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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Affirmative Action</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">19,285 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Affirmative Action</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Affirmative_Action">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41410752" data-work_id="41410752" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41410752/A_Lei_de_Cotas_no_ensino_superior_brasileiro_reflex%C3%B5es_sobre_a_pol%C3%ADtica_p%C3%BAblica_e_as_universidades_federais">A "Lei de Cotas" no ensino superior brasileiro: reflexões sobre a política pública e as universidades federais</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This thesis analyses the federal law nº 12.711 of 2012 (“Law of quotas”) in Brazilian higher education. This thesis assumed that the Law of quotas reflects ways of thinking and acting in the world emphasizing that its elaboration and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41410752" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This thesis analyses the federal law nº 12.711 of 2012 (“Law of quotas”) in Brazilian higher education. This thesis assumed that the Law of quotas reflects ways of thinking and acting in the world emphasizing that its elaboration and implementation were characterized by discourses elaborated by different agents involved with this affirmative action (AA). In the first part, this thesis analyses how the Law of quotas was born: its early texts, the discourse of political agents involved in the process and how federal universities interpreted and implemented it. This thesis articulates theoretical contributions of Sociology, Public Policies and Studies of the Discourse and presents them through different ways since the problematization to data analysis. The primary sources of information were records, audio, and texts (e.g., Law projects, LPs, reports, interviews, etc). The Critical Discourse Analysis guided the analysis. This thesis shows that the Law of quotas was formed along 13 years (1999-2012) and it was the result of a series of rituals regulated by State and by the action of different agents authorized by it. Even though, the law project (LP) nº 73 is usually considered the first step of the law of quotas, the results pointed out that in fact, other 16 LPs that had focused on higher education influenced the final text. At the end of the legal drafting proceedings, the text was mainly based on the elements suggests by other Project: the LP nº 3.627 of 2004. In this step, stood out two political forces: the Workers Party and the Brazilian Social Democratic Party. The political agents' affiliates to these two political parties showed certain convergences but also differenced when identifying the social problem, the solution that should be adopted and its possible effects. In the implementation of the Law of quotas, this thesis investigated how two universities, the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and the experience of the Federal University of Ceará (UFC), discussed and implemented it. The results show that despite the debate about affirmative actions had started in those two universities in 2005, only UFRGS created this type of affirmative action before the Federal Law. After the sanction of the Law, the UFC went quicker and implemented quotas of 50%. In general, the bureaucratic agents agreed to three axés of the political discourse (diagnostic, solution and effects). In the institutional framework, the analysis also highlighted the diversity of the interpretations on the obligation of the Law and about the principle of university autonomy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41410752" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="68f9a3b5eeb1acafd4cb02feeedf63c8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61598693,"asset_id":41410752,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61598693/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="59633879" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrunaAnhaia">Bruna Anhaia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="59633879" type="text/json">{"id":59633879,"first_name":"Bruna","last_name":"Anhaia","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrunaAnhaia","display_name":"Bruna Anhaia","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrunaAnhaia?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41410752 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41410752"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41410752, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41410752", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41410752 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41410752; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41410752"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41410752 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41410752"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41410752; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41410752]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41410752").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41410752").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41410752"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9821" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil">Brazil</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9821" type="text/json">{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65318" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brasil">Brasil</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="65318" type="text/json">{"id":65318,"name":"Brasil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brasil?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41410752]'), work: {"id":41410752,"title":"A \"Lei de Cotas\" no ensino superior brasileiro: reflexões sobre a política pública e as universidades federais","created_at":"2019-12-24T07:30:50.783-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41410752/A_Lei_de_Cotas_no_ensino_superior_brasileiro_reflex%C3%B5es_sobre_a_pol%C3%ADtica_p%C3%BAblica_e_as_universidades_federais?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_41410752","summary":"This thesis analyses the federal law nº 12.711 of 2012 (“Law of quotas”) in Brazilian higher education. This thesis assumed that the Law of quotas reflects ways of thinking and acting in the world emphasizing that its elaboration and implementation were characterized by discourses elaborated by different agents involved with this affirmative action (AA). In the first part, this thesis analyses how the Law of quotas was born: its early texts, the discourse of political agents involved in the process and how federal universities interpreted and implemented it. This thesis articulates theoretical contributions of Sociology, Public Policies and Studies of the Discourse and presents them through different ways since the problematization to data analysis. The primary sources of information were records, audio, and texts (e.g., Law projects, LPs, reports, interviews, etc). The Critical Discourse Analysis guided the analysis. This thesis shows that the Law of quotas was formed along 13 years (1999-2012) and it was the result of a series of rituals regulated by State and by the action of different agents authorized by it. Even though, the law project (LP) nº 73 is usually considered the first step of the law of quotas, the results pointed out that in fact, other 16 LPs that had focused on higher education influenced the final text. At the end of the legal drafting proceedings, the text was mainly based on the elements suggests by other Project: the LP nº 3.627 of 2004. In this step, stood out two political forces: the Workers Party and the Brazilian Social Democratic Party. The political agents' affiliates to these two political parties showed certain convergences but also differenced when identifying the social problem, the solution that should be adopted and its possible effects. In the implementation of the Law of quotas, this thesis investigated how two universities, the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and the experience of the Federal University of Ceará (UFC), discussed and implemented it. The results show that despite the debate about affirmative actions had started in those two universities in 2005, only UFRGS created this type of affirmative action before the Federal Law. After the sanction of the Law, the UFC went quicker and implemented quotas of 50%. In general, the bureaucratic agents agreed to three axés of the political discourse (diagnostic, solution and effects). In the institutional framework, the analysis also highlighted the diversity of the interpretations on the obligation of the Law and about the principle of university autonomy.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61598693,"asset_id":41410752,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":59633879,"first_name":"Bruna","last_name":"Anhaia","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrunaAnhaia","display_name":"Bruna Anhaia","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrunaAnhaia?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":65318,"name":"Brasil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brasil?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":65713,"name":"Políticas Públicas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pol%C3%ADticas_P%C3%BAblicas?f_ri=48197"},{"id":240516,"name":"Ensino Superior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ensino_Superior?f_ri=48197"},{"id":320882,"name":"Ações Afirmativas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acoes_Afirmativas?f_ri=48197"},{"id":609445,"name":"Cotas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cotas?f_ri=48197"},{"id":997253,"name":"Representation and Quotas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Representation_and_Quotas?f_ri=48197"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79894908" data-work_id="79894908" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79894908/Is_Race_Neutral_Really_Race_Neutral_Disparate_Impact_towards_Underrepresented_Minorities_in_Post_209_UC_System_Admissions">Is “Race-Neutral” Really Race-Neutral?: Disparate Impact towards Underrepresented Minorities in Post-209 UC System Admissions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79894908" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d556b9524ffdb4c3f5d0a9ca2ef9980f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86456584,"asset_id":79894908,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86456584/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6430526" href="https://arizona.academia.edu/NolanCabrera">Nolan Cabrera</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6430526" type="text/json">{"id":6430526,"first_name":"Nolan","last_name":"Cabrera","domain_name":"arizona","page_name":"NolanCabrera","display_name":"Nolan Cabrera","profile_url":"https://arizona.academia.edu/NolanCabrera?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6430526/5444358/8405202/s65_nolan.cabrera.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79894908 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79894908"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79894908, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79894908", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79894908 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79894908; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_79894908"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_79894908 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79894908"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79894908; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79894908]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79894908").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79894908").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79894908"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="69841" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standard_Deviation">Standard Deviation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="69841" type="text/json">{"id":69841,"name":"Standard Deviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standard_Deviation?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79894908]'), work: {"id":79894908,"title":"Is “Race-Neutral” Really Race-Neutral?: Disparate Impact towards Underrepresented Minorities in Post-209 UC System Admissions","created_at":"2022-05-25T06:29:43.143-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79894908/Is_Race_Neutral_Really_Race_Neutral_Disparate_Impact_towards_Underrepresented_Minorities_in_Post_209_UC_System_Admissions?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_79894908","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86456584,"asset_id":79894908,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6430526,"first_name":"Nolan","last_name":"Cabrera","domain_name":"arizona","page_name":"NolanCabrera","display_name":"Nolan Cabrera","profile_url":"https://arizona.academia.edu/NolanCabrera?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6430526/5444358/8405202/s65_nolan.cabrera.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":69841,"name":"Standard Deviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standard_Deviation?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":124971,"name":"Education Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Systems?f_ri=48197"},{"id":734113,"name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/University_of_Southern_California?f_ri=48197"},{"id":2872765,"name":"The Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Higher_Education?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32421992" data-work_id="32421992" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32421992/MUHAMMADIYAH_IDEOLOGY_AFFIRMATIVE_ACTION_FOR_LGBT_BASED_ON_NAWACITA">MUHAMMADIYAH IDEOLOGY: AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR LGBT BASED ON NAWACITA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It is clear that Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender is new phenomena in Indonesia which is make a new controversy today. There are two perspective which debate about how society to accept and reject this phenomena. This study aims to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32421992" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It is clear that Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender is new phenomena in Indonesia which is make a new controversy today. There are two perspective which debate about how society to accept and reject this phenomena. This study aims to promote the idea of affirmative action for LGBT in the school. A questionnaire was use to capture about the student opinion about LGBT and how to treat LGBT in the daily life. The survey result of the research shows that student in Yogyakarta had good tolerance and contribute to give affirmative action in the school. In addition, the enlightening spirit of Muhammadiyah is to make LGBT change their orientation by soft treatment especially in the Muhammadiyah school. In conclusion, this study assumption that affirmative action for LGBT based on Muhammadiyah value is the most effective strategy to make mental revolution will be success for LGBT especially in Yogyakarta.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32421992" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ac305e91e5d70ca3d55133fa45320de6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52617344,"asset_id":32421992,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52617344/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5759483" href="https://uad.academia.edu/ArdianBakhtiar">Ardian Bakhtiar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5759483" type="text/json">{"id":5759483,"first_name":"Ardian","last_name":"Bakhtiar","domain_name":"uad","page_name":"ArdianBakhtiar","display_name":"Ardian Bakhtiar","profile_url":"https://uad.academia.edu/ArdianBakhtiar?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5759483/2698624/16647912/s65_ardian.bakhtiar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32421992 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32421992"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32421992, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32421992", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32421992]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32421992").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32421992").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32421992"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6667" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LGBT_Issues">LGBT Issues</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6667" type="text/json">{"id":6667,"name":"LGBT Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LGBT_Issues?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="300744" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muhammadiyah_Studies">Muhammadiyah Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="300744" type="text/json">{"id":300744,"name":"Muhammadiyah Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muhammadiyah_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32421992]'), work: {"id":32421992,"title":"MUHAMMADIYAH IDEOLOGY: AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR LGBT BASED ON NAWACITA","created_at":"2017-04-14T00:54:00.255-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32421992/MUHAMMADIYAH_IDEOLOGY_AFFIRMATIVE_ACTION_FOR_LGBT_BASED_ON_NAWACITA?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_32421992","summary":"It is clear that Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender is new phenomena in Indonesia which is make a new controversy today. There are two perspective which debate about how society to accept and reject this phenomena. This study aims to promote the idea of affirmative action for LGBT in the school. A questionnaire was use to capture about the student opinion about LGBT and how to treat LGBT in the daily life. The survey result of the research shows that student in Yogyakarta had good tolerance and contribute to give affirmative action in the school. In addition, the enlightening spirit of Muhammadiyah is to make LGBT change their orientation by soft treatment especially in the Muhammadiyah school. In conclusion, this study assumption that affirmative action for LGBT based on Muhammadiyah value is the most effective strategy to make mental revolution will be success for LGBT especially in Yogyakarta.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52617344,"asset_id":32421992,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5759483,"first_name":"Ardian","last_name":"Bakhtiar","domain_name":"uad","page_name":"ArdianBakhtiar","display_name":"Ardian Bakhtiar","profile_url":"https://uad.academia.edu/ArdianBakhtiar?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5759483/2698624/16647912/s65_ardian.bakhtiar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6667,"name":"LGBT Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LGBT_Issues?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":300744,"name":"Muhammadiyah Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muhammadiyah_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47138354" data-work_id="47138354" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47138354/Umgekehrte_Diskriminierung">Umgekehrte Diskriminierung</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47138354" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="05cc29c7bae89872a28065c1c7a443b7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66389613,"asset_id":47138354,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66389613/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1611213" href="https://uni-goettingen.academia.edu/ChristineBratu">Christine Bratu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1611213" type="text/json">{"id":1611213,"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Bratu","domain_name":"uni-goettingen","page_name":"ChristineBratu","display_name":"Christine Bratu","profile_url":"https://uni-goettingen.academia.edu/ChristineBratu?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47138354 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47138354"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47138354, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47138354", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47138354]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47138354").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47138354").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47138354"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94804" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Quotas">Gender Quotas</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="94804" type="text/json">{"id":94804,"name":"Gender Quotas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Quotas?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47138354]'), work: {"id":47138354,"title":"Umgekehrte Diskriminierung","created_at":"2021-04-21T00:31:28.446-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47138354/Umgekehrte_Diskriminierung?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_47138354","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66389613,"asset_id":47138354,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1611213,"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Bratu","domain_name":"uni-goettingen","page_name":"ChristineBratu","display_name":"Christine Bratu","profile_url":"https://uni-goettingen.academia.edu/ChristineBratu?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":94804,"name":"Gender Quotas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Quotas?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15118538 coauthored" data-work_id="15118538" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15118538/Diversity_and_Affirmative_Action_in_Higher_Education">Diversity and Affirmative Action in Higher Education</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We examine the practice of affirmative action and consequences of its proscription on the admission and tuition policies of institutions of higher education in a general equilibrium framework. Colleges are differentiated ex ante by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15118538" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We examine the practice of affirmative action and consequences of its proscription on the admission and tuition policies of institutions of higher education in a general equilibrium framework. Colleges are differentiated ex ante by endowments and compete for students that differ by race, household income, and academic qualification. Colleges maximize a quality index that is increasing in mean academic ability of students, educational resources per student, an income-diversity measure, and a racial-diversity measure. Proscription of affirmative action requires that admission and tuition policies are race blind. Colleges then use the informational content about race in income and academic ability in reformulating their optimal policies. Finally, we examine "racial profiling" as an alternative explanation for college admission policies that weigh race.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15118538" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="64614c4ea275728889145e397b078d16" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43566653,"asset_id":15118538,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43566653/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34155270" href="https://florida.academia.edu/RichardRomano">Richard Romano</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34155270" type="text/json">{"id":34155270,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Romano","domain_name":"florida","page_name":"RichardRomano","display_name":"Richard Romano","profile_url":"https://florida.academia.edu/RichardRomano?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-15118538">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-15118538"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/DennisEpple">Dennis Epple</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-15118538'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-15118538').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15118538 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15118538"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15118538; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15118538]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15118538").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15118538").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15118538"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory">Economic Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6208" type="text/json">{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48601" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/General_Equilibrium">General Equilibrium</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48601" type="text/json">{"id":48601,"name":"General Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/General_Equilibrium?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15118538]'), work: {"id":15118538,"title":"Diversity and Affirmative Action in Higher Education","created_at":"2015-08-23T09:12:39.210-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15118538/Diversity_and_Affirmative_Action_in_Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_15118538","summary":"We examine the practice of affirmative action and consequences of its proscription on the admission and tuition policies of institutions of higher education in a general equilibrium framework. Colleges are differentiated ex ante by endowments and compete for students that differ by race, household income, and academic qualification. Colleges maximize a quality index that is increasing in mean academic ability of students, educational resources per student, an income-diversity measure, and a racial-diversity measure. Proscription of affirmative action requires that admission and tuition policies are race blind. Colleges then use the informational content about race in income and academic ability in reformulating their optimal policies. Finally, we examine \"racial profiling\" as an alternative explanation for college admission policies that weigh race.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43566653,"asset_id":15118538,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34155270,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Romano","domain_name":"florida","page_name":"RichardRomano","display_name":"Richard Romano","profile_url":"https://florida.academia.edu/RichardRomano?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":34297646,"first_name":"Dennis","last_name":"Epple","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DennisEpple","display_name":"Dennis Epple","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DennisEpple?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48601,"name":"General Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/General_Equilibrium?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":313898,"name":"Information Content","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Content?f_ri=48197"},{"id":434529,"name":"Public Economic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Economic?f_ri=48197"},{"id":744748,"name":"Minority Students","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Students?f_ri=48197"},{"id":1728294,"name":"Institutions of Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions_of_Higher_Education?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76896173" data-work_id="76896173" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76896173/Sander_the_Mismatch_Theory_and_Affirmative_Action_Critiquing_the_Absence_of_Praxis_in_Policy">Sander, the Mismatch Theory, and Affirmative Action: Critiquing the Absence of Praxis in Policy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This Article provides an efficient synthesis of the research to date on a controversial topic, Professor Richard Sander's mismatch theory, and the traction it continues to gain through litigation and political posturing. It is also the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76896173" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This Article provides an efficient synthesis of the research to date on a controversial topic, Professor Richard Sander's mismatch theory, and the traction it continues to gain through litigation and political posturing. It is also the point of embarkation on a forthcoming exploration of the appropriate place for African American law students. 1 Throughout the Article, I inject my own thoughts and analysis about Sander's, and each critic's, research and perspectives. This Article is timely because concepts like equity, equality, fairness, and justice continue to be heatedly discussed in a variety of forums, including academic journals and political debates. The Article's goal is to broaden the considerations involved in current affirmative action discussions and question policies constructed absent the voices of those most affected.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76896173" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0f2f646c66cba2e033db5ad229db5f74" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84450865,"asset_id":76896173,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84450865/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43216437" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JacksonJDPhD">Darrell D Jackson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43216437" type="text/json">{"id":43216437,"first_name":"Darrell","last_name":"Jackson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JacksonJDPhD","display_name":"Darrell D Jackson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JacksonJDPhD?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43216437/48036179/36601522/s65_darrell.jackson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76896173 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76896173"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76896173, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76896173", }); 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It is also the point of embarkation on a forthcoming exploration of the appropriate place for African American law students. 1 Throughout the Article, I inject my own thoughts and analysis about Sander's, and each critic's, research and perspectives. This Article is timely because concepts like equity, equality, fairness, and justice continue to be heatedly discussed in a variety of forums, including academic journals and political debates. The Article's goal is to broaden the considerations involved in current affirmative action discussions and question policies constructed absent the voices of those most affected.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84450865,"asset_id":76896173,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43216437,"first_name":"Darrell","last_name":"Jackson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JacksonJDPhD","display_name":"Darrell D Jackson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JacksonJDPhD?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43216437/48036179/36601522/s65_darrell.jackson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":53238,"name":"Race","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":69856,"name":"Social Science Research Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Science_Research_Network?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":155154,"name":"Black","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":251894,"name":"Qualitative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Analysis?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43134909 coauthored" data-work_id="43134909" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43134909/2020_The_Matthew_Effect_School_boundaries_school_funding_and_resources_and_school_staffing">2020 The Matthew Effect: School boundaries, school funding and resources, and school staffing.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This rewritten study examines The Matthew Effect and its impact on schools. While the lay interpretation of The Matthew Effect is "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer," this was not the original intent of the Gospel message. In... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43134909" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This rewritten study examines The Matthew Effect and its impact on schools. While the lay interpretation of The Matthew Effect is "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer," this was not the original intent of the Gospel message.<br /><br />In modern society, The Matthew Effect influences students' learning, schools' resourcing, staff attraction, and teachers' life-style choices; and this can then influence the quality of education that students are offered. We show that the moral drive to give all students an equitable chance to to achieve can bridge the achievement gaps that impact students' life opportunities.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.educationtoday.com.au/news-detail/The-Matthew-Effect-4936" rel="nofollow">https://www.educationtoday.com.au/news-detail/The-Matthew-Effect-4936</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43134909" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9d4d4e01977d92ef046248cc108c1844" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63393730,"asset_id":43134909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63393730/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50679764" href="https://uwa.academia.edu/RayBoyd">Dr Ray Boyd</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50679764" type="text/json">{"id":50679764,"first_name":"Dr Ray","last_name":"Boyd","domain_name":"uwa","page_name":"RayBoyd","display_name":"Dr Ray Boyd","profile_url":"https://uwa.academia.edu/RayBoyd?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50679764/13379572/14970807/s65_ray.boyd.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-43134909">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-43134909"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/NeilMacNeill">Dr Neil MacNeill</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-43134909'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-43134909').html(); 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While the lay interpretation of The Matthew Effect is \"the rich get richer and the poor get poorer,\" this was not the original intent of the Gospel message.\n\nIn modern society, The Matthew Effect influences students' learning, schools' resourcing, staff attraction, and teachers' life-style choices; and this can then influence the quality of education that students are offered. We show that the moral drive to give all students an equitable chance to to achieve can bridge the achievement gaps that impact students' life opportunities.\n\nhttps://www.educationtoday.com.au/news-detail/The-Matthew-Effect-4936 ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63393730,"asset_id":43134909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50679764,"first_name":"Dr Ray","last_name":"Boyd","domain_name":"uwa","page_name":"RayBoyd","display_name":"Dr Ray Boyd","profile_url":"https://uwa.academia.edu/RayBoyd?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50679764/13379572/14970807/s65_ray.boyd.jpg"},{"id":61630349,"first_name":"Dr Neil","last_name":"MacNeill","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NeilMacNeill","display_name":"Dr Neil MacNeill","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NeilMacNeill?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61630349/16013619/16516312/s65_neil.macneill.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":7595,"name":"Action research (Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_research_Methodology_?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":159181,"name":"Equality and Non Discrimination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality_and_Non_Discrimination?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17940793" data-work_id="17940793" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17940793/Thou_shalt_not_discriminate_How_emphasizing_moral_ideals_rather_than_obligations_increases_Whites_support_for_social_equality">Thou shalt not discriminate: How emphasizing moral ideals rather than obligations increases Whites' support for social equality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">... Correspondence should be addressed to: Serena Does, Leiden University, Institute for Psychological Research, Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, PO ... This inhibition tendency has been termed racial paralysis (Norton,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17940793" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">... Correspondence should be addressed to: Serena Does, Leiden University, Institute for Psychological Research, Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, PO ... This inhibition tendency has been termed racial paralysis (Norton, Mason, Vandello, Biga, &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Dyer, 2010). ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17940793" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="466d543bcfa8f1f186cda103c786eaed" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44658182,"asset_id":17940793,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44658182/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37856443" href="https://uu.academia.edu/BelleDerks">Belle Derks</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37856443" type="text/json">{"id":37856443,"first_name":"Belle","last_name":"Derks","domain_name":"uu","page_name":"BelleDerks","display_name":"Belle Derks","profile_url":"https://uu.academia.edu/BelleDerks?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37856443/12126893/13507616/s65_belle.derks.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17940793 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17940793"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17940793, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17940793", }); 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Correspondence should be addressed to: Serena Does, Leiden University, Institute for Psychological Research, Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, PO ... This inhibition tendency has been termed racial paralysis (Norton, Mason, Vandello, Biga, \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Dyer, 2010). ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44658182,"asset_id":17940793,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37856443,"first_name":"Belle","last_name":"Derks","domain_name":"uu","page_name":"BelleDerks","display_name":"Belle Derks","profile_url":"https://uu.academia.edu/BelleDerks?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37856443/12126893/13507616/s65_belle.derks.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":2089,"name":"Social Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":5908,"name":"Intergroup Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intergroup_Relations?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":21479,"name":"Cultural Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Diversity?f_ri=48197"},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197"},{"id":413189,"name":"Ethnic Group","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Group?f_ri=48197"},{"id":1218458,"name":"Experimental Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Social_Psychology?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6848289" data-work_id="6848289" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6848289/AAPIs_in_the_college_access_debate_A_case_of_generational_and_communication_gaps_in_the_AAPI_education_agenda">AAPIs in the college access debate: A case of generational and communication gaps in the AAPI education agenda</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Through the presentation of a case study, this resource article argues for the establishment of a national, comprehensive Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) education organization to facilitate communication among educators,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6848289" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Through the presentation of a case study, this resource article argues for the establishment of a national, comprehensive Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) education organization to facilitate communication among educators, students, and community and institutional leaders in order to develop an education policy agenda based on community interests and research. It presents an analysis of the debate over a new University of California (UC) admissions eligibility policy. After discussing how Asian Americans are framed within admissions debates, the article summarizes the new UC policy and presents an analysis of the policy change, addressing concerns raised by two community leaders. This case study demonstrates the need to connect the diverse intergenerational, ethnic, and gendered voices among AAPIs in education. 1</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6848289" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b34e684e27a8401807ff034b789d0a2f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33539866,"asset_id":6848289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33539866/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="71187" href="https://colostate.academia.edu/OiYanPoon">OiYan Poon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="71187" type="text/json">{"id":71187,"first_name":"OiYan","last_name":"Poon","domain_name":"colostate","page_name":"OiYanPoon","display_name":"OiYan Poon","profile_url":"https://colostate.academia.edu/OiYanPoon?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/71187/19808/1086064/s65_oiyan.poon.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6848289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6848289"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6848289, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6848289", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6848289]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6848289").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6848289").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6848289"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3764" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_American_Studies">Asian American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3764" type="text/json">{"id":3764,"name":"Asian American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_American_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37762" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Admissions">Admissions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37762" type="text/json">{"id":37762,"name":"Admissions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Admissions?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6848289]'), work: {"id":6848289,"title":"AAPIs in the college access debate: A case of generational and communication gaps in the AAPI education agenda","created_at":"2014-04-23T09:03:53.712-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6848289/AAPIs_in_the_college_access_debate_A_case_of_generational_and_communication_gaps_in_the_AAPI_education_agenda?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_6848289","summary":"Through the presentation of a case study, this resource article argues for the establishment of a national, comprehensive Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) education organization to facilitate communication among educators, students, and community and institutional leaders in order to develop an education policy agenda based on community interests and research. It presents an analysis of the debate over a new University of California (UC) admissions eligibility policy. After discussing how Asian Americans are framed within admissions debates, the article summarizes the new UC policy and presents an analysis of the policy change, addressing concerns raised by two community leaders. This case study demonstrates the need to connect the diverse intergenerational, ethnic, and gendered voices among AAPIs in education. 1","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33539866,"asset_id":6848289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":71187,"first_name":"OiYan","last_name":"Poon","domain_name":"colostate","page_name":"OiYanPoon","display_name":"OiYan Poon","profile_url":"https://colostate.academia.edu/OiYanPoon?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/71187/19808/1086064/s65_oiyan.poon.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":3764,"name":"Asian American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_American_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":37762,"name":"Admissions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Admissions?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52829216" data-work_id="52829216" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52829216/Attitudes_Toward_Affirmative_Action_A_Comparison_of_Color_Blind_Versus_Modern_Racist_Attitudes">Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action: A Comparison of Color-Blind Versus Modern Racist Attitudes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the hotly contested issue o f affirmative action, detractors maintain that the use of raceconscious policies to remedy past discrimination is contraindicative of a color-blind society. Supporters of affirmative action maintain that... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_52829216" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the hotly contested issue o f affirmative action, detractors maintain that the use of raceconscious policies to remedy past discrimination is contraindicative of a color-blind society. Supporters of affirmative action maintain that while a color-blind society may be desirable, acts of past discrimination and current institutional racism make it necessary to use race-conscious policies. Past research has shown that the demographic variables of race and sex, as well as modern racist attitudes predict attitudes toward affirmative action. This investigation examined the relationship between color-blind attitudes, modem racist attitudes, and attitudes toward affirmative action. Results confirmed a positive relationship between modern racism and color-blind attitudes. After controlling for race and sex, colorblind attitudes emerged as the strongest predictor o f attitudes toward affirmative action. followed by modern racism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52829216" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e200058d949f89d0d60ba9123e40667" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69904773,"asset_id":52829216,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69904773/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38335237" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GermineAwad">Germine Awad</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38335237" type="text/json">{"id":38335237,"first_name":"Germine","last_name":"Awad","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GermineAwad","display_name":"Germine Awad","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GermineAwad?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_52829216 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="52829216"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 52829216, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_52829216", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_52829216 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52829216; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_52829216"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_52829216 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="52829216"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52829216; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=52829216]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_52829216").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_52829216").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52829216"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing">Marketing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39" type="text/json">{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=52829216]'), work: {"id":52829216,"title":"Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action: A Comparison of Color-Blind Versus Modern Racist Attitudes","created_at":"2021-09-19T05:50:26.969-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/52829216/Attitudes_Toward_Affirmative_Action_A_Comparison_of_Color_Blind_Versus_Modern_Racist_Attitudes?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_52829216","summary":"In the hotly contested issue o f affirmative action, detractors maintain that the use of raceconscious policies to remedy past discrimination is contraindicative of a color-blind society. Supporters of affirmative action maintain that while a color-blind society may be desirable, acts of past discrimination and current institutional racism make it necessary to use race-conscious policies. Past research has shown that the demographic variables of race and sex, as well as modern racist attitudes predict attitudes toward affirmative action. This investigation examined the relationship between color-blind attitudes, modem racist attitudes, and attitudes toward affirmative action. Results confirmed a positive relationship between modern racism and color-blind attitudes. After controlling for race and sex, colorblind attitudes emerged as the strongest predictor o f attitudes toward affirmative action. followed by modern racism.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69904773,"asset_id":52829216,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38335237,"first_name":"Germine","last_name":"Awad","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GermineAwad","display_name":"Germine Awad","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GermineAwad?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":59902,"name":"Applied Social Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Social_Science?f_ri=48197"},{"id":72175,"name":"Applied Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Social_Psychology?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43638930" data-work_id="43638930" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43638930/Effectiveness_of_admissions_quotas_in_higher_education_Evidence_from_a_region_based_affirmative_action_policy_in_Sri_Lanka">Effectiveness of admissions quotas in higher education: Evidence from a region-based affirmative action policy in Sri Lanka</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The state university system in Sri Lanka is characterised by free tuition, central administration and an affirmative action policy aimed at reducing inequality in access to higher education. The policy reserves 60 percent of places in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43638930" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The state university system in Sri Lanka is characterised by free tuition, central administration and an affirmative action policy aimed at reducing inequality in access to higher education. The policy reserves 60 percent of places in most university courses under a district quota, within which each district in the country is allocated places based on the district's share of the total population. Using administrative data on all applicants for university admission in 2017, we study the effectiveness of the quota in targeting underprivileged districts and students. For a subset of students admitted to medical schools, we assess the ability mismatch hypothesis. We find that the quota ensures representation of disadvantaged districts while targeting more disadvantaged students, though the policy could be finetuned using additional criteria. The medical students' outcomes show the weakest students benefiting from the policy lagging behind the others, though the mismatch cannot be explained by differences in medical school quality. While the mismatch does not appear to be large enough to warrant discontinuation of the policy, it is likely that finetuning the policy could aggravate the mismatch problem further.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43638930" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a7d693d003e768e1000c95fdc074a8b5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63939427,"asset_id":43638930,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63939427/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19896976" href="https://mrt.academia.edu/TilokadeSilva">Tiloka de Silva</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19896976" type="text/json">{"id":19896976,"first_name":"Tiloka","last_name":"de Silva","domain_name":"mrt","page_name":"TilokadeSilva","display_name":"Tiloka de Silva","profile_url":"https://mrt.academia.edu/TilokadeSilva?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43638930 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43638930"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43638930, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43638930", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43638930 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43638930; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43638930"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43638930 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43638930"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43638930; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43638930]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43638930").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43638930").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43638930"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4557" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education">Economics of Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4557" type="text/json">{"id":4557,"name":"Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9850" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9850" type="text/json">{"id":9850,"name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sri_Lanka?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43638930]'), work: {"id":43638930,"title":"Effectiveness of admissions quotas in higher education: Evidence from a region-based affirmative action policy in Sri Lanka","created_at":"2020-07-16T08:30:16.783-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43638930/Effectiveness_of_admissions_quotas_in_higher_education_Evidence_from_a_region_based_affirmative_action_policy_in_Sri_Lanka?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_43638930","summary":"The state university system in Sri Lanka is characterised by free tuition, central administration and an affirmative action policy aimed at reducing inequality in access to higher education. The policy reserves 60 percent of places in most university courses under a district quota, within which each district in the country is allocated places based on the district's share of the total population. Using administrative data on all applicants for university admission in 2017, we study the effectiveness of the quota in targeting underprivileged districts and students. For a subset of students admitted to medical schools, we assess the ability mismatch hypothesis. We find that the quota ensures representation of disadvantaged districts while targeting more disadvantaged students, though the policy could be finetuned using additional criteria. The medical students' outcomes show the weakest students benefiting from the policy lagging behind the others, though the mismatch cannot be explained by differences in medical school quality. While the mismatch does not appear to be large enough to warrant discontinuation of the policy, it is likely that finetuning the policy could aggravate the mismatch problem further.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63939427,"asset_id":43638930,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19896976,"first_name":"Tiloka","last_name":"de Silva","domain_name":"mrt","page_name":"TilokadeSilva","display_name":"Tiloka de Silva","profile_url":"https://mrt.academia.edu/TilokadeSilva?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":4557,"name":"Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":9850,"name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sri_Lanka?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":108580,"name":"Educational Mismatch","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Mismatch?f_ri=48197"},{"id":629203,"name":"University Admissions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/University_Admissions?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_805342" data-work_id="805342" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/805342/Higher_education_policy_as_secondary_school_reform_Texas_public_high_schools_after_Hopwood">Higher education policy as secondary school reform: Texas public high schools after Hopwood</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The higher education diversity programs that Texas enacted after Hopwood v. University of Texas banned affirmative action had unexpected positive consequences for the state's high schools. The Texas top 10% law, the Longhorn Opportunity... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_805342" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The higher education diversity programs that Texas enacted after Hopwood v. University of Texas banned affirmative action had unexpected positive consequences for the state's high schools. The Texas top 10% law, the Longhorn Opportunity Scholarship and Century Scholarship programs, and the Towards Excellence, Access and Success Grant program each explicitly linked postsecondary opportunities to high school performance and clearly articulated that link to students across the state. As a result, these programs worked as K-16 school reforms, using college opportunities as incentives to improve educational outcomes at the high school level. Using panel data describing Texas high schools between 1993 and 2002, the author demonstrates that Texas's post-Hopwood higher education policies redistributed college-related activity at public high schools and boosted high school students' academic engagement.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/805342" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2bc966cf98f9aac936e68998a78a084d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":4818539,"asset_id":805342,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4818539/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="190176" href="https://uci.academia.edu/ThurstonDomina">Thurston Domina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="190176" type="text/json">{"id":190176,"first_name":"Thurston","last_name":"Domina","domain_name":"uci","page_name":"ThurstonDomina","display_name":"Thurston Domina","profile_url":"https://uci.academia.edu/ThurstonDomina?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_805342 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="805342"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 805342, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_805342", }); 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University of Texas banned affirmative action had unexpected positive consequences for the state's high schools. The Texas top 10% law, the Longhorn Opportunity Scholarship and Century Scholarship programs, and the Towards Excellence, Access and Success Grant program each explicitly linked postsecondary opportunities to high school performance and clearly articulated that link to students across the state. As a result, these programs worked as K-16 school reforms, using college opportunities as incentives to improve educational outcomes at the high school level. Using panel data describing Texas high schools between 1993 and 2002, the author demonstrates that Texas's post-Hopwood higher education policies redistributed college-related activity at public high schools and boosted high school students' academic engagement.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4818539,"asset_id":805342,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":190176,"first_name":"Thurston","last_name":"Domina","domain_name":"uci","page_name":"ThurstonDomina","display_name":"Thurston Domina","profile_url":"https://uci.academia.edu/ThurstonDomina?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":7110,"name":"Student Engagement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Student_Engagement?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":40860,"name":"Panel Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Panel_Data?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":85930,"name":"High School","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_School?f_ri=48197"},{"id":104446,"name":"Academic achievement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_achievement?f_ri=48197"},{"id":251641,"name":"Incentives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Incentives?f_ri=48197"},{"id":393977,"name":"Educational Outcomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Outcomes?f_ri=48197"},{"id":414724,"name":"High School Student","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_School_Student?f_ri=48197"},{"id":423532,"name":"Secondary School","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secondary_School?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_881728" data-work_id="881728" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/881728/Grutter_v_Bollinger_Weak_Foundations">Grutter v. 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Bollinger: Weak Foundations?","created_at":"2011-09-03T02:51:42.997-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/881728/Grutter_v_Bollinger_Weak_Foundations?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_881728","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5640747,"asset_id":881728,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":702340,"first_name":"Carl","last_name":"L Bankston","domain_name":"tulane","page_name":"CarlLBankston","display_name":"Carl L Bankston","profile_url":"https://tulane.academia.edu/CarlLBankston?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/702340/237150/33166651/s65_carl.l_bankston.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":2613,"name":"Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":15313,"name":"Discrimination (Law)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discrimination_Law_?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":21526,"name":"U.S. Supreme Court Litigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Supreme_Court_Litigation?f_ri=48197"},{"id":25212,"name":"Higher Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education_Policy?f_ri=48197"},{"id":27879,"name":"Racial and ethnic discrimination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_and_ethnic_discrimination?f_ri=48197"},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5496487" data-work_id="5496487" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5496487/Structural_Racism_at_UBC">Structural Racism at UBC?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5496487" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a5d2145508896bcfc31e4af7b531fc16" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65245262,"asset_id":5496487,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65245262/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1080533" href="https://rkus-ott.academia.edu/StephenPetrina">Stephen Petrina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1080533" type="text/json">{"id":1080533,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Petrina","domain_name":"rkus-ott","page_name":"StephenPetrina","display_name":"Stephen Petrina","profile_url":"https://rkus-ott.academia.edu/StephenPetrina?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1080533/2639825/108506736/s65_stephen.petrina.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5496487 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5496487"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5496487, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5496487", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5496487]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5496487").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5496487").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5496487"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory">Critical Race Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5247" type="text/json">{"id":5247,"name":"Critical Race Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12861" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Equity">Race and Equity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12861" type="text/json">{"id":12861,"name":"Race and Equity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Equity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18004" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equity_and_Social_Justice_in_Higher_Education">Equity and Social Justice in Higher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18004" type="text/json">{"id":18004,"name":"Equity and Social Justice in Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equity_and_Social_Justice_in_Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5496487]'), work: {"id":5496487,"title":"Structural Racism at UBC?","created_at":"2013-12-21T08:07:46.057-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5496487/Structural_Racism_at_UBC?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_5496487","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65245262,"asset_id":5496487,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1080533,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Petrina","domain_name":"rkus-ott","page_name":"StephenPetrina","display_name":"Stephen Petrina","profile_url":"https://rkus-ott.academia.edu/StephenPetrina?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1080533/2639825/108506736/s65_stephen.petrina.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5247,"name":"Critical Race Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":12861,"name":"Race and Equity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Equity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":18004,"name":"Equity and Social Justice in Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equity_and_Social_Justice_in_Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":939454,"name":"Employment Equity Policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Employment_Equity_Policies?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45614939" data-work_id="45614939" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45614939/Special_Admission_How_College_Sports_Recruitment_Favors_White_Suburban_Athletes">Special Admission: How College Sports Recruitment Favors White Suburban Athletes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Special Admission contradicts the national belief that college sports provide upward mobility opportunities. Kirsten Hextrum documents how white middle-class youth become overrepresented on college teams. Her institutional ethnography of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45614939" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Special Admission contradicts the national belief that college sports provide upward mobility opportunities. Kirsten Hextrum documents how white middle-class youth become overrepresented on college teams. Her institutional ethnography of one elite athletic and academic institution includes over 100 hours of interviews with college rowers and track & field athletes. She charts the historic and contemporary relationships between colleges, athletics, and white middle-class communities that ensure white suburban youth are advantaged in special athletic admissions. Suburban youth start ahead in college admissions because athletic merit—the competencies desired by university recruiters—requires access to vast familial, communal, and economic resources, all of which are concentrated in their neighborhoods. Their advantages increase as youth, parents, and coaches strategically invest in and engineer novel opportunities to maintain their race and class status. Thus, college sports allow white, middle-class athletes to accelerate their racial and economic advantages through admission to elite universities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45614939" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f1412774f51dad277fe9b1b8c7fd524" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66103016,"asset_id":45614939,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66103016/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="56633588" href="https://oregonstate.academia.edu/KirstenHextrum">Kirsten Hextrum</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="56633588" type="text/json">{"id":56633588,"first_name":"Kirsten","last_name":"Hextrum","domain_name":"oregonstate","page_name":"KirstenHextrum","display_name":"Kirsten Hextrum","profile_url":"https://oregonstate.academia.edu/KirstenHextrum?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/56633588/14891955/132416067/s65_kirsten.hextrum.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45614939 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45614939"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45614939, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45614939", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45614939]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45614939").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45614939").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45614939"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="218" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Sport">Sociology of Sport</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="218" type="text/json">{"id":218,"name":"Sociology of Sport","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Sport?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="974" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education">Sociology of Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="974" type="text/json">{"id":974,"name":"Sociology of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1192" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory">Feminist Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1192" type="text/json">{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45614939]'), work: {"id":45614939,"title":"Special Admission: How College Sports Recruitment Favors White Suburban Athletes","created_at":"2021-03-25T14:23:36.513-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45614939/Special_Admission_How_College_Sports_Recruitment_Favors_White_Suburban_Athletes?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_45614939","summary":"Special Admission contradicts the national belief that college sports provide upward mobility opportunities. Kirsten Hextrum documents how white middle-class youth become overrepresented on college teams. Her institutional ethnography of one elite athletic and academic institution includes over 100 hours of interviews with college rowers and track \u0026 field athletes. She charts the historic and contemporary relationships between colleges, athletics, and white middle-class communities that ensure white suburban youth are advantaged in special athletic admissions. Suburban youth start ahead in college admissions because athletic merit—the competencies desired by university recruiters—requires access to vast familial, communal, and economic resources, all of which are concentrated in their neighborhoods. Their advantages increase as youth, parents, and coaches strategically invest in and engineer novel opportunities to maintain their race and class status. 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(aep informationen, 2019)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Männer und Frauen dürfen beim Zugang zu und der Versorgung mit Gütern und Dienstleistungen nicht diskriminiert werden. Das ist im konsumentInnenschutzrechtlichen Teil des Gleichbehandlungsgesetzes eindeutig geregelt. Gleichwohl gibt es... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41168585" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Männer und Frauen dürfen beim Zugang zu und der Versorgung mit Gütern und Dienstleistungen nicht diskriminiert werden. Das ist im konsumentInnenschutzrechtlichen Teil des Gleichbehandlungsgesetzes eindeutig geregelt. Gleichwohl gibt es immer wieder geschlechtsspezifische Angebote, Leistungen, Räumlichkeiten oder Kurse und Programme nur für Frauen bzw. nur für Männer, z. B. Frauenhäuser, Herrenclubs, Toiletten. Ist das nicht Diskriminierung?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41168585" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d4f74eba95c3bcc44e82c39988a4ca3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61408983,"asset_id":41168585,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61408983/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29791527" href="https://wu-wien.academia.edu/ChristianBerger">Christian Berger</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29791527" type="text/json">{"id":29791527,"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Berger","domain_name":"wu-wien","page_name":"ChristianBerger","display_name":"Christian Berger","profile_url":"https://wu-wien.academia.edu/ChristianBerger?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29791527/8570869/98435695/s65_christian.berger.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-41168585">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-41168585"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://univie.academia.edu/MariaLee">Maria Y Lee</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-41168585'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-41168585').html(); 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Ist das nicht Diskriminierung?","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61408983,"asset_id":41168585,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29791527,"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Berger","domain_name":"wu-wien","page_name":"ChristianBerger","display_name":"Christian Berger","profile_url":"https://wu-wien.academia.edu/ChristianBerger?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29791527/8570869/98435695/s65_christian.berger.jpg"},{"id":47554720,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Lee","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"MariaLee","display_name":"Maria Y Lee","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/MariaLee?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/47554720/16912434/17133181/s65_maria.lee.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1138,"name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":7490,"name":"Gender 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data-has-card-for-ri="4259" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stigma">Stigma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4259" type="text/json">{"id":4259,"name":"Stigma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stigma?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stigmatization">Stigmatization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6247" type="text/json">{"id":6247,"name":"Stigmatization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stigmatization?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6834" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Workplace_Studies">Workplace Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6834" type="text/json">{"id":6834,"name":"Workplace Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Workplace_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35224562]'), work: {"id":35224562,"title":"Stigma Thesis.pdf","created_at":"2017-11-22T11:09:27.735-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35224562/Stigma_Thesis_pdf?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_35224562","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55084175,"asset_id":35224562,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34165494,"first_name":"Latoya","last_name":"WIlson","domain_name":"mcc","page_name":"LatoyaWIlson","display_name":"Latoya WIlson","profile_url":"https://mcc.academia.edu/LatoyaWIlson?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34165494/24276278/23213342/s65_latoya.wilson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4259,"name":"Stigma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stigma?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":6247,"name":"Stigmatization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stigmatization?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":6834,"name":"Workplace Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Workplace_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41159552" data-work_id="41159552" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41159552/Os_pobres_privilegiados">Os pobres privilegiados</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Resenha do livro "The Privileged Poor – How Elite Colleges Are Failing Disadvantaged Students" publicada no blog da revista Novos Estudos Cebrap.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41159552" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dc25f11e1c4b6cf51586933cfe5b547e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61401387,"asset_id":41159552,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61401387/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6366917" href="https://cebrap.academia.edu/AnnaCarolinaVenturini">Anna Carolina Venturini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6366917" 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{"id":41159552,"title":"Os pobres privilegiados","created_at":"2019-12-02T11:56:39.018-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41159552/Os_pobres_privilegiados?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_41159552","summary":"Resenha do livro \"The Privileged Poor – How Elite Colleges Are Failing Disadvantaged Students\" publicada no blog da revista Novos Estudos Cebrap.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61401387,"asset_id":41159552,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6366917,"first_name":"Anna Carolina","last_name":"Venturini","domain_name":"cebrap","page_name":"AnnaCarolinaVenturini","display_name":"Anna Carolina Venturini","profile_url":"https://cebrap.academia.edu/AnnaCarolinaVenturini?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6366917/6836328/12833865/s65_anna_carolina.venturini.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":6156,"name":"Inclusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inclusion?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":27991,"name":"Equity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":256979,"name":"Meritocracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meritocracy?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4057977" data-work_id="4057977" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4057977/Reservation_in_India_and_Substantive_Gender_Equality">Reservation in India and Substantive Gender Equality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">he discussion as to whether India’s affirmative action policy of reservation (guaranteeing women 33% of the local Ward Councilor seats) brings about substantive gender equality is based upon an in-depth ethnographic case study of one... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4057977" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">he discussion as to whether India’s affirmative action policy of reservation (guaranteeing women 33% of the local Ward Councilor seats) brings about substantive gender equality is based upon an in-depth ethnographic case study of one Mumbai administrative ward. To better understand what reservation brings both women councilors and women as a group, I leverage Caroline Moser’s practical and strategic needs framework. I also compare the Ward Councilors’ socio- political networks to see what differences exist between them regarding the amount and character of their politically relevant social capital.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4057977" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e1ad943fe1dcfd98849822f17c2fb42" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33919582,"asset_id":4057977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33919582/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3145648" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TaravanDijk">Tara van Dijk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3145648" type="text/json">{"id":3145648,"first_name":"Tara","last_name":"van Dijk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TaravanDijk","display_name":"Tara van Dijk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TaravanDijk?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3145648/1033971/21143339/s65_tara.van_dijk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4057977 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4057977"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4057977, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4057977", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4057977]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4057977").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4057977").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4057977"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13739" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Network_Analysis_SNA_">Social Network Analysis (SNA)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13739" type="text/json">{"id":13739,"name":"Social Network Analysis (SNA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Network_Analysis_SNA_?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32680" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Governance">Urban Governance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32680" type="text/json">{"id":32680,"name":"Urban Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Governance?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94804" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Quotas">Gender Quotas</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="94804" type="text/json">{"id":94804,"name":"Gender Quotas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Quotas?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4057977]'), work: {"id":4057977,"title":"Reservation in India and Substantive Gender Equality","created_at":"2013-07-18T06:27:48.831-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4057977/Reservation_in_India_and_Substantive_Gender_Equality?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_4057977","summary":"he discussion as to whether India’s affirmative action policy of reservation (guaranteeing women 33% of the local Ward Councilor seats) brings about substantive gender equality is based upon an in-depth ethnographic case study of one Mumbai administrative ward. To better understand what reservation brings both women councilors and women as a group, I leverage Caroline Moser’s practical and strategic needs framework. I also compare the Ward Councilors’ socio- political networks to see what differences exist between them regarding the amount and character of their politically relevant social capital.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33919582,"asset_id":4057977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3145648,"first_name":"Tara","last_name":"van Dijk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TaravanDijk","display_name":"Tara van Dijk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TaravanDijk?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3145648/1033971/21143339/s65_tara.van_dijk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":13739,"name":"Social Network Analysis (SNA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Network_Analysis_SNA_?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":32680,"name":"Urban Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Governance?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":94804,"name":"Gender Quotas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Quotas?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":146932,"name":"Mumbai","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mumbai?f_ri=48197"},{"id":971453,"name":"Municipal Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Municipal_Governance?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8925188" data-work_id="8925188" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8925188/AT_and_T_and_the_Private_Sector_Origins_of_Private_Sector_Affirmative_Action">AT&T and the Private-Sector Origins of Private-Sector Affirmative Action</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In January 1973, American Telephone & Telegraph, then the world's largest private-sector employer, entered into a Consent Decree with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. In this decree, following a fourteen-month... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8925188" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In January 1973, American Telephone & Telegraph, then the world's largest private-sector employer, entered into a Consent Decree with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. In this decree, following a fourteen-month dispute before the Federal Communications Commission, at&t agreed to implement specific goals and timetables for hiring women in traditionally male jobs, men in traditionally female jobs, and minorities in jobs in which they had been traditionally underrepresented. at&t's adoption of affirmative action immediately preceded the routine application of affirmative action hiring and promotion policies in large, private-sector U.S. firms regardless of federal contractor status. Nonetheless, the importance of at&t's action remains misunderstood by critics and supporters of affirmative action alike.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8925188" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cbb98f5740bd38de6ef8b59768c5433f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49273507,"asset_id":8925188,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49273507/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19709329" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BentonWilliams">Benton Williams</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19709329" type="text/json">{"id":19709329,"first_name":"Benton","last_name":"Williams","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BentonWilliams","display_name":"Benton Williams","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BentonWilliams?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19709329/5489537/6256531/s65_benton.williams.jpg_oh_d4ae276a30d69b33315d9937065ae382_oe_54b8b548___gda___1425165836_60b775ee8bbf37d9f9ade8b22f7a2ba9"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8925188 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8925188"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8925188, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8925188", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8925188]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8925188").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8925188").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8925188"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Work">Gender and Work</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8576" type="text/json">{"id":8576,"name":"Gender and Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Work?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8925188]'), work: {"id":8925188,"title":"AT\u0026T and the Private-Sector Origins of Private-Sector Affirmative Action","created_at":"2014-10-23T03:41:00.342-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8925188/AT_and_T_and_the_Private_Sector_Origins_of_Private_Sector_Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_8925188","summary":"In January 1973, American Telephone \u0026 Telegraph, then the world's largest private-sector employer, entered into a Consent Decree with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. In this decree, following a fourteen-month dispute before the Federal Communications Commission, at\u0026t agreed to implement specific goals and timetables for hiring women in traditionally male jobs, men in traditionally female jobs, and minorities in jobs in which they had been traditionally underrepresented. at\u0026t's adoption of affirmative action immediately preceded the routine application of affirmative action hiring and promotion policies in large, private-sector U.S. firms regardless of federal contractor status. Nonetheless, the importance of at\u0026t's action remains misunderstood by critics and supporters of affirmative action alike.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49273507,"asset_id":8925188,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19709329,"first_name":"Benton","last_name":"Williams","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BentonWilliams","display_name":"Benton Williams","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BentonWilliams?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19709329/5489537/6256531/s65_benton.williams.jpg_oh_d4ae276a30d69b33315d9937065ae382_oe_54b8b548___gda___1425165836_60b775ee8bbf37d9f9ade8b22f7a2ba9"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8576,"name":"Gender and Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Work?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6981056" data-work_id="6981056" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6981056/Pozitivn%C3%AD_opat%C5%99en%C3%AD_k_zaji%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_rovnosti_mezi_mu%C5%BEi_a_%C5%BEenami_v_pr%C3%A1vu_ES">Pozitivní opatření k zajištění rovnosti mezi muži a ženami v právu ES</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"Pojem „pozitivní opatření“ je často diskutován, různě vykládán a ještě rozličněji hodnocen. Jedná se o „jed, který ničí vztahy mezi [společenskými skupinami]“ („real poison ruining relationships between blacks and whites“)? Nebo o... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6981056" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"Pojem „pozitivní opatření“ je často diskutován, různě vykládán a ještě rozličněji hodnocen. Jedná se o „jed, který ničí vztahy mezi [společenskými skupinami]“ („real poison ruining relationships between blacks and whites“)? Nebo o úspěšnou integrační politiku, která je schopna zapojit marginalizované skupiny plně do politického či hospodářského života společnosti? <br />V tomto článku zaprvé vysvětluji pojmy „afirmativní akce“ resp. „pozitivní opatření“ (affirmative či positive action) jak je známe zejména ze Spojených států amerických a Evropské unie. Zadruhé se specificky zaměřuji na právní úpravu pozitivních opatření v komunitárním právu (též „právo ES“). Zvláštní pozornost je věnována judikatuře Evropského soudního dvora („ESD“ či „Soud“). Ve stanoviscích generálních advokátů („GA“) a rozsudcích Soudu se zejména zaměřuji na pojetí rovnosti, tedy zda je východiskem rovnost ve formálním či materiálních smyslu. Zvláštní pozornost je též věnována sporu, zda je třeba zaručit rovnost příležitostí či rovnost výsledků. Všímám si též vymezení legitimního cíle sledovaného opatřeními a kontrolu jejich přiměřenosti. V rámci shrnutí pravidel obsažených v rozsudcích ESD nabízím typologii jednotlivých opatření a vyhodnocuji jejich slučitelnost s právem ES. Závěrem v krátkosti zmínuji provedení práva ES umožňujícího pozitivní opatření v českém právu."</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6981056" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="80df2b9045fef225dad3511c06527e16" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33646472,"asset_id":6981056,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33646472/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3877420" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/BarbaraHavelkova">Barbara Havelkova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3877420" type="text/json">{"id":3877420,"first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Havelkova","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BarbaraHavelkova","display_name":"Barbara Havelkova","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BarbaraHavelkova?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3877420/1430871/4231768/s65_barbara.havelkova.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6981056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6981056"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6981056, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6981056", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6981056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6981056; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6981056"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6981056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6981056"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6981056; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6981056]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6981056").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6981056").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6981056"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6981056]'), work: {"id":6981056,"title":"Pozitivní opatření k zajištění rovnosti mezi muži a ženami v právu ES","created_at":"2014-05-06T20:55:53.738-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6981056/Pozitivn%C3%AD_opat%C5%99en%C3%AD_k_zaji%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_rovnosti_mezi_mu%C5%BEi_a_%C5%BEenami_v_pr%C3%A1vu_ES?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_6981056","summary":"\"Pojem „pozitivní opatření“ je často diskutován, různě vykládán a ještě rozličněji hodnocen. Jedná se o „jed, který ničí vztahy mezi [společenskými skupinami]“ („real poison ruining relationships between blacks and whites“)? Nebo o úspěšnou integrační politiku, která je schopna zapojit marginalizované skupiny plně do politického či hospodářského života společnosti?\r\nV tomto článku zaprvé vysvětluji pojmy „afirmativní akce“ resp. „pozitivní opatření“ (affirmative či positive action) jak je známe zejména ze Spojených států amerických a Evropské unie. Zadruhé se specificky zaměřuji na právní úpravu pozitivních opatření v komunitárním právu (též „právo ES“). Zvláštní pozornost je věnována judikatuře Evropského soudního dvora („ESD“ či „Soud“). Ve stanoviscích generálních advokátů („GA“) a rozsudcích Soudu se zejména zaměřuji na pojetí rovnosti, tedy zda je východiskem rovnost ve formálním či materiálních smyslu. Zvláštní pozornost je též věnována sporu, zda je třeba zaručit rovnost příležitostí či rovnost výsledků. Všímám si též vymezení legitimního cíle sledovaného opatřeními a kontrolu jejich přiměřenosti. V rámci shrnutí pravidel obsažených v rozsudcích ESD nabízím typologii jednotlivých opatření a vyhodnocuji jejich slučitelnost s právem ES. Závěrem v krátkosti zmínuji provedení práva ES umožňujícího pozitivní opatření v českém právu.\"","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33646472,"asset_id":6981056,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3877420,"first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Havelkova","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BarbaraHavelkova","display_name":"Barbara Havelkova","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BarbaraHavelkova?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3877420/1430871/4231768/s65_barbara.havelkova.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38191028" data-work_id="38191028" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38191028/The_Political_is_the_Personal_The_Social_Psychology_of_Inclusion_and_Exclusion_around_Reservation_in_India">The Political is the Personal: The Social Psychology of Inclusion & Exclusion around Reservation in India</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Reservation in India is a form of positive discrimination designed to improve the well-being of backward and under-represented communities defined primarily by their 'caste'. Accepting the numerous benefits of reservation in promoting the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38191028" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Reservation in India is a form of positive discrimination designed to improve the well-being of backward and under-represented communities defined primarily by their 'caste'. Accepting the numerous benefits of reservation in promoting the causes of the historically disadvantaged groups based on caste system in India, a question worth asking is if this ‘positive discrimination’ against the historically mainstream groups i.e. the general category, is not alienating the historically disadvantaged or the present reserved category psychologically, thus further escalating ‘us’ versus ‘them’ attitude and stereotyping. This study aims to understand inclusion and exclusion at different levels of explanation and as involving different aspects of social psychological processes with reservation as the frame of reference. Also under investigation in this study is the self-evaluation of one’s social identity and the degree to which people are willing to accept and associate with those having different social characteristics. Mixed method approach was used to collect data and towards this end, both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. Collective Self Esteem (CSE) scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) and the Inclusion of Others in the Self (IOS) scale (Aron, Aron, & Smollan, 1992) was administered on all 44 participants and semi-structured interview was conducted on 24 of them (general category participants). Results show that general category participants have a statistically significant higher Collective Self Esteem than the reserved category participants and psychological distance between the reserved category and general category participants is variable based on the kind of interaction in question. A number of themes emerged having to do with modes and dynamics of exclusion, social comparison and anticipation of loss, shift in views giving way to inclusion etc’. Questioning merit of reserved category students emerged as one of the most obvious manifestations of the exclusionary practices engaged in by the general category participants. The study has implications for intergroup relations, counselling and social policy formation.<br /><br />Keywords: Reservation, Quota, Caste, Identity</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38191028" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="de3989784e8c7cd254c39230af666033" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58228273,"asset_id":38191028,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58228273/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33370686" href="https://jmcdelhi.academia.edu/SudhaShashwati">Sudha Shashwati</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33370686" type="text/json">{"id":33370686,"first_name":"Sudha","last_name":"Shashwati","domain_name":"jmcdelhi","page_name":"SudhaShashwati","display_name":"Sudha Shashwati","profile_url":"https://jmcdelhi.academia.edu/SudhaShashwati?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33370686/17776628/21218133/s65_sudha.shashwati.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38191028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38191028"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38191028, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38191028", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38191028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38191028; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38191028"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38191028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38191028"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38191028; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38191028]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38191028").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38191028").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38191028"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="248" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology">Social Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="248" type="text/json">{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2089" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity">Social Identity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2089" type="text/json">{"id":2089,"name":"Social Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6245" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotypes_and_Prejudice">Stereotypes and Prejudice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6245" type="text/json">{"id":6245,"name":"Stereotypes and Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotypes_and_Prejudice?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38191028]'), work: {"id":38191028,"title":"The Political is the Personal: The Social Psychology of Inclusion \u0026 Exclusion around Reservation in India","created_at":"2019-01-21T07:16:10.598-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38191028/The_Political_is_the_Personal_The_Social_Psychology_of_Inclusion_and_Exclusion_around_Reservation_in_India?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_38191028","summary":"Reservation in India is a form of positive discrimination designed to improve the well-being of backward and under-represented communities defined primarily by their 'caste'. Accepting the numerous benefits of reservation in promoting the causes of the historically disadvantaged groups based on caste system in India, a question worth asking is if this ‘positive discrimination’ against the historically mainstream groups i.e. the general category, is not alienating the historically disadvantaged or the present reserved category psychologically, thus further escalating ‘us’ versus ‘them’ attitude and stereotyping. This study aims to understand inclusion and exclusion at different levels of explanation and as involving different aspects of social psychological processes with reservation as the frame of reference. Also under investigation in this study is the self-evaluation of one’s social identity and the degree to which people are willing to accept and associate with those having different social characteristics. Mixed method approach was used to collect data and towards this end, both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. Collective Self Esteem (CSE) scale (Luhtanen \u0026 Crocker, 1992) and the Inclusion of Others in the Self (IOS) scale (Aron, Aron, \u0026 Smollan, 1992) was administered on all 44 participants and semi-structured interview was conducted on 24 of them (general category participants). Results show that general category participants have a statistically significant higher Collective Self Esteem than the reserved category participants and psychological distance between the reserved category and general category participants is variable based on the kind of interaction in question. A number of themes emerged having to do with modes and dynamics of exclusion, social comparison and anticipation of loss, shift in views giving way to inclusion etc’. Questioning merit of reserved category students emerged as one of the most obvious manifestations of the exclusionary practices engaged in by the general category participants. The study has implications for intergroup relations, counselling and social policy formation.\n\nKeywords: Reservation, Quota, Caste, Identity","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58228273,"asset_id":38191028,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33370686,"first_name":"Sudha","last_name":"Shashwati","domain_name":"jmcdelhi","page_name":"SudhaShashwati","display_name":"Sudha Shashwati","profile_url":"https://jmcdelhi.academia.edu/SudhaShashwati?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33370686/17776628/21218133/s65_sudha.shashwati.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":2089,"name":"Social Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":6245,"name":"Stereotypes and Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotypes_and_Prejudice?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":941307,"name":"Class Caste and Reservations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Class_Caste_and_Reservations?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30546505" data-work_id="30546505" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30546505/Race_and_Politics_in_Singapore_A_Reassessment_of_the_Group_Representation_Constituency_GRC_Scheme">Race and Politics in Singapore: A Reassessment of the Group Representation Constituency (GRC) Scheme</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper seeks to examine the justifications behind the implementation of the Group Representation Constituency (GRC) scheme and to reassess its relevance in today’s political climate. To do so, this paper explores the existing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30546505" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper seeks to examine the justifications behind the implementation of the  Group Representation Constituency (GRC) scheme and to reassess its relevance in today’s political climate. To do so, this paper explores the existing literature available and analyses the criticisms put forth by opponents. In addition, this paper will also present primary quantitative research findings undertaken to gauge public opinion on the continued implementation of the scheme.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30546505" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="956bd272e22bc8d81822cc7a48c2614c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50990969,"asset_id":30546505,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50990969/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30749687" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/NabilKhairulAnwar">Nabil Khairul Anwar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30749687" type="text/json">{"id":30749687,"first_name":"Nabil","last_name":"Khairul Anwar","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"NabilKhairulAnwar","display_name":"Nabil Khairul Anwar","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/NabilKhairulAnwar?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30749687/10676191/27138327/s65_nabil.khairul_anwar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30546505 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30546505"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30546505, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30546505", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30546505]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30546505").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30546505").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30546505"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1492" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_and_Ethnic_Politics">Racial and Ethnic Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1492" type="text/json">{"id":1492,"name":"Racial and Ethnic Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_and_Ethnic_Politics?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6818" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6818" type="text/json">{"id":6818,"name":"Malaysia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysia?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8787" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore">Singapore</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8787" type="text/json">{"id":8787,"name":"Singapore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47767" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_Politics">Singapore Politics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47767" type="text/json">{"id":47767,"name":"Singapore Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_Politics?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30546505]'), work: {"id":30546505,"title":"Race and Politics in Singapore: A Reassessment of the Group Representation Constituency (GRC) Scheme","created_at":"2016-12-20T19:34:12.972-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30546505/Race_and_Politics_in_Singapore_A_Reassessment_of_the_Group_Representation_Constituency_GRC_Scheme?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_30546505","summary":"This paper seeks to examine the justifications behind the implementation of the Group Representation Constituency (GRC) scheme and to reassess its relevance in today’s political climate. To do so, this paper explores the existing literature available and analyses the criticisms put forth by opponents. In addition, this paper will also present primary quantitative research findings undertaken to gauge public opinion on the continued implementation of the scheme.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50990969,"asset_id":30546505,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30749687,"first_name":"Nabil","last_name":"Khairul Anwar","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"NabilKhairulAnwar","display_name":"Nabil Khairul Anwar","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/NabilKhairulAnwar?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30749687/10676191/27138327/s65_nabil.khairul_anwar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1492,"name":"Racial and Ethnic Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_and_Ethnic_Politics?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":6818,"name":"Malaysia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysia?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":8787,"name":"Singapore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":47767,"name":"Singapore Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_Politics?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17527433" data-work_id="17527433" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17527433/Why_Organizations_Choose_to_Manage_Diversity_Toward_a_Leadership_Based_Theoretical_Framework">Why Organizations Choose to Manage Diversity? Toward a Leadership-Based Theoretical Framework</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">... 2003), and organizational best practices in managing diversity (eg, Kalev et al., 2006; Kellough &amp; Naff, 2004; Wentling &amp; Palma-Rivas, 2000). ... &amp; Rosen, 1995), very few studies have linked diversity management to CEO... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17527433" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">... 2003), and organizational best practices in managing diversity (eg, Kalev et al., 2006; Kellough &amp; Naff, 2004; Wentling &amp; Palma-Rivas, 2000). ... &amp; Rosen, 1995), very few studies have linked diversity management to CEO commitment (see Rynes &amp; Rosen, 1995, and Zane, 2002). ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17527433" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ec824d6af6b981713ac12ea1065da88" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42251422,"asset_id":17527433,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42251422/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37298904" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EswNg">Eddy Ng</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37298904" type="text/json">{"id":37298904,"first_name":"Eddy","last_name":"Ng","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EswNg","display_name":"Eddy Ng","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EswNg?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17527433 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17527433"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17527433, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17527433", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17527433]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17527433").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17527433").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17527433"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1180" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resource_Development">Human Resource Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1180" type="text/json">{"id":1180,"name":"Human Resource Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resource_Development?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="73149" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management">Business and Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="73149" type="text/json">{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88815" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation">Legislation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="88815" type="text/json">{"id":88815,"name":"Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17527433]'), work: {"id":17527433,"title":"Why Organizations Choose to Manage Diversity? Toward a Leadership-Based Theoretical Framework","created_at":"2015-10-30T12:13:58.512-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17527433/Why_Organizations_Choose_to_Manage_Diversity_Toward_a_Leadership_Based_Theoretical_Framework?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_17527433","summary":"... 2003), and organizational best practices in managing diversity (eg, Kalev et al., 2006; Kellough \u0026amp; Naff, 2004; Wentling \u0026amp; Palma-Rivas, 2000). ... \u0026amp; Rosen, 1995), very few studies have linked diversity management to CEO commitment (see Rynes \u0026amp; Rosen, 1995, and Zane, 2002). ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42251422,"asset_id":17527433,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37298904,"first_name":"Eddy","last_name":"Ng","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EswNg","display_name":"Eddy Ng","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EswNg?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1180,"name":"Human Resource Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resource_Development?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":88815,"name":"Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":96220,"name":"Leadership Style","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership_Style?f_ri=48197"},{"id":412636,"name":"Theoretical Framework","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Framework?f_ri=48197"},{"id":965044,"name":"Equal Employment Opportunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equal_Employment_Opportunity?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38783231" data-work_id="38783231" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38783231/USSR_Incorporated_Versus_Affirmative_Action_Empire_Industrial_Development_and_Interethnic_Relations_in_Kazakhstans_Mangyshlak_Region_1960s_1980s_in_Ab_Imperio_19_4_2018_171_206_Summary_">USSR Incorporated Versus Affirmative Action Empire? Industrial Development and Interethnic Relations in Kazakhstan's Mangyshlak Region (1960s-1980s), in: Ab Imperio 19/4 (2018), 171–206 (Summary)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This case study analyzes the demographic shifts that resulted from the development of uranium and hydrocarbon extraction industries in Western Kazakhstan in the 1960s–1980s and the serious social tensions that ensued. Contrary to the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38783231" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This case study analyzes the demographic shifts that resulted from the development of uranium and hydrocarbon extraction industries in Western Kazakhstan in the 1960s–1980s and the serious social tensions that ensued. Contrary to the promise of national emancipation of the local population (Kazakhs) through economic development as the pinnacle of Soviet nationality policy, the economic authorities in Moscow continued to prioritize industrialization over indigenization. They opted to import a large labor force from the Slavic and Caucasian republics of the USSR rather than training an indigenous proletariat. This policy escalated socioeconomic frustrations of the Kazakh population that eventually erupted in interethnic strife amid the general rise of nationalism in 1989. Violent labor conflicts persist in the region, now much more ethnically homogeneous, up to the present, which demonstrates that the Soviet-era conflict was a result not just of interethnic animosity but the contradictory nature of the Soviet project in general.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38783231" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bb69e64a33eb56083a6a7d820a606d3a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58873072,"asset_id":38783231,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58873072/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7166534" href="https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/StefanGuth">Stefan Guth</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7166534" type="text/json">{"id":7166534,"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Guth","domain_name":"uni-heidelberg","page_name":"StefanGuth","display_name":"Stefan Guth","profile_url":"https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/StefanGuth?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7166534/10994464/14301524/s65_stefan.guth.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38783231 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38783231"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38783231, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38783231", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38783231]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38783231").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38783231").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38783231"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_History">Soviet History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1567" type="text/json">{"id":1567,"name":"Soviet History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_History?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2860" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies">Postcolonial Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2860" type="text/json">{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8233" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_History">Transnational History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8233" type="text/json">{"id":8233,"name":"Transnational History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_History?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38783231]'), work: {"id":38783231,"title":"USSR Incorporated Versus Affirmative Action Empire? Industrial Development and Interethnic Relations in Kazakhstan's Mangyshlak Region (1960s-1980s), in: Ab Imperio 19/4 (2018), 171–206 (Summary)","created_at":"2019-04-12T02:29:04.622-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38783231/USSR_Incorporated_Versus_Affirmative_Action_Empire_Industrial_Development_and_Interethnic_Relations_in_Kazakhstans_Mangyshlak_Region_1960s_1980s_in_Ab_Imperio_19_4_2018_171_206_Summary_?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_38783231","summary":"This case study analyzes the demographic shifts that resulted from the development of uranium and hydrocarbon extraction industries in Western Kazakhstan in the 1960s–1980s and the serious social tensions that ensued. Contrary to the promise of national emancipation of the local population (Kazakhs) through economic development as the pinnacle of Soviet nationality policy, the economic authorities in Moscow continued to prioritize industrialization over indigenization. They opted to import a large labor force from the Slavic and Caucasian republics of the USSR rather than training an indigenous proletariat. This policy escalated socioeconomic frustrations of the Kazakh population that eventually erupted in interethnic strife amid the general rise of nationalism in 1989. Violent labor conflicts persist in the region, now much more ethnically homogeneous, up to the present, which demonstrates that the Soviet-era conflict was a result not just of interethnic animosity but the contradictory nature of the Soviet project in general.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58873072,"asset_id":38783231,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7166534,"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Guth","domain_name":"uni-heidelberg","page_name":"StefanGuth","display_name":"Stefan Guth","profile_url":"https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/StefanGuth?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7166534/10994464/14301524/s65_stefan.guth.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":1567,"name":"Soviet History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_History?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":8233,"name":"Transnational History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_History?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":9154,"name":"History of the USSR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_USSR?f_ri=48197"},{"id":12396,"name":"Post-Soviet Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Soviet_Studies?f_ri=48197"},{"id":19051,"name":"Transnational Labour Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Labour_Migration?f_ri=48197"},{"id":30124,"name":"History of Kazakhstan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Kazakhstan?f_ri=48197"},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197"},{"id":72564,"name":"Perestroika","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perestroika?f_ri=48197"},{"id":85585,"name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kazakhstan?f_ri=48197"},{"id":133229,"name":"Labour migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labour_migration?f_ri=48197"},{"id":391715,"name":"Ethnicity and National Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity_and_National_Identity?f_ri=48197"},{"id":986091,"name":"History of the USSR and Its Dissolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_USSR_and_Its_Dissolution?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25273978" data-work_id="25273978" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25273978/Who_benefits_from_SAT_prep_An_examination_of_high_school_context_and_race_ethnicity">Who benefits from SAT prep? An examination of high school context and race/ethnicity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25273978" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="349b5e59d759f8225c3cb6ce6a0a6add" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45576609,"asset_id":25273978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45576609/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46477875" href="https://umcp.academia.edu/JuliePark">Julie Park</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46477875" type="text/json">{"id":46477875,"first_name":"Julie","last_name":"Park","domain_name":"umcp","page_name":"JuliePark","display_name":"Julie Park","profile_url":"https://umcp.academia.edu/JuliePark?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46477875/12796160/14216113/s65_julie.park.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25273978 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25273978"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25273978, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25273978", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25273978]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25273978").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25273978").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25273978"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="199643" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/College_Admissions">College Admissions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="199643" type="text/json">{"id":199643,"name":"College Admissions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/College_Admissions?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="305781" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standardized_Tests_SAT_PSAT">Standardized Tests, SAT, PSAT</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="305781" type="text/json">{"id":305781,"name":"Standardized Tests, SAT, PSAT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standardized_Tests_SAT_PSAT?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25273978]'), work: {"id":25273978,"title":"Who benefits from SAT prep? An examination of high school context and race/ethnicity","created_at":"2016-05-12T09:52:26.202-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25273978/Who_benefits_from_SAT_prep_An_examination_of_high_school_context_and_race_ethnicity?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_25273978","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45576609,"asset_id":25273978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46477875,"first_name":"Julie","last_name":"Park","domain_name":"umcp","page_name":"JuliePark","display_name":"Julie Park","profile_url":"https://umcp.academia.edu/JuliePark?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46477875/12796160/14216113/s65_julie.park.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":199643,"name":"College Admissions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/College_Admissions?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":305781,"name":"Standardized Tests, SAT, PSAT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standardized_Tests_SAT_PSAT?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":519127,"name":"Shadow Education or Private Tutoring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shadow_Education_or_Private_Tutoring?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32011155" data-work_id="32011155" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32011155/Inequities_in_Higher_Education_Issues_and_Promising_Practices_in_a_World_Ambivalent_about_Affirmative_Action">Inequities in Higher Education: Issues and Promising Practices in a World Ambivalent about Affirmative Action</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32011155" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8b043a4b35d206a3bbc3f199f5526f21" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52277749,"asset_id":32011155,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52277749/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61984883" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeoffreyMaruyama">Geoffrey Maruyama</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61984883" type="text/json">{"id":61984883,"first_name":"Geoffrey","last_name":"Maruyama","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GeoffreyMaruyama","display_name":"Geoffrey Maruyama","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GeoffreyMaruyama?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32011155 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32011155"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32011155, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32011155", }); 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This article is essentially a mapping exercise, describing the history and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1921731" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The use of public procurement to achieve social outcomes is widespread, but detailed information about how it operates is often sketchy and difficult to find. This article is essentially a mapping exercise, describing the history and current use of government contracting as a tool of social regulation, what the author calls the issue of 'linkage'. The article considers the popularity of linkage in the 19 th century in Europe and North America, particularly in dealing with issues of labour standards and unemployment. The use of linkage expanded during the 20 th century, initially to include the provision of employment opportunities to disabled workers. During and after World War II, the use of linkage became particularly important in the United States in addressing racial equality, in the requirements for non-discrimination in contracts, and in affirmative action and set-asides for minority businesses. Subsequently, the role of procurement spread both in its geographical coverage and in the subject areas of social policy that it was used to promote. The article considers examples of the use of procurement to promote equality on the basis of ethnicity and gender drawn from Malaysia, South Africa, Canada, and the European Community. More recently, procurement has been used as an instrument to promote human rights transnationally, also by international organizations such as the International Labour Organisation. The article includes some reflections on the relationship between 'green' procurement, 'social' procurement, and sustainable development, and recent attempts to develop the concept of 'sustainable procurement.'</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1921731" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="056b1db319ab39c2614a76e0496ef90d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":27552906,"asset_id":1921731,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/27552906/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2469403" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SolomonRutto">Solomon Rutto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2469403" type="text/json">{"id":2469403,"first_name":"Solomon","last_name":"Rutto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SolomonRutto","display_name":"Solomon Rutto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SolomonRutto?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2469403/772677/960356/s65_solomon.rutto.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1921731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1921731"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1921731, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1921731", }); 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This article is essentially a mapping exercise, describing the history and current use of government contracting as a tool of social regulation, what the author calls the issue of 'linkage'. The article considers the popularity of linkage in the 19 th century in Europe and North America, particularly in dealing with issues of labour standards and unemployment. The use of linkage expanded during the 20 th century, initially to include the provision of employment opportunities to disabled workers. During and after World War II, the use of linkage became particularly important in the United States in addressing racial equality, in the requirements for non-discrimination in contracts, and in affirmative action and set-asides for minority businesses. Subsequently, the role of procurement spread both in its geographical coverage and in the subject areas of social policy that it was used to promote. The article considers examples of the use of procurement to promote equality on the basis of ethnicity and gender drawn from Malaysia, South Africa, Canada, and the European Community. More recently, procurement has been used as an instrument to promote human rights transnationally, also by international organizations such as the International Labour Organisation. The article includes some reflections on the relationship between 'green' procurement, 'social' procurement, and sustainable development, and recent attempts to develop the concept of 'sustainable procurement.'","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":27552906,"asset_id":1921731,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2469403,"first_name":"Solomon","last_name":"Rutto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SolomonRutto","display_name":"Solomon Rutto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SolomonRutto?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2469403/772677/960356/s65_solomon.rutto.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":3345,"name":"International 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type="text/json">{"id":1078,"name":"Intersexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersexuality?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2613" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity">Diversity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2613" type="text/json">{"id":2613,"name":"Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3277" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism">Race and Racism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3277" type="text/json">{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34411759]'), work: {"id":34411759,"title":"Programm Konferenz 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href="https://www.academia.edu/1198683/Affirmative_Action_and_Preferential_Treatment_in_Public_Education_Has_America_had_its_Fill_or_is_More_Affirmative_Action_Needed">Affirmative Action and Preferential Treatment in Public Education: Has America had its Fill or is More Affirmative Action Needed?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Charles Dickens'wrote the above quote in his account of the French Revolutionary War, A ~~l~ o f~w o cities The quote is applicable to the current situation of race and race relations in the United States. When established as a nation,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1198683" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Charles Dickens'wrote the above quote in his account of the French Revolutionary War, A ~~l~ o f~w o cities The quote is applicable to the current situation of race and race relations in the United States. When established as a nation, the United States was founded on the premises of individual freedoms and liberties. At the same time, the nation held one third of its population in slavery and denied fundamental rights to females. The best of times at the birth of the nation was the establishment of the new nation as an independent state. The worst of times were the accepted ideologies that underlie the practice of slavery and the lack of suffrage for women. Native Americans were killed and displaced because the European colonists regarded them as savages in need of domestication and religion. The rights of those peoples were disregarded much the same as the rights of African-Americans, who were held in bondage through fear, coercion, and torture. The United States has fought wars to ensure individual rights and liberties.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1198683" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bfe7d42d262f17ad374d5bbfd170e67f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":7435260,"asset_id":1198683,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/7435260/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1087737" href="https://txstate.academia.edu/TexasStateUniversityPublicAdministrationAppliedResearchProjects">Texas State PA Applied Research Projects</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1087737" type="text/json">{"id":1087737,"first_name":"Texas State PA","last_name":"Applied Research Projects","domain_name":"txstate","page_name":"TexasStateUniversityPublicAdministrationAppliedResearchProjects","display_name":"Texas State PA Applied Research Projects","profile_url":"https://txstate.academia.edu/TexasStateUniversityPublicAdministrationAppliedResearchProjects?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1087737/384081/465952/s65_texas_state_university_public_administration.applied_research_projects.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1198683 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1198683"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1198683, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1198683", }); 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When established as a nation, the United States was founded on the premises of individual freedoms and liberties. At the same time, the nation held one third of its population in slavery and denied fundamental rights to females. The best of times at the birth of the nation was the establishment of the new nation as an independent state. The worst of times were the accepted ideologies that underlie the practice of slavery and the lack of suffrage for women. Native Americans were killed and displaced because the European colonists regarded them as savages in need of domestication and religion. The rights of those peoples were disregarded much the same as the rights of African-Americans, who were held in bondage through fear, coercion, and torture. The United States has fought wars to ensure individual rights and liberties.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":7435260,"asset_id":1198683,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1087737,"first_name":"Texas State PA","last_name":"Applied Research Projects","domain_name":"txstate","page_name":"TexasStateUniversityPublicAdministrationAppliedResearchProjects","display_name":"Texas State PA Applied Research Projects","profile_url":"https://txstate.academia.edu/TexasStateUniversityPublicAdministrationAppliedResearchProjects?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1087737/384081/465952/s65_texas_state_university_public_administration.applied_research_projects.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7502692" data-work_id="7502692" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7502692/Acci%C3%B3n_positiva_y_g%C3%A9nero_en_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Europea_Es_la_jurisprudencia_del_Tribunal_de_Justicia_de_las_Comunidades_Europeas_un_obst%C3%A1culo_para_la_acci%C3%B3n_positiva_en_Europa">Acción positiva y género en la Unión Europea: ¿Es la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas un obstáculo para la acción positiva en Europa?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Publicado en J. Cruz Parcero y R. Vázquez (eds.), Los derechos de las mujeres en el Derecho internacional, Fontamara-SCJN, México, 2010, pp. 175-210)</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7502692" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d04bd3b885437e5a8263837770459806" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34161640,"asset_id":7502692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34161640/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11604488" href="https://upf.academia.edu/MarisaIglesiasVila">Marisa Iglesias Vila</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11604488" type="text/json">{"id":11604488,"first_name":"Marisa","last_name":"Iglesias Vila","domain_name":"upf","page_name":"MarisaIglesiasVila","display_name":"Marisa Iglesias Vila","profile_url":"https://upf.academia.edu/MarisaIglesiasVila?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11604488/4327482/5034543/s65_marisa.iglesias_vila.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7502692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7502692"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7502692, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7502692", }); 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Cruz Parcero y R. Vázquez (eds.), Los derechos de las mujeres en el Derecho internacional, Fontamara-SCJN, México, 2010, pp. 175-210)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34161640,"asset_id":7502692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11604488,"first_name":"Marisa","last_name":"Iglesias Vila","domain_name":"upf","page_name":"MarisaIglesiasVila","display_name":"Marisa Iglesias Vila","profile_url":"https://upf.academia.edu/MarisaIglesiasVila?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11604488/4327482/5034543/s65_marisa.iglesias_vila.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7490,"name":"Gender Equality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Equality?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":20715,"name":"Legal Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Philosophy?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":59678,"name":"Derecho constitucional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derecho_constitucional?f_ri=48197"},{"id":153332,"name":"Genero","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genero?f_ri=48197"},{"id":564232,"name":"Igualdad / Desigualdad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Igualdad_Desigualdad?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8381756" data-work_id="8381756" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8381756/La_constitution_d_une_d%C3%A9viation_nationaliste_dans_l_Union_sovi%C3%A9tique_des_ann%C3%A9es_1920_les_Tatars_de_Crim%C3%A9e_et_la_veli_ibra%C3%AFmovchtchina">La constitution d’une déviation nationaliste dans l’Union soviétique des années 1920 : les Tatars de Crimée et la veli-ibraïmovchtchina</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A Soviet Socialist Republic of Crimea was proclaimed in the autumn of 1921 and soon tensions appeared between various actor over the orientation of national policy. This article examines the conflicts that developed within the Crimean... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8381756" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A Soviet Socialist Republic of Crimea was proclaimed in the autumn of 1921 and soon tensions appeared between various actor over the orientation of national policy. This article examines the conflicts that developed within the Crimean Communist Party and how they helped to change the political and social order in the peninsula. It shows how the disputes that opposed individuals were initially defined, then redefined and criminalized, and gave rise to one of the political trials during the spring of 1928 in the Soviet Union.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8381756" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="23b060b749af00f4280166a7aec2c974" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34779631,"asset_id":8381756,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34779631/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16876664" href="https://uphf.academia.edu/Gr%C3%A9goryDufaud%D0%94%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%BE">Grégory Dufaud (Дюфо)</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16876664" type="text/json">{"id":16876664,"first_name":"Grégory","last_name":"Dufaud (Дюфо)","domain_name":"uphf","page_name":"GrégoryDufaudДюфо","display_name":"Grégory Dufaud (Дюфо)","profile_url":"https://uphf.academia.edu/Gr%C3%A9goryDufaud%D0%94%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%BE?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16876664/4632275/43103882/s65_gr_gory.dufaud_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8381756 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8381756"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8381756, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8381756", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8381756]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8381756").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8381756").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8381756"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1567" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_History">Soviet History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1567" type="text/json">{"id":1567,"name":"Soviet History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_History?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10495" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism_And_State_Building">Nationalism And State Building</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10495" type="text/json">{"id":10495,"name":"Nationalism And State Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism_And_State_Building?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="205131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Repression">Repression</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="205131" type="text/json">{"id":205131,"name":"Repression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Repression?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8381756]'), work: {"id":8381756,"title":"La constitution d’une déviation nationaliste dans l’Union soviétique des années 1920 : les Tatars de Crimée et la veli-ibraïmovchtchina","created_at":"2014-09-18T05:42:36.877-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8381756/La_constitution_d_une_d%C3%A9viation_nationaliste_dans_l_Union_sovi%C3%A9tique_des_ann%C3%A9es_1920_les_Tatars_de_Crim%C3%A9e_et_la_veli_ibra%C3%AFmovchtchina?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_8381756","summary":"A Soviet Socialist Republic of Crimea was proclaimed in the autumn of 1921 and soon tensions appeared between various actor over the orientation of national policy. This article examines the conflicts that developed within the Crimean Communist Party and how they helped to change the political and social order in the peninsula. 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Affirmative action seeks to promote the upward mobility... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37532909" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Malaysia and South Africa conduct two of the most extensive affirmative action programmes in the world, and perhaps most distinctively, the policy encompasses the corporate sphere. Affirmative action seeks to promote the upward mobility of a population group – often designated by race, ethnicity, religion, gender or disability – through preferential treatment, in order to increase their participation in areas in which they are under-represented. The policy beneficiary in both countries constitutes the demographic majority and politically dominant ethnic group, namely, the Bumiputeras in Malaysia and blacks in South Africa. While various countries implement affirmative action in higher education, public sector employment and public procurement, fewer pursue such policies in ownership, control and management of corporations.<br />This chapter provides a comparative overview of affirmative action in corporate development in these two countries. We survey political economic foundations, institutional frameworks and policy instruments, and discuss recent policy initiatives and future prospects.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37532909" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="994626a7354d8534ea58e62b601f6de5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57506582,"asset_id":37532909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57506582/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4911866" href="https://iseas.academia.edu/HwokAunLee">Hwok-Aun Lee</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4911866" type="text/json">{"id":4911866,"first_name":"Hwok-Aun","last_name":"Lee","domain_name":"iseas","page_name":"HwokAunLee","display_name":"Hwok-Aun Lee","profile_url":"https://iseas.academia.edu/HwokAunLee?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4911866/2116602/114084105/s65_hwok-aun.lee.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-37532909">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-37532909"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://wits.academia.edu/LumkileMondi">Lumkile Mondi</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-37532909'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-37532909').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37532909 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37532909"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37532909; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37532909]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37532909").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37532909").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37532909"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6818" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6818" type="text/json">{"id":6818,"name":"Malaysia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysia?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61866" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa">South Africa</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="61866" type="text/json">{"id":61866,"name":"South Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37532909]'), work: {"id":37532909,"title":"Affirmative action and corporate development in Malaysia and South Africa","created_at":"2018-10-04T19:07:59.206-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37532909/Affirmative_action_and_corporate_development_in_Malaysia_and_South_Africa?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_37532909","summary":"Malaysia and South Africa conduct two of the most extensive affirmative action programmes in the world, and perhaps most distinctively, the policy encompasses the corporate sphere. Affirmative action seeks to promote the upward mobility of a population group – often designated by race, ethnicity, religion, gender or disability – through preferential treatment, in order to increase their participation in areas in which they are under-represented. The policy beneficiary in both countries constitutes the demographic majority and politically dominant ethnic group, namely, the Bumiputeras in Malaysia and blacks in South Africa. While various countries implement affirmative action in higher education, public sector employment and public procurement, fewer pursue such policies in ownership, control and management of corporations.\nThis chapter provides a comparative overview of affirmative action in corporate development in these two countries. We survey political economic foundations, institutional frameworks and policy instruments, and discuss recent policy initiatives and future prospects. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57506582,"asset_id":37532909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4911866,"first_name":"Hwok-Aun","last_name":"Lee","domain_name":"iseas","page_name":"HwokAunLee","display_name":"Hwok-Aun Lee","profile_url":"https://iseas.academia.edu/HwokAunLee?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4911866/2116602/114084105/s65_hwok-aun.lee.jpg"},{"id":37164578,"first_name":"Lumkile","last_name":"Mondi","domain_name":"wits","page_name":"LumkileMondi","display_name":"Lumkile Mondi","profile_url":"https://wits.academia.edu/LumkileMondi?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37164578/11355816/12667724/s65_lumkile.mondi.jpg_oh_e9cf6ee8540697f09ea88ff86216e3d5_oe_572fc397"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6818,"name":"Malaysia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysia?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":61866,"name":"South Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57789536" data-work_id="57789536" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57789536/Cutting_the_Mustard_Affirmative_Action_and_the_Nature_of_Excellence">Cutting the Mustard: Affirmative Action and the Nature of Excellence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">After Nancy Richardson was fired from her job as Dean of Students at Boston University School of Theology, she sued the university for violating her free speech rights under Massachusetts' equal employment law. Richardson had protested... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_57789536" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">After Nancy Richardson was fired from her job as Dean of Students at Boston University School of Theology, she sued the university for violating her free speech rights under Massachusetts' equal employment law. Richardson had protested what she believed were discriminatory decisions not to hire qualified female and Black candidates for the faculty. The ensuing trial brought out the entrenched nature of white male privilege at BU and especially its famous School of Theology - alma mater of Martin Luther King, Jr. And it opened up the whole debate about who defines qualifications for academic jobs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57789536" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6a0348cdb518d3cdcc7d33824addfc0a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72516500,"asset_id":57789536,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72516500/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38769174" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarjorieHeins">Marjorie Heins</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38769174" type="text/json">{"id":38769174,"first_name":"Marjorie","last_name":"Heins","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarjorieHeins","display_name":"Marjorie Heins","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarjorieHeins?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38769174/10747335/19110723/s65_marjorie.heins.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57789536 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57789536"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57789536, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57789536", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57789536]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57789536").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57789536").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57789536"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2333" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Freedom">Academic Freedom</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2333" type="text/json">{"id":2333,"name":"Academic Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Freedom?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20068" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights_History_">Civil Rights (History)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20068" type="text/json">{"id":20068,"name":"Civil Rights (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights_History_?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57789536]'), work: {"id":57789536,"title":"Cutting the Mustard: Affirmative Action and the Nature of Excellence","created_at":"2021-10-14T05:26:28.913-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/57789536/Cutting_the_Mustard_Affirmative_Action_and_the_Nature_of_Excellence?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_57789536","summary":"After Nancy Richardson was fired from her job as Dean of Students at Boston University School of Theology, she sued the university for violating her free speech rights under Massachusetts' equal employment law. Richardson had protested what she believed were discriminatory decisions not to hire qualified female and Black candidates for the faculty. The ensuing trial brought out the entrenched nature of white male privilege at BU and especially its famous School of Theology - alma mater of Martin Luther King, Jr. And it opened up the whole debate about who defines qualifications for academic jobs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72516500,"asset_id":57789536,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38769174,"first_name":"Marjorie","last_name":"Heins","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarjorieHeins","display_name":"Marjorie Heins","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarjorieHeins?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38769174/10747335/19110723/s65_marjorie.heins.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2333,"name":"Academic Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Freedom?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":20068,"name":"Civil Rights (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights_History_?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29190669" data-work_id="29190669" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29190669/Affirmative_Action_in_Policy_Making_Empowerment_or_Institutionalised_Discrimination">Affirmative Action in Policy-Making: Empowerment or Institutionalised Discrimination?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29190669" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="59dcaa3dc570a232a08672a110742540" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49639463,"asset_id":29190669,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49639463/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30749687" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/NabilKhairulAnwar">Nabil Khairul Anwar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30749687" type="text/json">{"id":30749687,"first_name":"Nabil","last_name":"Khairul Anwar","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"NabilKhairulAnwar","display_name":"Nabil Khairul Anwar","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/NabilKhairulAnwar?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30749687/10676191/27138327/s65_nabil.khairul_anwar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29190669 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29190669"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29190669, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29190669", }); 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America is caught up with justice as fairness, which raises questions in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6499456" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The author suggests that a great deal of the controversy over the affirmative action debate is a failure to distinguish between "fair play" and "fair share." America is caught up with justice as fairness, which raises questions in the minds of many who are not familiar with the original purposes of affirmative action, which was focused on fair share, or justice as need. Debunking the whole meritocracy argument, Rosado goes on to show that the current attack on affirmative action is not just another manifestation of institutional racism but emerges from conflicting deep-level value systems. He then suggests a more workable model of affirmative as one based on individual need rather than on group traits such as race or color. What is really needed in society, however, is a shift to a new social ecological paradigm of interconnectedness and interdependence for the 21st century.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6499456" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e2d2b68e74e8382698dc0fa9c3d0be3e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33279052,"asset_id":6499456,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33279052/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14921" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CalebRosado">Caleb Rosado</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14921" type="text/json">{"id":14921,"first_name":"Caleb","last_name":"Rosado","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CalebRosado","display_name":"Caleb Rosado","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CalebRosado?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14921/5000/4794310/s65_caleb.rosado.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6499456 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6499456"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6499456, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6499456", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6499456]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6499456").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6499456").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6499456"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2613" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity">Diversity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2613" type="text/json">{"id":2613,"name":"Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10191" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice">Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10191" type="text/json">{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27306" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latino_Studies">Latino Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27306" type="text/json">{"id":27306,"name":"Latino Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latino_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6499456]'), work: {"id":6499456,"title":"Affirmative Action: A Time for Change","created_at":"2014-03-21T15:22:03.633-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6499456/Affirmative_Action_A_Time_for_Change?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_6499456","summary":"The author suggests that a great deal of the controversy over the affirmative action debate is a failure to distinguish between \"fair play\" and \"fair share.\" America is caught up with justice as fairness, which raises questions in the minds of many who are not familiar with the original purposes of affirmative action, which was focused on fair share, or justice as need. Debunking the whole meritocracy argument, Rosado goes on to show that the current attack on affirmative action is not just another manifestation of institutional racism but emerges from conflicting deep-level value systems. He then suggests a more workable model of affirmative as one based on individual need rather than on group traits such as race or color. What is really needed in society, however, is a shift to a new social ecological paradigm of interconnectedness and interdependence for the 21st century.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33279052,"asset_id":6499456,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14921,"first_name":"Caleb","last_name":"Rosado","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CalebRosado","display_name":"Caleb Rosado","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CalebRosado?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14921/5000/4794310/s65_caleb.rosado.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2613,"name":"Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":27306,"name":"Latino Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latino_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":79436,"name":"Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Change?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6315845" data-work_id="6315845" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6315845/From_Affirmative_Action_to_Diversity_Toward_a_Critical_Diversity_Perspective">From Affirmative Action to Diversity: Toward a Critical Diversity Perspective</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article provides an overview of changes in the discourse about inclusion as it has evolved from debates about affirmative action to various notions of diversity. The article seeks movement away from ‘colorblind diversity’ and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6315845" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article provides an overview of changes in the discourse about inclusion as it has evolved from debates about affirmative action to various notions of diversity. The article seeks movement away  from ‘colorblind diversity’ and ‘segregated diversity’ toward a ‘critical diversity’ that examines all forms of social inequality, oppression, and stratification that revolve around issues of difference. It lays out concrete strategies for doing so: (1) target goods and resources to excluded people; (2) advocate an expansive notion of diversity, but seek out distributive justice <br />that will serve to assist ‘disprivileged’ groups; (3) shift resources away from privileged groups, especially when invoking the rhetoric of diversity; (4) reconnect diversity to affirmative action and the need to offset historical and ongoing racial and gender  discrimination, segregation, and bias; (5) remind people that diversity is consistent with legal compliance; and (6) demonstrate to organizational members that diversity is institutionally beneficial.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6315845" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9e94f3dcfb39deca2089cc194109e11" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33152527,"asset_id":6315845,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33152527/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9476003" href="https://umbc.academia.edu/CedricHerring">Cedric Herring</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9476003" type="text/json">{"id":9476003,"first_name":"Cedric","last_name":"Herring","domain_name":"umbc","page_name":"CedricHerring","display_name":"Cedric Herring","profile_url":"https://umbc.academia.edu/CedricHerring?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9476003/3063246/3602331/s65_cedric.herring.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6315845 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6315845"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6315845, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6315845", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6315845]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6315845").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6315845").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6315845"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2613" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity">Diversity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2613" type="text/json">{"id":2613,"name":"Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1723635" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy">Public Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1723635" type="text/json">{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6315845]'), work: {"id":6315845,"title":"From Affirmative Action to Diversity: Toward a Critical Diversity Perspective","created_at":"2014-03-06T14:32:53.527-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6315845/From_Affirmative_Action_to_Diversity_Toward_a_Critical_Diversity_Perspective?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_6315845","summary":"This article provides an overview of changes in the discourse about inclusion as it has evolved from debates about affirmative action to various notions of diversity. The article seeks movement away from ‘colorblind diversity’ and ‘segregated diversity’ toward a ‘critical diversity’ that examines all forms of social inequality, oppression, and stratification that revolve around issues of difference. It lays out concrete strategies for doing so: (1) target goods and resources to excluded people; (2) advocate an expansive notion of diversity, but seek out distributive justice\r\nthat will serve to assist ‘disprivileged’ groups; (3) shift resources away from privileged groups, especially when invoking the rhetoric of diversity; (4) reconnect diversity to affirmative action and the need to offset historical and ongoing racial and gender discrimination, segregation, and bias; (5) remind people that diversity is consistent with legal compliance; and (6) demonstrate to organizational members that diversity is institutionally beneficial.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33152527,"asset_id":6315845,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9476003,"first_name":"Cedric","last_name":"Herring","domain_name":"umbc","page_name":"CedricHerring","display_name":"Cedric Herring","profile_url":"https://umbc.academia.edu/CedricHerring?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9476003/3063246/3602331/s65_cedric.herring.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":2613,"name":"Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42282540" data-work_id="42282540" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42282540/Comiss%C3%A3o_de_heteroidentifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A9tnico_racial_averigua%C3%A7%C3%A3o_impedimento_e_legitima%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_fraudes">Comissão de heteroidentificação étnico-racial: averiguação, impedimento e legitimação de fraudes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">O presente artigo apresenta um dos resultados de uma pesquisa realizada na Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), financiada pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC/CNPq), edital 2018-2019. A investigação focou... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42282540" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">O presente artigo apresenta um dos resultados de uma pesquisa realizada na Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), financiada pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC/CNPq), edital 2018-2019. A investigação focou a operacionalização da “Comissão de Verificação de Autodeclaração Étnico-racial” da instituição, especialmente a sua eficiência na averiguação e, consequentemente, impedimento de fraudes praticadas por estudantes brancos/as nas subcotas étnico-raciais de seis cursos considerados de alto prestígio na instituição, a saber: Agronomia, Direito, Engenharia Mecânica, Engenharia Química, Medicina e Medicina Veterinária, no período de 2013 a 2016. Após pesquisa documental, realização de entrevistas com professores, por meio de roteiro semiestruturado, tentativa de entrevistas com estudantes e realização de heteroidentificação “paralela” de trezes estudantes acusados de fraudar as subcotas étnico-raciais, demonstra-se que a referida comissão não somente coibiu fraudes, seu objetivo primeiro, mas, contraditoriamente, também foi um locus para a sua legitimação.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42282540" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="16c771efb15e43f1568cc216475fcf3f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62435602,"asset_id":42282540,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62435602/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29067965" href="https://ufmg.academia.edu/MatheusSilvaFreitas">Matheus Silva Freitas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29067965" type="text/json">{"id":29067965,"first_name":"Matheus","last_name":"Silva Freitas","domain_name":"ufmg","page_name":"MatheusSilvaFreitas","display_name":"Matheus Silva Freitas","profile_url":"https://ufmg.academia.edu/MatheusSilvaFreitas?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42282540 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42282540"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42282540, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42282540", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42282540]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42282540").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42282540").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42282540"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory">Critical Race Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5247" type="text/json">{"id":5247,"name":"Critical Race Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5453" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity">Race and Ethnicity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5453" type="text/json">{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42282540]'), work: {"id":42282540,"title":"Comissão de heteroidentificação étnico-racial: averiguação, impedimento e legitimação de fraudes","created_at":"2020-03-21T19:28:57.467-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42282540/Comiss%C3%A3o_de_heteroidentifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A9tnico_racial_averigua%C3%A7%C3%A3o_impedimento_e_legitima%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_fraudes?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_42282540","summary":"O presente artigo apresenta um dos resultados de uma pesquisa realizada na Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), financiada pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC/CNPq), edital 2018-2019. A investigação focou a operacionalização da “Comissão de Verificação de Autodeclaração Étnico-racial” da instituição, especialmente a sua eficiência na averiguação e, consequentemente, impedimento de fraudes praticadas por estudantes brancos/as nas subcotas étnico-raciais de seis cursos considerados de alto prestígio na instituição, a saber: Agronomia, Direito, Engenharia Mecânica, Engenharia Química, Medicina e Medicina Veterinária, no período de 2013 a 2016. Após pesquisa documental, realização de entrevistas com professores, por meio de roteiro semiestruturado, tentativa de entrevistas com estudantes e realização de heteroidentificação “paralela” de trezes estudantes acusados de fraudar as subcotas étnico-raciais, demonstra-se que a referida comissão não somente coibiu fraudes, seu objetivo primeiro, mas, contraditoriamente, também foi um locus para a sua legitimação.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62435602,"asset_id":42282540,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29067965,"first_name":"Matheus","last_name":"Silva Freitas","domain_name":"ufmg","page_name":"MatheusSilvaFreitas","display_name":"Matheus Silva Freitas","profile_url":"https://ufmg.academia.edu/MatheusSilvaFreitas?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":5247,"name":"Critical Race Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197"},{"id":320882,"name":"Ações Afirmativas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acoes_Afirmativas?f_ri=48197"},{"id":608301,"name":"Race and law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_law?f_ri=48197"},{"id":666183,"name":"RELAÇÕES ÉTNICO-RACIAIS E EDUCAÇÃO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RELACOES_ETNICO-RACIAIS_E_EDUCACAO?f_ri=48197"},{"id":945224,"name":"Relações Raciais","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relacoes_Raciais?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78889944" data-work_id="78889944" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78889944/_Aquilombar_%C3%A9_o_que_d%C3%A1_for%C3%A7a_redes_de_afeto_de_fazer_pol%C3%ADtico_e_de_produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_conhecimento_em_um_coletivo_negro_de_universit%C3%A1rios_de_Medicina">"Aquilombar é o que dá força": redes de afeto, de fazer político e de produção de conhecimento em um coletivo negro de universitários de Medicina</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A implementação de políticas de ação afirmativa racialmente orientadas, ao longo das duas últimas décadas, tem contribuído significativamente para a democratização do acesso às universidades públicas brasileiras. Como consequência disso,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78889944" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A implementação de políticas de ação afirmativa racialmente orientadas, ao longo das duas últimas décadas, tem contribuído significativamente para a democratização do acesso às universidades públicas brasileiras. Como consequência disso, cursos de graduação de um modo geral, e aqueles considerados mais concorridos e de prestígio como os de Medicina, em particular, vêm passando por significativas mudanças na composição de seus quadros discentes. Junto a este processo, tem sido possível, também, assistir à proliferação de coletivos negros nas universidades brasileiras. Em espaços como esses, estudantes acolhem-se e formam-se politicamente, e pesquisas recentes indicam que sua emergência tem contribuído diretamente para a chegada e para a permanência de pessoas negras no ensino superior. Até pouco tempo atrás considerados exceções na Medicina, estudantes negros têm tensionado a formação acadêmica ao passo em que se afirmam como sujeitos dos processos de produção do saber e da prática médica. Por conseguinte, este processo tem impulsionado mudanças na produção de conhecimento, nos temas de pesquisas, nos eventos acadêmicos da área, nos currículos e nas Ligas Acadêmicas. Em vista disso, esta dissertação dedicou-se a explorar as relações entre cotas raciais, acesso e permanência universitária, produção de identificações, identidades e diferenças, processos de produção de conhecimento e mobilidade social. O fez a partir do Quilombo Ubuntu, coletivo criado e gestado por estudantes negros do curso de Medicina da Unicamp. O trabalho de campo ocorreu ao longo de 2021, com metodologia eminentemente etnográfica, conduzida integralmente online, sendo realizadas observação participante nas reuniões do Quilombo Ubuntu, entrevistas com seus membros e diálogos informais por WhatsApp. Acompanhando os integrantes do coletivo, foram etnografados, ainda, eventos dos quais participaram e realizadas conversas informais com outros participantes dos mesmos; foram acompanhados também eventos institucionais abertos promovidos pela Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Unicamp. Filmes sobre o tema, literatura acadêmica recente e matérias de mídia relativos ao tema das ações afirmativas no período foram incluídos na análise.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78889944" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9486340fe8d2573d32ef2a92bc9eaa3b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85773712,"asset_id":78889944,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85773712/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6042306" href="https://unicamp.academia.edu/WilliamRosa">William Rosa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6042306" type="text/json">{"id":6042306,"first_name":"William","last_name":"Rosa","domain_name":"unicamp","page_name":"WilliamRosa","display_name":"William Rosa","profile_url":"https://unicamp.academia.edu/WilliamRosa?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6042306/2861171/69157525/s65_william.rosa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78889944 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78889944"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78889944, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78889944", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_78889944 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78889944; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_78889944"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_78889944 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78889944"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78889944; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78889944]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78889944").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78889944").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78889944"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements">Social Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="208" type="text/json">{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="34327" type="text/json">{"id":34327,"name":"Intersectionality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersectionality?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="567599" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjectivity_and_Subjectivation">Subjectivity and Subjectivation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="567599" type="text/json">{"id":567599,"name":"Subjectivity and Subjectivation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjectivity_and_Subjectivation?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78889944]'), work: {"id":78889944,"title":"\"Aquilombar é o que dá força\": redes de afeto, de fazer político e de produção de conhecimento em um coletivo negro de universitários de Medicina","created_at":"2022-05-09T14:51:44.386-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78889944/_Aquilombar_%C3%A9_o_que_d%C3%A1_for%C3%A7a_redes_de_afeto_de_fazer_pol%C3%ADtico_e_de_produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_conhecimento_em_um_coletivo_negro_de_universit%C3%A1rios_de_Medicina?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_78889944","summary":"A implementação de políticas de ação afirmativa racialmente orientadas, ao longo das duas últimas décadas, tem contribuído significativamente para a democratização do acesso às universidades públicas brasileiras. Como consequência disso, cursos de graduação de um modo geral, e aqueles considerados mais concorridos e de prestígio como os de Medicina, em particular, vêm passando por significativas mudanças na composição de seus quadros discentes. Junto a este processo, tem sido possível, também, assistir à proliferação de coletivos negros nas universidades brasileiras. Em espaços como esses, estudantes acolhem-se e formam-se politicamente, e pesquisas recentes indicam que sua emergência tem contribuído diretamente para a chegada e para a permanência de pessoas negras no ensino superior. Até pouco tempo atrás considerados exceções na Medicina, estudantes negros têm tensionado a formação acadêmica ao passo em que se afirmam como sujeitos dos processos de produção do saber e da prática médica. Por conseguinte, este processo tem impulsionado mudanças na produção de conhecimento, nos temas de pesquisas, nos eventos acadêmicos da área, nos currículos e nas Ligas Acadêmicas. Em vista disso, esta dissertação dedicou-se a explorar as relações entre cotas raciais, acesso e permanência universitária, produção de identificações, identidades e diferenças, processos de produção de conhecimento e mobilidade social. O fez a partir do Quilombo Ubuntu, coletivo criado e gestado por estudantes negros do curso de Medicina da Unicamp. O trabalho de campo ocorreu ao longo de 2021, com metodologia eminentemente etnográfica, conduzida integralmente online, sendo realizadas observação participante nas reuniões do Quilombo Ubuntu, entrevistas com seus membros e diálogos informais por WhatsApp. Acompanhando os integrantes do coletivo, foram etnografados, ainda, eventos dos quais participaram e realizadas conversas informais com outros participantes dos mesmos; foram acompanhados também eventos institucionais abertos promovidos pela Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Unicamp. Filmes sobre o tema, literatura acadêmica recente e matérias de mídia relativos ao tema das ações afirmativas no período foram incluídos na análise.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85773712,"asset_id":78889944,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6042306,"first_name":"William","last_name":"Rosa","domain_name":"unicamp","page_name":"WilliamRosa","display_name":"William Rosa","profile_url":"https://unicamp.academia.edu/WilliamRosa?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6042306/2861171/69157525/s65_william.rosa.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":34327,"name":"Intersectionality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersectionality?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":567599,"name":"Subjectivity and Subjectivation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjectivity_and_Subjectivation?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38136583" data-work_id="38136583" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38136583/Book_Review_Affirmative_Action_in_India_by_Ashwini_Deshpande">Book Review: Affirmative Action in India by Ashwini Deshpande</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Book Review on 'Affirmative Action in India' authored by Ashwini Deshpande under Oxford University Press India Short Introduction Series in the year 2013. This review is published by The Criterion: An International Journal in English... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38136583" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Book Review on 'Affirmative Action in India' authored by Ashwini Deshpande under Oxford University Press India Short Introduction Series in the year 2013. <br /><br />This review is published by The Criterion: An International Journal in English Vol. 9, Issue-VI, December 2018.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38136583" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3f655b0606aa01085abdb40870d0ccf2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58167574,"asset_id":38136583,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58167574/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="821232" href="https://uohyd.academia.edu/SSwaroopSirapangi">S Swaroop Sirapangi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="821232" type="text/json">{"id":821232,"first_name":"S Swaroop","last_name":"Sirapangi","domain_name":"uohyd","page_name":"SSwaroopSirapangi","display_name":"S Swaroop Sirapangi","profile_url":"https://uohyd.academia.edu/SSwaroopSirapangi?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/821232/313118/21707983/s65_s_swaroop.sirapangi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38136583 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38136583"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38136583, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38136583", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38136583]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38136583").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38136583").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38136583"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19672" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Politics">Indian Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19672" type="text/json">{"id":19672,"name":"Indian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Politics?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118633" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caste">Caste</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118633" type="text/json">{"id":118633,"name":"Caste","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caste?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="941307" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Class_Caste_and_Reservations">Class Caste and Reservations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="941307" type="text/json">{"id":941307,"name":"Class Caste and Reservations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Class_Caste_and_Reservations?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38136583]'), work: {"id":38136583,"title":"Book Review: Affirmative Action in India by Ashwini Deshpande","created_at":"2019-01-11T20:56:04.412-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38136583/Book_Review_Affirmative_Action_in_India_by_Ashwini_Deshpande?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_38136583","summary":"Book Review on 'Affirmative Action in India' authored by Ashwini Deshpande under Oxford University Press India Short Introduction Series in the year 2013. \n\nThis review is published by The Criterion: An International Journal in English Vol. 9, Issue-VI, December 2018. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58167574,"asset_id":38136583,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":821232,"first_name":"S Swaroop","last_name":"Sirapangi","domain_name":"uohyd","page_name":"SSwaroopSirapangi","display_name":"S Swaroop Sirapangi","profile_url":"https://uohyd.academia.edu/SSwaroopSirapangi?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/821232/313118/21707983/s65_s_swaroop.sirapangi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":19672,"name":"Indian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Politics?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":118633,"name":"Caste","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caste?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":941307,"name":"Class Caste and Reservations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Class_Caste_and_Reservations?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":1489066,"name":"Dalitology and Ambedkarism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dalitology_and_Ambedkarism?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12179887" data-work_id="12179887" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12179887/Affirmative_action_unintentional_racial_biases_and_intergroup_relations">Affirmative action, unintentional racial biases, and intergroup relations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper examines whether ajirmative action is still needed, investigates why it may be needed in terms of contemporary racial attitudes, and considers ways of reducing intergroup conflict and tension surrounding this issue. Although... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12179887" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper examines whether ajirmative action is still needed, investigates why it may be needed in terms of contemporary racial attitudes, and considers ways of reducing intergroup conflict and tension surrounding this issue. Although the nature of contemporary bias is more subtle than traditional forms, this unintentional bias can produce barriers to the employment and advancement of wellqualified members of historically disadvantaged groups, as well as resistance to ajirmative action. Nevertheless, ajirmative action policies may address contemporary biases more effectively than passive equal employment opportunity policies because they emphasize outcomes rather than intentions, provide unambiguous standards of behavior, and establish monitoring systems that insure accountability. Strategies for improving intergroup relations and reducing intergroup conflict associated with this issue are considered.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12179887" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5c93719aabd449f38f7eb4209ff719bc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46318856,"asset_id":12179887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46318856/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30610721" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnDovidio">John Dovidio</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30610721" type="text/json">{"id":30610721,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Dovidio","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JohnDovidio","display_name":"John Dovidio","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JohnDovidio?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12179887 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12179887"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12179887, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12179887", }); 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Although the nature of contemporary bias is more subtle than traditional forms, this unintentional bias can produce barriers to the employment and advancement of wellqualified members of historically disadvantaged groups, as well as resistance to ajirmative action. Nevertheless, ajirmative action policies may address contemporary biases more effectively than passive equal employment opportunity policies because they emphasize outcomes rather than intentions, provide unambiguous standards of behavior, and establish monitoring systems that insure accountability. Strategies for improving intergroup relations and reducing intergroup conflict associated with this issue are considered.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46318856,"asset_id":12179887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30610721,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Dovidio","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JohnDovidio","display_name":"John Dovidio","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JohnDovidio?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":5908,"name":"Intergroup Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intergroup_Relations?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":241361,"name":"Social Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Issues?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38176891 coauthored" data-work_id="38176891" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38176891/A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_afirmativa_conceito_hist%C3%B3ria_e_debates">Ação afirmativa: conceito, história e debates</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">João Feres Júnior, Luiz Augusto Campos, Verônica Toste Daflon e Anna Carolina Venturini Produto de quase duas décadas de pesquisa, a obra investiga o papel da ação afirmativa na democratização da universidade pública. Apresenta ao leitor... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38176891" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">João Feres Júnior, Luiz Augusto Campos, Verônica Toste Daflon e Anna Carolina Venturini<br /><br />Produto de quase duas décadas de pesquisa, a obra investiga o papel da ação afirmativa na democratização da universidade pública. Apresenta ao leitor um olhar sobre a complexidade dessa política pública, analisando seus aspectos conceituais, jurídicos e morais, assim como as perspectivas históricas, políticas e administrativas. A leitura possibilita não apenas compreender melhor o contexto das posições favoráveis e contrárias às políticas afirmativas, mas também compartilhar de saberes sobre os atores sociais envolvidos, com destaque para a imprensa, e sobre os desdobramentos da adoção dessa estratégia de inclusão em outros países.<br /><br />192 p.<br /><br />ISBN 978-85-7511-488-9<br /><br />Disponível em: <a href="https://www.eduerj.com/eng/?product=acao-afirmativa-conceito-historia-e-debates" rel="nofollow">https://www.eduerj.com/eng/?product=acao-afirmativa-conceito-historia-e-debates</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38176891" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1d67bdd01362623430785568d7aed1c3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58212876,"asset_id":38176891,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58212876/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6366917" href="https://cebrap.academia.edu/AnnaCarolinaVenturini">Anna Carolina Venturini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6366917" type="text/json">{"id":6366917,"first_name":"Anna Carolina","last_name":"Venturini","domain_name":"cebrap","page_name":"AnnaCarolinaVenturini","display_name":"Anna Carolina Venturini","profile_url":"https://cebrap.academia.edu/AnnaCarolinaVenturini?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6366917/6836328/12833865/s65_anna_carolina.venturini.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-38176891">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-38176891"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uerj.academia.edu/Jo%C3%A3oFeresJ%C3%BAnior">João Feres Júnior</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-38176891'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-38176891').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38176891 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38176891"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38176891; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38176891]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38176891").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38176891").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38176891"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9821" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil">Brazil</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9821" type="text/json">{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10006" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_and_Racial_Studies">Ethnic and Racial Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10006" type="text/json">{"id":10006,"name":"Ethnic and Racial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_and_Racial_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34924" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Political_Theory">Contemporary Political Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="34924" type="text/json">{"id":34924,"name":"Contemporary Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Political_Theory?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38176891]'), work: {"id":38176891,"title":"Ação afirmativa: conceito, história e debates","created_at":"2019-01-18T15:14:14.000-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38176891/A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_afirmativa_conceito_hist%C3%B3ria_e_debates?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_38176891","summary":"João Feres Júnior, Luiz Augusto Campos, Verônica Toste Daflon e Anna Carolina Venturini\n\nProduto de quase duas décadas de pesquisa, a obra investiga o papel da ação afirmativa na democratização da universidade pública. Apresenta ao leitor um olhar sobre a complexidade dessa política pública, analisando seus aspectos conceituais, jurídicos e morais, assim como as perspectivas históricas, políticas e administrativas. A leitura possibilita não apenas compreender melhor o contexto das posições favoráveis e contrárias às políticas afirmativas, mas também compartilhar de saberes sobre os atores sociais envolvidos, com destaque para a imprensa, e sobre os desdobramentos da adoção dessa estratégia de inclusão em outros países.\n\n192 p.\n\nISBN 978-85-7511-488-9\n\nDisponível em: https://www.eduerj.com/eng/?product=acao-afirmativa-conceito-historia-e-debates ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58212876,"asset_id":38176891,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6366917,"first_name":"Anna Carolina","last_name":"Venturini","domain_name":"cebrap","page_name":"AnnaCarolinaVenturini","display_name":"Anna Carolina Venturini","profile_url":"https://cebrap.academia.edu/AnnaCarolinaVenturini?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6366917/6836328/12833865/s65_anna_carolina.venturini.jpg"},{"id":4334796,"first_name":"João","last_name":"Feres Júnior","domain_name":"uerj","page_name":"JoãoFeresJúnior","display_name":"João Feres Júnior","profile_url":"https://uerj.academia.edu/Jo%C3%A3oFeresJ%C3%BAnior?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4334796/1741273/76540672/s65_jo_o.feres_j_nior.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":10006,"name":"Ethnic and Racial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_and_Racial_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":34924,"name":"Contemporary Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Political_Theory?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197"},{"id":240516,"name":"Ensino Superior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ensino_Superior?f_ri=48197"},{"id":320882,"name":"Ações Afirmativas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acoes_Afirmativas?f_ri=48197"},{"id":666183,"name":"RELAÇÕES ÉTNICO-RACIAIS E EDUCAÇÃO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RELACOES_ETNICO-RACIAIS_E_EDUCACAO?f_ri=48197"},{"id":991480,"name":"Racial and Ethnic Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_and_Ethnic_Relations?f_ri=48197"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38147424" data-work_id="38147424" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38147424/United_Nations_Approach_to_Temporary_Special_Measures">United Nations Approach to Temporary Special Measures</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter examines the role of the United Nations (UN) and its bodies, in addressing special measures aimed at redressing structural inequalities suffered by designated groups by increasing the proportion of members of these groups in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38147424" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter examines the role of the United Nations  (UN) and its bodies, in addressing special measures aimed at redressing structural inequalities suffered by designated groups by increasing the proportion of members of these groups in relevant labour, academic, governmental or non-governmental positions where they are underrepresented. It outlines the jurisprudence of the main UN human rights bodies, and analyses its content. The research underpinning this paper seeks to explore the most proliferous and coherent actions adopted by some of the UN organs within a poorly delimited conceptual framework.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38147424" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bde8c2c88767d90c690950def4f18da8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58179834,"asset_id":38147424,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58179834/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4337" href="https://kingston.academia.edu/ProfElviraDominguezRedondo">Prof. Elvira Dominguez Redondo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4337" type="text/json">{"id":4337,"first_name":"Prof. Elvira","last_name":"Dominguez Redondo","domain_name":"kingston","page_name":"ProfElviraDominguezRedondo","display_name":"Prof. Elvira Dominguez Redondo","profile_url":"https://kingston.academia.edu/ProfElviraDominguezRedondo?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4337/1829429/2177584/s65_elvira.dominguez_redondo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38147424 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38147424"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38147424, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38147424", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38147424 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38147424; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38147424"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38147424 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38147424"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38147424; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38147424]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38147424").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38147424").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38147424"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6617" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations">United Nations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6617" type="text/json">{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159181" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality_and_Non_Discrimination">Equality and Non Discrimination</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159181" type="text/json">{"id":159181,"name":"Equality and Non Discrimination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality_and_Non_Discrimination?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1126797" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporary_Special_Measures">Temporary Special Measures</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1126797" type="text/json">{"id":1126797,"name":"Temporary Special Measures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporary_Special_Measures?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38147424]'), work: {"id":38147424,"title":"United Nations Approach to Temporary Special Measures","created_at":"2019-01-14T01:41:59.458-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38147424/United_Nations_Approach_to_Temporary_Special_Measures?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_38147424","summary":"This chapter examines the role of the United Nations (UN) and its bodies, in addressing special measures aimed at redressing structural inequalities suffered by designated groups by increasing the proportion of members of these groups in relevant labour, academic, governmental or non-governmental positions where they are underrepresented. It outlines the jurisprudence of the main UN human rights bodies, and analyses its content. The research underpinning this paper seeks to explore the most proliferous and coherent actions adopted by some of the UN organs within a poorly delimited conceptual framework. \n ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58179834,"asset_id":38147424,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4337,"first_name":"Prof. Elvira","last_name":"Dominguez Redondo","domain_name":"kingston","page_name":"ProfElviraDominguezRedondo","display_name":"Prof. Elvira Dominguez Redondo","profile_url":"https://kingston.academia.edu/ProfElviraDominguezRedondo?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4337/1829429/2177584/s65_elvira.dominguez_redondo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":159181,"name":"Equality and Non Discrimination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality_and_Non_Discrimination?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":1126797,"name":"Temporary Special Measures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporary_Special_Measures?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34119744" data-work_id="34119744" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34119744/Technologies_of_Instant_Amnesia_Teaching_Kurt_Vonneguts_Harrison_Bergeron_to_the_Millennial_Generation">Technologies of Instant Amnesia: Teaching Kurt Vonnegut's "Harrison Bergeron" to the Millennial Generation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Kurt Vonnegut is one of the most influential American writers from the latter half of the twentieth century. He is best known for his novels, but because the format of First-Year English and similar courses on composition requires the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34119744" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Kurt Vonnegut is one of the most influential American writers from the latter half of the twentieth century. He is best known for his novels, but because the format of First-Year English and similar courses on composition requires the study of much shorter literary works, most students today only encounter Vonnegut through his one short story to attain a level of notoriety approaching that of his novels: "Harrison Bergeron." In this essay, Benjamin Reed resurrects, explicates, and expands upon a formerly marginal analysis of the story, one that both subsumes and deepens competing conventional interpretations, which historically have had the effect of limiting our understanding of both Vonnegut and "Harrison Bergeron." These unfortunate interpretations survive in part because they are frequently reiterated or rephrased by the same texts in which "Harrison Bergeron" is anthologized for the college classroom. The central argument offered here is that "Harrison Bergeron" is Vonnegut's hyperbolic diagnosis of a sharp decline in American intellectualism—our creativity, empathy, individualism, and basic cognition—during the era in which television replaced popular literature as our primary medium of diversion. For young, "tech-savvy" students, this reading is more relevant than ever, as the same "amnesiac" characteristics of American culture that Vonnegut inflates into absurd satire have only been enhanced and propagated by a proliferation of new technologies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34119744" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ddeac76e83a04400dd81d288ecb84f04" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54049135,"asset_id":34119744,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54049135/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="66959647" href="https://txstate.academia.edu/BenjaminReed">Benjamin Reed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="66959647" type="text/json">{"id":66959647,"first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Reed","domain_name":"txstate","page_name":"BenjaminReed","display_name":"Benjamin Reed","profile_url":"https://txstate.academia.edu/BenjaminReed?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/66959647/17427272/17514164/s65_benjamin.reed.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34119744 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34119744"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34119744, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34119744", }); 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He is best known for his novels, but because the format of First-Year English and similar courses on composition requires the study of much shorter literary works, most students today only encounter Vonnegut through his one short story to attain a level of notoriety approaching that of his novels: \"Harrison Bergeron.\" In this essay, Benjamin Reed resurrects, explicates, and expands upon a formerly marginal analysis of the story, one that both subsumes and deepens competing conventional interpretations, which historically have had the effect of limiting our understanding of both Vonnegut and \"Harrison Bergeron.\" These unfortunate interpretations survive in part because they are frequently reiterated or rephrased by the same texts in which \"Harrison Bergeron\" is anthologized for the college classroom. The central argument offered here is that \"Harrison Bergeron\" is Vonnegut's hyperbolic diagnosis of a sharp decline in American intellectualism—our creativity, empathy, individualism, and basic cognition—during the era in which television replaced popular literature as our primary medium of diversion. For young, \"tech-savvy\" students, this reading is more relevant than ever, as the same \"amnesiac\" characteristics of American culture that Vonnegut inflates into absurd satire have only been enhanced and propagated by a proliferation of new technologies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54049135,"asset_id":34119744,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":66959647,"first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Reed","domain_name":"txstate","page_name":"BenjaminReed","display_name":"Benjamin Reed","profile_url":"https://txstate.academia.edu/BenjaminReed?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/66959647/17427272/17514164/s65_benjamin.reed.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":1571,"name":"Television Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Television_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":2323,"name":"Dystopian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dystopian_Literature?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":16417,"name":"20th Century American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/20th_Century_American_Literature?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":19477,"name":"Kurt Vonnegut","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kurt_Vonnegut?f_ri=48197"},{"id":45036,"name":"Mass media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_media?f_ri=48197"},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42132428" data-work_id="42132428" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42132428/Is_Affirmative_Action_Morally_Justified">Is Affirmative Action Morally Justified?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42132428" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f53e62c62b7c11d51eabbc11f6738b0c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62267894,"asset_id":42132428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62267894/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38505506" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PraharshitaGaur">Praharshita Gaur</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38505506" type="text/json">{"id":38505506,"first_name":"Praharshita","last_name":"Gaur","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PraharshitaGaur","display_name":"Praharshita Gaur","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PraharshitaGaur?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38505506/40816255/33295714/s65_praharshita.gaur.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42132428 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42132428"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42132428, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42132428", }); 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Tendencias, tensiones y desafíos: propuestas para continuar avanzando</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Este texto ofrece un análisis contextualizado de las tendencias en curso en el campo de Educación Superior y Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes en América Latina, así como de algunos conflictos, tensiones, interpelaciones y desafíos... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39203314" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Este texto ofrece un análisis contextualizado de las tendencias en curso<br />en el campo de Educación Superior y Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes<br />en América Latina, así como de algunos conflictos, tensiones,<br />interpelaciones y desafíos que caracterizan el quehacer de los<br />principales tipos de experiencias que lo constituyen. A partir de este<br />análisis se exponen algunas propuestas para continuar avanzando en el<br />desarrollo y mejoramiento de estos tipos de experiencias.<br />En líneas generales, el análisis realizado permite observar el desarrollo<br />de tendencias diversas en curso, algunas de ellas contradictorias<br />entre sí; esta parece ser la situación tanto en la región en su conjunto<br />como en la mayoría de los países analizados. Pese a ello, en resumen<br />resulta plausible esperar que las experiencias de Educación Superior<br />para, con y por pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes incrementarán<br />su importancia en los próximos años. No obstante, seguramente se<br />podrán observar altibajos, según evolucionen las tendencias en curso<br />y las tensiones entre algunas de ellas. Estas dinámicas dependerán de<br />las políticas y acciones concretas del amplio y heterogéneo conjuntode actores sociales que, especialmente desde la última década del siglo<br />XX, han venido desarrollando actividades concretas en este campo.<br />[...] Este capítulo está organizado en siete secciones y una posdata. En<br />la primera sección se presenta un panorama sintético del campo instituciones<br />y programas de Educación Superior para, con y por pueblos<br />indígenas y afrodescendientes en América Latina. En la segunda<br />se ofrece una breve visión preliminar de las tendencias en curso en este<br />campo y sus perspectivas de desarrollo durante la próxima década.<br />En las tres secciones siguientes se analizan algunos aspectos demográficos<br />y normativos (domésticos e internacionales), cuyo examen permite<br />comprender más apropiadamente las tendencias en curso y sus<br />posibles desarrollos durante los próximos años. En la sexta sección se<br />analizan los papeles jugados por algunos actores clave en el desarrollo<br />de este campo y en las tendencias en curso. En la séptima sección<br />se ofrecen algunas reflexiones finales sobre tendencias en curso y tensiones<br />entre ellas, así como sobre las posibilidades y desafíos que esto<br />plantea a las universidades y otras IES de la región, como también<br />a otros actores sociales interesados en la materia y muy especialmente<br />a quienes estamos comprometidos con el desarrollo de este campo.<br />Finalmente, bajo el título de “Posdata”, se ha agregado una octava sección, en la que se exponen sintéticamente algunas reflexiones respecto del tratamiento de este tema en la 3ª Conferencia Regional de<br />Educación Superior realizada en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, en<br />junio de 2018 (CRES 2018).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39203314" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="07810fa7b0b10c1c2ab2f59075d79e92" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59331981,"asset_id":39203314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59331981/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2348080" href="https://untref.academia.edu/DanielMato">Daniel Mato</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2348080" type="text/json">{"id":2348080,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Mato","domain_name":"untref","page_name":"DanielMato","display_name":"Daniel Mato","profile_url":"https://untref.academia.edu/DanielMato?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2348080/79828879/68399399/s65_daniel.mato.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39203314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39203314"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39203314, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39203314", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39203314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39203314; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39203314"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39203314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39203314"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39203314; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39203314]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39203314").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39203314").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39203314"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="388" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies">Latin American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="388" type="text/json">{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="922" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education">Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="922" type="text/json">{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="926" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Studies">Indigenous Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="926" type="text/json">{"id":926,"name":"Indigenous Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2931" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afro_Latin_America">Afro Latin America</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2931" type="text/json">{"id":2931,"name":"Afro Latin America","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afro_Latin_America?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39203314]'), work: {"id":39203314,"title":"Educación Superior y Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes en América Latina. Tendencias, tensiones y desafíos: propuestas para continuar avanzando","created_at":"2019-05-20T14:12:17.111-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39203314/Educaci%C3%B3n_Superior_y_Pueblos_Ind%C3%ADgenas_y_Afrodescendientes_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_Tendencias_tensiones_y_desaf%C3%ADos_propuestas_para_continuar_avanzando?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_39203314","summary":"Este texto ofrece un análisis contextualizado de las tendencias en curso\nen el campo de Educación Superior y Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes\nen América Latina, así como de algunos conflictos, tensiones,\ninterpelaciones y desafíos que caracterizan el quehacer de los\nprincipales tipos de experiencias que lo constituyen. A partir de este\nanálisis se exponen algunas propuestas para continuar avanzando en el\ndesarrollo y mejoramiento de estos tipos de experiencias.\nEn líneas generales, el análisis realizado permite observar el desarrollo\nde tendencias diversas en curso, algunas de ellas contradictorias\nentre sí; esta parece ser la situación tanto en la región en su conjunto\ncomo en la mayoría de los países analizados. Pese a ello, en resumen\nresulta plausible esperar que las experiencias de Educación Superior\npara, con y por pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes incrementarán\nsu importancia en los próximos años. No obstante, seguramente se\npodrán observar altibajos, según evolucionen las tendencias en curso\ny las tensiones entre algunas de ellas. Estas dinámicas dependerán de\nlas políticas y acciones concretas del amplio y heterogéneo conjuntode actores sociales que, especialmente desde la última década del siglo\nXX, han venido desarrollando actividades concretas en este campo.\n[...] Este capítulo está organizado en siete secciones y una posdata. En\nla primera sección se presenta un panorama sintético del campo instituciones\ny programas de Educación Superior para, con y por pueblos\nindígenas y afrodescendientes en América Latina. En la segunda\nse ofrece una breve visión preliminar de las tendencias en curso en este\ncampo y sus perspectivas de desarrollo durante la próxima década.\nEn las tres secciones siguientes se analizan algunos aspectos demográficos\ny normativos (domésticos e internacionales), cuyo examen permite\ncomprender más apropiadamente las tendencias en curso y sus\nposibles desarrollos durante los próximos años. En la sexta sección se\nanalizan los papeles jugados por algunos actores clave en el desarrollo\nde este campo y en las tendencias en curso. En la séptima sección\nse ofrecen algunas reflexiones finales sobre tendencias en curso y tensiones\nentre ellas, así como sobre las posibilidades y desafíos que esto\nplantea a las universidades y otras IES de la región, como también\na otros actores sociales interesados en la materia y muy especialmente\na quienes estamos comprometidos con el desarrollo de este campo.\nFinalmente, bajo el título de “Posdata”, se ha agregado una octava sección, en la que se exponen sintéticamente algunas reflexiones respecto del tratamiento de este tema en la 3ª Conferencia Regional de\nEducación Superior realizada en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, en\njunio de 2018 (CRES 2018).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59331981,"asset_id":39203314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2348080,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Mato","domain_name":"untref","page_name":"DanielMato","display_name":"Daniel Mato","profile_url":"https://untref.academia.edu/DanielMato?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2348080/79828879/68399399/s65_daniel.mato.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":926,"name":"Indigenous Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Studies?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":2931,"name":"Afro Latin America","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afro_Latin_America?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":5991,"name":"Intercultural Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intercultural_Education?f_ri=48197"},{"id":19495,"name":"Indigenous Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Peoples?f_ri=48197"},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197"},{"id":80613,"name":"Interculturalidad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interculturalidad?f_ri=48197"},{"id":156915,"name":"Educación superior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educaci%C3%B3n_superior?f_ri=48197"},{"id":159995,"name":"América Latina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina?f_ri=48197"},{"id":203144,"name":"Educación Intercultural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educacion_Intercultural?f_ri=48197"},{"id":234501,"name":"Povos Indígenas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Povos_Ind%C3%ADgenas?f_ri=48197"},{"id":240516,"name":"Ensino Superior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ensino_Superior?f_ri=48197"},{"id":350585,"name":"Pueblos indígenas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pueblos_ind%C3%ADgenas?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70567365" data-work_id="70567365" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70567365/Anti_Feminist_Backlash_and_Violence_against_Women_Worldwide">Anti-Feminist Backlash and Violence against Women Worldwide</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although globalization, through the communications revolution and international law, brings the promise of progressive social change, the concern of this paper is with the backlash against women&#39;s increasing emancipation, a backlash... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70567365" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although globalization, through the communications revolution and international law, brings the promise of progressive social change, the concern of this paper is with the backlash against women&#39;s increasing emancipation, a backlash that is evidenced in the United States through making a mockery of women&#39;s bid for equality by turning the principles against some women whose lives are troubled while rewarding others. Meanwhile across the world the victimization of women, personal and cultural, is taking place in both democratic and totalitarian regimes. Two related forms of backlash are institutional and personal. That forces from the global market and the corporate media help fuel this backlash is a major contention of this paper. In our examination of the world&#39;s war against women, let us look first at how it is played out in a nation that has long touted women&#39;s equality. The guiding theoretical framework for the present paper is Susan Faludi&#39;s concept of backla...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70567365" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cfc9631bfdaae5c278b8eeaa7f1b2ef1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80265745,"asset_id":70567365,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80265745/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17347324" href="https://northerniowa.academia.edu/KatherinevanWormer">Katherine S T U A R T van Wormer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17347324" type="text/json">{"id":17347324,"first_name":"Katherine","last_name":"van Wormer","domain_name":"northerniowa","page_name":"KatherinevanWormer","display_name":"Katherine S T U A R T van Wormer","profile_url":"https://northerniowa.academia.edu/KatherinevanWormer?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70567365 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70567365"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70567365, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70567365", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_70567365 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70567365; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_70567365"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_70567365 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="70567365"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70567365; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=70567365]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_70567365").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_70567365").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="70567365"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48197" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action">Affirmative Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48197" type="text/json">{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="98134" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States">United States</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="98134" type="text/json">{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="149990" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Battered_Women">Battered Women</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="149990" type="text/json">{"id":149990,"name":"Battered Women","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Battered_Women?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=70567365]'), work: {"id":70567365,"title":"Anti-Feminist Backlash and Violence against Women Worldwide","created_at":"2022-02-05T08:45:26.713-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/70567365/Anti_Feminist_Backlash_and_Violence_against_Women_Worldwide?f_ri=48197","dom_id":"work_70567365","summary":"Although globalization, through the communications revolution and international law, brings the promise of progressive social change, the concern of this paper is with the backlash against women\u0026#39;s increasing emancipation, a backlash that is evidenced in the United States through making a mockery of women\u0026#39;s bid for equality by turning the principles against some women whose lives are troubled while rewarding others. Meanwhile across the world the victimization of women, personal and cultural, is taking place in both democratic and totalitarian regimes. Two related forms of backlash are institutional and personal. That forces from the global market and the corporate media help fuel this backlash is a major contention of this paper. In our examination of the world\u0026#39;s war against women, let us look first at how it is played out in a nation that has long touted women\u0026#39;s equality. The guiding theoretical framework for the present paper is Susan Faludi\u0026#39;s concept of backla...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80265745,"asset_id":70567365,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17347324,"first_name":"Katherine","last_name":"van Wormer","domain_name":"northerniowa","page_name":"KatherinevanWormer","display_name":"Katherine S T U A R T van Wormer","profile_url":"https://northerniowa.academia.edu/KatherinevanWormer?f_ri=48197","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":149990,"name":"Battered Women","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Battered_Women?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":154433,"name":"Turning Point","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turning_Point?f_ri=48197"},{"id":412636,"name":"Theoretical Framework","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Framework?f_ri=48197"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47878298" data-work_id="47878298" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47878298/article_on_Social_Justice_in_Telugu_%E0%B0%88_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A6_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE">article on 'Social Justice' in Telugu ఈ దేశానికి ఇక సామాజిక న్యాయం వద్దా?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><a href="https://epaper.sakshi.com/c/59965047" rel="nofollow">https://epaper.sakshi.com/c/59965047</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47878298" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3c14fb0e3b99d0bf7a9a22006412b5b6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66777345,"asset_id":47878298,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66777345/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67456004" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PallikondaManikanta">Pallikonda Manikanta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67456004" type="text/json">{"id":67456004,"first_name":"Pallikonda","last_name":"Manikanta","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PallikondaManikanta","display_name":"Pallikonda Manikanta","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PallikondaManikanta?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67456004/17544652/164547514/s65_pallikonda.manikanta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47878298 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47878298"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47878298, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47878298", }); 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Through personal narratives and qualitative empirical studies, more than 40 authors expose... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1918696" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Presumed Incompetent is a pathbreaking account of the intersecting roles of race, gender, and class in the working lives of women faculty of color. Through personal narratives and qualitative empirical studies, more than 40 authors expose the daunting challenges faced by academic women of color as they navigate the often hostile terrain of higher education, including hiring, promotion, tenure, and relations with students, colleagues, and administrators. The narratives are filled with wit, wisdom, and concrete recommendations, and provide a window into the struggles of professional women in a racially stratified but increasingly multicultural America.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1918696" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5f9a64a4d6e24194f7507cbcb3de6100" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30256334,"asset_id":1918696,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30256334/download_file?st=MTc0MDU4ODcwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="631446" href="https://luc.academia.edu/CarmenGonzalez">Carmen Gonzalez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="631446" type="text/json">{"id":631446,"first_name":"Carmen","last_name":"Gonzalez","domain_name":"luc","page_name":"CarmenGonzalez","display_name":"Carmen Gonzalez","profile_url":"https://luc.academia.edu/CarmenGonzalez?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/631446/236115/116722163/s65_carmen.gonzalez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1918696 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1918696"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1918696, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1918696", }); 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Through personal narratives and qualitative empirical studies, more than 40 authors expose the daunting challenges faced by academic women of color as they navigate the often hostile terrain of higher education, including hiring, promotion, tenure, and relations with students, colleagues, and administrators. The narratives are filled with wit, wisdom, and concrete recommendations, and provide a window into the struggles of professional women in a racially stratified but increasingly multicultural America. \r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30256334,"asset_id":1918696,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":631446,"first_name":"Carmen","last_name":"Gonzalez","domain_name":"luc","page_name":"CarmenGonzalez","display_name":"Carmen Gonzalez","profile_url":"https://luc.academia.edu/CarmenGonzalez?f_ri=48197","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/631446/236115/116722163/s65_carmen.gonzalez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=48197","nofollow":true},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher 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