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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_Spaces_in_Montreal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Green Spaces in Montreal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Green_Spaces_in_Montreal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Green Spaces in Montreal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Green_Spaces_in_Montreal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_urban_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_urban_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Major urban parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_urban_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mount_Royal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Royal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Mount Royal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Royal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Île_Notre-Dame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Île_Notre-Dame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span><i>Île Notre-Dame</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Île_Notre-Dame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Île_Sainte-Hélène" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Île_Sainte-Hélène"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span><i>Île Sainte-Hélène</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Île_Sainte-Hélène-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Issues and controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Future developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_cultural_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Churches_and_other_religious_buildings">Churches and other religious buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Churches and other religious buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Joseph_du_Mont-Royal_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Saint-Joseph_du_Mont-Royal_Side.jpg/250px-Saint-Joseph_du_Mont-Royal_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Saint-Joseph_du_Mont-Royal_Side.jpg/375px-Saint-Joseph_du_Mont-Royal_Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Saint-Joseph_du_Mont-Royal_Side.jpg/500px-Saint-Joseph_du_Mont-Royal_Side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Oratory" title="Saint Joseph's Oratory">Saint Joseph's Oratory</a> is the largest church in Canada.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicknamed "la ville aux cent clochers" (<i>the city of a hundred belltowers</i>), Montreal is renowned for its churches. As described by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, "This is the first time I was ever in a city where you couldn't throw a brick without breaking a church window." The city has four <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_the_World_Cathedral" title="Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral">Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral</a>, the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Basilica_(Montreal)" title="Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)">Notre-Dame Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Basilica,_Montreal" title="St. Patrick's Basilica, Montreal">St. Patrick's Basilica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Oratory" title="Saint Joseph's Oratory">Saint Joseph's Oratory</a>. The Oratory is the largest church in Canada, with the largest dome of its kind in the world after that of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p><p>Other well-known churches include the pilgrimage church of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours_Chapel" title="Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel">Notre-Dame-du-Bon-Secours</a>, which is sometimes called the Sailors' Church, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Michael_and_St._Anthony" title="Church of St. Michael and St. Anthony">Church of St. Michael and St. Anthony</a>, known for its <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral_(Montreal)" title="Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)">Christ Church Cathedral</a>, which was completely excavated and suspended in mid-air during the construction of part of the Underground City. </p><p>An impressive number of other churches, synagogues and mosques can be found, and church steeples are a familiar view all over the city and island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Green_Spaces_in_Montreal">Green Spaces in Montreal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Green Spaces in Montreal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city’s public green spaces are categorized as major urban parks, neighborhood parks, city squares, and nature parks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parks offer recreational, educational, historical, and cultural programming aimed at engaging Montrealers in the outdoors, nature, and fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park activities vary seasonally, and each park features its own unique programming.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city’s large parks account for approximately 2,000 hectares of the island’s land.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ville de Montreal also considers cemeteries, certain golf courses, and green alleys as green spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green spaces improve air quality, reduce the effect of urban heat islands, contribute to residents’ quality of life, preserve biodiversity, and improve the city’s aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is also home to small scale neighborhood green spaces, such as green alleys and community gardens. </p><p>Below is a list of Montreal’s public green spaces:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_urban_parks">Major urban parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Major urban parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Montreal" title="List of parks in Montreal">List of parks in Montreal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mount_Royal">Mount Royal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mount Royal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal" title="Mount Royal">Mount Royal</a></div><p> Mount Royal was designed in 1876 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a>, best known as the designer of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York's</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>. Mount Royal's features include the Chalet and the Kondiaronk Belvedere overlooking downtown Montreal, and man-made Beaver Lake (Lac aux Castors) with its recently renovated pavilion. Mount Royal is topped by an illuminated cross that has become a Montreal landmark. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lac-aux-castors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lac-aux-castors.jpg/250px-Lac-aux-castors.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lac-aux-castors.jpg/375px-Lac-aux-castors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lac-aux-castors.jpg/500px-Lac-aux-castors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Beaver Lake (Lac aux castors), Mount Royal.</figcaption></figure><p>Observant hikers on the park's many trails will find an abundance of small wildlife. In the winter, the park is the site of numerous cross-country ski trails and a new, refrigerated skating rink near Beaver Lake.</p><i><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaver_Lake_Chalet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Beaver_Lake_Chalet.jpg/250px-Beaver_Lake_Chalet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Beaver_Lake_Chalet.jpg/375px-Beaver_Lake_Chalet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Beaver_Lake_Chalet.jpg/500px-Beaver_Lake_Chalet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>Beaver Lake (Lac aux castors), Mount Royal.</figcaption></figure></i><p> Once, a <a href="/wiki/Funicular_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Funicular railroad">funicular railroad</a> brought sightseers to its peak, but it has long since disappeared.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/VIEW-3024&section=196?Lang=1&accessnumber=VIEW-3024&section=196">[1]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tramway</a> also went up the mountain on the north side, replaced in the late 1950s by the <a href="/wiki/Camillien_Houde" title="Camillien Houde">Camillien Houde</a> Parkway, which now bisects the mountain. The "11-Montagne" bus line now replaces the tram. Every Sunday in the summer, hundreds of people gather at the <a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier_Monument" title="George-Étienne Cartier Monument">George-Étienne Cartier Monument</a>, at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal" title="Mount Royal">Mount Royal</a>, for drumming, dancing, and juggling (among many other activities) in an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Tam-Tams" title="Tam-Tams">Tam-Tams</a>. It is unclear how this event started; but, as it has no formal organization and has carried on both in a lively and peaceful way since at least the late 1980s. The intersection of Avenue du Parc and Avenue des Pins, just to the south, formerly a winding urban interchange (inspired by the New York parkways of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a>), underwent a major transformation to become more pedestrian-friendly. </p><p><br /> <b>Parc Jean-Drapeau</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parc_Jean-Drapeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc Jean-Drapeau">Parc Jean-Drapeau</a></div><p> Located in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, Parc Jean-Drapeau consists of the islands of Sainte-Hélène and Notre-Dame, which hosted <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a>. Parc Jean-Drapeau is accessible by <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">métro</a>, car, bicycle or boat. The islands are a popular destination for Montrealers due to their green spaces and sports and cultural activities.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calder-montreal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Calder-montreal.jpg/250px-Calder-montreal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Calder-montreal.jpg/375px-Calder-montreal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Calder-montreal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption><i>Man</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helen%27s_Island" title="Saint Helen's Island">Île Sainte-Hélène</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Île_Notre-Dame"><span id=".C3.8Ele_Notre-Dame"></span><i>Île Notre-Dame</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Île Notre-Dame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Notre-Dame" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Notre-Dame">Île Notre-Dame</a></div> <p>The Floralies gardens are located at the centre of the island. Île Notre-Dame also has a network of canals, and, further west at the lake, offers a beach and other water sports. The <a href="/wiki/Casino_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Casino de Montréal">Casino de Montréal</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Youth_hostel" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth hostel">youth hostel</a> are also located here. The Montreal <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prix of Montreal">Grand Prix</a> takes place on the island at the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_Gilles_Villeneuve" title="Circuit Gilles Villeneuve">Circuit Gilles Villeneuve</a>, which in winter is used as a skating rink. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Île_Sainte-Hélène"><span id=".C3.8Ele_Sainte-H.C3.A9l.C3.A8ne"></span><i>Île Sainte-Hélène</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Île Sainte-Hélène"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helen%27s_Island" title="Saint Helen's Island">Saint Helen's Island</a></div> <p>Built in 1814, the Fort on Saint Helen's Island houses the <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_l%27%C3%8Ele_Sainte-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort de l'Île Sainte-Hélène">Stewart Museum</a>, dedicated to the history of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. The island also contains several large public works of art, such as the imposing "Man", sculpted in steel by artist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a>. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/Biosph%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphère">Biosphère</a>, Jean-Doré beach and <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags" title="Six Flags">Six Flags</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Ronde_(amusement_park)" title="La Ronde (amusement park)">La Ronde</a>. Buses run every 15 minutes from the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Drapeau_(Montreal_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Drapeau (Montreal Metro)">Jean-Drapeau metro station</a> to <a href="/wiki/La_Ronde_(amusement_park)" title="La Ronde (amusement park)">La Ronde</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Montreal’s driving force behind the creation of green spaces was inspired by the “City Beautiful” movement of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led for many parks to be underway for development, producing green spaces that held a mix of picturesque, English-style gardens and the North American “City Beautiful” movement trend.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the second half of the nineteenth century, Montreal completed building Parc La Fontaine, Parc Jean Drapeau and Parc du Mont-Royal which filled the city spaces, overall attracting more tourists to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many parks and green spaces were constructed in Montreal, it became evident that the Western parts of the island had more parks in comparison to the Eastern areas, which suffer lower socioeconomic status.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Westmount" title="Westmount">Westmount</a> is a wealthy anglophone neighbourhood with 12 parks and 22 green spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, areas such as <a href="/wiki/LaSalle,_Quebec" title="LaSalle, Quebec">LaSalle</a> and East of Montreal were identified as having less green spaces and higher vulnerabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beautifying Montreal through the construction of green spaces was seen as a symbol of economic progress and financial health.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who built the parks believed that the improvement in the appearance of the city would create social order along with the moral betterment of urban dwellers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the city grew in both size and in population, Montrealers began to lose interest in protecting their parks until 1970, when the Montreal Urban Community (MUC) was formed and park conservation options were considered.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the MUC to invest over $100 million on creating additional green spaces, which resulted in more than 600 hectares of new parks.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the city is known for spending the most on construction and design of green spaces in comparison to all other Canadian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_and_controversies">Issues and controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Issues and controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green spaces in Montreal have also been a place of conflict. In a series of policy decisions called the “Morality Cuts”, which targeted the LGBTQ2S+ community in the 1950s, Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau famously ordered for hundreds of trees in Mont Royal park to be cut down to deter gay cruising activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clear cutting not only changed the look of the landscape but also introduced invasive species to the area, which continue to disturb the ecology of Mont Royal park today.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, issues surrounding green space in Montreal do not only exist in the past, and controversy continues to this day. Urbanization on the island of Montreal has been detrimental to the protection and upkeep of green space.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion of road networks throughout the early 2000s, specifically Autoroute 440, affected at least five separate green parks in the Île Bizard region.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Green spaces that exist today are also not evenly distributed across the Montreal landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a concentration of green spaces in the middle of the island –near the downtown core and surrounding neighbourhoods– but there exists a clear lack of parks available to the residents of the Eastern region of Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been past issues with securing municipal and provincial funding to buy and protect green spaces on the island of Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2002 budget year, the government set aside only $1.5 million dollars over three years for acquiring new green spaces and protecting existing parks in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there have been more recent investments in green spaces and talks of buying land on the West Island to make a large park, some of the area is privately owned and cannot be fully protected.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_developments">Future developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Future developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The future of green spaces in Montreal appears to be promising, but there are issues that showcase conflicts in the city’s future initiatives. The creation of a 3,000-hectare park in the northwest corner of Montreal, le Grand Parc de l’Ouest, is the city’s largest green space development, and will incorporate five nature reserves that will be connected through forests, wetlands, and trails.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the praise it has received from environmentalists, it has also been criticized for its location in the higher-income west side, where parks are easily accessible to its residents.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has adopted the Protection and Enhancement of Natural Space, an ongoing policy since 2004, that will address the disparity in green space availability between east and west by focusing on parks such as the Saint Jacques Escarpment and the East Island Greenbelt.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans for the future of the Saint Jacques Escarpment belong to the larger Turcot Yards project.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In shifting the highway north, the city freed up space for a 2 km long park with a bicycle path, as well as green walkways to connect Notre Dame de Grace with other neighbourhoods that were inaccessible before.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, to promote accessibility, Montreal’s Mayor announced a budget of $18 million for shoreline redevelopment for 11 boroughs on both east and west ends.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new project seeks to increase neighbourhood access to waterfront public spaces, by constructing new piers, expanding shorelines, and using these new areas to create green spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mayor also announced the revitalization of the east-end’s Parc La Fontaine, by transforming the current road that divides the park into a pedestrian walkway, renovating the park’s theatre, and cleaning up its pond.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Montreal suffers from an east-west disparity in green spaces, it is demonstrating its commitment in diminishing this gap through the initiatives it has planned for the new decade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums_and_cultural_centres">Museums and cultural centres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Museums and cultural centres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montreal#Museums" title="Culture of Montreal">Culture of Montreal § Museums</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redpath_Museum_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Redpath_Museum_2006.jpg/220px-Redpath_Museum_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Redpath_Museum_2006.jpg/330px-Redpath_Museum_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Redpath_Museum_2006.jpg/440px-Redpath_Museum_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Redpath Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Montreal is the centre of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Quebec culture</a> and a major centre of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian culture">Canadian culture</a> in general. It has many specialized museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Montreal Museum of Fine Arts">Montreal Museum of Fine Arts</a> (MMFA), the Musée d'art contemporain (MAC), the <a href="/wiki/Redpath_Museum" title="Redpath Museum">Redpath Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_l%27%C3%8Ele_Sainte-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort de l'Île Sainte-Hélène">Stewart Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/McCord_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="McCord Museum">McCord Museum of Canadian History</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Architecture" title="Canadian Centre for Architecture">Canadian Centre for Architecture</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Place_des_Arts" title="Place des Arts">Place des Arts</a> cultural complex houses the MAC and several theatres, and is the seat of the Montreal Opera and the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Montreal Symphony Orchestra">Montreal Symphony Orchestra</a>, although the latter is slated to receive a new concert hall adjacent to Place des Arts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olympic_Park">Olympic Park</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Olympic Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)" title="Olympic Stadium (Montreal)">Olympic Stadium (Montreal)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympiastadion_Montreal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Olympiastadion_Montreal.jpg/250px-Olympiastadion_Montreal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Olympiastadion_Montreal.jpg/375px-Olympiastadion_Montreal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Olympiastadion_Montreal.jpg/500px-Olympiastadion_Montreal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)" title="Olympic Stadium (Montreal)">Olympic Stadium</a>, in the city's eastern section</figcaption></figure> <p>The Olympic installations site is next to <a href="/wiki/Pie-IX_(Montreal_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pie-IX (Montreal Metro)">Metro Pie-IX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viau_(Montreal_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viau (Montreal Metro)">Metro Viau</a>, 6 km (3.7 mi) from downtown in the <a href="/wiki/Hochelaga-Maisonneuve" title="Hochelaga-Maisonneuve">Hochelaga-Maisonneuve</a> district, and consists of several buildings designed by French architect <a href="/wiki/Roger_Taillibert" title="Roger Taillibert">Roger Taillibert</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)" title="Olympic Stadium (Montreal)">Olympic Stadium</a> is ovoid shaped with a distinctive 'ribbed' look, and has the world's tallest inclined tower at 175 m (574 ft) high; it leans at 45 degrees. The complex includes the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Biodome" title="Montreal Biodome">Montreal Biodome</a>, originally a fully functional <a href="/wiki/Velodrome" title="Velodrome">velodrome</a>. Two pyramidal towers, known as the Olympic Village, were built to house athletes but now serve as both apartments and offices. </p><p>The Montreal <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Summer Olympics</a> were successful, but construction problems and corruption created a massive financial burden for citizens. At the opening, the tower and the retractable roof were incomplete. The tower was completed years later but the retractable roof was never completed as originally planned by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Taillibert" title="Roger Taillibert">Taillibert</a>. Anglo locals refer to the stadium as the "Big O" due to its shape, but also as the "Big Owe" — a reference to the Olympic Park's exorbitant total cost, which was only paid off thirty years later with the help of a special tobacco tax. </p><p>The stadium was also home to the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Expos" title="Montreal Expos">Expos</a> from 1977 until the team moved to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> after the 2004 season, and has sometimes been home for the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes" title="Montreal Alouettes">Montreal Alouettes</a>. Today, Montreal's Olympic Park hosts limited professional sports events and is mainly a tourist and cultural attraction. </p><p>Montreal hosted the 2006 1st <a href="/wiki/World_Outgames" title="World Outgames">World Outgames</a> holding the opening/closing ceremonies and many of the events at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)" title="Olympic Stadium (Montreal)">Olympic Stadium</a>. The event drew over 10,000 participants. Most were Gay athletes, but many participated in other cultural events such as ballroom dancing. Opening ceremonies brought international athletes, local politicians, and entertainers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space_for_Life">Space for Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Space for Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_for_Life" title="Space for Life">Space for Life</a></div> <p><b>Space for Life</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <b>Espace pour la vie</b>) is a museum district. It consists of five natural museums: the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Biosphere" title="Montreal Biosphere">Biosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Biodome" title="Montreal Biodome">Biodome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Alcan_Planetarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium">Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Botanical_Garden" title="Montreal Botanical Garden">Botanical Garden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al_Insectarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal Insectarium">Insectarium</a>. </p><p>The Biosphere is a museum dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>, housed in the former United States pavilion constructed for <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a>. It is located in <a href="/wiki/Parc_Jean-Drapeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc Jean-Drapeau">Parc Jean-Drapeau</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helen%27s_Island" title="Saint Helen's Island">Saint Helen's Island</a>. The Biodome, a former velodrome, is a facility located in the Olympic Park which allows visitors to walk through replicas of various ecosystems. The Montreal Botanical Garden, located in the borough of <a href="/wiki/Rosemont%E2%80%93La_Petite-Patrie" title="Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie">Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie</a>, comprises 75 hectares (190 acres) of thematic gardens and greenhouses. It is one of the biggest botanical Gardens in the world, second only to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. The Montreal Insectarium is located within the Botanical Garden and features many insects of various species, both live and dead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Underground_City">Underground City</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Underground City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal" title="Underground City, Montreal">Underground City, Montreal</a></div> <p>Montreal's <b>Underground City</b> (French: La ville souterraine) is the set of underground city complexes in and around downtown. It is also known as the indoor city (ville intérieure), as not all of it is underground. With over 32 km (20 mi) of tunnels spread over an area of 12 km<sup>2</sup> (4.6 sq mi), the 60 residential and commercial complexes comprise 3.6 km<sup>2</sup> (1.39 sq mi) of floor space, including 80% of all office space and 35% of all commercial space in downtown Montreal. Services include <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping malls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a>, offices, <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, seven <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">metro</a> stations, two commuter train stations, a <a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">bus terminal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Centre" title="Bell Centre">Bell Centre</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">hockey</a> arena. There are more than 120 exterior access points to the underground city. Some 500,000 people use the underground city every day, especially to escape the <a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">traffic</a> and/or Montreal's harsh winter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Montreal" title="List of neighbourhoods in Montreal">List of neighbourhoods in Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Montreal" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Montreal">List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Montreal</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Montreal_landmarks" title="Template:Montreal landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Montreal_landmarks" title="Template talk:Montreal landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Montreal_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Montreal landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Montreal669" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Landmarks of Montreal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Montreal" title="List of museums in Montreal">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ramezay" title="Château Ramezay">Château Ramezay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_d%27histoire_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Centre d'histoire de Montréal">Centre d'histoire de Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Biodome" title="Montreal Biodome">Biodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_Saint-Gabriel_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison Saint-Gabriel Museum">Maison Saint-Gabriel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Biosph%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Biosphère">Montreal Biosphère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Architecture" title="Canadian Centre for Architecture">Canadian Centre for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCord_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="McCord Museum">McCord Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Insectarium" title="Montreal Insectarium">Montreal Insectarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Montreal Museum of Fine Arts">Montreal Museum of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_contemporain_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal">Musée d'art contemporain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-%C3%A0-Calli%C3%A8re_Museum" title="Pointe-à-Callière Museum">Pointe-à-Callière Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redpath_Museum" title="Redpath Museum">Redpath Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Alcan_Planetarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium">Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fur_Trade_at_Lachine_National_Historic_Site" title="The Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site">The Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Science_Centre" title="Montreal Science Centre">Montreal Science Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier_National_Historic_Site" title="Sir George-Étienne Cartier National Historic Site">Sir George-Étienne Cartier National Historic Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Montreal" title="Category:Churches in Montreal">Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral_(Montreal)" title="Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)">Christ Church Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Michael_and_St._Anthony" title="Church of St. Michael and St. Anthony">Church of St. Michael and St. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_the_World_Cathedral" title="Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral">Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Basilica_(Montreal)" title="Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)">Notre-Dame Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_United_Church_(Montreal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint James United Church (Montreal)">Saint James United Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Oratory" title="Saint Joseph's Oratory">Saint Joseph's Oratory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Montreal" title="List of tallest buildings in Montreal">Skyscrapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1000_de_La_Gaucheti%C3%A8re" title="1000 de La Gauchetière">1000 de La Gauchetière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1250_Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9vesque" title="1250 René-Lévesque">1250 René-Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1501_McGill_College" title="1501 McGill College">1501 McGill College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_de_la_Bourse" title="Tour de la Bourse">Tour de la Bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Ville_Marie" title="Place Ville Marie">Place Ville Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_CIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Tour CIBC">Tour CIBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Life_Building" title="Sun Life Building">Sun Life Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexe_Desjardins" title="Complexe Desjardins">Complexe Desjardins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmount_Square" title="Westmount Square">Westmount Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_Radio-Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison Radio-Canada">Maison Radio-Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atwater_Market" title="Atwater Market">Atwater Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Centre" title="Bell Centre">Bell Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeau_Orange_Julep" title="Gibeau Orange Julep">Big Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsecours_Market" title="Bonsecours Market">Bonsecours Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Dufresne" title="Château Dufresne">Château Dufresne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Biblioth%C3%A8que" title="Grande Bibliothèque">Grande Bibliothèque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_67" title="Habitat 67">Habitat 67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitations_Jeanne-Mance" title="Habitations Jeanne-Mance">Habitations Jeanne-Mance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurtubise_House" title="Hurtubise House">Hurtubise House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Talon_Market" title="Jean-Talon Market">Jean-Talon Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_Building_(McGill_University)" title="Arts Building (McGill University)">McCall MacBain Arts Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Casino" title="Montreal Casino">Montreal Casino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_City_Hall" title="Montreal City Hall">Montreal City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Clock_Tower" title="Montreal Clock Tower">Montreal Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Forum" title="Montreal Forum">Montreal Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_Chalet" title="Mount Royal Chalet">Mount Royal Chalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_Cross" title="Mount Royal Cross">Mount Royal Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Park_(Montreal)" title="Olympic Park (Montreal)">Olympic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)" title="Olympic Stadium (Montreal)">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_des_congr%C3%A8s_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Palais des congrès de Montréal">Palais des congrès de Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peck_Building" title="Peck Building">Peck Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Bonaventure" title="Place Bonaventure">Place Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Arts" title="Place des Arts">Place des Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Technoparc" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Technoparc">Technoparc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal" title="Underground City, Montreal">Underground City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Station_(Montreal)" title="Windsor Station (Montreal)">Windsor Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Centre_Montreal" title="World Trade Centre Montreal">World Trade Centre Montreal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Montreal" title="List of parks in Montreal">Nature and parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angrignon_Park" title="Angrignon Park">Angrignon Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois-de-l%27%C3%8Ele-Bizard_Nature_Park" title="Bois-de-l'Île-Bizard Nature Park">Bois-de-l'Île-Bizard Nature Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois-de-Liesse_Nature_Park" title="Bois-de-Liesse Nature Park">Bois-de-Liesse Nature Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap-Saint-Jacques_Nature_Park" title="Cap-Saint-Jacques Nature Park">Cap-Saint-Jacques Nature Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarry_Park" title="Jarry Park">Jarry Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Jean-Drapeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc Jean-Drapeau">Parc Jean-Drapeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne-Mance_Park" title="Jeanne-Mance Park">Jeanne-Mance Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_Canal" title="Lachine Canal">Lachine Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Fontaine_Park" title="La Fontaine Park">La Fontaine Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse-%C3%A0-l%27Orme_Nature_Park" title="L'Anse-à-l'Orme Nature Park">L'Anse-à-l'Orme Nature Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisonneuve_Park" title="Maisonneuve Park">Maisonneuve Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Botanical_Garden" title="Montreal Botanical Garden">Montreal Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal" title="Mount Royal">Mount Royal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier_Monument" title="George-Étienne Cartier Monument">George-Étienne Cartier Monument</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Port_of_Montreal" title="Old Port of Montreal">Old Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Park,_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Park, Montreal">Olympic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Park,_Montreal" title="Oxford Park, Montreal">Oxford Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-aux-Prairies_Nature_Park" title="Pointe-aux-Prairies Nature Park">Pointe-aux-Prairies Nature Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruisseau-De_Montigny_Nature_Park" title="Ruisseau-De Montigny Nature Park">Ruisseau-De Montigny Nature Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Montreal#Urban_squares" title="List of parks in Montreal">Squares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabot_Square,_Montreal" title="Cabot Square, Montreal">Cabot Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars,_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Champ de Mars, Montreal">Champ de Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Square" title="Dorchester Square">Dorchester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Square" title="Phillips Square">Phillips Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_d%27Armes" title="Place d'Armes">Place d'Armes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Canada" title="Place du Canada">Place du Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_%C3%89milie-Gamelin" title="Place Émilie-Gamelin">Place Émilie-Gamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Jacques-Cartier" title="Place Jacques-Cartier">Place Jacques-Cartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Jean-Paul_Riopelle" title="Place Jean-Paul Riopelle">Place Jean-Paul Riopelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_Square" title="Saint-Louis Square">Saint-Louis Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Montreal" title="Victoria Square, Montreal">Victoria Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_d%27Youville" title="Place d'Youville">Place d'Youville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hochelaga_Archipelago" title="Hochelaga Archipelago">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Bizard" title="Île Bizard">Île Bizard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Visitation" title="Île de la Visitation">Île de la Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Montreal" title="Island of Montreal">Island of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Island" title="Notre Dame Island">Notre Dame Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuns%27_Island" title="Nuns' Island">Nuns' Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helen%27s_Island" title="Saint Helen's Island">Saint Helen's Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Montreal" title="Transportation in Montreal">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Central_Station" title="Montreal Central Station">Central Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_express_m%C3%A9tropolitain" title="Réseau express métropolitain">Réseau express métropolitain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_transport_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Société de transport de Montréal">Société de transport de Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exo_commuter_rail" title="Exo commuter rail">Exo commuter rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_d%27autocars_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Gare d'autocars de Montréal">Gare d'autocars de Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport">Trudeau Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Festivals_and_parades_in_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals and parades in Montreal">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Grand_Prix" title="Canadian Grand Prix">Canadian Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers/Cit%C3%A9" title="Divers/Cité">Divers/Cité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_International_Film_Festival" title="Fantasia International Film Festival">Fantasia International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_du_Nouveau_Cin%C3%A9ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival du Nouveau Cinéma">Festival of New Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_FrancoFolies_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Les FrancoFolies de Montréal">Les FrancoFolies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_for_Laughs" title="Just for Laughs">Just for Laughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27International_des_Feux_Loto-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="L'International des Feux Loto-Québec">Montreal Fireworks Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreal International Jazz Festival">Montreal International Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_World_Film_Festival" title="Montreal World Film Festival">Montreal World Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam-Tams" title="Tam-Tams">Tam-Tams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_des_Neiges_Cemetery" title="Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery">Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Establishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Bagel" title="Fairmount Bagel">Fairmount Bagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Banquise" title="La Banquise">La Banquise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ronde_(amusement_park)" title="La Ronde (amusement park)">La Ronde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Pool_Room" title="Montreal Pool Room">Montreal Pool Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwartz%27s" title="Schwartz's">Schwartz's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St-Viateur_Bagel" title="St-Viateur Bagel">St-Viateur Bagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilensky%27s" title="Wilensky's">Wilensky's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Montreal" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Montreal">National Historic Sites in Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_places_in_Montreal" title="List of historic places in Montreal">Historic places in Montreal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Montreal" title="Category:Montreal">Category:Montreal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Montreal" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Montreal">WikiProject:Montreal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarks_of_Montreal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtl.org/en/experience/guide-montreal-parks-green-spaces">"A guide to Montréal's parks and green spaces | Tourisme Montréal"</a>. <i>www.mtl.org</i>. 2017-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mtl.org&rft.atitle=A+guide+to+Montr%C3%A9al%27s+parks+and+green+spaces+%7C+Tourisme+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.date=2017-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtl.org%2Fen%2Fexperience%2Fguide-montreal-parks-green-spaces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=7377,143292995&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">"Voir la programmation des parcs-nature"</a> [Discover the Nature Parks] (in French). Ville de Montréal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voir+la+programmation+des+parcs-nature&rft.pub=Ville+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fville.montreal.qc.ca%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D7377%2C143292995%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=7377,123235660&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">"Cartes et autres plans des grands parcs"</a> [Maps and other plans of large parks] (in French). Ville de Montréal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cartes+et+autres+plans+des+grands+parcs&rft.pub=Ville+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fville.montreal.qc.ca%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D7377%2C123235660%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=2762,3100383&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">"Master Plan"</a>. Ville de Montréal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Master+Plan&rft.pub=Ville+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fville.montreal.qc.ca%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D2762%2C3100383%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=7377,94705582&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">"Les milieux naturels"</a> [Natural Environments]. Ville de Montréal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+milieux+naturels&rft.pub=Ville+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fville.montreal.qc.ca%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D7377%2C94705582%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDajardins" class="citation web cs1">Dajardins, Maude. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=1&tableid=11&tablename=theme&elementid=115__true&contentlong">"Open-air Spaces: Montreal's Parks"</a>. McCord Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open-air+Spaces%3A+Montreal%27s+Parks&rft.pub=McCord+Museum&rft.aulast=Dajardins&rft.aufirst=Maude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.musee-mccord.qc.ca%2Fscripts%2Fexplore.php%3FLang%3D1%26tableid%3D11%26tablename%3Dtheme%26elementid%3D115__true%26contentlong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD'Alimonte" class="citation web cs1">D'Alimonte, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtlblog.com/news/a-montreal-map-showing-the-richest-and-poorest-neighbourhoods-in-the-city">"A Montreal Map Showing The Richest And Poorest Neighbourhoods In The City"</a>. <i>www.mtlblog.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mtlblog.com&rft.atitle=A+Montreal+Map+Showing+The+Richest+And+Poorest+Neighbourhoods+In+The+City&rft.aulast=D%27Alimonte&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtlblog.com%2Fnews%2Fa-montreal-map-showing-the-richest-and-poorest-neighbourhoods-in-the-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westmount.org/en/parks/">"Parks and green spaces"</a>. <i>City of Westmount</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Westmount&rft.atitle=Parks+and+green+spaces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestmount.org%2Fen%2Fparks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestgate2018" class="citation web cs1">Westgate, Geneviève (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialconnectedness.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Equity-and-Green-Space-in-Montreal-.pdf">"Equity and Green Space in Montreal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Samuel Centre for Social Connectedness.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equity+and+Green+Space+in+Montreal&rft.pub=Samuel+Centre+for+Social+Connectedness&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Westgate&rft.aufirst=Genevi%C3%A8ve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialconnectedness.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FEquity-and-Green-Space-in-Montreal-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDagenais2009" class="citation book cs1">Dagenais, Michèle (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://niche-canada.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/chapter13-Dagenais.pdf">"The Urbanization of Nature: Water Networks and Green Spaces in Montreal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In MacEachern, Alan; Turkel, William J. (eds.). <i>Method and Meaning in Canadian Environmental History</i>. Toronto: Nelson. pp. <span class="nowrap">214–</span>233<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Urbanization+of+Nature%3A+Water+Networks+and+Green+Spaces+in+Montreal&rft.btitle=Method+and+Meaning+in+Canadian+Environmental+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dagenais&rft.aufirst=Mich%C3%A8le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fniche-canada.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F04%2Fchapter13-Dagenais.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOljemark" class="citation web cs1">Oljemark, Sylvia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocpm.qc.ca/sites/ocpm.qc.ca/files/pdf/P85/5.6.1_montrealsgreenspacestory_2.pdf">"Montreal's Green Space Story: Past and Present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">11.2 –</span> <span class="nowrap">11.27</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montreal%27s+Green+Space+Story%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11.2+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11.27%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.aulast=Oljemark&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focpm.qc.ca%2Fsites%2Focpm.qc.ca%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2FP85%2F5.6.1_montrealsgreenspacestory_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThibert2015" class="citation book cs1">Thibert, Joël (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315585628"><i>Governing Urban Regions Through Collaboration</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315585628">10.4324/9781315585628</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317125471" title="Special:BookSources/9781317125471"><bdi>9781317125471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+Urban+Regions+Through+Collaboration&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315585628&rft.isbn=9781317125471&rft.aulast=Thibert&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781315585628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/montreal-could-be-doing-more-to-create-green-spaces-report-finds-1.5177191">"Montreal could be doing more to create green spaces, report finds"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montreal+could+be+doing+more+to+create+green+spaces%2C+report+finds&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2019-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fmontreal-could-be-doing-more-to-create-green-spaces-report-finds-1.5177191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarks+of+Montreal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/morality-cuts-mount-royal-1.4497113">"How 1950s moralizing is still impacting Mount Royal's trees"</a>. 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