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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Main Processing Units of Refineries - Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_Processing_Units_of_Refineries_-_Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliary_Processing_Units_of_Refineries_-_Pretreatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliary_Processing_Units_of_Refineries_-_Pretreatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Auxiliary Processing Units of Refineries - Pretreatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliary_Processing_Units_of_Refineries_-_Pretreatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crude_oil_-_Distillation_Unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crude_oil_-_Distillation_Unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Crude oil - Distillation Unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crude_oil_-_Distillation_Unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flow_diagram_of_a_typical_petroleum_refinery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flow_diagram_of_a_typical_petroleum_refinery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flow diagram of a typical petroleum refinery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flow_diagram_of_a_typical_petroleum_refinery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refining_end-products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refining_end-products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Refining end-products</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Refining_end-products-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Refining end-products subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Refining_end-products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Light_distillates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_distillates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Light distillates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_distillates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_distillates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_distillates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Middle distillates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_distillates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_distillates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_distillates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Heavy distillates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_distillates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_useful_end_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_useful_end_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Other useful end products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_useful_end_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Petroleum refining processes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinaci%C3%B3_del_petroli" title="Refinació del petroli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Refinació del petroli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinaci%C3%B3n_del_petr%C3%B3leo" title="Refinación del petróleo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refinación del petróleo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftorafinado" title="Naftorafinado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naftorafinado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolio-fintze" title="Petrolio-fintze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petrolio-fintze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="فرآیندهای پالایش نفت خام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرآیندهای پالایش نفت خام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinage_du_p%C3%A9trole" title="Raffinage du pétrole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raffinage du pétrole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%98" title="זיקוק נפט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיקוק נפט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83" title="Мунайды буулантып ажыратуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мунайды буулантып ажыратуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardolieraffinage" title="Aardolieraffinage – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardolieraffinage" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E7%B2%BE%E8%A3%BD" title="石油精製 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石油精製" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljeforedling" title="Oljeforedling – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oljeforedling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neftni_qayta_ishlash" title="Neftni qayta ishlash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neftni qayta ishlash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤੇਲ-ਸੋਧਕ ਕਾਰਖ਼ਾਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੇਲ-ਸੋਧਕ ਕਾਰਖ਼ਾਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przetw%C3%B3rstwo_ropy_naftowej" title="Przetwórstwo ropy naftowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przetwórstwo ropy naftowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Переработка нефти – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Переработка нефти" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refining" title="Oil refining – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oil refining" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ljynjalostus" title="Öljynjalostus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Öljynjalostus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="பாறைநெய் தூய்விப்பாலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாறைநெய் தூய்விப்பாலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="การกลั่นน้ำมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกลั่นน้ำมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Переробка нафти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Переробка нафти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q214261#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Methods of transforming crude oil</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG/330px-Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG/495px-Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG/660px-Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2527" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Petroleum refinery in <a href="/wiki/Anacortes,_Washington" title="Anacortes, Washington">Anacortes, Washington</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Petroleum refining processes</b> are the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> into useful products such as <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> (LPG), <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline or petrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel oil">diesel oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handwerk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwerk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leffler_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leffler-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Refineries and petroleum industries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units and auxiliary facilities such as utility units and storage tanks. Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired products and economic considerations. </p><p>Some modern petroleum refineries process as much as 800,000 to 900,000 <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels</a> (127,000 to 143,000 cubic meters) per day of crude oil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_refining_processes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the nineteenth century, petroleum was known and utilized in various fashions in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and along the Caspian Sea. The modern history of the petroleum industry is said to have begun in 1846 when Abraham Gessner of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> devised a process to produce kerosene from coal. Shortly thereafter, in 1854, <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Lukasiewicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignacy Lukasiewicz">Ignacy Lukasiewicz</a> began producing kerosene from hand-dug oil wells near the town of <a href="/wiki/Krosno" title="Krosno">Krosno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. The first large petroleum refinery was built in <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploesti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> in 1856 using the abundant oil available in Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America, the first oil well was drilled in 1858 by <a href="/wiki/James_Miller_Williams" title="James Miller Williams">James Miller Williams</a> in Ontario, Canada. In the United States, the petroleum industry began in 1859 when <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Drake" title="Edwin Drake">Edwin Drake</a> found oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry grew slowly in the 1800s, primarily producing kerosene for oil lamps. In the early twentieth century, the introduction of the internal combustion engine and its use in automobiles created a market for gasoline that was the impetus for fairly rapid growth of the petroleum industry. The early finds of petroleum like those in Ontario and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> were soon outstripped by large oil "booms" in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to World War II in the early 1940s, most petroleum refineries in the United States consisted simply of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Thecrude_oil_distillation_unit">crude oil distillation units</a> (often referred to as atmospheric crude oil distillation units). Some refineries also had <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">vacuum distillation</a> units as well as <a href="/wiki/Thermal_cracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal cracking">thermal cracking</a> units such as <a href="/wiki/Visbreaker" title="Visbreaker">visbreakers</a> (viscosity breakers, units to lower the <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of the oil). All of the many other refining processes discussed below were developed during the war or within a few years after the war. They became commercially available within 5 to 10 years after the war ended and the worldwide petroleum industry experienced very rapid growth. The driving force for that growth in technology and in the number and size of refineries worldwide was the growing demand for automotive gasoline and aircraft fuel. </p><p>In the United States, for various complex economic and political reasons, the construction of new refineries came to a virtual stop in about the 1980s. However, many of the existing refineries in the United States have revamped many of their units and/or, constructed add-on units in order to: increase their crude oil processing capacity, increase the <a href="/wiki/Octane" title="Octane">octane</a> rating of their product gasoline, lower the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> content of their diesel fuel and home heating fuels to comply with environmental regulations and comply with environmental air pollution and water pollution requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_Processing_Units_of_Refineries_-_Treatment">Main Processing Units of Refineries - Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_refining_processes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Main Processing Units of Refineries - Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Crude_oil_-_Distillation_Unit">Crude Oil Distillation unit</a>: Distills the incoming crude oil into various fractions for further processing in other units.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">Vacuum distillation</a> unit: Further distills the residue oil from the bottom of the crude oil distillation unit. The vacuum distillation is performed at a pressure well below atmospheric pressure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization" title="Hydrodesulfurization">Naphtha hydrotreater</a> unit: Uses <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> to desulfurize the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_naphtha" title="Petroleum naphtha">naphtha</a> fraction from the crude oil distillation or other units within the refinery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_reforming" title="Catalytic reforming">Catalytic reforming</a> unit: Converts the desulfurized <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> into higher-octane molecules to produce <i>reformate</i>, which is a component of the end-product gasoline or petrol.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylation_unit" title="Alkylation unit">Alkylation unit</a>: Converts <a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">isobutane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Butylene">butylenes</a> into <i>alkylate</i>, which is a very high-octane component of the end-product gasoline or petrol.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomerization" title="Isomerization">Isomerization</a> unit: Converts linear molecules such as normal <a href="/wiki/Pentane" title="Pentane">pentane</a> into higher-octane branched molecules for blending into the end-product gasoline. Also used to convert linear normal butane into isobutane for use in the alkylation unit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization" title="Hydrodesulfurization">Distillate hydrotreater</a> unit: Uses hydrogen to desulfurize some of the other distilled fractions from the crude oil distillation unit (such as diesel oil).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merox" title="Merox">Merox</a> (mercaptan oxidizer) or similar units: Desulfurize LPG, kerosene or jet fuel by oxidizing undesired <a href="/wiki/Mercaptan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercaptan">mercaptans</a> to organic <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfides</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amine_gas_treater" class="mw-redirect" title="Amine gas treater">Amine gas treater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claus_process" title="Claus process">Claus unit</a>, and tail gas treatment for converting <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> gas from the hydrotreaters into end-product elemental sulfur. The large majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from petroleum refining and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">natural gas processing</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_catalytic_cracking" title="Fluid catalytic cracking">Fluid catalytic cracking</a> (FCC) unit: Upgrades the heavier, higher-boiling fractions from the crude oil distillation by converting them into lighter and lower boiling, more valuable products.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocracker">Hydrocracker</a> unit: Uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions from the crude oil distillation and the vacuum distillation units into lighter, more valuable products.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visbreaker" title="Visbreaker">Visbreaker</a> unit upgrades heavy residual oils from the vacuum distillation unit by thermally cracking them into lighter, more valuable reduced viscosity products.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_coking" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed coking">Delayed coking</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_coker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluid coker (page does not exist)">fluid coker</a> units: Convert very heavy residual oils into end-product petroleum coke as well as naphtha and petrol oil by-products.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auxiliary_Processing_Units_of_Refineries_-_Pretreatment">Auxiliary Processing Units of Refineries - Pretreatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_refining_processes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Auxiliary Processing Units of Refineries - Pretreatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">Steam reforming</a> unit: Converts natural gas into hydrogen for the hydrotreaters and/or the hydrocracker.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_process" title="Claus process">Sour water stripper</a> unit: Uses steam to remove hydrogen sulfide gas from various wastewater streams for subsequent conversion into end-product sulfur in the <a href="/wiki/Claus_process" title="Claus process">Claus unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beychok_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beychok-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Utility units such as <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling towers</a> for furnishing circulating cooling water, <a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">steam generators</a>, instrument air systems for pneumatically operated <a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">control valves</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">electrical substation</a>.</li> <li>Wastewater collection and treating systems consisting of <a href="/wiki/API_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="API separator">API separators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation" title="Dissolved air flotation">dissolved air flotation</a> (DAF) units and some type of further treatment (such as an <a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">activated sludge</a> biotreater) to make the wastewaters suitable for reuse or for disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-Beychok_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beychok-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Liquified gas (LPG) storage vessels for propane and similar gaseous fuels at a pressure sufficient to maintain them in liquid form. These are usually spherical vessels or <i>bullets</i> (horizontal vessels with rounded ends).</li> <li>Storage tanks for crude oil and finished products, usually vertical, cylindrical vessels with some sort of vapour emission control and surrounded by an earthen berm to contain liquid spills.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crude_oil_-_Distillation_Unit">Crude oil - Distillation Unit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_refining_processes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crude oil - Distillation Unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crude oil distillation unit (CDU) is the first processing unit in virtually all petroleum refineries. The CDU distills the incoming crude oil into various fractions of different boiling ranges, each of which are then processed further in the other refinery processing units. The CDU is often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_distillation_of_crude_oil" title="Atmospheric distillation of crude oil"><i>atmospheric distillation unit</i></a> because it operates at slightly above atmospheric pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Handwerk_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwerk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leffler_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leffler-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit. The incoming crude oil is preheated by exchanging heat with some of the hot, distilled fractions and other streams. It is then desalted to remove inorganic salts (primarily sodium chloride). </p><p>Following the desalter, the crude oil is further heated by exchanging heat with some of the hot, distilled fractions and other streams. It is then heated in a fuel-fired furnace (fired heater) to a temperature of about 398 °C and routed into the bottom of the distillation unit. </p><p>The cooling and condensing of the distillation tower overhead is provided partially by exchanging heat with the incoming crude oil and partially by either an air-cooled or water-cooled condenser. Additional heat is removed from the distillation column by a pumparound system as shown in the diagram below. </p><p>As shown in the flow diagram, the overhead distillate fraction from the distillation column is naphtha. The fractions removed from the side of the distillation column at various points between the column top and bottom are called <i>sidecuts</i>. Each of the sidecuts (i.e., the kerosene, light gas oil and heavy gas oil) is cooled by exchanging heat with the incoming crude oil. All of the fractions (i.e., the overhead naphtha, the sidecuts and the bottom residue) are sent to intermediate storage tanks before being processed further. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crude_Oil_Distillation_Unit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Crude_Oil_Distillation_Unit.png" decoding="async" width="505" height="445" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flow_diagram_of_a_typical_petroleum_refinery">Flow diagram of a typical petroleum refinery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_refining_processes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flow diagram of a typical petroleum refinery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical petroleum refinery that depicts the various refining processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end-products. </p><p>The diagram depicts only one of the literally hundreds of different oil refinery configurations. The diagram also does not include any of the usual refinery facilities providing utilities such as steam, cooling water, and electric power as well as storage tanks for crude oil feedstock and for intermediate products and end products.<sup id="cite_ref-Handwerk_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwerk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leffler_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leffler-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RefineryFlow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/RefineryFlow.png" decoding="async" width="584" height="709" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>A schematic flow diagram of a typical petroleum refinery</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refining_end-products">Refining end-products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_refining_processes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Refining end-products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary end-products produced in petroleum refining may be grouped into four categories: light distillates, middle distillates, heavy distillates and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_distillates">Light distillates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_refining_processes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Light distillates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C1_components&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C1 components (page does not exist)">C1 components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_naphta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light naphta (page does not exist)">Light naphta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_naphtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy naphtha">Heavy naphtha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_distillates">Middle distillates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_refining_processes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle distillates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kerosene oil</li> <li>Automotive and rail-road diesel fuels</li> <li>Residential heating fuel</li> <li>Other light fuel oils</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_distillates">Heavy distillates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_refining_processes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heavy distillates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Heavy fuel oils</li> <li>Wax</li> <li>Lubricating oils</li> <li>Asphalt</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_useful_end_products">Other useful end products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_refining_processes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other useful end products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Coke (similar to coal)</li> <li>Elemental sulfur</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_refining_processes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>This article incorporates material from the <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a> article "<a href="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Petroleum_refining_processes" class="extiw" title="citizendium:Petroleum refining processes">Petroleum refining processes</a>", which is licensed under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a> but not under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>.</i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Handwerk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handwerk_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handwerk_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handwerk_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGary,_J.H.Handwerk,_G.E.1984" class="citation book cs1">Gary, J.H. & Handwerk, G.E. (1984). <i>Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics</i> (2nd ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-7150-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-7150-8"><bdi>978-0-8247-7150-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Refining+Technology+and+Economics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker%2C+Inc&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-7150-8&rft.au=Gary%2C+J.H.&rft.au=Handwerk%2C+G.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+refining+processes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leffler-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leffler_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leffler_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leffler_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffler,_W.L.1985" class="citation book cs1">Leffler, W.L. (1985). <i>Petroleum refining for the nontechnical person</i> (2nd ed.). PennWell Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87814-280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87814-280-4"><bdi>978-0-87814-280-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+refining+for+the+nontechnical+person&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=PennWell+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87814-280-4&rft.au=Leffler%2C+W.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+refining+processes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G,_Speight2006" class="citation book cs1">James G, Speight (2006). <i>The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum</i> (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. 0-8493-9067-2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+and+Technology+of+Petroleum&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=James+G%2C+Speight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+refining+processes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902203529/http://www.150deanidepetrol.ro/history.html">"150 Years of Oil in Romania"</a>. <i>150deanidepetrol.ro</i>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.150deanidepetrol.ro/history.html">the original</a> on 2011-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=150deanidepetrol.ro&rft.atitle=150+Years+of+Oil+in+Romania&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.150deanidepetrol.ro%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+refining+processes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/eakins/we_1844.htm">"World Events: 1844–1856"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=World+Events%3A+1844%E2%80%931856&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Feakins%2Fwe_1844.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+refining+processes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11368/">"Titusville, Pennsylvania, 1896"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i>. 1896<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Titusville%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+1896&rft.date=1896&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11368%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+refining+processes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Black2000" class="citation book cs1">Brian Black (2000). <i>Petrolia: the landscape of America's first oil boom</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6317-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-6317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrolia%3A+the+landscape+of+America%27s+first+oil+boom&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6317-2&rft.au=Brian+Black&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+refining+processes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/sulfur/sulfumcs06.pdf">Sulphur production report</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/july03/resources.html">Discussion of recovered by-product sulphur</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beychok-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beychok_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beychok_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeychok,_Milton_R.1967" class="citation book cs1">Beychok, Milton R. 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(1992). <i>Distillation Design</i> (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-034909-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-034909-4"><bdi>978-0-07-034909-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distillation+Design&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-07-034909-4&rft.au=Kister%2C+Henry+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+refining+processes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uop.com/refining/1010.html">Refinery flowchart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628032708/http://www.uop.com/refining/1010.html">Archived</a> 2006-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the website of Universal Oil Products</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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