヴァル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピエール・ラヴァル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piare_Lavau" title="Piare Lavau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Piare Lavau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лаваль, Пьер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лаваль, Пьер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="ปีแยร์ ลาวาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปีแยร์ ลาวาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="П'єр Лаваль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="П'єр Лаваль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pierre Laval" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B5%96%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%94" title="皮埃尔·赖伐尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮埃尔·赖伐尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French politician (1883–1945)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the French politician. For the American judge, see <a href="/wiki/Pierre_N._Leval" title="Pierre N. Leval">Pierre N. Leval</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Pierre Laval</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg/220px-Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg/330px-Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg/440px-Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="2728" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Laval in 1931</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 April 1942 – 19 August 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Chief of the State</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Philippe Pétain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 June 1935 – 24 January 1936</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson" title="Fernand Bouisson">Fernand Bouisson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Albert Sarraut</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 January 1931 – 20 February 1932</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Deputy Prime Minister of France">Deputy Prime Minister of France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 July 1940 – 13 December 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Philippe Pétain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Philippe Pétain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Flandin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Étienne Flandin">Pierre Étienne Flandin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Pierre Jean Marie Laval</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1883-06-28</span>)</span>28 June 1883<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teldon" title="Châteldon">Châteldon</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 October 1945<span style="display:none">(1945-10-15)</span> (aged 62)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fresnes_Prison" title="Fresnes Prison">Fresnes Prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresnes,_Val-de-Marne" title="Fresnes, Val-de-Marne">Fresnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government_of_the_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional government of the French Republic">France</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">Execution by firing squad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal status</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Executed">Executed</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Death</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse Cemetery</a><sup id="cite_ref-lavalsbodylubbock_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavalsbodylubbock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">SFIO</a> (1914–23)<br />Independent (1923–45)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Jeanne Claussat</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1909)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Claussat" title="Joseph Claussat">Joseph Claussat</a> (father-in-law)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Chambrun" title="René de Chambrun">René de Chambrun</a> (son-in-law)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9e_Laval" title="Josée Laval">Josée Laval</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_de_Pierre_Laval_-_Archives_nationales_(France).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pierre Laval's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Signature_de_Pierre_Laval_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png/128px-Signature_de_Pierre_Laval_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Signature_de_Pierre_Laval_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png/192px-Signature_de_Pierre_Laval_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Signature_de_Pierre_Laval_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png/256px-Signature_de_Pierre_Laval_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pierre Jean Marie Laval</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[pjɛʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>laval]</a></span>; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> politician. He served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> three times: 1931–1932 and 1935–1936 during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Republic (France)">Third Republic</a>, and 1942–1944 overseeing the <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">German occupation of France during World War II</a>. After the war, Laval was tried as a <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France#Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Vichy France">collaborator</a> and executed for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> early in his life, Laval became a lawyer in 1909 and was famous for his defence of strikers, trade unionists and leftists from government prosecution. In 1914, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO), and he remained committed to his <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> convictions during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. After his defeat in the 1919 election, Laval left the SFIO and became mayor of <a href="/wiki/Aubervilliers" title="Aubervilliers">Aubervilliers</a>. In 1924 he returned to the Chamber as an independent, and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a> three years later. He also held a series of governmental positions, including <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(France)" title="Minister of Public Works (France)">Minister of Public Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(France)" title="Ministry of Justice (France)">Minister of Justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour (France)">Minister of Labour</a>. In 1931, Laval became prime minister, but his government fell only a year later. </p><p>Laval joined the conservative government of <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a> in 1934 and served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Overseas_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Overseas (France)">Minister of the Colonies</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Foreign Minister</a>. In 1935, Laval again became prime minister. Seeking to contain Germany, he pursued foreign policies favourable to Italy and the Soviet Union, but his handling of the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Abyssinia Crisis</a>, which was widely denounced as appeasement of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, prompted his resignation in 1936. </p><p>After France's <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">defeat</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fall_Rot" title="Fall Rot">blitzkrieg invasion of Nazi Germany</a>, Laval, by this time a well-known Fascist sympathizer,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served in prominent roles in <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, first as the vice-president of the Council of Ministers from July 1940 to December 1940 and later as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> from April 1942 to August 1944. During this time he displayed harsh treatment towards the people of France, sending thousands of French people, including Jews, to slavery in Germany-occupied Poland and Germany, and often relied on heavy handed tactics to keep the populace in line, which only fueled opposition to the already unpopular government. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> in 1944, Laval was imprisoned by the Germans. In April 1945, he fled to <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a> but soon returned<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to France, where he was arrested by the French government under <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. After what has been described as a flawed trial, much like those many under the Vichy regime underwent,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laval was found guilty of plotting against the security of the state and of collaboration with the enemy. After a thwarted suicide attempt, Laval was executed by firing squad in October 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pierre Jean Marie Laval was born on 28 June 1883 in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teldon" title="Châteldon">Châteldon</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a> in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a>, the son of Gilbert Laval and Claudine Tournaire.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father worked as a café proprietor and postman. The family was comfortably off compared to the rest of the village: the café also served as a hostel and a butcher's shop, and Gilbert Laval owned a vineyard and horses.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last name "Laval" was widespread in the region at that time. The family branch was commonly named Laval-Tournaire, and his father had himself called "Baptiste Moulin".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laval was educated at the village school in Châteldon. At age 15, he was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Louis" title="Lycée Saint-Louis">lycée Saint-Louis</a> in Paris where he obtained his <i><a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat</a></i> in July 1901. He then continued his studies in Southwestern France, in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>, where he learnt Spanish and met <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Pierre Cathala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, he spent the next year reading for a degree in <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and served as a supervisor in various <i>collèges</i> and <i>lycées</i> of Lyon, <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a> to pay for his studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laval joined the socialist <a href="/wiki/Central_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Central Revolutionary Committee">Central Revolutionary Committee</a> in 1903, while he was living in Saint-Étienne, 55 km (34 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Laval became familiar with the left-wing doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Hubert Lagardelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I was never a very orthodox socialist", he declared more than forty years later in 1945, "by which I mean that I was never much of a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>. My socialism was much more a socialism of the heart than a doctrinal socialism ... I was much more interested in men, their jobs, their misfortunes and their conflicts than in the digressions of the great German <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">pontiff</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, he was called up for military service and, after serving <a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">in the ranks</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discharge (military)">discharged</a> for <a href="/wiki/Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">varicose veins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laval returned to Paris in 1907 at the age of 24. In April 1913 he said that "barrack-based armies [were] incapable of the slightest effort, because they are badly-trained and, above all, badly commanded." Laval favoured abolition of the army and replacement by a citizens' militia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lawyer">Lawyer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lawyer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Laval_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pierre_Laval_1913.jpg/220px-Pierre_Laval_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pierre_Laval_1913.jpg/330px-Pierre_Laval_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pierre_Laval_1913.jpg/440px-Pierre_Laval_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4940" data-file-height="6240" /></a><figcaption>Pierre Laval in 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>Abandoning <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> studies, Laval eventually turned to law and became in 1909 a "lawyer of the poor people", who was near syndicalists of the <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)" title="General Confederation of Labour (France)">CGT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The years before the First World War were characterised by labour unrest, and Laval defended strikers, trade unionists and left-wing agitators against government attempts to prosecute them. At a trade union conference, Laval said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am a comrade among comrades, a worker among workers. I am not one of those lawyers who are mindful of their bourgeois origin even when attempting to deny it. I am not one of those high-brow attorneys who engage in academic controversies and pose as intellectuals. I am proud to be what I am. A lawyer in the service of manual laborers who are my comrades, a worker like them, I am their brother. Comrades, I am a manual lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The first case that led him to fame was the acquittal of Gustave Manhès, a revolutionary trade unionist who had been charged with possession of explosives and anarchist manuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laval married Jeanne Claussat in 1909, the daughter of the Socialist politician Dr <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Claussat" title="Joseph Claussat">Joseph Claussat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their only child, a daughter named Josée, was born in 1911. Josée married <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Chambrun" title="René de Chambrun">René de Chambrun</a>, whose uncle, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Nicholas Longworth III</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Roosevelt</a>, the daughter of US President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>. Although Laval's wife came from a political family, she never participated in politics. Laval was generally considered to be devoted to his family.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, he stood for the National Assembly in the <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly</a>-<a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne</a> electoral district and caused the conservative candidate <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Nortier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Nortier (page does not exist)">Édouard Nortier</a> to win since Laval stood in the second round despite the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical</a> candidate, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Percin" title="Alexandre Percin">Alexandre Percin</a>, doing so as well.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_deputy_for_Seine">Socialist deputy for Seine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Socialist deputy for Seine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1914, as fear of war swept the nation, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radicals</a> geared up their <a href="/wiki/1914_French_legislative_election" title="1914 French legislative election">electoral campaign</a> in defence of peace. Their leaders were <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Joseph Caillaux</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bloc_des_gauches" title="Bloc des gauches">Bloc des Gauches</a> ("Lefts Bloc") denounced the law passed in July 1913 that extended <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory military service">compulsory military service</a> from two to three years. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1914_French_legislative_election" title="1914 French legislative election">1914 legislative election</a>, held three months before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the trade unions sought Laval as the Socialist candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Seine_(department)" title="Seine (department)">Seine</a>, the district comprising Paris and its suburbs. Laval was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a> in the second electoral district of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>. At nearly 31, he was the youngest member of the Chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Radicals, with the support of Socialists, held the majority in the <a href="/wiki/French_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="French Chamber of Deputies">French Chamber of Deputies</a>. Together, they hoped to avert war, but the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a> on 28 June 1914 and of Jaurès on 31 July 1914 shattered those hopes. Laval's brother, Jean, died in the first months of the war. </p><p>Laval was listed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Carnet_B" title="Carnet B">Carnet B</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-gunther1940_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunther1940-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a compilation of potentially subversive elements that might hinder mobilisation. In the name of national unity, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Malvy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Louis Malvy">Jean-Louis Malvy</a>, despite pressure from chiefs of staff, refused to have anyone apprehended. Laval remained true to his <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> convictions during the war. In December 1915, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Longuet" title="Jean Longuet">Jean Longuet</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, proposed to Socialist parliamentarians that they communicate with socialists of other states in the hope of pressing governments into a negotiated peace. Laval signed on, but the motion was defeated. </p><p>With France's resources geared for war, goods were scarce or overpriced. On 30 January 1917, in the National Assembly Laval called upon Supply Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a> to deal with the inadequate coal supply in Paris. When Herriot said, "If I could, I would unload the barges myself", Laval retorted, "Do not add ridicule to ineptitude".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those words delighted the Assembly and attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> but left the relationship between Laval and Herriot permanently strained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stockholm,_"polar_star""><span id="Stockholm.2C_.22polar_star.22"></span>Stockholm, "polar star"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stockholm, "polar star""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laval scorned the conduct of the war and the poor supply of troops in the field. When mutinies broke out after General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a>'s offensive of April 1917 at <a href="/wiki/Chemin_des_Dames" title="Chemin des Dames">Chemin des Dames</a>, he spoke in defence of the mutineers. When <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Cachin" title="Marcel Cachin">Marcel Cachin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marius_Moutet" title="Marius Moutet">Marius Moutet</a> returned from <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> in June 1917 with the invitation to a <a href="/wiki/Third_Zimmerwald_Conference" title="Third Zimmerwald Conference">socialist convention in Stockholm</a>, Laval saw a chance for peace. In an address to the Assembly, he urged the chamber to allow a delegation to go: "Yes, Stockholm, in response to the call of the Russian Revolution.... Yes, Stockholm, for peace.... Yes, Stockholm the polar star." The request was denied. </p><p>The hope of peace in spring 1917 was overwhelmed by discovery of traitors, some real and some imagined, as with Malvy, who became a suspect because he had refused to arrest Frenchmen on the <i>Carnet B</i>. Laval's "Stockholm, étoile polaire" speech had not been forgotten. Many of Laval's acquaintances, the publishers of the anarchist <i>Bonnet rouge</i> and other pacifists were arrested or interrogated. Though Laval frequented pacifist circles (it was said that he was acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>), the authorities did not pursue him. His status as a deputy, his caution and his friendships protected him. In November 1917, Clemenceau became prime minister and offered Laval a post in his government. Laval refused, as the Socialist Party refused to enter any government, but he questioned the wisdom of such a policy in a meeting of Socialist deputies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_postwar_career">Initial postwar career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Initial postwar career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Socialist_to_Independent">From Socialist to Independent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: From Socialist to Independent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1919_French_legislative_election" title="1919 French legislative election">1919 elections</a> the Socialists' record of pacifism, their opposition to Clemenceau and anxiety arising from the excesses of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in Russia contributed to their defeat by the conservative <a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(France)" title="National Bloc (France)">National Bloc</a>. Laval lost his seat in the Chamber of Deputies. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)" title="General Confederation of Labour (France)">General Confederation of Labour</a> (Confédération Générale du Travail - CGT), with 2,400,000 members, launched a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> in 1920, which petered out with thousands of workers being laid off. In response, the government sought to dissolve the CGT. Laval, with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Joseph Paul-Boncour</a> as chief counsel, defended the union's leaders and saved the union by appealing to Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a> and Commerce and Industry Minister <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Isaac" title="Auguste Isaac">Auguste Isaac</a>. </p><p>Laval's relations with the Socialist Party drew to an end. The last years with the Socialist caucus, combined with the party's disciplinary policies, eroded Laval's attachment to the cause. With the Bolshevik victory in Russia, the party was changing. At the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Tours">Congress of Tours</a> in December 1920, the Socialists split into two ideological components: the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">SFIC</a>, later PC-SFIC), which was inspired by Moscow, and the more moderate <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO). Laval let his membership lapse and did not take sides as both factions battled over the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor_of_Aubervilliers">Mayor of Aubervilliers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mayor of Aubervilliers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Aubervilliers" title="Aubervilliers">Aubervilliers</a>, north of Paris, needed a mayor. As a former deputy of the constituency, Laval was an obvious candidate. To be eligible for election, Laval bought farmland, Les Bergeries. Few were aware of his defection from the Socialists. Laval was also asked by the local SFIO and Communists to head their lists. Laval chose to run under his own list of former Socialists whom he had convinced to leave the party and to work for him. The independent Socialist Party of sorts existed only in Aubervilliers. In a four-way race, Laval won in the second round. He served as mayor of Aubervilliers until just before his death. </p><p>Laval was seen as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malin" class="extiw" title="wikt:malin">malin</a></i>; a joke stated that he was so clever that he was born with a name that is <a href="/wiki/Palindrome" title="Palindrome">spelled the same from left or from right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gunther1940_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunther1940-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laval won over those whom he had defeated by cultivating personal contacts. He developed a network among the humble and the well-to-do in Aubervilliers and with mayors of neighbouring towns. He was the only independent politician in the suburb and avoided entering the ideological war between socialists and communists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Deputy_for_Seine">Independent Deputy for Seine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Independent Deputy for Seine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1924_French_legislative_election" title="1924 French legislative election">1924 legislative elections</a>, the SFIO and the Radicals formed a national coalition, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cartel_des_Gauches" title="Cartel des Gauches">Cartel des Gauches</a>. Laval headed a list of independent socialists in the Seine. The Cartel won, and Laval regained a seat in the National Assembly. His first act was to bring back <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Joseph Caillaux</a>, a former prime minister, Cabinet member and member of the National Assembly who had once been the star of the Radical Party. Clemenceau had had Caillaux arrested toward the end of the war for collusion with the enemy. Caillaux spent two years in prison and lost his civic rights. Laval successfully fought for Caillaux's pardon, and Caillaux became an influential patron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Member_of_government">Member of government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Member of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_and_senator">Minister and senator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Minister and senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laval's reward for support of the Cartel was appointment as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(France)" title="Minister of Public Works (France)">Minister of Public Works</a> in the government of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Paul Painlevé</a> in April 1925, but six months later, the government collapsed. Laval from then on belonged to the club of former ministers from which new ministers were drawn. Between 1925 and 1926, Laval participated three more times in governments of <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>, once as under-secretary to the Prime Minister and twice as Minister of Justice (<i>garde des sceaux</i>). When he first became Minister of Justice, Laval abandoned his law practice to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a>. </p><p>Laval's momentum was frozen after 1926 by a reshuffling of the Cartel majority orchestrated by the Radical-Socialist mayor and deputy of Lyon, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a>. Founded in 1901, the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical Party</a> became the hinge faction of the Third Republic, and its support or defection often meant the survival or the collapse of governments. Through that latest swing, Laval was excluded from the government of France for four years. Author Gaston Jacquemin suggested that Laval chose not to partake in a Herriot government, which he judged to be incapable of handling the financial crisis. Although 1926 marked the definitive break between Laval and the left, he maintained friends on the left. </p><p>In 1927, Laval was elected Senator for the Seine, which withdrew him from and placed himself above the political battles for majorities in the Chamber of Deputies. He longed for a constitutional reform to strengthen the executive branch and to eliminate political instability, a major flaw of the Third Republic. </p><p>On 2 March 1930, Laval returned as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour (France)">Minister of Labour</a> in the second <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a> government. Tardieu and Laval knew each other from the days of Clemenceau and had come to appreciate each other's qualities. Tardieu needed men he could trust since his previous government had collapsed a little over a week earlier because of the defection of Labour Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_Loucheur" title="Louis Loucheur">Louis Loucheur</a>. However, when the Radical Socialist <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Camille Chautemps</a> failed to form a viable government, Tardieu was called back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_investments">Personal investments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal investments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1927 to 1930, Laval began to accumulate a sizeable personal fortune. After the war, his wealth resulted in charges that he had used his political position to line his own pockets. "I have always thought", he wrote to the examining magistrate on 11 September 1945, "that a soundly based material independence, if not indispensable, gives those statesmen who possess it a much greater political independence". Until 1927, his principal source of income had been his fees as a lawyer and in that year, they totalled 113,350 <a href="/wiki/French_francs" class="mw-redirect" title="French francs">francs</a>, according to his income tax returns. Between August 1927 and June 1930, he undertook large-scale investments in various enterprises that totalled 51 million francs. Not all of that money was his own, but some came from a group of financiers that had the backing of an investment trust, the Union Syndicale et Financière, as well as two banks, the Comptoir Lyon Allemand and the <a href="/wiki/Banque_Nationale_de_Cr%C3%A9dit" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque Nationale de Crédit">Banque Nationale de Crédit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of the investments that Laval and his backers acquired were provincial newspapers, <i>Le Moniteur du Puy-de-Dôme</i> and its associated printing works at <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>, and the Lyon <i>Républicain</i>. The circulation of the <i>Moniteur</i> had stood at 27,000 in 1926 before Laval took it over. By 1933, it had more than doubled, peaking at 58,250 but declining thereafter. Profits varied, but during the 17 years of his control, Laval earned some 39 million francs in income from the paper and the printing works combined. The renewed plant was valued at 50 million francs, which led the High Court expert in 1945 to say with some justification that it had been "an excellent deal for him".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Labour_and_Social_Insurance">Minister of Labour and Social Insurance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Minister of Labour and Social Insurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 150,000 textile workers were on strike, and violence was feared. As Minister of Public Works in 1925, Laval had ended the strike of mine workers. Tardieu hoped he could do the same as Minister of Labour. The conflict was settled without bloodshed. The Socialist politician <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>, never one of Laval's allies, conceded that Laval's "intervention was skilful, opportune and decisive".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> had been on the agenda for ten years. It had passed the Chamber of Deputies but not the Senate, in 1928. Tardieu gave Laval until <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> to get the project through. The date was chosen to stifle the agitation of <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">Labour Day</a>. Laval's first effort went into clarifying the muddled collection of texts. He then consulted employer and labour organisations. Laval had to reconcile the divergent views of Chamber and Senate. "Had it not been for Laval's unwearying patience", Laval's associate Tissier wrote, "an agreement would never have been achieved".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In two months, Laval presented the Assembly a text that overcame its original failure. It met the financial constraints, reduced the control of the government and preserved the choice of doctors and their billing freedom. The Chamber and the Senate passed the law with an overwhelming majority. </p><p>When the bill had passed its final stages, Tardieu described his Minister of Labour as "displaying at every moment of the discussion as much tenacity as restraint and ingenuity".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Laval_government">First Laval government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First Laval government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339,_Berlin,_Reichskanzlei,_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Laval, second from left, at a 1931 diplomatic function in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Tardieu's government ultimately proved unable to weather the <a href="/wiki/Oustric_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Oustric Affair">Oustric Affair</a>. After the failure of the Oustric Bank, it appeared that members of the government had improper ties to it. The scandal involved Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Raoul_P%C3%A9ret" title="Raoul Péret">Raoul Péret</a> and Under-Secretaries Henri Falcoz and Eugène Lautier. Tardieu had not been involved, but on 4 December 1930, he lost his majority in the Senate. President <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a> called on <a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Louis Barthou</a> to form a government, but Barthou failed to do so. Doumergue turned to Laval, who fared no better. The following month, the government that was formed by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a> floundered. </p><p>Doumergue renewed his offer to Laval. On 27 January 1931, Laval successfully formed his first government. </p><p>In the words of its leader, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>, the Socialist opposition was amazed and disappointed that the ghost of Tardieu's government had reappeared within a few weeks of being defeated with Laval at its head "like a night bird surprised by the light". Laval's nomination as prime minister led to speculation that Tardieu, the new agriculture minister, held the real power in the government. </p><p>Although Laval thought highly of Tardieu and Briand and applied policies in line with theirs, however, Laval was not Tardieu's mouthpiece. Ministers who formed the Laval government were in great part those who had formed Tardieu's governments but that was a function of the composite majority thaf Laval could find at the National Assembly. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> and Tardieu had offered ministerial posts to Herriot's Radicals but to no avail. </p><p>Besides Briand, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maginot" title="André Maginot">André Maginot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a>, Laval brought in as his advisors, friends such as Maurice Foulon from Aubervilliers and Pierre Cathala. Laval had known Cathala in <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>, and Cathala had worked in Laval's Labour Ministry. Cathala began as Under-Secretary of the Interior and was appointed as Minister of the Interior in January 1932. <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Diagne" title="Blaise Diagne">Blaise Diagne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, the first African deputy, had been elected to the National Assembly at the same time as Laval in 1914. Laval invited Diagne to join his cabinet as Under-Secretary to the Colonies. Diagne was the first Black African appointed to a cabinet position in a French government. Laval also called on financial experts such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rueff" title="Jacques Rueff">Jacques Rueff</a>, Charles Rist and Adéodat Boissard. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="André François-Poncet">André François-Poncet</a> was appointed as Laval's Under-Secretary and then as ambassador to Germany. Laval's government included an economist, Claude-Joseph Gignoux, when economists in government service were still rare. </p><p>France in 1931 was mostly unaffected by the world economic crisis. Laval declared on embarking for the United States on 16 October 1931, "France remained healthy thanks to work and savings". Agriculture, small industry, and <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> were the bases of France's economy. With a conservative policy of contained wages and limited social services — and with its colonies — France had accumulated the largest <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold reserves">gold reserves</a> in the world after the United States. France reaped the benefit of <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> of the franc that had been orchestrated by Poincaré, which made French products competitive on the world market. In all of France, only 12,000 people were recorded as unemployed. </p><p>Laval and his cabinet considered the economy and gold reserves as means to diplomatic ends. Laval left to visit <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>; <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>. He attended conferences on the world crisis, <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> and debt, disarmament and the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_1931_Austrian_financial_crisis">Role in 1931 Austrian financial crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Role in 1931 Austrian financial crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1931, Austria underwent a banking crisis when its largest bank, the <a href="/wiki/Creditanstalt" title="Creditanstalt">Creditanstalt</a>, was revealed to be nearly bankrupt. That threatened a worldwide financial crisis, and world leaders began negotiating the terms for an international loan to Austria's central government to sustain its financial system. However, Laval blocked the proposed package for nationalist reasons and demanded for France to receive a series of diplomatic concessions in exchange for its support, including renunciation of a prospective German-Austrian <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a>. That proved to be fatal for the negotiations, which ultimately fell through.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Creditanstalt declared bankruptcy on 11 May 1931 and precipitated a crisis that quickly spread to other nations. Within four days, bank runs in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, were underway, and bank failures began spreading to Germany, Britain and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoover_Moratorium">Hoover Moratorium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hoover Moratorium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Moratorium" title="Hoover Moratorium">Hoover Moratorium</a> on 20 June 1931, a proposal made by US President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> to freeze all intergovernmental debt repayments for a one-year period, was according to the author and political advisor <a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a> "the most significant action taken by an American president for Europe since <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s administration."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The United States had enormous stakes in Germany since long-term German borrowers owed the US private sector more than $1.25 billion, and the short-term debt neared $1 billion. By comparison, the entire US <a href="/wiki/National_income" class="mw-redirect" title="National income">national income</a> in 1931 was only $54 billion. To put that into perspective, the authors <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> and William O. Scroggs stated in <i>The United States in World Affairs, an Account of American Foreign Relations</i>, that "the American stake in Germany's government and private obligations was equal to half that of all the rest of the world combined".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The proposed moratorium would also benefit Britain's investment in Germany's private sector by making more likely that those loans would be repaid while the public indebtedness was frozen. It was in Hoover's interest to offer aid to an ailing British economy in the light of the British debt to the United States. France, on the other hand, had a relatively small stake in Germany's private debt but a huge interest in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">German reparations</a>, and payments to France would be compromised under the Hoover Moratorium. </p><p>The scheme was further complicated by ill timing; the perception of collusion by the Americans, British and Germans; and its breaching of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a>. Such breach could be approved in France only by the National Assembly, and the survival of Laval's government rested on the legislature's approval of the moratorium. Seventeen days elapsed between the proposal and the vote of confidence in the legislature. That delay was blamed for the lack of success of the Hoover Moratorium although the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> did not approve it until December 1931. </p><p>In support of the Hoover Moratorium, Laval undertook a year of personal and direct diplomacy by which he traveled to London, Berlin and Washington. There were considerable domestic achievements to his name, but his international efforts were short on results. <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Secretary">British Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a> were preoccupied by internal political divisions and the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> and so were unable to help. <a href="/wiki/German_Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="German Chancellor">German Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="German Foreign Minister">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Curtius" title="Julius Curtius">Julius Curtius</a> were eager for <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">Franco-German reconciliation</a> but were under siege on all sides. They faced a very weak economy, which made meeting the government payroll a weekly miracle. Private bankruptcies and constant layoffs had the Communists on a short fuse. At the other end of the political spectrum, the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">German Army</a> spied on the Brüning cabinet and fed information to <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" title="Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Der Stahlhelm</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialists">Nazis</a>, which effectively froze any overtures towards France. </p><p>In the United States, the conference between Hoover and Laval was an exercise in mutual frustration. Hoover's plan for a reduced military had been rebuffed, albeit gently. A solution to the <a href="/wiki/Danzig_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig Corridor">Danzig Corridor</a> problem had been retracted. The concept of introducing a <a href="/wiki/Silver_standard" title="Silver standard">silver standard</a> for countries that left the gold standard was viewed by Laval and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Albert-Buisson" title="François Albert-Buisson">François Albert-Buisson</a> as a frivolous proposal. Hoover thought that it might have helped "<a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>", but Laval dismissed the silver solution as an inflationary proposition and added that "it was cheaper to inflate paper."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laval did not get a security pact without which the French would never consider disarmament, and he did not obtain an endorsement for the political moratorium. The promise to match any reduction of German reparations with a decrease of the French debt was not put in the communiqué. The joint statement declared the attachment of France and the United States to the gold standard. </p><p>Both governments also agreed that the <a href="/wiki/Banque_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque de France">Banque de France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> would consult each other before transfers of gold. That was welcome news after the run on American gold in the preceding weeks. In light of the financial crisis, the leaders agreed to review the economic situation in Germany before the Hoover Moratorium had run its course. </p><p>There were meagre political results. The Hoover–Laval encounter, however, had other effects by making Laval more widely known and raising his standing in the United States and France. The American and French press were smitten. His optimism was such a contrast to his grim-sounding international contemporaries that in <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine named him as the 1931 <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine_Person_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an honour that had never bestowed before on a Frenchman. Laval followed <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_K._Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas K. Gandhi">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a> and preceded <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in receiving the honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-war">Pre-war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pre-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second <a href="/wiki/Cartel_des_Gauches" title="Cartel des Gauches">Cartel des Gauches</a> resigned after the <a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a> had involved <a href="/wiki/Anti-parliamentarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-parliamentarist">anti-parliamentarist</a> groups of <a href="/wiki/Far-right_leagues" title="Far-right leagues">far-right leagues</a>, veterans organizations and the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a>(PCF). Laval and Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> had contacts with some conservative politicians among the groups involved. Laval became <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Overseas_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Overseas France">Minister of Colonies</a> in the new conservative government of <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a>. In October, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Louis Barthou</a> was assassinated. Laval succeeded him and held that office until 1936. </p><p>Laval was then opposed to Germany, the "hereditary enemy" of France, and pursued anti-German alliances. He met with Mussolini in Rome, and both signed the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Italian Agreement">Franco-Italian Agreement</a> on 4 January 1935. It ceded parts of <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a> to Italy and allowed it a free hand in <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia" title="Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> in exchange for support against any German aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laval denied that he had given Mussolini a free hand in Abyssinia and even wrote to <i>Il Duce</i> on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in January, Laval became the first member of a French Government to visit <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">the Vatican</a> since Napoleon; he was enthusiastically received by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>, and awarded with the Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Pius IX">Order of Pius IX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1935, Laval persuaded Italy and Britain to join France in the <a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a> against German ambitions in Austria. On 2 May 1935, he likewise signed the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Soviet_Treaty_of_Mutual_Assistance" title="Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance">Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laval's primary aim before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italo-Abyssinian War</a> was to retain Italy as an anti-German power and to avoid driving it into Germany's hands by adopting a hostile attitude to an invasion of Abyssinia.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the British historian <a href="/wiki/Correlli_Barnett" title="Correlli Barnett">Correlli Barnett</a>, in Laval's view, "all that really mattered was Nazi Germany. His eyes were on the demilitarised zone of the Rhineland; his thoughts on the Locarno guarantees. To estrange Italy, one of the Locarno powers, over such a question as Abyssinia did not appeal to Laval's Auvergnat peasant mind".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1935, Laval became prime minister as well. In October 1935, Laval and British Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a> proposed a <i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a></i> solution to the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Abyssinia Crisis</a>. After its leak to the media in December, the <a href="/wiki/Hoare%E2%80%93Laval_Pact" title="Hoare–Laval Pact">Hoare–Laval Pact</a> was widely denounced as appeasement of Mussolini.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laval was forced to resign on 22 January 1936, and was driven completely out of ministerial politics. The victory of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1936_French_legislative_election" title="1936 French legislative election">1936 French legislative election</a> meant that Laval was out of power, but he had a left-wing government to target in his media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vichy_France">Vichy France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vichy France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_government">Formation of government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Formation of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>, Laval was cautiously ambivalent towards the conflict. He was on record as saying in March 1940 that although the war could have been avoided by diplomatic means, it was now up to the government to prosecute it with the utmost vigour.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 June 1940, the Germans were advancing on a front of more than 250 kilometres (160 mi) long across the entire width of France. As far as General <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a> was concerned, "if the Germans crossed the Seine and the Marne, it was the end".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> was increasing the pressure upon Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a> to call for an armistice. Meanwhile, Laval was in Châteldon. On 10 June, in view of the German advance, the government left Paris for Tours. Weygand had informed Reynaud that "the final rupture of our lines may take place at any time". Then, "our forces would continue to fight until their strength and resources were extinguished. But their disintegration would be no more than a matter of time".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weygand had avoided using the word "armistice", but it was on the minds of all of those who were involved and was opposed to by Reynaud. </p><p>Laval had meanwhile left Châteldon for <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, where his daughter nearly convinced him of the necessity of going to the United States. Instead, it was reported that he was sending "messengers and messengers" to Pétain.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Germans occupied Paris, Pétain was asked to form a new government. To everyone's surprise, he produced a list of his ministers, which was convincing proof that he had been expecting and had been prepared for the President's summons.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was informed that he was to be appointed Minister of Justice, Laval's temper and ambitions became apparent as he ferociously demanded of Pétain, despite the objections of other men of government, to make him Minister of Foreign Affairs. Laval realised that only through that position could he effect a reversal of alliances and bring himself to favour with Nazi Germany, the military power that he viewed as the inevitable victor. However, Permanent Under-Secretary <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Charles-Roux" title="François Charles-Roux">François Charles-Roux</a> refused to serve under Laval.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One consequence of those events was that Laval was later able to claim that he had not been part of the government that requested the armistice. His name did not appear in the chronicles of events until June, when he began to assume a more active role in criticising the government's decision to leave France for <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/220px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/330px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/440px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1894" /></a><figcaption>Vichy France</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the final terms of the armistice were harsh, the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> was left untouched, the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> was maintained, and the French government was nominally allowed to administer the occupied and unoccupied zones if it obeyed German directives. The concept of "collaboration" had been written into the Armistice Convention before Laval joined the government. The French representatives who affixed their signatures to the text accepted the term: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Article III</b>. In the occupied areas of France, the German Reich is to exercise all the rights of an <a href="/wiki/Occupying_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupying power">occupying power</a>. The French government promises to facilitate by all possible means the regulations relative to the exercise of this right, and to carry out these regulations with the participation of the French administration. The French government will immediately order all the French authorities and administrative services in the occupied zone to follow the regulations of the German military authorities and to <i>collaborate</i> with the latter in a correct manner.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Vichy_government,_1940"><span id="In_Vichy_government.2C_1940"></span>In Vichy government, 1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Vichy government, 1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laval-shot0038.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laval-shot0038.png/220px-Laval-shot0038.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laval-shot0038.png/330px-Laval-shot0038.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laval-shot0038.png/440px-Laval-shot0038.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Laval, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Bouthillier" title="Yves Bouthillier">Yves Bouthillier</a> and Pétain in 1940 (from <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>'s documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_Conquer_(newsreel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divide and Conquer (newsreel)">Divide and Conquer</a></i>, 1943)</figcaption></figure> <p>By then, there was very little left of Laval the socialist. He now openly sympathized with <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> and was convinced that Germany would win the war. For that reason, Laval felt France needed to emulate the Third Reich and its totalitarian regime as much as possible. To that end, when he was included in the Cabinet as minister of state, Laval set about with the work for which he is remembered: dismantling the Third Republic and its democracy and taking up the fascist cause.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1940, Laval understood collaboration more or less in the same sense as Pétain. For both, that meant giving up the least possible to get the most in return.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laval, in his role of go-between, was forced to be in constant touch with the German authorities, to shift ground, to be wily and to plan ahead. All of that under the circumstances drew more attention to him than to the Marshal and made him appear to many Frenchmen as "the agent of collaboration", and to others, he was "the Germans' man".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meetings between Pétain and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and between Laval and Hitler are often used as evidence of Vichy collaboration with the Nazis. In fact, <a href="/wiki/Montoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Montoire">Montoire</a> (24–26 October 1940) was a disappointment to both sides.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hitler wanted France to declare war on Britain, and the French wanted improved relations with their conqueror. Neither happened, and virtually the only concession that the French obtained was the 'Berlin Protocol' of 16 November 1940, which provided for the release of certain categories of French <a href="/wiki/Prisoners-of-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners-of-war">prisoners-of-war</a>. </p><p>In November 1940, Laval took a number of pro-German decisions of his own, without consulting with colleagues. The most notorious examples concerned turning the <a href="/wiki/RTB_Bor" class="mw-redirect" title="RTB Bor">RTB Bor</a> copper mines and the Belgian gold reserves over to German control. After the war, Laval's justification, apart from a denial that he acted unilaterally, was that Vichy was powerless to prevent the Germans from gaining something that they were clearly so eager to obtain.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dismissal,_1940–1942"><span id="Dismissal.2C_1940.E2.80.931942"></span>Dismissal, 1940–1942</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dismissal, 1940–1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laval's actions were a factor in his dismissal on 13 December 1940. Pétain asked all of the ministers to sign a collective letter of resignation during a full cabinet meeting. Laval did so since he thought that it was a device to get rid of Labour Minister M. Belin. Laval was therefore stunned when Pétain announced, "the resignations of MM. Laval and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Ripert" title="Georges Ripert">Ripert</a> are accepted".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That evening, Laval was arrested and driven by the police to his home in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teldon" title="Châteldon">Châteldon</a>. The following day, Pétain announced his decision to remove Laval from the government and replace him with <a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a>. The reason was a fundamental incompatibility with Pétain. Laval's methods of working appeared slovenly to Petain's precise military mind, and Laval showed a marked lack of deference, as instanced by a habit of blowing cigarette smoke in Pétain's face. By doing so, he aroused Pétain's irritation and the anger of the entire cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laval was detained under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> for some time, but was released after the intervention of German ambassador <a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Otto Abetz</a>, who had him brought to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where he lived under German protection, while continuing to take part in the public and political life.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 August 1941, several top Vichyites, including Laval, attended a review of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_des_Volontaires_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion des Volontaires Français">Légion des Volontaires Français</a> (LVF), a <a href="/wiki/Collaborationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationist">collaborationist</a> militia. Paul Collette, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a>, shot Laval (and also <a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a>, another prominent collaborationist), during a troop review and slightly wounded him, but Laval soon recovered from the injury. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_power,_1942–1944"><span id="Return_to_power.2C_1942.E2.80.931944"></span>Return to power, 1942–1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Return to power, 1942–1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_Petain_and_Pierre_Laval_c1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Marshal_Petain_and_Pierre_Laval_c1942.jpg/220px-Marshal_Petain_and_Pierre_Laval_c1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Marshal_Petain_and_Pierre_Laval_c1942.jpg/330px-Marshal_Petain_and_Pierre_Laval_c1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Marshal_Petain_and_Pierre_Laval_c1942.jpg/440px-Marshal_Petain_and_Pierre_Laval_c1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Laval and Pétain in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Laval returned to power in April 1942. In an infamous radio speech on 22 June 1942, Laval outlined his policy objectives by expressing his "desire to re-establish normal and trusting relations with Germany and Italy". He added he "wished for a German victory" because otherwise "<a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> [would] establish itself everywhere".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of such speech on public opinion was disastrous, since it made clear to everyone that the Vichy government was <i>de facto</i> subservient to the Germans; Pétain and the other ministers were also bewildered and highly irritated by Laval's nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laval had been in power for a mere two months when he was faced with the decision of providing forced labour to Germany, which was short of skilled labour because it needed troop replacements on the Eastern Front. Unlike other occupied countries, France was technically protected by the armistice, and its workers could not be simply rounded up for transportation. In the occupied zone, the Germans used intimidation and the control of raw materials to create unemployment and thus create reasons for French labourers to volunteer to work in Germany. Laval received German demands to send more than 300,000 skilled labourers immediately to factories in Germany. Laval delayed by making a counteroffer of one worker in return for one French prisoner-of-war. The proposal was sent to Hitler, and a compromise was reached that one prisoner-of-war would be repatriated for every three workers arriving in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laval's precise role in the deportation of Jews has been hotly debated by both his accusers and his defenders. The Germans never told the Vichy French authorities about the <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a>; instead, the French were told that Jews were being deported as forced labour for the Axis war effort. When ordered to have all Jews in France rounded up to be transported to German-occupied Poland, Laval negotiated a compromise by allowing only Jews who were not <a href="/wiki/French_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="French citizens">French citizens</a> to be forfeited to German control. It was estimated that by the end of the war, the Germans had killed 90% of the Jewish population in other occupied countries, but in France, 50% of the prewar French and foreign Jewish population, with perhaps 90% of the purely-French Jewish population still remaining alive.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laval went beyond the orders given to him by the Germans, as he included Jewish children under 16, whom the Germans had given him permission to spare, in the deportations. In his book <i>Churches and the Holocaust</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Paldiel" title="Mordecai Paldiel">Mordecai Paldiel</a> claims that when the Protestant leader <a href="/wiki/Marc_Boegner" title="Marc Boegner">Marc Boegner</a> visited Laval to remonstrate, Laval claimed that he had ordered children to be deported along with their parents because families should not be separated, and "children should remain with their parents".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Paldiel, when Boegner argued that the children would almost certainly die, Laval replied that "not one [Jewish child] must remain in France". It was believed that Laval also attempted to prevent Jewish children gaining visas to the United States that had been arranged by the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a> and that Laval was committed less to expelling Jewish children from France than to making sure they reached Nazi camps.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png/220px-Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png/330px-Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png/440px-Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Laval with the head of German police units in France, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Oberg" title="Carl Oberg">Carl Oberg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>More and more, the insoluble dilemma of collaboration faced Laval and his chief of staff, Jean Jardin; Laval had to maintain Vichy's authority to prevent Germany from installing a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet government">puppet government</a>, which would be made up of French Nazis such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Jacques Doriot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Allied landings in French North Africa (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>) began in November 1942, Germany and Italy <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">occupied the <i>Zone libre</i></a>, thus ending any factual sovereignty of the Vichy government over Metropolitan France. Hitler continued to ask whether the French government was prepared to fight at his side and required Vichy to declare war against Britain: Laval and Pétain agreed to maintain a firm refusal, struggling against ultracollaborationist ministers. </p><p> In 1943, Laval became the nominal leader of the newly created <i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i>, but its operational leader was Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech broadcast during the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> in June 1944, Laval appealed to the nation:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You are not in the war. You must not take part in the fighting. If you do not observe this rule, if you show proof of indiscipline, you will provoke reprisals the harshness of which the government would be powerless to moderate. You would suffer, both physically and materially, and you would add to your country's misfortunes. You will refuse to heed the insidious appeals, which will be addressed to you. Those who ask you to stop work or invite you to revolt are the enemies of our country. You will refuse to aggravate the foreign war on our soil with the horror of civil war.... At this moment fraught with drama, when the war has been carried on to our territory, show by your worthy and disciplined attitude that you are thinking of France and only of her".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In August 1944, as Allied forces were approaching Paris, Laval attempted a last-ditch plot to prevent De Gaulle or the Communist Party from taking power: with permission from the Germans, he attempted to call back the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> (which had not been meeting since 1940) with the goal of giving it the power to form a government that could be seen as legitimate. With the endorsement of German ambassador <a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Otto Abetz</a>, Laval had <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, released from imprisonment and brought back to Paris, so that he could re-convene the Parliament;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the President of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Jeanneney" title="Jules Jeanneney">Jules Jeanneney</a> was also contacted, but could not be found.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laval's machinations failed: after being initially collaborative, Herriot refused to go on with the plan due to the absence of Jeanneney,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Germans changed their minds after the intervention of the ultracollaborationists <a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Fernand de Brinon</a>. On 17 August Herriot was arrested by the Germans and deported to <a href="/wiki/Laxou" title="Laxou">Laxou</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, thus ending any possibility of recalling the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_in_Sigmaringen_and_Spain,_1944–1945"><span id="Exile_in_Sigmaringen_and_Spain.2C_1944.E2.80.931945"></span>Exile in Sigmaringen and Spain, 1944–1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Exile in Sigmaringen and Spain, 1944–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the same day, Laval and some others were also arrested by the Germans and transported to <a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a>, where they arrived on 19 August.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In view of the speed of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon#Final_German_retreat" title="Operation Dragoon">the Allied advance</a>, what was left of the Vichy government was moved on 7 September 1944 from Belfort to the <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">Sigmaringen enclave</a> in Germany. Pétain took residence at the <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_Castle" title="Sigmaringen Castle">Hohenzollern castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen" title="Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a>. At first, Laval also resided in that castle. In January 1945 Laval was assigned to the Stauffenberg castle in Wilflingen,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 km outside the Sigmaringen enclave. By April 1945, US General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>'s army approached Sigmaringen and so the Vichy ministers were forced to seek their own refuge. Laval received permission to enter <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a> and was flown to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> by a <i>Luftwaffe</i> plane. However, 90 days later, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> pressured Spain to expel Laval. The same <i>Luftwaffe</i> plane that had flown him to Spain then flew him to the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">American-occupied zone of Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had attempted to seek refuge in <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, but was turned away.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American authorities immediately arrested Laval and his wife and turned them over to the <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a>. They were flown to Paris to be imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Fresnes_Prison" title="Fresnes Prison">Fresnes Prison</a>. Madame Laval was later released, but Pierre Laval remained in prison to be tried for treason.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to his arrest, Laval had planned to move to <a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, where a house had been leased for him.<sup id="cite_ref-republicquislings_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-republicquislings-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lavalreadycoshocton_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavalreadycoshocton-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_and_execution">Trial and execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Trial and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Laval_at_his_trial_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pierre_Laval_at_his_trial_1945.jpg/220px-Pierre_Laval_at_his_trial_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pierre_Laval_at_his_trial_1945.jpg/330px-Pierre_Laval_at_his_trial_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pierre_Laval_at_his_trial_1945.jpg/440px-Pierre_Laval_at_his_trial_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Pierre Laval during his trial</figcaption></figure> <p>Two trials were to be held. Although it was said to have had its faults, the Pétain trial permitted the presentation and examination of a vast amount of pertinent material.<sup class="noprint selfreference">[<i><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pierre_Laval" title="Talk:Pierre Laval">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Numerous scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert Paxton</a> and Geoffrey Warner, believe that Laval's trial demonstrated the inadequacies of the judicial system and the poisonous political atmosphere of that purge-trial era.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his imprisonment pending the verdict of his treason trial, Laval wrote his only book, the posthumously published <i>Diary</i> (1948). His daughter, Josée de Chambrun, smuggled it out of the prison page by page.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laval firmly believed that he would be able to convince his fellow countrymen that he had been acting in their best interests all along. "Father-in-law wants a big trial which will illuminate everything", <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Chambrun" title="René de Chambrun">René de Chambrun</a> told Laval's lawyers: "If he is given time to prepare his defence, if he is allowed to speak, to call witnesses and to obtain from abroad the information and documents which he needs, he will confound his accusers".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Do you want me to tell you the setup?" Laval asked one of his lawyers on 4 August. "There will be no pre-trial hearings and no trial. I will be condemned – and got rid of – before the elections".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laval's trial began at 1:30 pm on Thursday, 4 October 1945. He was charged with plotting against the security of the State and intelligence (collaboration) with the enemy. He had three defence lawyers (Jaques Baraduc, Albert Naud and Yves-Frédéric Jaffré). None of his lawyers had met him before. He dealt mostly with Jaffré, who sat with him, talked, listened and took down notes that he wanted to dictate. Baraduc, who quickly became convinced of Laval's innocence, kept contact with the Chambruns and at first shared their conviction that Laval would be acquitted or at most would receive a sentence of temporary exile. Naud, who had been a member of the Resistance, believed Laval to be guilty and urged him to plead that he had made grave errors but had acted under constraint. Laval would not listen to him and was convinced that he was innocent and could prove it. "He acted", said Naud, "as if his career, not his life, was at stake".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All three of his lawyers declined to be in court to hear the reading of the formal charges: "We fear that the haste which has been employed to open the hearings is inspired, not by judicial preoccupations, but motivated by political considerations". In lieu of attending the hearing, they sent letters stating the shortcomings and asked to be discharged as counsel.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court carried on without them. The president of the court, Pierre Mongibeaux, announced that the trial had to be completed before the general election scheduled for 21 October.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongibeaux and Mornet, the public prosecutor, were unable to control constant hostile outbursts from the jury. They occurred as heated exchanges between Mongibeaux and Laval became louder and louder. On the third day, Laval's three lawyers were with him as the President of the Bar Association had advised them to resume their duties.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the adjournment, Mongibeaux announced that the part of the interrogation dealing with the charge of plotting against the security of the state was concluded. To the charge of collaboration, Laval replied, "Monsieur le Président, the insulting way in which you questioned me earlier and the demonstrations in which some members of the jury indulged show me that I may be the victim of a judicial crime. I do not want to be an accomplice; I prefer to remain silent". Mongibeaux called the first of the prosecution witnesses, but they had not expected to testify so soon, and none was present. Mongibeaux adjourned the hearing for the second time so that the witnesses could be located. When the court reassembled half an hour later, Laval was no longer in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Henri_Teitgen" title="Pierre-Henri Teitgen">Pierre-Henri Teitgen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice">Minister of Justice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s cabinet, personally appealed to Laval's lawyers to have him attend the hearings, they declined to do so. Teitgen freely confirmed the conduct of Mongibeaux and Mornet and professed that he was unable to do anything to curb them. A sentence of death was handed down in Laval's absence. His lawyers were refused a retrial.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The execution was fixed for the morning of 15 October at Fresnes Prison. Laval attempted to commit suicide before the sentence could be carried out by taking poison from a vial stitched inside the lining of his jacket. He did not intend, he explained in a suicide note, that French soldiers should become accomplices in a "judicial crime". The poison, however, was so old that it was ineffective and so repeated <a href="/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">stomach-pumpings</a> revived Laval.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laval requested for his lawyers to witness his execution. He was shot and shouted, "Vive la France!" Laval's wife declared to an English newspaper, "It is not the French way to try a man without letting him speak. That's the way he always fought against – the German way."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His corpse was initially buried in an unmarked grave in the <a href="/wiki/Thiais" title="Thiais">Thiais</a> cemetery until it was buried in the Chambrun family mausoleum at the <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse Cemetery</a> in November 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-lavalsbodylubbock_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavalsbodylubbock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harrisburglavalsbody_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrisburglavalsbody-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His daughter, Josée Laval, wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in 1948 and suggested that the firing squad who killed her father "wore British uniforms".<sup id="cite_ref-ofhumanpegler54_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofhumanpegler54-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tellsfrancescase_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tellsfrancescase-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aspeglerkingston_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aspeglerkingston-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter was published in the June 1949 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i>, an American conservative newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-ofhumanpegler54_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofhumanpegler54-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tellsfrancescase_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tellsfrancescase-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aspeglerkingston_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aspeglerkingston-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The High Court, which functioned until 1949, judged 108 cases and pronounced eight death penalties, including one for an elderly Pétain, whose appeal failed. Only three of the death penalties were carried out: those of Laval; <a href="/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Fernand de Brinon</a>, Vichy's Ambassador in Paris to the German authorities; and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_assessment">Legacy and assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy and assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laval's manifold political activities left a complicated and controversial legacy, which resulted in more than a dozen conflicting biographies of him.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In his memoirs, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Otto Abetz</a>, German Ambassador to France from 1940 to 1944, subsequently described Laval in high terms:</p><blockquote><p>He was one of the greatest statesmen of our time, and, in any case, its last truly great liberal politician.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>A more balanced approach was laid down by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in his own memoir:</p><blockquote><p>Naturally inclined, accustomed by the regime, to approach matters from below, Laval held that, whatever happens, it is important to be in power, that a certain degree of astuteness always controls the situation, that there is no event that cannot be turned around, no men that cannot be handled. He had, in the cataclysm, felt the misfortune of the country but also the opportunity to take the reins and apply on a vast scale the capacity he had to deal with anything. But the victorious Reich was a partner who did not intend to compromise. For, despite everything [...] he had to embrace the disaster of France. He accepted the condition. He judged that it was possible to take advantage of the worst, to use even the point of servitude, to even associate oneself with the invader, to make oneself an asset of the most terrible repression. To carry out his policy, he renounced the honor of the country, the independence of the State, and national pride. Now, these elements reappeared alive and demanding as the enemy weakened. Laval had played. He had lost. He had the courage to admit that he was responsible for the consequences. No doubt, in his government, deploying all the resources of ruse, all the resources of obstinacy to support the unsustainable, he sought to serve his country. Let that be left to him!<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governments">Governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laval's_First_Ministry,_27_January_1931_–_14_January_1932"><span id="Laval.27s_First_Ministry.2C_27_January_1931_.E2.80.93_14_January_1932"></span>Laval's First Ministry, 27 January 1931 – 14 January 1932</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Laval's First Ministry, 27 January 1931 – 14 January 1932"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pierre Laval – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_B%C3%A9rard" title="Léon Bérard">Léon Bérard</a> – Vice-President of the Council and Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> – Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maginot" title="André Maginot">André Maginot</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)" title="Charles Dumont (politician)">Charles Dumont</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Dumesnil" title="Jacques-Louis Dumesnil">Jacques-Louis Dumesnil</a> – Minister of Air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Roustan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Roustan">Mario Roustan</a> – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Flandin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Étienne Flandin">Pierre Étienne Flandin</a> – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pi%C3%A9tri" title="François Piétri">François Piétri</a> – Minister of Budget</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Deligne" title="Maurice Deligne">Maurice Deligne</a> – Minister of Public Works</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rollin" title="Louis Rollin">Louis Rollin</a> – Minister of Commerce and Industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Chappedelaine" title="Louis de Chappedelaine">Louis de Chappedelaine</a> – Minister of Merchant Marine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Champetier_de_Ribes" title="Auguste Champetier de Ribes">Auguste Champetier de Ribes</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Pensions_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Pensions (France)">Minister of Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Landry" title="Adolphe Landry">Adolphe Landry</a> – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Blaisot" title="Camille Blaisot">Camille Blaisot</a> – Minister of Public Health</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Guernier" title="Charles Guernier">Charles Guernier</a> – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a> – Minister of Colonies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes">Changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few changes after Aristide Briand's retirement and the death of André Maginot on 7 January 1932: </p> <ul><li>War: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a></li> <li>Interieur: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Pierre Cathala</a></li> <li>Agriculture: <a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="André François-Poncet">André François-Poncet</a> upon becoming ambassador to Germany was replaced by C.J. Gignoux.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laval's_Second_Ministry,_14_January_–_20_February_1932"><span id="Laval.27s_Second_Ministry.2C_14_January_.E2.80.93_20_February_1932"></span>Laval's Second Ministry, 14 January – 20 February 1932</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Laval's Second Ministry, 14 January – 20 February 1932"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pierre Laval – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Pierre Cathala</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a> – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pi%C3%A9tri" title="François Piétri">François Piétri</a> – Minister of Budget</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Landry" title="Adolphe Landry">Adolphe Landry</a> – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_B%C3%A9rard" title="Léon Bérard">Léon Bérard</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)" title="Charles Dumont (politician)">Charles Dumont</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Chappedelaine" title="Louis de Chappedelaine">Louis de Chappedelaine</a> – Minister of Merchant Marine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Dumesnil" title="Jacques-Louis Dumesnil">Jacques-Louis Dumesnil</a> – Minister of Air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Roustan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Roustan">Mario Roustan</a> – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Champetier_de_Ribes" title="Auguste Champetier de Ribes">Auguste Champetier de Ribes</a> – Minister of Pensions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a> – Minister of Colonies</li> <li>Maurice Deligne – Minister of Public Works</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Blaisot" title="Camille Blaisot">Camille Blaisot</a> – Minister of Public Health</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Guernier" title="Charles Guernier">Charles Guernier</a> – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rollin" title="Louis Rollin">Louis Rollin</a> – Minister of Commerce and Industry</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laval's_Third_Ministry,_7_June_1935_–_24_January_1936"><span id="Laval.27s_Third_Ministry.2C_7_June_1935_.E2.80.93_24_January_1936"></span>Laval's Third Ministry, 7 June 1935 – 24 January 1936</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Laval's Third Ministry, 7 June 1935 – 24 January 1936"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pierre Laval – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fabry" title="Jean Fabry">Jean Fabry</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paganon" title="Joseph Paganon">Joseph Paganon</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li>Marcel Régnier – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovic-Oscar_Frossard" title="Ludovic-Oscar Frossard">Ludovic-Oscar Frossard</a> – Minister of Labour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_B%C3%A9rard" title="Léon Bérard">Léon Bérard</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pi%C3%A9tri" title="François Piétri">François Piétri</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Roustan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Roustan">Mario Roustan</a> – Minister of Merchant Marine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Denain" title="Victor Denain">Victor Denain</a> – Minister of Air</li> <li>Philippe Marcombes – Minister of National Education</li> <li>Henri Maupoil – Minister of Pensions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Pierre Cathala</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rollin" title="Louis Rollin">Louis Rollin</a> – Minister of Colonies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Eynac" title="Laurent Eynac">Laurent Eynac</a> – Minister of Public Works</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lafont" title="Ernest Lafont">Ernest Lafont</a> – Minister of Public Health and Physical Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Mandel" title="Georges Mandel">Georges Mandel</a> – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Georges Bonnet</a> – Minister of Commerce and Industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a> – Minister of State</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marin_(politician)" title="Louis Marin (politician)">Louis Marin</a> – Minister of State</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Flandin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Étienne Flandin">Pierre Étienne Flandin</a> – Minister of State</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_2">Changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>17 June 1935 – <a href="/wiki/Mario_Roustan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Roustan">Mario Roustan</a> succeeds Marcombes (d. 13 June) as Minister of National Education. <a href="/wiki/William_Bertrand" title="William Bertrand">William Bertrand</a> succeeds Roustan as Minister of Merchant Marine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laval's_Ministry_in_the_Vichy_Government,_18_April_1942_–_19_August_1944"><span id="Laval.27s_Ministry_in_the_Vichy_Government.2C_18_April_1942_.E2.80.93_19_August_1944"></span>Laval's Ministry in the Vichy Government, 18 April 1942 – 19 August 1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Laval's Ministry in the Vichy Government, 18 April 1942 – 19 August 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pierre Laval – President of the Council, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of the Interior, and Minister of Information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Bridoux" title="Eugène Bridoux">Eugène Bridoux</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Pierre Cathala</a> – Minister of Finance and National Economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bichelonne" title="Jean Bichelonne">Jean Bichelonne</a> – Minister of Industrial Production</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Hubert Lagardelle</a> – Minister of Labour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Joseph Barthélemy">Joseph Barthélemy</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Auphan" title="Gabriel Auphan">Gabriel Auphan</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jannekeyn" title="Jean-François Jannekeyn">Jean-François Jannekeyn</a> – Minister of Air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Abel Bonnard</a> – Minister of National Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Jacques Le Roy Ladurie">Jacques Le Roy Ladurie</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bonnafous" title="Max Bonnafous">Max Bonnafous</a> – Minister of Supply</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Br%C3%A9vi%C3%A9" title="Jules Brévié">Jules Brévié</a> – Minister of Colonies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Grasset" title="Raymond Grasset">Raymond Grasset</a> – Minister of Family and Health</li> <li>Robert Gibrat – Minister of Communication</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Romier" title="Lucien Romier">Lucien Romier</a> – Minister of State</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_3">Changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>11 September 1942 – <a href="/wiki/Max_Bonnafous" title="Max Bonnafous">Max Bonnafous</a> succeeds Le Roy Ladurie as Minister of Agriculture, remaining also Minister of Supply</li> <li>18 November 1942 – Jean-Charles Abrial succeeds Auphan as Minister of Marine. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bichelonne" title="Jean Bichelonne">Jean Bichelonne</a> succeeds Gibrat as Minister of Communication, remaining also Minister of Industrial Production.</li> <li>26 March 1943 – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gabolde" title="Maurice Gabolde">Maurice Gabolde</a> succeeds Barthélemy as Minister of Justice. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bl%C3%A9haut" title="Henri Bléhaut">Henri Bléhaut</a> succeeds Abrial as Minister of Marine and Brévié as Minister of Colonies.</li> <li>21 November 1943 – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bichelonne" title="Jean Bichelonne">Jean Bichelonne</a> succeeds Lagardelle as Minister of Labour, remaining also Minister of Industrial Production and Communication.</li> <li>31 December 1943 – Minister of State Lucien Romier resigns from the government.</li> <li>6 January 1944 – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Pierre Cathala</a> succeeds Bonnafous as Minister of Agriculture and Supply, remaining also Minister of Finance and National Economy.</li> <li>3 March 1944 – The office of Minister of Supply is abolished. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Pierre Cathala</a> remains Minister of Finance, National Economy, and Agriculture.</li> <li>16 March 1944 – <a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a> succeeds Bichelonne as Minister of Labour and National Solidarity. Bichelonne remains Minister of Industrial Production and Communication.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the Republic</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lavalsbodylubbock-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lavalsbodylubbock_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavalsbodylubbock_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/6716081/?terms=%22Rene%2Bde%2BChambrun%22">"Laval's Body Taken To Family Mausoleum"</a></span>. <i>Lubbock Morning Avalanche</i>. Lubbock, Texas. 16 November 1945. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>. <q>The bullet-pierced body of Pierre Laval was moved today to the mausoleum of the Chambrun family in Montparnasse cemetery from an unmarked grave in Thiais cemetery, where it had lain since the former premier was executed as a traitor a month ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lubbock+Morning+Avalanche&rft.atitle=Laval%27s+Body+Taken+To+Family+Mausoleum&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1945-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F6716081%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522Rene%252Bde%252BChambrun%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2016683658/">"In the saddle"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208231420/https://www.loc.gov/item/2016683658/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=In+the+saddle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2016683658%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancoFNFF2019" class="citation web cs1">Franco, Fundación Nacional Francisco; FNFF, Redacción (13 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116031232/https://fnff.es/historia/290890566/entrevista-del-periodico-frances-le-figaro-a-franco-en-15.html">"Entrevista del periódico francés Le Figaro a Franco en 1958"</a>. <i>fnff.es</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fnff.es/historia/290890566/entrevista-del-periodico-frances-le-figaro-a-franco-en-15.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fnff.es&rft.atitle=Entrevista+del+peri%C3%B3dico+franc%C3%A9s+Le+Figaro+a+Franco+en+1958&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Nacional+Francisco&rft.au=FNFF%2C+Redacci%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffnff.es%2Fhistoria%2F290890566%2Fentrevista-del-periodico-frances-le-figaro-a-franco-en-15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paxton, Robert O., Vichy France, Old Guard and New Order 1940–1944, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972 (1982), p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Newsreel" class="mw-redirect" title="United Newsreel">United Newsreel</a> Corporation (1945), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcDeTRkIJ9U">Pierre Laval executed for treason</a>, viewed 09 February 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferman2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupferman, Fred (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsNSCwAAQBAJ"><i>Pierre Laval</i></a> (in French). Tallandier. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1021014107" title="Special:BookSources/979-1021014107"><bdi>979-1021014107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=979-1021014107&rft.aulast=Kupferman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsNSCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltz2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meltz, Renaud (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HZyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT42"><i>Pierre Laval</i></a> (in French). Place des éditeurs. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2262079055" title="Special:BookSources/978-2262079055"><bdi>978-2262079055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2262079055&rft.aulast=Meltz&rft.aufirst=Renaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HZyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferman2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupferman, Fred (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsNSCwAAQBAJ"><i>Pierre Laval</i></a> (in French). Tallandier. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1021014107" title="Special:BookSources/979-1021014107"><bdi>979-1021014107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=979-1021014107&rft.aulast=Kupferman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsNSCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1968" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Geoffrey (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cH8rAAAAIAAJ"><i>Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</i></a>. Eyre & Spottiswoode. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval+and+the+Eclipse+of+France&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Eyre+%26+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcH8rAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferman2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupferman, Fred (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsNSCwAAQBAJ"><i>Pierre Laval</i></a> (in French). Tallandier. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1021014107" title="Special:BookSources/979-1021014107"><bdi>979-1021014107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=979-1021014107&rft.aulast=Kupferman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsNSCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroubois2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Croubois, Claude (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PY03AQAAIAAJ"><i>Pierre Laval</i></a> (in French). Geste Editions. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2845616851" title="Special:BookSources/978-2845616851"><bdi>978-2845616851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Geste+Editions&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2845616851&rft.aulast=Croubois&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPY03AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaffré, Yves-Frédéric, <i>Les: Derniers Propos de Pierre Laval</i>, Paris: Andre Bonne, 1953, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferman2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupferman, Fred (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsNSCwAAQBAJ"><i>Pierre Laval</i></a> (in French). Tallandier. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1021014107" title="Special:BookSources/979-1021014107"><bdi>979-1021014107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=979-1021014107&rft.aulast=Kupferman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsNSCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Privat, Maurice, <i>Pierre Laval</i>, Paris: Editions Les Documents secrets, 1931, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferman2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupferman, Fred (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsNSCwAAQBAJ"><i>Pierre Laval</i></a> (in French). Tallandier. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1021014107" title="Special:BookSources/979-1021014107"><bdi>979-1021014107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=979-1021014107&rft.aulast=Kupferman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsNSCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torrés, Henry, <i>Pierre Laval</i> (Translated by <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Guterman" title="Norbert Guterman">Norbert Guterman</a>), New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1941, pp. 17–20. Torrés was a close associate of Laval. "His entire physique, his filthy hands, his unkempt mustache, his disheveled hair, one lock of which was always falling down over his forehead, his powerful shoulders and careless dress, strikingly supported this profession. Even his white tie inspired confidence", pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1968" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Geoffrey (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cH8rAAAAIAAJ"><i>Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</i></a>. Eyre & Spottiswoode. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval+and+the+Eclipse+of+France&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Eyre+%26+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcH8rAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint-Bonnet1931" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saint-Bonnet, Georges (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmx2VJ_h7toC"><i>Pierre Laval, homme d'état</i></a> (in French). Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval%2C+homme+d%27%C3%A9tat&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Nouvelles+Editions+Latines&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Saint-Bonnet&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzmx2VJ_h7toC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferman2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupferman, Fred (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsNSCwAAQBAJ"><i>Pierre Laval</i></a> (in French). Tallandier. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1021014107" title="Special:BookSources/979-1021014107"><bdi>979-1021014107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=979-1021014107&rft.aulast=Kupferman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsNSCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gunther1940-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1940_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1940_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther,_John1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">Gunther, John</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n205/mode/2up"><i>Inside Europe</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 184–185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Gunther%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.149663%2F2015.149663.Inside-Europe%23page%2Fn205%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Herriot gémit: 'Si je pouvais, j'irais décharger moi-même les péniches.' La voix rauque du jeune député de la Seine s'élève, implacable: 'N'ajoutez pas le ridicule à l'incapacité!' Mallet, <i>Pierre Laval des Années obscures</i>, 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, Geoffrey, <i>Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</i>, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Léon Blum, <i>L'Œuvre de Léon Blum, Réparations et Désarmement, Les Problèmes de la Paix, La Montée des Fascismes, 1918–1934</i> (Paris: <a href="/wiki/Albin_Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Albin Michel">Albin Michel</a>, 1972), 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tissier, Pierre, <i>I worked with Laval</i>, London: Harrap, 1942, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnefous,_GeorgesBonnefous,_Edouard1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnefous" title="Georges Bonnefous">Bonnefous, Georges</a>; Bonnefous, Edouard (1962). <i>Histoire Politique de la Troisiéme République</i>. Vol. V. Paris: <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_France" title="Presses Universitaires de France">Presses Universitaires de France</a>. pp. 28–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+Politique+de+la+Troisi%C3%A9me+R%C3%A9publique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Bonnefous%2C+Georges&rft.au=Bonnefous%2C+Edouard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206132707/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Crash14.html">"Sliding into the Great Depression"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ161.berkeley.edu/tceh/slouch_crash14.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sliding+into+the+Great+Depression&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecon161.berkeley.edu%2Ftceh%2Fslouch_crash14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eichengreen, Barry and Harold James. <i>International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods,</i> p. 268 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qk1flhynCD8C&pg=PA268">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eichengreen and James, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Memorandum of Conference with Laval", <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a>, <i>Diary</i>, 23 October 1931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19320104,00.html">"Pierre Laval, Man of the Year"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. 4 January 1932<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Pierre+Laval%2C+Man+of+the+Year&rft.date=1932-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fcovers%2F0%2C16641%2C19320104%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">André Larané, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herodote.net/19350104.htm">4 janvier 1935: Laval rencontre Mussolini à Rome</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rodote" title="Hérodote">Hérodote</a></i> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the only complete correspondence between Laval and Mussolini regarding this affair, consult Benito Mussolini, Opera Omnia di Benito Mussolini, vol. XXVII, Dall'Inaugurazione Della Provincia Di Littoria Alla Proclamazione Dell'Impero (19 Dicembre 1934–9 Maggio 1936), eds. Edoardo and Duilio Susmel (Florence: La Fenice, 1951), 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,930757-3,00.html">"International: Toasted Entente"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>. 14 January 1935<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=International%3A+Toasted+Entente&rft.date=1935-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C930757-3%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>League of Nations Treaty Series</i>, Vol. 167, pp. 396–406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. W. Brogan, <i>The Development of Modern France (1870–1939)</i> (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1945), pp. 692–693.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Correlli Barnett, <i>The Collapse of British Power</i> (London: Methuen, 1972), p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Laval... was very reluctant to lose the fruits of his diplomacy, the separation of Italy and Germany, for such trivial reasons.... He believed that to risk the loss of so important a stabilizing force in Europe as Italy, merely because of formal obligations to Abyssinia, was absurd". Brogan, p. 693.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James C. Robertson, "The Hoare-Laval Plan." <i>Journal of contemporary history</i> 10.3 (1975): 433–464 [www.jstor.org/stable/260156 online].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weygand, General Maxime, <i>Mémoirs</i>, Vol. III, Paris: Flammarion, 1950, pp. 168–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, pp. 189–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baudouin, Paul, <i>Neuf Mois au Gouvernement</i>, Paris: La Table Ronde, 1948, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebrun, Albert, <i>Témoignages</i>, Paris: Plon, 1945. p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill, Winston S., "The Second World War, Vol. 2", p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Darkness in Paris: The Allies and the eclipse of France 1940</i>, Scribe Publications, Melbourne, Australia 2005, p. 277.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Chambrun" title="René de Chambrun">Chambrun, René de</a>, <i>Pierre Laval, Traitor or Patriot?</i> (Translated by Elly Stein), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1984, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambrun, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaffré, Yves-Frédéric, <i>Les Derniers Propos de Pierre Laval</i>, Paris: Andre Bonne, 1953, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferman2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupferman, Fred (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3hCPgAACAAJ"><i>Laval</i></a> (in French). Éditions Tallandier. pp. 310–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-286-02606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-286-02606-6"><bdi>978-2-286-02606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laval&rft.pages=310-320&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Tallandier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-286-02606-6&rft.aulast=Kupferman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3hCPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lachaise, Bernard, Documents d'histoire contemporaine: Le XXe siècle, Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2000, 278 p., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2867812576" title="Special:BookSources/978-2867812576">978-2867812576</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferman2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupferman, Fred (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3hCPgAACAAJ"><i>Laval</i></a> (in French). Éditions Tallandier. pp. 371–374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-286-02606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-286-02606-6"><bdi>978-2-286-02606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laval&rft.pages=371-374&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Tallandier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-286-02606-6&rft.aulast=Kupferman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3hCPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, pp. 307–310, 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, Hubert, <i>Laval</i>, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1963, pp. 210–211. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paldiel, Mordecai. <i>Churches and the Holocaust: Unholy Teaching, Good Samaritans, and Reconciliation,</i> p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fishman, Sarah. <i>The Battle for Children: World War II, Youth Crime, and Juvenile Justice in Twentieth-century France</i> (Harvard University Press; 2002), p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, pp. 396–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferman2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupferman, Fred (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3hCPgAACAAJ"><i>Laval</i></a> (in French). Éditions Tallandier. p. 654. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-286-02606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-286-02606-6"><bdi>978-2-286-02606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laval&rft.pages=654&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Tallandier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-286-02606-6&rft.aulast=Kupferman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3hCPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paxton, Robert O. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73tQNQAACAAJ"><i>La France de Vichy: 1940-1944</i></a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" title="Éditions du Seuil">Éditions du Seuil</a>. p. 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-039210-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-039210-5"><bdi>978-2-02-039210-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+France+de+Vichy%3A+1940-1944&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-02-039210-5&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D73tQNQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferman2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupferman, Fred (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3hCPgAACAAJ"><i>Laval</i></a> (in French). Éditions Tallandier. pp. 526–527. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-286-02606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-286-02606-6"><bdi>978-2-286-02606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laval&rft.pages=526-527&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Tallandier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-286-02606-6&rft.aulast=Kupferman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3hCPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferman2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupferman, Fred (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3hCPgAACAAJ"><i>Laval</i></a> (in French). Éditions Tallandier. pp. 527–529. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-286-02606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-286-02606-6"><bdi>978-2-286-02606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laval&rft.pages=527-529&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Tallandier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-286-02606-6&rft.aulast=Kupferman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3hCPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrissaud1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brissaud, André (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93wJAQAAIAAJ"><i>La dernière année de Vichy (1943-1944)</i></a> (in French). Librairie académique Perrin. pp. 493–498, 499–503.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+derni%C3%A8re+ann%C3%A9e+de+Vichy+%281943-1944%29&rft.pages=493-498%2C+499-503&rft.pub=Librairie+acad%C3%A9mique+Perrin&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Brissaud&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93wJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Kupferman (2016): <i>Pierre Laval</i>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsNSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT562">online</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1021019089" title="Special:BookSources/979-1021019089">979-1021019089</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">then owned by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schenk_von_Stauffenberg" class="extiw" title="de:Franz Schenk von Stauffenberg">Franz Schenk von Stauffenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, pp. 404–407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Geiger2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geiger" title="Peter Geiger">Peter Geiger</a> (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Zweiter_Weltkrieg">"Zweiter Weltkrieg"</a>. <i>Historisches Lexikon</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon&rft.atitle=Zweiter+Weltkrieg&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.au=Peter+Geiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FZweiter_Weltkrieg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-republicquislings-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-republicquislings_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinzen1944" class="citation news cs1">Heinzen, Ralph (17 August 1944). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/128861244/?terms=%22Rene%2Bde%2BChambrun%22">"Quislings Between Two Fires As France Falls. Laval May Head for Portugal – Fate of Petain Uncertain"</a></span>. <i>The Republic</i>. Columbus, Indiana. p. 9 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>. <q>A law partner of his son-in-law, Count Rene de Chambrun, had gone to Portugal and leased an estate in Laval's name for three years. It is north of Lisbon near Cintra, on the sea and surrounded by high walls.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republic&rft.atitle=Quislings+Between+Two+Fires+As+France+Falls.+Laval+May+Head+for+Portugal+%E2%80%93+Fate+of+Petain+Uncertain&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1944-08-17&rft.aulast=Heinzen&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F128861244%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522Rene%252Bde%252BChambrun%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lavalreadycoshocton-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lavalreadycoshocton_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinzen1944" class="citation news cs1">Heinzen, Ralph (16 August 1944). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/11317916/?terms=%22Rene%2Bde%2BChambrun%22">"Laval Ready to Flee When Nazis Leave France; Petain May Stick"</a></span>. <i>The Coshocton Tribune</i>. Coshocton, Ohio. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>. <q>A law partner of his son-in-law, Count Rene de Chambrun, had gone to Portugal and leased an estate in Laval's name for three years. It is north of Lisbon near Cintra, on the sea and surrounded by high walls.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Coshocton+Tribune&rft.atitle=Laval+Ready+to+Flee+When+Nazis+Leave+France%3B+Petain+May+Stick&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1944-08-16&rft.aulast=Heinzen&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F11317916%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522Rene%252Bde%252BChambrun%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paxton, Robert O., <i>Vichy France, Old Guard and New Order 1940–1944</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1972 (1982), p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laval, Pierre, <i>The Diary of Pierre Laval (With a Preface by his daughter</i>, Josée Laval), New York: <a href="/wiki/Scribner%27s_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribner's Sons">Scribner's Sons</a>, 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naud, Albert. <i>Pourquoi je n'ai pas défendu Pierre Laval</i>, Paris: <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>, 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baraduc, Jaques, <i>Dans la Cellule de Pierre Laval</i>, Paris: Editions Self, 1948, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, Hubert, <i>Laval</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>, 1963, pp. 280–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naud, p. 249; Baraduc, p. 143; Jaffré, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Laval Parle, Notes et Mémoires Rediges par Pierre Laval dans sa cellule, avec une préface de sa fille et de Nombreux Documents Inédits</i>, Constant Bourquin (Editor), pp. 13–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le Procès Laval: Compte-rendu sténographique</i>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gar%C3%A7on" title="Maurice Garçon">Maurice Garçon</a> (Editor), Paris: <a href="/wiki/Albin_Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Albin Michel">Albin Michel</a>, 1946, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le Proces Laval</i>, pp. 207–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naud, pp. 249–257; Baraduc, pp. 143–146; Jaffré, pp. 263–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner. pp. 415–416. For detailed accounts of Laval's execution, see Naud, pp. 276–284; Baraduc, pp. 188–200; Jaffré, pp. 308–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></i>, 16 October 1945 (cover page).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrisburglavalsbody-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harrisburglavalsbody_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/43365643/?terms=%22Rene%2Bde%2BChambrun%22">"Laval's Body Moved To Chambrun Crypt"</a></span>. <i>Harrisburgh Telegraph</i>. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 15 November 1945. p. 10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harrisburgh+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Laval%27s+Body+Moved+To+Chambrun+Crypt&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1945-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F43365643%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522Rene%252Bde%252BChambrun%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ofhumanpegler54-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ofhumanpegler54_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ofhumanpegler54_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegler1954" class="citation news cs1">Pegler, Westbrook (23 July 1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/84046442/?terms=%22Rene%2Bde%2BChambrun%22">"Of 'Human Events'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Monroe News-Star</i>. Monroe, Louisiana. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monroe+News-Star&rft.atitle=Of+%27Human+Events%27&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1954-07-23&rft.aulast=Pegler&rft.aufirst=Westbrook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F84046442%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522Rene%252Bde%252BChambrun%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tellsfrancescase-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tellsfrancescase_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tellsfrancescase_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegler1954" class="citation news cs1">Pegler, Westbrook (23 June 1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/11549075/?terms=%22Rene%2Bde%2BChambrun%22">"Pegler Tells France's Case Against Britain, U. S."</a></span>. <i>El Paso Herald-Post</i>. El Paso, Texas. p. 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Paso+Herald-Post&rft.atitle=Pegler+Tells+France%27s+Case+Against+Britain%2C+U.+S.&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1954-06-23&rft.aulast=Pegler&rft.aufirst=Westbrook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F11549075%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522Rene%252Bde%252BChambrun%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aspeglerkingston-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aspeglerkingston_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aspeglerkingston_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegler1954" class="citation news cs1">Pegler, Westbrook (23 July 1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/90488942/?terms=%22Rene%2Bde%2BChambrun%22">"As Pegler Sees It"</a></span>. <i>The Kingston Daily Freeman</i>. Kingston, New York. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kingston+Daily+Freeman&rft.atitle=As+Pegler+Sees+It&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1954-07-23&rft.aulast=Pegler&rft.aufirst=Westbrook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F90488942%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522Rene%252Bde%252BChambrun%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtis, Michael, <i>Verdict on Vichy</i>, New York: Arcade Publishing, 2002, pp. 346–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltz2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meltz, Renaud (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJIovQEACAAJ"><i>Pierre Laval: un mystère français</i></a> (in French). Éditions Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-04018-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-04018-5"><bdi>978-2-262-04018-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval%3A+un+myst%C3%A8re+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Perrin&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2-262-04018-5&rft.aulast=Meltz&rft.aufirst=Renaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJIovQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbetz1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abetz, Otto Friedrich (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AOg7AAAAMAAJ"><i>Histoire d'une politique franco-allemande, 1930-1950: mémoires d'un ambassadeur</i></a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: <a href="/wiki/Presses_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Presses de la Cité">Amiot-Dumont</a>. p. 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+d%27une+politique+franco-allemande%2C+1930-1950%3A+m%C3%A9moires+d%27un+ambassadeur&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Amiot-Dumont&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Abetz&rft.aufirst=Otto+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAOg7AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaulle1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gaulle, Charles de (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4D0tAEACAAJ"><i>Mémoires de guerre: L'unité, 1942-1944. II</i></a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plon_(publisher)" title="Plon (publisher)">Plon</a>. p. 503.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+guerre%3A+L%27unit%C3%A9%2C+1942-1944.+II&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=Plon&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Gaulle&rft.aufirst=Charles+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw4D0tAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_of_Laval">Critical of Laval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Critical of Laval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tissier, Pierre, <i>I worked with Laval</i>, London: George Harrap & Co, 1942</li> <li>Torrés, Henry, <i>Pierre Laval</i> (Translated by Norbert Guterman), New York: Oxford University Press, 1941</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Bois" title="Élie Bois">Bois, Elie J.</a>, <i>Truth on the Tragedy of France</i>, (London, 1941)</li> <li><i>Pétain-Laval The Conspiracy</i>, With a Foreword by Viscount Cecil, London: Constable, 1942</li> <li>Marrus, Michael & Paxton, Robert O. <i>Vichy France and the Jews</i>, New York: Basic Books New York 1981,</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_defences_of_Laval">Post-war defences of Laval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Post-war defences of Laval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Julien Clermont (pseudonym for Georges Hilaire), <i>L'Homme qu'il fallait tuer</i> (Paris, 1949)</li> <li>Jacques Guerard, <i>Criminel de Paix</i> (Paris, 1953)</li> <li>Michel Letan, <i>Pierre Laval de l'armistice au poteau</i> (Paris, 1947)</li> <li>Alfred Mallet, <i>Pierre Laval</i> (Paris, 1955)</li> <li>Maurice Privat, <i>Pierre Laval, cet inconnu</i> (Paris, 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Chambrun" title="René de Chambrun">René de Chambrun</a>, <i>Pierre Laval, Traitor or Patriot?</i>, (New York) 1984; and <i>Mission and Betrayal</i>, (London, 1993).</li> <li>Whitcomb, Philip W., <i>France During The German Occupation 1940–1944</i>, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1957, In three vol.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_by_Laval's_lawyers"><span id="Books_by_Laval.27s_lawyers"></span>Books by Laval's lawyers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Books by Laval's lawyers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baraduc, Jaques, Dans la Cellule de Pierre Laval, Paris: Editions Self, 1948</li> <li>Jaffré, Yves-Frédéric, <i>Les Derniers Propos de Pierre Laval</i>, Paris: Andre Bonne, 1953</li> <li>Naud, Albert, Pourquoi je n'ai pas défendu Pierre Laval, Paris: Fayard 1948</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_biographies">Full biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Full biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cointet, Jean-Paul, <i>Pierre Laval</i>, Paris: Fayard, 1993</li> <li>Cole, Hubert, <i>Laval</i>, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1963</li> <li>Kupferman, Fred, <i>Laval 1883–1945</i>, Paris: Flammarion, 1988</li> <li>Pourcher, Yves, <i>Pierre Laval vu par sa fille</i>, Paris: Le Grande Livre du Mois, 2002</li> <li>Warner, Geoffrey, <i>Pierre Laval and the eclipse of France</i>, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_biographical_material">Other biographical material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Other biographical material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070112180314/http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/archive/stories/1931.html">"Man of the Year"</a>, <i>Time</i> (profile), 4 January 1932, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/archive/stories/1931.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Man+of+the+Year&rft.date=1932-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Fpersonoftheyear%2Farchive%2Fstories%2F1931.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712090021/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795762,00.html">"France: That Flabby Hand, That Evil Lip"</a>, <i>Time</i> (cover story), 27 April 1942, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795762,00.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=France%3A+That+Flabby+Hand%2C+That+Evil+Lip&rft.date=1942-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C795762%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071122155935/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792423,00.html">"Devil's Advocate"</a>. <i>Time magazine</i>. 15 October 1945. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792423,00.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=Devil%27s+Advocate&rft.date=1945-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C792423%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span> on the Laval treason trial, 15 Oct 1945.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221123608/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792273,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">"What Is Honor?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 13 August 1945. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792273,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">the original</a> on 21 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+Is+Honor%3F&rft.date=1945-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C792273%2C00.html%3Fiid%3Dchix-sphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span> on Laval's testimony in Petain's trial, 13 Aug 1945.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamsen1945" class="citation cs2">Abrahamsen, David (1945), <i>Men, Mind, and Power</i>, New York: Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men%2C+Mind%2C+and+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Abrahamsen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnefousBonnefous1962" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonnefous, Georges; Bonnefous, Edouard (1962), <i>Histoire Politique de la Troisième République</i> [<i>Political History of the Third Republic</i>] (in French), vol. V, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+Politique+de+la+Troisi%C3%A8me+R%C3%A9publique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Bonnefous&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bonnefous%2C+Edouard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody2000" class="citation cs2">Brody, J Kenneth (2000), <i>The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval & Politics of Reality 1935–1936</i>, vol. 2, New Brunswick: Transaction</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Avoidable+War%3A+Pierre+Laval+%26+Politics+of+Reality+1935%E2%80%931936&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=J+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechtel1963" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bechtel, Guy (1963), <i>Laval, vingt ans après</i> [<i>Laval, twenty years later</i>] (in French), Paris: Robert Laffont</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laval%2C+vingt+ans+apr%C3%A8s&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Bechtel&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Chambrun1983" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Chambrun, René (1983), <i>Laval, Devant L'History</i> [<i>Laval before History</i>] (in French), Paris: France-empire</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laval%2C+Devant+L%27History&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=France-empire&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=de+Chambrun&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Chambrun1993" class="citation cs2">——— (1993), <i>Mission and Betrayal 1939–1945</i>, London: André Deutch</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+and+Betrayal+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Deutch&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=de+Chambrun&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClermont1949" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clermont, Julien (1949), <i>L'homme qu'il Fallait Tuer – Pierre Laval</i> [<i>The Man that had to die – Pierre Laval</i>] (in French), Paris: Les Actes des Apôtres</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27homme+qu%27il+Fallait+Tuer+%E2%80%93+Pierre+Laval&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+Actes+des+Ap%C3%B4tres&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Clermont&rft.aufirst=Julien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Curtis, Michael, <i>Verdict on Vichy</i>, New York: Arcade, 2002</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Gaulle1959" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Gaulle, Charles (1959), <i>Mémoires de Guerre</i> [<i>War memories</i>] (in French), vol. III, Le Salut 1944–46, Paris: Plon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+Guerre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Plon&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=De+Gaulle&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Farmer, Paul, <i>Vichy – Political Dilemma</i>, London: Oxford University Press, 1955</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGounelle1969" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gounelle, Claude (1969), <i>Le Dossier Laval</i> [<i>The Laval dossier</i>] (in French), Paris: Plon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Dossier+Laval&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Plon&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gounelle&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGun1979" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gun, Nerin E (1979), <i>Les secrets des archives américaines, Pétain, Laval, De Gaulle</i> [<i>The American files secrets: Pétain, Laval, de Gaulle</i>] (in French), Paris: Albin Michel</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+secrets+des+archives+am%C3%A9ricaines%2C+P%C3%A9tain%2C+Laval%2C+De+Gaulle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Gun&rft.aufirst=Nerin+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquemin1973" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacquemin, Gason (1973), <i>La vie publique de Pierre Laval</i> [<i>The public life of Pierre Laval</i>] (in French), Paris: Plon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+vie+publique+de+Pierre+Laval&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Plon&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Jacquemin&rft.aufirst=Gason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaval1947" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laval, Pierre (1947), Bourquin, Constant (ed.), <i>Laval Parle, Notes et Mémoires Rédigées par Pierre Laval dans sa cellule, avec une préface de sa fille et de Nombreux Documents Inédits</i> [<i>Laval speaks: notes & memories written in his cell, with a preface by his daughter and many unseen documents</i>] (in French), Geneva: Cheval Ailé</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laval+Parle%2C+Notes+et+M%C3%A9moires+R%C3%A9dig%C3%A9es+par+Pierre+Laval+dans+sa+cellule%2C+avec+une+pr%C3%A9face+de+sa+fille+et+de+Nombreux+Documents+In%C3%A9dits&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Cheval+Ail%C3%A9&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Laval&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaval1948" class="citation cs2">——— (1948), <i>The Unpublished Diary</i>, London: Falcon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unpublished+Diary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Falcon&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Laval&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaval1948" class="citation cs2">——— (1948), <i>The Diary (With a Preface by his daughter, Josée Laval)</i>, New York: Scribner's Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+%28With+a+Preface+by+his+daughter%2C+Jos%C3%A9e+Laval%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Laval&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarçon1946" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garçon, Maurice, ed. (1946), <i>Le Procés Laval: Compte-rendu sténographique</i> [<i>The Laval process: stenographic acts</i>] (in French), Paris: Albin Michel</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Proc%C3%A9s+Laval%3A+Compte-rendu+st%C3%A9nographique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.date=1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetan1947" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Letan, Michel (1947), <i>Pierre Laval – de l'armistice au Poteau</i> [<i>Pierre Laval – from the armistice to Poteau</i>] (in French), Paris: La Couronne</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval+%E2%80%93+de+l%27armistice+au+Poteau&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=La+Couronne&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Letan&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallet1955" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Mallet (1955), <i>Pierre Laval</i>, vol. I & II, Paris: Amiot Dumont</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Amiot+Dumont&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Mallet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannetier1936" class="citation cs2">Pannetier, Odette (1936), <i>Pierre Laval</i>, Paris: Denoél & Steele</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Deno%C3%A9l+%26+Steele&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Pannetier&rft.aufirst=Odette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton1982" class="citation cs2">Paxton, Robert O (1982) [1972], <i>Vichy France, Old Guard and New Order 1940–1944</i>, New York: Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vichy+France%2C+Old+Guard+and+New+Order+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertinax1944" class="citation cs2">Pertinax (1944), <i>The Gravediggers of France</i>, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gravediggers+of+France&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Doran+%26+Co&rft.date=1944&rft.au=Pertinax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrivat1931" class="citation cs2">Privat, Maurice (1931), <i>Pierre Laval</i>, Paris: Les Documents secrets</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+Documents+secrets&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Privat&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrivat1948" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">——— (1948), <i>Pierre Laval, cet inconnu</i> [<i>Pierre Laval, this unknown</i>] (in French), Paris: Fourner-Valdés</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval%2C+cet+inconnu&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fourner-Vald%C3%A9s&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Privat&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaurel1965" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saurel, Louis (1965), <i>La Fin de Pierre Laval</i> [<i>The end of Pierre Laval</i>] (in French), Paris: Rouff</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Fin+de+Pierre+Laval&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Rouff&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Saurel&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1951" class="citation cs2">Thompson, David (1951), <i>Two Frenchmen: Pierre Laval and Charles de Gaulle</i>, London: Cresset</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Frenchmen%3A+Pierre+Laval+and+Charles+de+Gaulle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cresset&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolcker1998" class="citation cs2">Volcker, Sebastian (1998), <i>Laval 1931, A Diplomatic Study</i> (thesis), University of Richmond</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laval+1931%2C+A+Diplomatic+Study&rft.pub=University+of+Richmond&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Volcker&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeygand1950" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weygand, Général Maxime (1950), <i>Mémoires</i> [<i>Memoirs</i>] (in French), vol. III, Paris: Flammarion</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Weygand&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Maxime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The London Evening Standard</i>, 15–17 October 1945, p. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Evening+Standard&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1945-10-15%2F1945-10-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"The Donald Prell Pierre Laval Collection", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212173945/http://scotty.ucr.edu/search/a?searchtype=Y&searcharg=Pierre+Laval+Collection&SORT=D&searchscope=5&submit=Go!"><i>The Special Collections Library</i></a> (collection containing all of the books and other reference material listed in the Notes and References as well as many other items concerning Pierre Laval), The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Riverside" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Riverside">University of California Riverside</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scotty.ucr.edu/search/a?searchtype=Y&searcharg=Pierre+Laval+Collection&SORT=D&searchscope=5&submit=Go!">the original</a> on 12 December 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Donald+Prell+Pierre+Laval+Collection&rft.btitle=The+Special+Collections+Library&rft.pub=The+University+of+California+Riverside&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscotty.ucr.edu%2Fsearch%2Fa%3Fsearchtype%3DY%26searcharg%3DPierre%2BLaval%2BCollection%26SORT%3DD%26searchscope%3D5%26submit%3DGo%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pierre_Laval" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Nazi diplomacy: Vichy, 1940", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/camp/eur/ger/dip/nd40m.html"><i>World War</i></a> (essay), Hist clo</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nazi+diplomacy%3A+Vichy%2C+1940&rft.btitle=World+War&rft.pub=Hist+clo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistclo.com%2Fessay%2Fwar%2Fww2%2Fcamp%2Feur%2Fger%2Fdip%2Fnd40m.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//BHC_RTV/1944/12/11/BGU409220018/?"><i>View auction of Laval's possessions in 1944</i></a>, ITN source</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=View+auction+of+Laval%27s+possessions+in+1944&rft.pub=ITN+source&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itnsource.com%2Fshotlist%2F%2FBHC_RTV%2F1944%2F12%2F11%2FBGU409220018%2F%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39086"><i>A German is tried for murder [&c] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">(1945)</span></i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Pierre Laval: Devil's Advocate", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414174801/http://www.duhaime.org/LawMuseum/LawArticle-1556/Pierre-Laval-1883-1945.aspx"><i>Learn Law, Law's Hall of Shame</i></a>, Duhaime, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duhaime.org/LawMuseum/LawArticle-1556/Pierre-Laval-1883-1945.aspx">the original</a> on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pierre+Laval%3A+Devil%27s+Advocate&rft.btitle=Learn+Law%2C+Law%27s+Hall+of+Shame&rft.pub=Duhaime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duhaime.org%2FLawMuseum%2FLawArticle-1556%2FPierre-Laval-1883-1945.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011048">Newspaper clippings about Pierre Laval</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Peytral" title="Victor Peytral">Victor Peytral</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transportation_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Transportation (France)">Minister of Transportation</a> </b><br />1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">Anatole de Monzie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Renoult" title="René Renoult">René Renoult</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (France)">Minister of Justice</a> </b><br />1926 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Colrat" title="Maurice Colrat">Maurice Colrat</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Loucheur" title="Louis Loucheur">Louis Loucheur</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour (France)">Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions</a> </b><br />1930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Grinda" title="Édouard Grinda">Édouard Grinda</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">President of the Council</a> </b><br />1931–32 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Georges Leygues</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> </b><br />1931–32 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Pierre Cathala</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1932 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Landry" title="Adolphe Landry">Adolphe Landry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour (France)">Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions</a> </b><br />1932 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Dalimier" title="Albert Dalimier">Albert Dalimier</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Jouvenel" title="Henry de Jouvenel">Henry de Jouvenel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Colonies_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Colonies (France)">Minister of Colonies</a> </b><br />1934 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rollin" title="Louis Rollin">Louis Rollin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Louis Barthou</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1934–36 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Flandin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Étienne Flandin">Pierre Étienne Flandin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson" title="Fernand Bouisson">Fernand Bouisson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">President of the Council</a> </b><br />1935–36 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Albert Sarraut</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Deputy Prime Minister of France">Vice-President of the Council</a> </b><br />1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Flandin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Étienne Flandin">Pierre Étienne Flandin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baudoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Baudoin">Paul Baudoin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Flandin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Étienne Flandin">Pierre Étienne Flandin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">President of the Council</a> </b><br />1942–44 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1942–44 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Georges Bidault</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pucheu" title="Pierre Pucheu">Pierre Pucheu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> </b><br />1942–44 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Tixier" title="Adrien Tixier">Adrien Tixier</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marion_(politician)" title="Paul Marion (politician)">Paul Marion</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Information_(France)" title="Minister of Information (France)">Minister of Information</a> </b><br />1942–44 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Henri_Teitgen" title="Pierre-Henri Teitgen">Pierre-Henri Teitgen</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Dessolles,_1st_Marquis_Dessolles" title="Jean Joseph Dessolles, 1st Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_5th_Duke_of_Richelieu" title="Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_1st_Viscount_of_Martignac" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, 1st Viscount of Martignac">Martignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_P%C3%A9rier" title="Casimir Pierre Périer">Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Gérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Treviso" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Treviso">Mortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure">Dupont de l'Eure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">Arago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Barrot" title="Odilon Barrot">Barrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul">Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Léon Faucher">Faucher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cousin-Montauban,_Comte_de_Palikao" title="Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao">Cousin-Montauban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of<br />National Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Jules_Trochu" title="Louis-Jules Trochu">Trochu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie" title="Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Courtot_de_Cissey" title="Ernest Courtot de Cissey">Cissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Simon" title="Jules Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie" title="Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtan_de_Rochebou%C3%ABt" title="Gaëtan de Rochebouët">Rochebouët</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Floquet" title="Charles Floquet">Floquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Loubet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_M%C3%A9line" title="Jules Méline">Méline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Waldeck-Rousseau" title="Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau">Waldeck-Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Combes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien" title="Ferdinand Sarrien">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Monis" title="Ernest Monis">Monis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Steeg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson" title="Fernand Bouisson">Bouisson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">Darlan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional<br />Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gouin" title="Félix Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie" title="André Marie">Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Laniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Mollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Bourgès-Maunoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Chaban-Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Mauroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Rocard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Cresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Balladur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Jospin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Raffarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">Fillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Ayrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Valls" title="Manuel Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve" title="Bernard Cazeneuve">Cazeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe" title="Édouard Philippe">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Castex" title="Jean Castex">Castex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Borne" title="Élisabeth Borne">Borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Attal" title="Gabriel Attal">Attal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Barnier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France" title="Chief minister of France">Chief minister of France</a> (pre-Revolution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Deputy Prime Minister of France">Deputy Prime Minister</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_Ministers_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_France" title="Template:Foreign Ministers of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Ministers_of_France" title="Template talk:Foreign Ministers of 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href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">A. J. Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Br%C3%BBlart,_marquis_de_Sillery" title="Pierre Brûlart, marquis de Sillery">Sillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Phélypeaux">R. Phélypeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bouthillier,_comte_de_Chavigny" title="Léon Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny">Chavigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Auguste_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne" title="Henri-Auguste de Loménie, comte de Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Lionne" title="Hugues de Lionne">Lionne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Arnauld,_Marquis_de_Pomponne" title="Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne">Pomponne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colbert,_marquis_de_Croissy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Colbert, marquis de Croissy">Croissy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Colbert,_Marquis_of_Torcy" title="Jean Baptiste Colbert, Marquis of Torcy">Torcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chalon_du_Bl%C3%A9" title="Nicolas Chalon du Blé">Huxelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dubois" title="Guillaume Dubois">Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jean-Baptiste_Fleuriau" title="Charles Jean-Baptiste Fleuriau">Morville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germain_Louis_Chauvelin" title="Germain Louis Chauvelin">Chauvelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Amelot_de_Chaillou" title="Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou">Chaillou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles,_3rd_Duke_of_Noailles" title="Adrien Maurice de Noailles, 3rd Duke of Noailles">Noailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy,_Marquis_of_Argenson" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, Marquis of Argenson">Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philog%C3%A8ne_Br%C3%BBlart,_vicomte_de_Puisieulx" title="Louis Philogène Brûlart, vicomte de Puisieulx">Puisieulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dominique_de_Barberie_de_Saint-Contest" title="François Dominique de Barberie de Saint-Contest">Saint-Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Louis_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Antoine Louis Rouillé">Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joachim_de_Pierre_de_Bernis" title="François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis">Bernis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Choiseul,_Duke_of_Choiseul" title="Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul">É. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gabriel_de_Choiseul" class="mw-redirect" title="César Gabriel de Choiseul">C. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Choiseul,_Duke_of_Choiseul" title="Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul">É. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Saint-Florentin" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Saint-Florentin">L. Phélypeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Armand_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duke_of_Aiguillon" title="Emmanuel Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Aiguillon">Aiguillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bertin" title="Henri Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Montmorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Qu%C3%A9len_de_Stuer_de_Caussade,_2nd_Duke_of_La_Vauguyon" title="Paul François de Quélen de Stuer de Caussade, 2nd Duke of La Vauguyon">Vauguyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Montmorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart" title="Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart">Lessart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_de_M%C3%A9redieu,_baron_de_Naillac" title="Pierre Paul de Méredieu, baron de Naillac">Naillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Scipion_Charles_Auguste_de_La_Garde_de_Chambonas" title="Victor Scipion Charles Auguste de La Garde de Chambonas">Chambonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Gratet,_vicomte_Dubouchage" title="François Joseph de Gratet, vicomte Dubouchage">Dubouchage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bigot_de_Sainte-Croix" title="Claude Bigot de Sainte-Croix">Sainte-Croix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henri_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Marie_Lebrun-Tondu" title="Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Lebrun-Tondu">Lebrun-Tondu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Michel_Chemin_Deforgues" title="François Louis Michel Chemin Deforgues">Deforgues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Claude_Alexandre_Goujon" title="Jean-Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon">Goujon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Herman" title="Martial Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Delacroix" title="Charles-François Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Reinhard" title="Charles-Frédéric Reinhard">Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny">Champagny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">First Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Lafor%C3%AAt" title="Antoine de Laforêt">Laforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_%C3%89douard,_Baron_Bignon" title="Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon">Bignon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Second Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">A. E. Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph,_Marquis_Dessolles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Denis_Pasquier" title="Étienne-Denis Pasquier">Pasquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_de_Montmorency" title="Mathieu de Montmorency">M. Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ange_Hyacinthe_Maxence,_baron_de_Damas" title="Ange Hyacinthe Maxence, baron de Damas">Damas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste,_comte_de_La_Ferronays" title="Auguste, comte de La Ferronays">La Ferronays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Adrien-Pierre_de_Montmorency-Laval" title="Anne-Adrien-Pierre de Montmorency-Laval">Montmorency-Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie,_comte_Portalis" title="Joseph-Marie, comte Portalis">Portalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_de_Rochechouart,_11th_Duke_of_Mortemart" title="Casimir de Rochechouart, 11th Duke of Mortemart">Mortemart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_%C3%89douard,_Baron_Bignon" title="Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon">Bignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Joseph_Maison" title="Nicolas Joseph Maison">Maison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bastien_S%C3%A9bastiani_de_La_Porta" title="Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta">Sébastiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph,_comte_Bresson" title="Charles Joseph, comte Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Lannes" title="Louis Napoléon Lannes">Montebello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bastide" title="Jules Bastide">Bastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau" title="Marie Alphonse Bedeau">Bedeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bastide" title="Jules Bastide">Bastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Rayneval" title="Alphonse de Rayneval">Rayneval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Ernest_Ducos_de_La_Hitte" title="Jean-Ernest Ducos de La Hitte">La Hitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole,_baron_Br%C3%A9nier_de_Renaudi%C3%A8re" title="Anatole, baron Brénier de Renaudière">Brénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_F%C3%A9lix_%C3%89tienne,_marquis_de_Turgot" title="Louis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Thouvenel" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Thouvenel">Thouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Moustier" title="Lionel de Moustier">Moustier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, prince de La Tour d'Auvergne">La Tour Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on,_comte_Daru" title="Napoléon, comte Daru">Daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenor,_duc_de_Gramont" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenor, duc de Gramont">Gramont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, prince de La Tour d'Auvergne">La Tour d'Auvergne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Favre" title="Jules Favre">Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_R%C3%A9musat" title="Charles de Rémusat">Rémusat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">A. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_duc_Decazes" title="Louis, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston-Robert,_Marquis_de_Banneville" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaston-Robert, Marquis de Banneville">Banneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barth%C3%A9lemy-Saint-Hilaire" title="Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire">Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Armand_Challemel-Lacour" title="Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour">Challemel-Lacour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Flourens" title="Émile Flourens">Flourens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Spuller" title="Eugène Spuller">Spuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Develle" title="Jules Develle">Develle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux" title="Gabriel Hanotaux">Hanotaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Berthelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux" title="Gabriel Hanotaux">Hanotaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Delcassé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pichon" title="Stephen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cruppi" title="Jean Cruppi">Cruppi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_de_Selves" title="Justin de Selves">Selves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jonnart" title="Charles Jonnart">Jonnart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pichon" title="Stephen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Delcassé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pichon" title="Stephen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Lefebvre_du_Prey" title="Edmond Lefebvre du Prey">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Delbos" title="Yvon Delbos">Delbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baudouin" title="Paul Baudouin">Baudouin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baudouin" title="Paul Baudouin">Baudouin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">Darlan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional<br />Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Pineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Schumann" title="Maurice Schumann">Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bettencourt" title="André Bettencourt">Bettencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Jobert" title="Michel Jobert">Jobert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sauvagnargues" title="Jean Sauvagnargues">Sauvagnargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Guiringaud" title="Louis de Guiringaud">Guiringaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="Jean François-Poncet">François-Poncet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cheysson" title="Claude Cheysson">Cheysson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Dumas" title="Roland Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bernard_Raimond" title="Jean-Bernard Raimond">Raimond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Dumas" title="Roland Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_de_Charette" title="Hervé de Charette">Charette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_V%C3%A9drine" title="Hubert Védrine">Védrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Barnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Douste-Blazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Kouchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Alliot-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Ayrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian" title="Jean-Yves Le Drian">Le Drian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Colonna" title="Catherine Colonna">Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_S%C3%A9journ%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Séjourné">Séjourné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-No%C3%ABl_Barrot" title="Jean-Noël Barrot">Barrot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vichy_France" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vichy_France" title="Template:Vichy France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vichy_France" title="Template talk:Vichy France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vichy_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vichy France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vichy_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>World War II collaboration in:</i> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Wartime collaboration in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulangism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Fall of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">History of the Jews in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dorg%C3%A8res" title="Henry Dorgères">Henry Dorgères</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Beginnings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">French Constitutional Law of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighty_(Vichy_France)" title="The Eighty (Vichy France)">The Eighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Parc" title="Hôtel du Parc">Hôtel du Parc</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">Zone libre</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Antignac" title="Joseph Antignac">Joseph Antignac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marie_Bergeret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Marie Bergeret (page does not exist)">Jean-Marie Bergeret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bergeret_(militaire)" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Bergeret (militaire)">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Bourgain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Bourgain (page does not exist)">Louis Bourgain</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bourgain" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Bourgain">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Broc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Broc (page does not exist)">André Broc</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Broc" class="extiw" title="fr:André Broc">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Charpentier_(lawyer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Charpentier (lawyer) (page does not exist)">Jacques Charpentier</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Charpentier_(avocat)" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Charpentier (avocat)">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Henry Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Antoine_Cousteau" title="Pierre-Antoine Cousteau">Pierre-Antoine Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_du_Paty_de_Clam" title="Charles du Paty de Clam">Charles du Paty de Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Henriot" title="Philippe Henriot">Philippe Henriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Henry-Haye" title="Gaston Henry-Haye">Gaston Henry-Haye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Huntziger" title="Charles Huntziger">Charles Huntziger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Leguay" title="Jean Leguay">Jean Leguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Luchaire" title="Jean Luchaire">Jean Luchaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trel" title="Bernard Ménétrel">Bernard Ménétrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montandon" title="George Montandon">George Montandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pucheu" title="Pierre Pucheu">Pierre Pucheu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sabiani" title="Simon Sabiani">Simon Sabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Touvier" title="Paul Touvier">Paul Touvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tulard" title="André Tulard">André Tulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carltheo_Zeitschel" title="Carltheo Zeitschel">Carltheo Zeitschel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France" title="Government of Vichy France">Government of Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Pétain_and_the_French_State" title="Government of Vichy France">Pétain government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#First_Laval_administration_(1940)" title="Government of Vichy France">First Laval government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Flandin_regime" title="Government of Vichy France">Flandin government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Darlan_regime" title="Government of Vichy France">Darlan government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Second_Laval_administration_(1942-1944)" title="Government of Vichy France">Second Laval government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Parties and<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_League" title="French League">French League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_Fran%C3%A7aise_des_Combattants" title="Légion Française des Combattants">Légion Française des Combattants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Social_Movement" title="Revolutionary Social Movement">Revolutionary Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Corporation" title="Peasant Corporation">Peasant Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Legal and<br />treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Anti-Jewish laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Saint_Jean_d%27Acre" title="Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre">Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_constitutional_laws_of_the_Vichy_regime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime (page does not exist)">List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actes_constitutionnels_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Actes constitutionnels du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">French Constitutional Law of 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Protocols" title="Paris Protocols">Paris Protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riom_Trial" title="Riom Trial">Riom Trial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_du_travail_obligatoire" title="Service du travail obligatoire">Service du travail obligatoire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Policy &<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Collaboration with Imperial Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vichy_France" title="Foreign relations of Vichy France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_jeune_France" title="La jeune France">La jeune France</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_collaboration_in_Vichy_France" title="Police collaboration in Vichy France">Police collaboration in Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_situation_in_French_Africa_under_Vichy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political situation in French Africa under Vichy (page does not exist)">Political situation in French Africa</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_politique_en_Afrique_fran%C3%A7aise_lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="fr:Situation politique en Afrique française libérée">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Sections" title="Special Sections">Special Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_Holocaust_collaboration_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline">Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Press and<br />propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_publications_in_France" title="Antisemitic publications in France">Antisemitic publications</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_under_the_German_occupation_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship under the German occupation in France (page does not exist)">Censorship under the occupation</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censure_sous_l%27occupation_allemande_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Censure sous l'occupation allemande en France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_media_in_German-occupied_France" title="Underground media in German-occupied France">Underground media in German-occupied France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_Press_Ordinances_of_1944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944 (page does not exist)">Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordonnances_de_1944_sur_la_libert%C3%A9_de_la_presse" class="extiw" title="fr:Ordonnances de 1944 sur la liberté de la presse">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Juif_et_la_France" title="Le Juif et la France">Le Juif et la France</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chal,_nous_voil%C3%A0_!" title="Maréchal, nous voilà !">Maréchal, nous voilà !</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_newspapers_confiscated_for_collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French newspapers confiscated for collaboration (page does not exist)">Newspapers confiscated for collaboration</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaux_confisqu%C3%A9s_pour_collaboration" class="extiw" title="fr:Journaux confisqués pour collaboration">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27information" title="Office français d'information">Office français d'information</a><br /></li> <li><b><span style="color:gray">Press:</span></b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Alerte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Alerte (page does not exist)">L'Alerte</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Alerte" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Alerte">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Appel" title="L'Appel">L'Appel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aujourd%27hui" title="Aujourd'hui">Aujourd'hui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Cahier_jaune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Cahier jaune (page does not exist)">Le Cahier jaune</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cahier_jaune" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Cahier jaune">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Cri_du_peuple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Cri du peuple (page does not exist)">Le Cri du peuple</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cri_du_peuple_(journal,_1940-1944)" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Cri du peuple (journal, 1940-1944)">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cri_du_Peuple" class="extiw" title="it:Le Cri du Peuple">it</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combats_(Vichy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combats (Vichy) (page does not exist)">Combats</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combats" class="extiw" title="fr:Combats">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documents_ma%C3%A7onniques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Documents maçonniques (page does not exist)">Documents maçonniques</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documents_ma%C3%A7onniques" class="extiw" title="fr:Documents maçonniques">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89mancipation_nationale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Émancipation nationale (page does not exist)">L'Émancipation nationale</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89mancipation_nationale" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Émancipation nationale">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_France_(Sigmaringen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La France (Sigmaringen) (page does not exist)">La France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_France_(Sigmaringen)" class="extiw" title="fr:La France (Sigmaringen)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=France,_revue_de_l%27%C3%89tat_nouveau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France, revue de l'État nouveau (page does not exist)">France, revue de l'État nouveau</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France,_revue_de_l%27%C3%89tat_nouveau" class="extiw" title="fr:France, revue de l'État nouveau">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ici_la_France_(radio)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ici la France (radio) (page does not exist)">Ici la France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ici_la_France_(Radio_Sigmaringen)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ici la France (Radio Sigmaringen)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Id%C3%A9es_(revue,_1941-1944)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idées (revue, 1941-1944) (page does not exist)">Idées</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C3%A9es_(revue,_1941-1944)" class="extiw" title="fr:Idées (revue, 1941-1944)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revivre_(periodical)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revivre (periodical) (page does not exist)">Revivre</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revivre_(p%C3%A9riodique)" class="extiw" title="fr:Revivre (périodique)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9volution_nationale_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Révolution nationale (newspaper) (page does not exist)"><i>Révolution nationale</i></a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale_(journal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Révolution nationale (journal)">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Semaine_(weekly)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Semaine (weekly) (page does not exist)">La Semaine</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Semaine_(hebdomadaire_de_spectacles)" class="extiw" title="fr:La Semaine (hebdomadaire de spectacles)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Union_fran%C3%A7aise_(hebdomadaire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Union française (hebdomadaire) (page does not exist)">L'Union française</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Union_fran%C3%A7aise_(hebdomadaire)" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Union française (hebdomadaire)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">Zone libre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II#Occupation_zones" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Occupied zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria and Lebanon mandate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French_North_Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ivory_Coast#French_colonial_era" title="History of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal#French_period" title="History of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">Togoland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">Middle Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">French protectorate of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Kouang-Tchéou-Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">Jewish<br />affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_status_of_Jews" title="Law on the status of Jews">Law on the status of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_regarding_foreign_nationals_of_the_Jewish_race" title="Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race">Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_law_on_the_status_of_Jews" title="Second law on the status of Jews">Second law on the status of Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissariat-General_for_Jewish_Affairs" title="Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs">Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_the_Order_of_Physicians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council of the Order of Physicians (page does not exist)">Order of Physicians</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_national_de_l%27ordre_des_m%C3%A9decins" class="extiw" title="fr:Conseil national de l'ordre des médecins">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_isra%C3%A9lites_de_France" title="Union générale des israélites de France">UGIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)#France" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundups_of_Jews_on_the_French_Riviera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roundups of Jews on the French Riviera (page does not exist)">French Riviera</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Brunner#Les_rafles_de_Juifs_de_la_Côte_d'Azur" class="extiw" title="fr:Alois Brunner">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ticket_roundup" title="Green ticket roundup">Green ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clermont-Ferrand_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clermont-Ferrand Roundup (page does not exist)">Clermont-Ferrand</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_du_25_novembre_1943" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle du 25 novembre 1943">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrellamento_di_Clermont-Ferrand" class="extiw" title="it:Rastrellamento di Clermont-Ferrand">it</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izieu#Site_of_World_War_II_Jewish_orphanage" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Sainte-Catherine_Roundup" title="Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villeurbanne_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villeurbanne Roundup (page does not exist)">Villeurbanne</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_des_Villeurbannais" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle des Villeurbannais">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrellamento_di_Villeurbanne" class="extiw" title="it:Rastrellamento di Villeurbanne">it</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discrimination<br />and plunder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanization#France" title="Aryanization">Aryanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_badge_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yellow badge in France (page does not exist)">Yellow badge in France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampon_%22JUIF%22_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Tampon "JUIF" en France">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#Second_World_War_camps" title="Internment camps in France">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaune-la-Rolande_internment_camp" title="Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp">Beaune-la-Rolande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_des_Milles" title="Camp des Milles">Milles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_No%C3%A9" title="Camp de Noé">Noé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithiviers_internment_camp" title="Pithiviers internment camp">Pithiviers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_du_R%C3%A9c%C3%A9b%C3%A9dou" title="Camp du Récébédou">Récébédou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieucros_Camp" title="Rieucros Camp">Rieucros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Romainville" title="Fort de Romainville">Romainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royallieu-Compi%C3%A8gne_internment_camp" title="Royallieu-Compiègne internment camp">Royallieu-Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_Rivesaltes" title="Camp de Rivesaltes">Rivesaltes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Septfonds" title="Camp of Septfonds">Septfonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Vernet" title="Camp Vernet">Vernet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoys_of_the_deportation_of_Jews_from_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convoys of the deportation of Jews from France (page does not exist)">Deportation convoys</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convois_de_la_d%C3%A9portation_des_Juifs_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Convois de la déportation des Juifs de France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Deportation timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_Holocaust_collaboration_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline">Holocaust timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">The Holocaust in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II#Vichy_Army_(1940–1944)" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Regiment_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Regiment of France (page does not exist)">1st Regiment</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_r%C3%A9giment_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Premier régiment de France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Military_Division_(Vichy_France)" title="7th Military Division (Vichy France)">7th Military Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Military_Division_(Vichy_France)" title="14th Military Division (Vichy France)">14th Military Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Military_Division_(Vichy_France)" title="15th Military Division (Vichy France)">15th Military Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Army of the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Air_Force" title="Vichy French Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_(Vichy_France)" title="Guard (Vichy France)">Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Groupe_mobile_de_r%C3%A9serve" title="Groupe mobile de réserve">Groupe mobile de réserve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franc-Garde" title="Franc-Garde">Franc-Garde</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auxiliary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/33rd_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Charlemagne" title="33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne">SS Charlemagne division</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carlingue" title="Carlingue">Carlingue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_imp%C3%A9riale" title="Légion impériale">Légion impériale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_French_Volunteers_Against_Bolshevism" title="Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism">Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>1940</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Mers-el-Kébir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Vichy_French_attacks:_1940" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko_Chang" title="Battle of Ko Chang">Ko Chang</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>1941</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><b>1942</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Operation Bright Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#World_War_II" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton"><i>Anton</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_at_Toulon" title="Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon">Toulon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">Sigmaringen enclave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Fernand de Brinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Luchaire" title="Jean Luchaire">Jean Luchaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Bridoux" title="Eugène Bridoux">Eugène Bridoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Aftermath<br />& Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_9_August_1944" title="Ordinance of 9 August 1944">Ordinance of 9 August 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Épuration sauvage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France#Elections_of_May_1945" title="Liberation of France">Municipal elections of 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1946_French_legislative_election" title="November 1946 French legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain#Trial_in_High_Court" title="Philippe Pétain">Trial of Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie#Extradition,_trial_and_death" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie trial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_denial_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holocaust denial in France (page does not exist)">Holocaust denial in France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gation_de_la_Shoah_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Négation de la Shoah en France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Matt%C3%A9oli" title="Mission Mattéoli">Mission Mattéoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_syndrome" title="Vichy syndrome">Vichy syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">History<br />& Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews">The Destruction of the European Jews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Defeat" title="Strange Defeat">Strange Defeat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bombing_the_Nazis" title="Bombing the Nazis">Bombing the Nazis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eye_of_Vichy" title="The Eye of Vichy">The Eye of Vichy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice,_film_noir" title="Milice, film noir">Milice, film noir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrow_and_the_Pity" title="The Sorrow and the Pity">The Sorrow and the Pity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(film)" title="Uranus (film)">Uranus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castle_to_Castle" title="Castle to Castle">Castle to Castle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Special_Section_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Section (film)">Section spéciale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Silence_de_la_mer" title="Le Silence de la mer">Le Silence de la mer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suite_fran%C3%A7aise_(N%C3%A9mirovsky_novel)" title="Suite française (Némirovsky novel)">Suite française</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Occupied France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></li> <li>Year in France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_France" title="1940 in France">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_France" title="1941 in France">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_France" title="1942 in France">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_France" title="1943 in France">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_France" title="1944 in France">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vichy_France" title="Category:Vichy France">Category:Vichy France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_France" title="Template:Holocaust France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_France" title="Template talk:Holocaust France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">The Holocaust in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> by country: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Libya_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Libya during the Holocaust">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_ticket_roundup" title="Green ticket roundup">Green ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clermont-Ferrand_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clermont-Ferrand Roundup (page does not exist)">Clermont-Ferrand</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_du_25_novembre_1943" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle du 25 novembre 1943">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izieu#Site_of_World_War_II_Jewish_orphanage" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundups_of_Jews_on_the_French_Riviera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roundups of Jews on the French Riviera (page does not exist)">French Riviera roundups</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Brunner#Les_rafles_de_Juifs_de_la_Côte_d'Azur" class="extiw" title="fr:Alois Brunner">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Sainte-Catherine_Roundup" title="Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villeurbanne_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villeurbanne Roundup (page does not exist)">Villeurbanne</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_des_Villeurbannais" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle des Villeurbannais">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#Second_World_War_camps" title="Internment camps in France">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaune-la-Rolande_internment_camp" title="Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp">Beaune-la-Rolande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_des_Milles" title="Camp des Milles">Milles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithiviers_internment_camp" title="Pithiviers internment camp">Pithiviers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_du_R%C3%A9c%C3%A9b%C3%A9dou" title="Camp du Récébédou">Récébédou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieucros_Camp" title="Rieucros Camp">Rieucros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Romainville" title="Fort de Romainville">Romainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royallieu-Compi%C3%A8gne_internment_camp" title="Royallieu-Compiègne internment camp">Royallieu-Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_Rivesaltes" title="Camp de Rivesaltes">Rivesaltes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Septfonds" title="Camp of Septfonds">Septfonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Vernet" title="Camp Vernet">Vernet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Archives, statutes, trial testimony, convoy records">Documentation</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Vichy anti-Jewish legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Timeline of deportations to death camps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Perpetrators of crimes against victims of the Holocaust in France">Perpetrators</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Otto Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Achenbach" title="Ernst Achenbach">Ernst Achenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ahnert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Ahnert (page does not exist)">Horst Ahnert</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ahnert" class="extiw" title="es:Horst Ahnert">es</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Blanke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Blanke (page does not exist)">Kurt Blanke</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Blanke" class="extiw" title="de:Kurt Blanke">de</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6melburg" title="Karl Bömelburg">Karl Bömelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_R%C3%B6thke" title="Heinz Röthke">Heinz Röthke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Dietrich_Ernst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Dietrich Ernst (page does not exist)">Hans-Dietrich Ernst</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Ernst" class="extiw" title="de:Hans-Dietrich Ernst">de</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hagen" title="Herbert Hagen">Herbert Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heinrichsohn" title="Ernst Heinrichsohn">Ernst Heinrichsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Knochen" title="Helmut Knochen">Helmut Knochen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lischka" title="Kurt Lischka">Kurt Lischka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Oberg" title="Carl Oberg">Carl Oberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl-Heinrich_von_St%C3%BClpnagel" title="Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel">Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carltheo_Zeitschel" title="Carltheo Zeitschel">Carltheo Zeitschel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi occupation<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Devisenschutzkommando" title="Devisenschutzkommando">Devisenschutzkommando</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">Parti Populaire Français</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Anti-Jewish legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tulard" title="André Tulard">André Tulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_Holocaust_collaboration_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline">Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_collaboration_in_Vichy_France" title="Police collaboration in Vichy France">Vichy Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy#France" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_G%C3%A9rard_(propagandist)" title="René Gérard (propagandist)">René Gérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mamy" title="Jean Mamy">Jean Mamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_du_Paty_de_Clam" title="Charles du Paty de Clam">Charles du Paty de Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Touvier" title="Paul Touvier">Paul Touvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_collaboration_in_Vichy_France" title="Police collaboration in Vichy France">Police collaboration in Vichy France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="French and non-French citizens arrested, deported, or otherwise victims of the Holocaust in France">Victims</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Abraham" title="Henri Abraham">Henri Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Basch" title="Victor Basch">Victor Basch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Berr" title="Hélène Berr">Hélène Berr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Blum_(impresario)" title="René Blum (impresario)">René Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadmi_Cohen" title="Kadmi Cohen">Kadmi Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cohn" title="Marianne Cohn">Marianne Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messaoud_El_Mediouni" title="Messaoud El Mediouni">Messaoud El Mediouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Feldbau" title="Jacques Feldbau">Jacques Feldbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Benjamin Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Freundlich" title="Otto Freundlich">Otto Freundlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Gluck" title="Salomon Gluck">Salomon Gluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Halbwachs" title="Maurice Halbwachs">Maurice Halbwachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_(composer)" title="Paul Hermann (composer)">Paul Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Max Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereck_Kofman" title="Bereck Kofman">Bereck Kofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Mandel" title="Georges Mandel">Georges Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Metzger" title="Hélène Metzger">Hélène Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Natan" title="Bernard Natan">Bernard Natan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_N%C3%A9mirovsky" title="Irène Némirovsky">Irène Némirovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Oberfeld" title="Casimir Oberfeld">Casimir Oberfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Olschanezky" title="Sonia Olschanezky">Sonia Olschanezky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Perez_(Tunisian_boxer)" title="Victor Perez (Tunisian boxer)">Victor Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Reinach" title="Béatrice Reinach">Béatrice Reinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Rodier" title="Claude Rodier">Claude Rodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ros%C3%A9" title="Alma Rosé">Alma Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Salomon" title="Charlotte Salomon">Charlotte Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sascha_Schapiro" title="Sascha Schapiro">Sascha Schapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vogel_(author)" title="David Vogel (author)">David Vogel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Victims of the Holocaust in France who escaped or who survived arrest, deportation, or the camps until liberation">Survivors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Deutscher_(physicist)" title="Guy Deutscher (physicist)">Guy Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Elleinstein" title="Jean Elleinstein">Jean Elleinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Feuerwerker" title="Antoinette Feuerwerker">Antoinette Feuerwerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Feuerwerker" title="David Feuerwerker">David Feuerwerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ol%C3%A8re" title="David Olère">David Olère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Schwab" title="Léon Schwab">Léon Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Warfman" title="Rose Warfman">Rose Warfman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Anyone (victim or not) with first-hand knowledge of the Holocaust in France who testified or spoke out publicly about it">Witness<br />testimony</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Alcan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Alcan (page does not exist)">Louise Alcan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Alcan" class="extiw" title="fr:Louise Alcan">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Bialot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Bialot (page does not exist)">Joseph Bialot</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bialot" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Bialot">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Borlant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Borlant (page does not exist)">Henri Borlant</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Borlant" class="extiw" title="fr:Henri Borlant">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bulawko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Bulawko (page does not exist)">Henry Bulawko</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bulawko" class="extiw" title="fr:Henry Bulawko">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadine_Heftler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadine Heftler (page does not exist)">Nadine Heftler</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Heftler" class="extiw" title="fr:Nadine Heftler">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Holstein" title="Denise Holstein">Denise Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Kapel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Kapel (page does not exist)">René Kapel</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Kapel" class="extiw" title="fr:René Kapel">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kofman" title="Sarah Kofman">Sarah Kofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rogerie" title="André Rogerie">André Rogerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Claude_Vaillant-Couturier" title="Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier">Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Zyguel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léon Zyguel (page does not exist)">Léon Zyguel</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Zyguel" class="extiw" title="fr:Léon Zyguel">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among<br />the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bedane" title="Albert Bedane">Albert Bedane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Boegner" title="Marc Boegner">Marc Boegner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chabannes" title="Château de Chabannes">Château de Chabannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elmes" title="Mary Elmes">Mary Elmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Gerlier" title="Pierre-Marie Gerlier">Pierre-Marie Gerlier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Godart" title="Justin Godart">Justin Godart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Jacques" title="Père Jacques">Père Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Manen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Manen (page does not exist)">Henri Manen</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Manen" class="extiw" title="fr:Henri Manen">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Marie-Beno%C3%AEt" title="Père Marie-Benoît">Père Marie-Benoît</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Naurois" title="René de Naurois">René de Naurois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Ribi%C3%A8re" title="Germaine Ribière">Germaine Ribière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules-G%C3%A9raud_Sali%C3%A8ge" title="Jules-Géraud Saliège">Jules-Géraud Saliège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Th%C3%A9as" title="Pierre-Marie Théas">Pierre-Marie Théas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varian_Fry" title="Varian Fry">Varian Fry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Museums, commemorations, memorials, any institution preserving the memory of the Holocaust in France">Memorials</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fondation_pour_la_M%C3%A9moire_de_la_D%C3%A9portation" title="Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation">Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_and_Daughters_of_Jewish_Deportees_from_France" title="Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France">Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_la_Shoah" title="Mémorial de la Shoah">Mémorial de la Shoah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_des_Martyrs_de_la_D%C3%A9portation" title="Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation">Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9morial_national_de_la_d%C3%A9portation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mémorial national de la déportation (page does not exist)">Mémorial national de la déportation</a> </i><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_national_de_la_d%C3%A9portation" class="extiw" title="fr:Mémorial national de la déportation">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_Rivesaltes" title="Camp de Rivesaltes">Rivesaltes Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums#France" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">List of Holocaust memorials and museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">Antisemitism in France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Juive" title="Armée Juive">Armée Juive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">History of the Jews in France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Occupied France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Vichy anti-Jewish legislation</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Far-right_politics_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_far_right" title="Template:French far right"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_far_right" title="Template talk:French far right"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_far_right" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French far right"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Far-right_politics_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_far-right_movements_in_France" title="History of far-right movements in France">Far-right politics in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_League_of_France" title="Antisemitic League of France">Antisemitic League of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_National_Party" title="Breton National Party">Breton National Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faisceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisceau">Faisceau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesses_Patriotes" title="Jeunesses Patriotes">Jeunesses Patriotes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_Patriotes" title="Ligue des Patriotes">Ligue des Patriotes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Social_Movement" title="Revolutionary Social Movement">Revolutionary Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Solidarité Française">Solidarité Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenshirts_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenshirts (France)">Greenshirts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Barrès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cl%C3%A9menti_(politician)" title="Pierre Clémenti (politician)">Clémenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Deloncle" title="Eugène Deloncle">Deloncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dorg%C3%A8res" title="Henry Dorgères">Dorgères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Plateau" title="Marius Plateau">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vaugeois" title="Henri Vaugeois">Vaugeois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />post-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_Group" title="Charles Martel Group">Charles Martel Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rally_for_Liberty" title="European Rally for Liberty">European Rally for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nationalist_Students" title="Federation of Nationalist Students">Federation of Nationalist Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_European_Nationalist_Party" title="French and European Nationalist Party">French and European Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Alg%C3%A9rie_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Algérie Française">Front Algérie Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Union_D%C3%A9fense" title="Groupe Union Défense">Groupe Union Défense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_R%C3%A9sistance" title="Nouvelle Résistance">Nouvelle Résistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occident_(movement)" title="Occident (movement)">Occident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1960s)" title="Ordre Nouveau (1960s)">Ordre Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Arm%C3%A9e_Secr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Armée Secrète">Organisation Armée Secrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_New_Forces" title="Party of New Forces">Party of New Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Network" title="Radical Network">Radical Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Rassemblement National Français">Rassemblement National Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Groups" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Groups">Revolutionary Nationalist Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_Voie" class="mw-redirect" title="Troisième Voie">Troisième Voie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_Radicale" title="Unité Radicale">Unité Radicale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsav" title="Adsav">Adsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGRIF" title="AGRIF">AGRIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_First" title="Alsace First">Alsace First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Defence_of_the_Memory_of_Marshal_P%C3%A9tain" title="Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain">Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Reconciliation" title="Equality and Reconciliation">Equality and Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Jeunesse" title="Europe-Jeunesse">Europe-Jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renewal" title="French Renewal">French Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation Identity">Generation Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South_(France)" title="League of the South (France)">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_European_Resistance" title="National Council of European Resistance">National Council of European Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_France" title="Party of France">Party of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassemblement National">Rassemblement National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty,_Identity_and_Freedoms" title="Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms">Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)" title="The Patriots (France)">The Patriots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Aliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Antony" title="Bernard Antony">Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Ayoub" title="Serge Ayoub">Ayoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bay" title="Nicolas Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Benedetti" title="Yvan Benedetti">Benedetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Binet_(neo-Fascist)" title="René Binet (neo-Fascist)">Binet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bompard" title="Jacques Bompard">Bompard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Bouchet" title="Christian Bouchet">Bouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bousquet" title="Pierre Bousquet">Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Brigneau" title="François Brigneau">Brigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeve_Briois" title="Steeve Briois">Briois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaud_Camus" title="Renaud Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lesquen" title="Henry de Lesquen">de Lesquen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duprat" title="François Duprat">Duprat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fredriksen" title="Mark Fredriksen">Fredriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gollnisch" title="Bruno Gollnisch">Gollnisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jalkh" title="Jean-François Jalkh">Jalkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lang" title="Carl Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Le Gallou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Luca" title="Charles Luca">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Maribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Gilles_Malliarakis" title="Jean-Gilles Malliarakis">Malliarakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Mégret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Philippot" title="Florian Philippot">Philippot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_de_Poncins" title="Léon de Poncins">de Poncins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pujo" title="Pierre Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rachline" title="David Rachline">Rachline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ravier" title="Stéphane Ravier">Ravier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reynouard" title="Vincent Reynouard">Reynouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sidos" title="Pierre Sidos">Sidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Soral" title="Alain Soral">Soral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Stirbois" title="Jean-Pierre Stirbois">Stirbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Susini" title="Jean-Jacques Susini">Susini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Tixier-Vignancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boulangisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulangisme">Boulangisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Pétainism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active publications and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulevard_Voltaire_(website)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulevard Voltaire (website) (page does not exist)">Boulevard Voltaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=National-Hebdo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National-Hebdo (page does not exist)">National-Hebdo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National-Hebdo" class="extiw" title="fr:National-Hebdo">fr</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rivarol_(magazine)" title="Rivarol (magazine)">Rivarol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-Libert%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-Libertés">TV-Libertés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151983#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151983#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151983#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121245515">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24651431">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/13587/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqFM9qFgKyPFgjh64TvHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118778978">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50039770">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12215354z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12215354z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Laval, Pierre <1883-1945>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV079102">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2002105717&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/41970">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070646848">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000027312">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118778978">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03081393X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10583140">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kp8hxb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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