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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flax_seeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flax_seeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flax seeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flax_seeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fodder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fodder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Fodder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fodder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flax_fibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flax_fibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Flax fibers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flax_fibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nutrition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Health research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linseed_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linseed_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Linseed oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linseed_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Harvesting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Harvesting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maturation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maturation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Maturation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maturation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting_for_fiber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting_for_fiber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Harvesting for fiber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting_for_fiber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Mechanical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Manual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation_for_spinning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_for_spinning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Preparation for spinning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparation_for_spinning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparation for spinning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparation_for_spinning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retting_flax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retting_flax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Retting flax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retting_flax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dressing_the_flax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dressing_the_flax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Dressing the flax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dressing_the_flax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetically_modified_flax_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetically_modified_flax_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Genetically modified flax contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetically_modified_flax_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Symbolic images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flax</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlas" title="Vlas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A3" title="ተልባ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተልባ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كتان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino" title="Lino – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Lino" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_z%C9%99yr%C9%99k" title="Adi zəyrək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi zəyrək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عادی کتان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عادی کتان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="তিসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Културен лен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Културен лен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan" title="Lan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lli" title="Lli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_set%C3%BD" title="Len setý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Len setý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llin" title="Llin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almindelig_h%C3%B8r" title="Almindelig hør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almindelig hør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" title="Flax – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Flax" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeiner_Lein" title="Gemeiner Lein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeiner Lein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_lina" title="Harilik lina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik lina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Λινάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λινάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinara_lino" title="Ordinara lino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ordinara lino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liho" title="Liho – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liho" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کتان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_cultiv%C3%A9" title="Lin cultivé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lin cultivé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaaks" title="Flaaks – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Flaaks" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADon_(planda)" title="Líon (planda) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Líon (planda)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B1o" title="Liño – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Liño" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%80" title="અળશી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અળશી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88" title="아마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Կտավատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կտավատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="अलसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अलसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawy_len" title="Prawy len – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Prawy len" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravi_lan" title="Pravi lan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravi lan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino" title="Lino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaks" title="Flaks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Flaks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino" title="Lino – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lino" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A_%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%C3%A6%D0%B3_%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%BD" title="Даргъ лыстæг гæн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Даргъ лыстæг гæн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spunal%C3%ADn" title="Spunalín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spunalín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9F" title="פשתן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פשתן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಗಸೆನಾರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಗಸೆನಾರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len" title="Len – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Len" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Шабді – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шабді" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loke" title="Loke – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Loke" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siejamais_lyns" title="Siejamais lyns – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Siejamais lyns" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93jas_lini" title="Sējas lini – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sējas lini" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97jamasis_linas" title="Sėjamasis linas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sėjamasis linas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlas" title="Vlas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vlas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvas" title="Pelvas – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pelvas" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1zi_len" title="Házi len – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Házi len" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongonimbazaha" title="Rongonimbazaha – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rongonimbazaha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A3" title="ചെറുചണ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെറുചണ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8" title="जवस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जवस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كتان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaks" title="Flaks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Flaks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Маалинга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Маалинга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino" title="Lino – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Lino" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlas_(gewas)" title="Vlas (gewas) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlas (gewas)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8" title="आलस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आलस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="アマ (植物) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アマ (植物)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaaks" title="Flaaks – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Flaaks" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin" title="Lin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin" title="Lin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_cultivat" title="Lin cultivat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lin cultivat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zig%CA%BBir" title="Zigʻir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zigʻir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਲਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DD%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اݪسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اݪسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_zwyczajny" title="Len zwyczajny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Len zwyczajny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linho" title="Linho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/In" title="In – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="In" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linu" title="Linu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Linu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Лён обыкновенный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лён обыкновенный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint" title="Lint – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lint" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floaks" title="Floaks – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Floaks" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" title="Flax – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flax" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="السي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="السي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDan_siaty" title="Ľan siaty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľan siaty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan" title="Lan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoondar" title="Qoondar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qoondar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan" title="Lan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellava" title="Pellava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pellava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_(v%C3%A4xt)" title="Lin (växt) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lin (växt)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino" title="Lino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF)" title="ஆளி (செடி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆளி (செடி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifest" title="Tifest – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tifest" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86" title="అవిసె – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అవిసె" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94" title="ᎤᎦᏔ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᏔ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keten" title="Keten – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keten" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Льон звичайний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Льон звичайний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="السی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="السی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%89%D8%BA%D9%89%D8%B1" title="زىغىر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زىغىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rgeline_p%C3%B6lvaz" title="Järgeline pölvaz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Järgeline pölvaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanh_(th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt)" title="Lanh (thực vật) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lanh (thực vật)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9n" title="Lén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlas" title="Vlas – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vlas" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%BA%BB" title="亚麻 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚麻" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45108" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linum_usitatissimum&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Linum usitatissimum">Linum usitatissimum</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Flowering plant in the family Linaceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Flax_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Flax (disambiguation)">Flax (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Flax </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_(Plate_16)_BHL303594.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="4081" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Linum" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linum" title="Linum"><i>Linum</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>L. usitatissimum</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Linum usitatissimum</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul class="taxonlist"><li><i>Linum crepitans</i> <small>(Boenn.) Dumort. </small></li><li><i>Linum humile</i> <small>Mill. </small></li><li><i>Linum indehiscens</i> <small>(Neilr.) Vavilov & Elladi </small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Flax</b>, also known as <b>common flax</b> or <b>linseed</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a>, <i><b>Linum usitatissimum</b></i>, in the family <a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a>. It is cultivated as a food and <a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">fiber crop</a> in regions of the world with <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> produced 75% of the world's supply of flax. </p><p>Textiles made from flax are known in English as <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, and are traditionally used for bed sheets, underclothes, and table linen. Its oil is known as <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>. In addition to referring to the plant, the word "flax" may refer to the unspun fibers of the flax plant. </p><p>The plant species is known only as a cultivated plant<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appears to have been domesticated just once from the wild species <i><a href="/wiki/Linum_bienne" title="Linum bienne">Linum bienne</a></i>, called pale flax.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plants called "flax" in New Zealand are, by contrast, members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Phormium" title="Phormium">Phormium</a></i>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linum_usitatissimum_capsules,_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg/170px-Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg/255px-Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg/340px-Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption>Capsules</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flax_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flax_flowers.jpg/220px-Flax_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flax_flowers.jpg/330px-Flax_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flax_flowers.jpg/440px-Flax_flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Flowers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg/170px-Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg/255px-Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg/340px-Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3081" /></a><figcaption>Light-colored flower</figcaption></figure> <p>Several other species in the genus <i>Linum</i> are similar in appearance to <i>L. usitatissimum</i>, cultivated flax, including some that have similar blue flowers, and others with white, yellow, or red flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these are <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> plants, unlike <i>L. usitatissimum</i>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plant</a>. </p><p>Cultivated flax plants grow to 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tall, with slender stems. The <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are <a href="/wiki/Glaucous" title="Glaucous">glaucous</a> green, slender <a href="/wiki/Lanceolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanceolate">lanceolate</a>, 20–40 mm long, and 3 mm broad.<sup id="cite_ref-Saleem-2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saleem-2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are 15–25 mm in diameter with five petals, which can be colored white, blue, yellow, and red depending on the species.<sup id="cite_ref-Saleem-2020_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saleem-2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a round, dry <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a> 5–9 mm in diameter, containing several glossy brown <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> shaped like <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a> pips, 4–7 mm long. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest evidence of humans using wild flax as a <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> comes from the present-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Republic of Georgia</a>, where spun, dyed, and knotted wild flax fibers found in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzudzuana_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzudzuana Cave (page does not exist)">Dzudzuana Cave</a> date to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, 30,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-VintageThreads_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VintageThreads-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans first domesticated flax in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-Fu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence exists of a domesticated oilseed flax with increased seed-size from <a href="/wiki/Tell_Ramad" title="Tell Ramad">Tell Ramad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fu_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">flax fabric</a> fragments from <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9,000</span> years ago. Use of the crop steadily spread, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> by 5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China and India, domesticated flax was cultivated at least 5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-cullis275_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cullis275-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flax was cultivated extensively in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, where the temple walls had paintings of flowering flax, and mummies were embalmed using linen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian priests wore only linen, as flax was considered a symbol of purity.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> traded Egyptian linen throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> used it for their <a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">sails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> declined, so did flax production. But with laws designed to publicize the <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> of linen textiles and the health of linseed oil, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> revived the crop in the eighth century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wisseman_S.,_p.125_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisseman_S.,_p.125-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> became the major center of the European linen industry in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wisseman_S.,_p.125_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisseman_S.,_p.125-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North America, colonists introduced flax, and it flourished there,<sup id="cite_ref-cullis275_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cullis275-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by the early 20th century, cheap <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and rising farm wages had caused production of flax to become concentrated in northern Russia, which came to provide 90% of the world's output. Since then, flax has lost its importance as a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial crop">commercial crop</a>, due to the easy availability of more durable fibres.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg/220px-Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg/330px-Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg/440px-Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Brown flax seeds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flax_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/220px-Flax_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/330px-Flax_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/440px-Flax_seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Golden flax seeds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_(8594315026).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg/220px-Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg/330px-Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg/440px-Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Golden flax seed meal</figcaption></figure> <p>Flax is grown for its seeds, which can be ground into a meal or turned into <a href="/wiki/Flaxseed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaxseed oil">linseed oil</a>, a product used as a <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional supplement">nutritional supplement</a> and as an ingredient in many <a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">wood-finishing</a> products. Flax is also grown as an <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plant</a> in gardens. Moreover, flax fibers are used to make <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Specific_epithet" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific epithet">specific epithet</a> in its binomial name, <i>usitatissimum,</i> means "most useful".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flax fibers taken from the stem of the plant are two to three times as strong as cotton fibers. Additionally, flax fibers are naturally smooth and straight. Europe and North America both depended on flax for plant-based cloth until the 19th century, when cotton overtook flax as the most common plant for making <a href="/wiki/Rag_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Rag paper">rag-based paper</a>. Flax is grown on the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a> for linseed oil, which is used as a drying oil in paints and varnishes and in products such as <a href="/wiki/Linoleum" title="Linoleum">linoleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Printing_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing ink">printing inks</a>. </p><p>Linseed meal, the by-product of producing linseed oil from flax seeds, is used as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feedipedia_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flax_seeds"><span class="anchor" id="Flax_seeds"></span> Flax seeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flax seeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flax seeds occur in brown and yellow (golden) varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most types of these basic varieties have similar <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutritional</a> characteristics and equal numbers of short-chain <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a>. Yellow flax seeds, called solin (<a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">trade name</a> "<a href="/wiki/Linola" title="Linola">Linola</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have a similar oil profile to brown flax seeds and both are very high in omega-3s (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a> (ALA), specifically).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flax seeds produce a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> known as flax seed oil or <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>, which is one of the oldest commercial oils. It is an <a href="/wiki/Edible_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible oil">edible oil</a> obtained by <a href="/wiki/Expeller_pressing" title="Expeller pressing">expeller pressing</a> and sometimes followed by <a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">solvent extraction</a>. Solvent-processed flax seed oil has been used for many centuries as a <a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">drying oil</a> in painting and varnishing.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although brown flax seed varieties may be consumed as readily as the yellow ones, and have been for thousands of years, these varieties are more commonly used in paints, for fiber, and for cattle feed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culinary">Culinary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small pieces of dough being topped with flax seeds before baking in a commercial bakery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG/220px-Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG/330px-Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG/440px-Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="2659" /></a><figcaption>Bread rolls being topped with flax seeds before baking</figcaption></figure> <p>A 100-gram portion of ground flax seed supplies about 2,234 kilojoules (534 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>, 41 g of fat, 28 g of fiber, and 20 g of protein.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whole flax seeds are chemically stable, but ground flax seed meal, because of <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a>, may go <a href="/wiki/Rancidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancidity">rancid</a> when left exposed to air at room temperature in as little as a week.<sup id="cite_ref-DieteticAss_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DieteticAss-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refrigeration and storage in sealed containers will keep ground flax seed meal for a longer period before it turns rancid. Under conditions similar to those found in commercial bakeries, trained sensory panelists could not detect differences between bread made with freshly ground flax seed and bread made with flax seed that had been <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">milled</a> four months earlier and stored at room temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcolmson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolmson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If packed immediately without exposure to air and light, milled flax seed is stable against excessive oxidation when stored for nine months at room temperature,<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and under <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouse</a> conditions, for 20 months at ambient temperatures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Three <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">phenolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Glucoside" title="Glucoside">glucosides</a>—<a href="/wiki/Secoisolariciresinol_diglucoside" title="Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside">secoisolariciresinol diglucoside</a>, <a href="/wiki/P-coumaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="P-coumaric acid">p-coumaric acid</a> glucoside, and <a href="/wiki/Ferulic_acid" title="Ferulic acid">ferulic acid</a> glucoside—are present in commercial breads containing flax seed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fodder">Fodder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fodder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After crushing the seeds to extract linseed oil, the resultant linseed meal is a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">feed</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Feedipedia_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also often used as feed for <a href="/wiki/Swine" class="mw-redirect" title="Swine">swine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, and has also been used in horse concentrate and <a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">dog food</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maddock1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddock1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high omega-3 fatty acid (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">ALA</a>) content of linseed meal "softens" milk, eggs, and meat, which means it causes a higher <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fat" title="Unsaturated fat">unsaturated fat</a> content and thus lowers its storage time.<sup id="cite_ref-Feedipedia_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high omega-3 content also has a further disadvantage, because this fatty acid <a href="/wiki/Oxidise" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidise">oxidises</a> and goes <a href="/wiki/Rancidification" title="Rancidification">rancid</a> quickly, which shortens the storage time. <a href="/wiki/Linola" title="Linola">Linola</a> was developed in Australia and introduced in the 1990s with less omega-3, specifically to serve as <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dribnenkil1995_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dribnenkil1995-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another disadvantage of the meal and seed is that it contains a <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">pyridoxine</a>) antagonist, and may require this vitamin be supplemented, especially in <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, and furthermore linseeds contain 2–7% of <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a> (fibre), which may be beneficial in humans<sup id="cite_ref-Feedipedia_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cattle,<sup id="cite_ref-Maddock1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddock1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but cannot be digested by non-ruminants and can be detrimental to young animals, unless possibly treated with <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feedipedia_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linseed meal is added to <a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">cattle feed</a> as a protein <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">supplement</a>. It can only be added at low percentages due to the high fat content, which is unhealthy for ruminants.<sup id="cite_ref-Maddock1_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddock1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to oilseed meal from <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">crucifers</a> it measures as having lower nutrient values,<sup id="cite_ref-Feedipedia_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, good results are obtained in cattle, perhaps due to the mucilage, which may aid in slowing digestion and thus allowing more time to absorb nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-Feedipedia_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maddock1_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddock1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that feeding flax seeds may increase omega-3 content in <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, while another found no differences. It might also act as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> in increasing <a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">marbling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maddock1_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddock1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maddock2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddock2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, flax-based feed for ruminants is often somewhat more expensive than other feeds on a nutrient basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Lardy2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lardy2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Sheep</a> feeding on low quality <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> are able to eat a large amount of linseed meal, up to 40% in one test, with positive consequences. It has been fed as supplement to <a href="/wiki/Water_buffaloes" class="mw-redirect" title="Water buffaloes">water buffaloes</a> in India, and provided a better diet than forage alone, but not as good as when substituted with <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soy</a> meal. It is considered an inferior protein supplement for swine because of its fibre, the vitamin antagonist, the high omega-3 content and its low lysine content, and can only be used in small amounts in the feed. Although it may increase the omega-3 content in eggs and meat, it is also an inferior and potentially toxic feed for poultry, although it can be used in small amounts. The meal is an adequate and traditional source of protein for rabbits at 8–10%. Its use in fish feeds is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-Feedipedia_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raw, immature linseeds contain an amount of <a href="/wiki/Cyanogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanogenic">cyanogenic</a> compounds and can be dangerous for <a href="/wiki/Monogastric" title="Monogastric">monogastric</a> animals, like horses and rabbits. Boiling removes the danger. This is not an issue in meal cake due to the processing temperature during oil extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-Feedipedia_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lardy2015_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lardy2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flax <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> left over from the harvesting of oilseed is not very nutritious; it is tough and indigestible, and is not recommended to use as ruminant fodder, although it may be used as bedding or <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">baled</a> as <a href="/wiki/Windbreak" title="Windbreak">windbreaks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lardy2015_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lardy2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flax_fibers">Flax fibers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Flax fibers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG/220px-Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG/330px-Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG/440px-Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>An 18th century <a href="/wiki/Heckling_(flax)" title="Heckling (flax)">heckling</a> shop once used to prepare flax fibers. <a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a>, Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Flax fiber is extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Bast_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast (biology)">bast</a> beneath the surface of the stem of the flax plant. Flax fiber is soft, lustrous, and flexible; bundles of fiber have the appearance of blonde hair, hence the description "flaxen" hair. It is stronger than cotton fiber, but less elastic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flax_field.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flax_field.JPG/220px-Flax_field.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flax_field.JPG/330px-Flax_field.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flax_field.JPG/440px-Flax_field.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A flax field in bloom in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The use of flax fibers dates back tens of millennia;<sup id="cite_ref-VintageThreads_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VintageThreads-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, a refined textile made from flax fibers, was worn widely by <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> priests more than 4,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrial-scale flax fiber processing existed in antiquity. A <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> factory dedicated to flax processing was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Euonymeia" title="Euonymeia">Euonymeia</a>, Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaza2015_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaza2015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best grades are used for fabrics such as <a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">damasks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bed_sheet" title="Bed sheet">sheeting</a>. Coarser grades are used for the manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Twine" title="Twine">twine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a>, and historically, for <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Webbing_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Webbing equipment">webbing equipment</a>. Flax fiber is a raw material used in the high-quality paper industry for the use of printed <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a>, laboratory paper (<a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">blotting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">filter</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">rolling paper</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarettes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">tea bags</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flax_mill" title="Flax mill">Flax mills</a> for spinning flaxen <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> were invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew_(inventor)" title="John Kendrew (inventor)">John Kendrew</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Porthouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Porthouse (page does not exist)">Thomas Porthouse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New methods of processing flax have led to renewed interest in the use of flax as an industrial fiber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Flax seeds</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,234 kJ (534 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">28.88 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.55 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">27.3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">42.16 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.663 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7.527 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega−3</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega−6</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">28.730 g<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">22.8 g</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">5.9 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">18.29 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">137%</div> 1.644 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 0.161 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 3.08 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">20%</div> 0.985 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">28%</div> 0.473 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">22%</div> 87 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.6 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">20%</div> 255 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">32%</div> 5.73 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">93%</div> 392 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">51%</div> 642 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">27%</div> 813 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">39%</div> 4.34 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169414/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Flax seeds are 7% water, 18% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, 29% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, and 42% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). In 100 grams (3.5 oz) as a reference amount, flax seeds provide 534 <a href="/wiki/Kilocalorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilocalorie">kilocalories</a> and contain high levels (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of protein, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, several <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nd_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usda_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flax seeds are especially rich in <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (DVs above 90%) (table). </p><p>As a percentage of total <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, flax seeds contain 54% omega-3 fatty acids (mostly <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Linolenic acid">ALA</a>), 18% <a href="/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-9 fatty acids">omega-9 fatty acids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a>), and 6% <a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-6 fatty acids">omega-6 fatty acids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a>); the seeds contain 9% <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>, including 5% as <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nd_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usda_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flax seed oil contains 53% 18:3 omega-3 fatty acids (mostly ALA) and 13% 18:2 omega-6 fatty acids.<sup id="cite_ref-nd_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_research">Health research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> showed that consumption of more than 30 g of flax-seed daily for more than 12 weeks reduced body weight, <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI), and waist circumference for persons with a BMI greater than 27.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28635182_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28635182-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another meta-analysis showed that consumption of flax seeds for more than 12 weeks produced small reductions in <a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">systolic blood pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">diastolic blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25740909_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25740909-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third showed that consuming flax seed or its derivatives may reduce total and <a href="/wiki/LDL-cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="LDL-cholesterol">LDL-cholesterol</a> in the blood, with greater benefits in women and people with high <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fourth showed a small reduction in <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">c-reactive protein</a> (a marker of inflammation) only in persons with a body mass index greater than 30.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26959052_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26959052-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linseed_oil">Linseed oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Linseed oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG/300px-From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG/450px-From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG/600px-From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4072" data-file-height="2291" /></a><figcaption>Flax, flax seeds, linseed oil, linseed cake</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a>, also known as flaxseed oil or flax oil (in its edible form), is a colourless to yellowish oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i>). The oil is obtained by <a href="/wiki/Expeller_pressing" title="Expeller pressing">pressing</a>, sometimes followed by <a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">solvent extraction</a>. </p><p>Owing to its polymer-forming properties, linseed oil is often blended with combinations of other oils, <a href="/wiki/Resins" class="mw-redirect" title="Resins">resins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> as an impregnator, drying oil finish or <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">wood finishing</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> binder in <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paints</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizer</a> and hardener in <a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">putty</a>, and in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Linoleum" title="Linoleum">linoleum</a>. Linseed oil use has declined over the past several decades with increased availability of synthetic <a href="/wiki/Alkyd" title="Alkyd">alkyd</a> resins—which function similarly but resist yellowing.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Linseed oil is an <a href="/wiki/Edible_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible oil">edible oil</a> in demand as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a>, as a source of <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-linolenic acid">α-linolenic acid</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acid</a>. In parts of Europe, it is traditionally eaten with potatoes and <a href="/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)" title="Quark (dairy product)">quark</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flax seed and its oil are <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> for human consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many common foods, flax contains small amounts of cyanogenic <a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">glycoside</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is nontoxic when consumed in typical amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-efsa_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efsa-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical concentrations (for example, 0.48% in a sample of defatted dehusked flax seed meal) can be removed by special processing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> most suitable for flax, besides the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> kind, are deep <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loams</a> containing a large proportion of <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flax is often found growing just above the waterline in <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberry</a> bogs. Heavy <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a> are unsuitable, as are soils of a <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravelly</a> or dry <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sandy</a> nature. Farming flax requires few <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. Within eight weeks of sowing, the plant can reach 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) in height, reaching 70–80 cm (28–31 in) within 50 days.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_flax_diseases" title="List of flax diseases">List of flax diseases</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:14em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Flax production – 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:75%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"><small>tonnes</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>652,680 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>77,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td> <td>47,626 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>29,035 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>24,103 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>875,995</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-fao_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, world production of raw or <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retted</a> flax was 875,995 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> with 75% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the largest regions in France for flax production is <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> with nearly one-third of the world's production.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Harvesting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flax" title="Special:EditPage/Flax">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maturation">Maturation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Maturation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flax is harvested for fiber production after about 100 days, or a month after the plants flower and two weeks after the seed capsules form. The bases of the plants begin to turn yellow. If the plants are still green, the seed will not be useful, and the fiber will be underdeveloped. The fiber degrades once the plants turn brown. </p><p>Flax grown for seed is allowed to mature until the seed capsules are yellow and just starting to split; it is then harvested in various ways. A <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a> may either cut only the heads of the plants, or the whole plant. These are then dried to extract the seed. The amount of weeds in the straw affects its marketability, and this, coupled with market prices, determines whether the farmer chooses to harvest the flax straw. If the flax straw is not harvested, typically, it is burned, since the stalks are quite tough and decompose slowly (<i>i.e.</i>, not in a single season). Formed into <a href="/wiki/Windrow" title="Windrow">windrows</a> from the harvesting process, the straw often clogs up tillage and planting equipment. Flax straw that is not of sufficient quality for fiber uses can be baled to build shelters for farm animals, or sold as biofuel, or removed from the field in the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two ways are used to harvest flax fiber, one involving mechanized equipment (combines), and a second method, more manual and targeting maximum fiber length. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting_for_fiber">Harvesting for fiber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Harvesting for fiber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mechanical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flax for fiber production is usually harvested by a specialized flax harvester. Usually built on the same machine base as a combine, but instead of the cutting head it has a flax puller. The flax plant is turned over and is gripped by rubber belts roughly 20–25 cm (8–10 inches) above ground, to avoid getting grasses and weeds in the flax. The rubber belts then pull the whole plant out of the ground with the roots so the whole length of the plant fiber can be used. The plants then pass over the machine and is placed on the field crosswise to the harvester's direction of travel. The plants are left in the field for field <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retting</a>. </p><p>The mature plant can also be cut with mowing equipment, similar to hay harvesting, and raked into windrows. When dried sufficiently, a combine then harvests the seeds similar to wheat or oat harvesting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manual">Manual</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Manual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plant is pulled up with the roots (not cut), so as to increase the fiber length. After this, the flax is allowed to dry, the seeds are removed, and it is then <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retted</a>. Dependent upon climatic conditions, characteristics of the sown flax and fields, the flax remains on the ground between two weeks and two months for retting. As a result of alternating rain and the sun, an enzymatic action degrades the pectins which bind fibers to the straw. The farmers turn over the straw during retting to evenly rett the stalks. When the straw is retted and sufficiently dry, it is rolled up. It is then stored by farmers before extracting the fibers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emile_Claus001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emile_Claus001.jpg/220px-Emile_Claus001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emile_Claus001.jpg/330px-Emile_Claus001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emile_Claus001.jpg/440px-Emile_Claus001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption><i>De vlasoogst</i> (1904) ("<i>The flax harvest</i>") painting by <a href="/wiki/Emile_Claus" title="Emile Claus">Emile Claus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium">Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flax" title="Special:EditPage/Flax">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg/220px-Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg/330px-Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg/440px-Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8688" data-file-height="5077" /></a><figcaption>A hackle or heckle, a tool for threshing flax and preparing the fiber</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana,abbigliamento_lino,Taccuino_Sa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg/170px-58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg/255px-58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg/340px-58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Flax tissues, <a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_sanitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacuinum sanitatis">Tacuinum sanitatis</a>, 14th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">Threshing</a> is the process of removing the seeds from the rest of the plant. Separating the usable flax fibers from other components requires pulling the stems through a hackle and/or beating the plants to break them. </p><p>Flax processing is divided into two parts: the first part is generally done by the farmer, to bring the flax fiber into a fit state for general or common purposes. This can be performed by three machines: one for threshing out the seed, one for breaking and separating the straw (stem) from the fiber, and one for further separating the broken straw and matter from the fiber. </p><p>The second part of the process brings the flax into a state for the very finest purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">cambric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">damask</a>, and very fine <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>. This second part is performed by a refining machine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation_for_spinning">Preparation for spinning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Preparation for spinning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg/220px-Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg/330px-Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg/440px-Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Stem cross-section, showing locations of underlying tissues: Ep = <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a>; C = <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortex</a>; BF = <a href="/wiki/Bast_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast (biology)">bast</a> fibers; P = <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a>; X = <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>; Pi = <a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">pith</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv/220px--Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="169" data-durationhint="213" data-mwtitle="Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="416" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="416" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="188" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="312" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Threshing, retting, and dressing flax at the <a href="/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum">Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum</a> (Germany)</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the flax fibers can be spun into linen, they must be separated from the rest of the stalk. The first step in this process is <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retting</a>, which is the process of rotting away the inner stalk, leaving the outer parts intact. At this point, straw, or coarse outer stem (<a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a>), is still remaining. To remove this, the flax is "broken", the straw is broken up into small, short bits, while the actual fiber is left unharmed. <a href="/wiki/Scutching" title="Scutching">Scutching</a> scrapes the outer straw from the fiber. The stems are then pulled through "hackles", which act like combs to remove the straw and some shorter fibers out of the long fiber.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retting_flax">Retting flax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Retting flax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several methods are used for <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retting</a> flax. It can be retted in a pond, stream, field, or tank. When the retting is complete, the bundles of flax feel soft and slimy, and quite a few fibers are standing out from the stalks. When wrapped around a finger, the inner woody part springs away from the fibers. Pond retting is the fastest. It consists of placing the flax in a pool of water which will not evaporate. It generally takes place in a shallow pool which will warm up dramatically in the sun; the process may take from a few days to a few weeks. Pond-retted flax is traditionally considered of lower quality, possibly because the product can become dirty, and is easily over-retted, damaging the fiber. This form of retting also produces quite an odor. Stream retting is similar to pool retting, but the flax is submerged in bundles in a stream or river. This generally takes two or three weeks longer than pond retting, but the end product is less likely to be dirty, does not smell as bad, and because the water is cooler, is less likely to be over-retted. Both pond and stream retting were traditionally used less because they pollute the waters used for the process.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In field retting, the flax is laid out in a large field, and dew is allowed to collect on it. This process normally takes a month or more, but is generally considered to provide the highest quality flax fibers, and it produces the least pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Retting can also be done in a plastic trash can or any type of water-tight container of wood, concrete, earthenware, or plastic. Metal containers will not work, as an acid is produced when retting, and it would <a href="/wiki/Corrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrode">corrode</a> the metal. If the water temperature is kept at 27 °C (80 °F), the retting process under these conditions takes 4 or 5 days. If the water is any colder, it takes longer. Scum collects at the top, and an odor is given off the same as in pond retting. 'Enzymatic' retting of flax has been researched as a technique to engineer fibers with specific properties.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dressing_the_flax">Dressing the flax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dressing the flax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flax" title="Special:EditPage/Flax">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Breaking flax"><img alt="Breaking flax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg/80px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg/120px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg/159px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Breaking flax</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scutching flax"><img alt="Scutching flax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg/80px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg/120px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg/159px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scutching flax</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heckling flax"><img alt="Heckling flax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg/120px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg/180px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg/240px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heckling flax</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flax_fibers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Flax fiber in different forms, before and after processing"><img alt="Flax fiber in different forms, before and after processing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flax_fibers.JPG/120px-Flax_fibers.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flax_fibers.JPG/180px-Flax_fibers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flax_fibers.JPG/240px-Flax_fibers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flax fiber in different forms, before and after processing </div> </li> </ul> <p>Dressing the flax is the process of removing the straw from the fibers. Dressing consists of three steps: breaking, scutching, and heckling. The breaking breaks up the straw. Some of the straw is scraped from the fibers in the scutching process, and finally, the fiber is pulled through heckles to remove the last bits of straw. </p><p>Breaking breaks up the straw into short segments. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scutching" title="Scutching">Scutching</a> removes some of the <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> from the fiber. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heckling_(flax)" title="Heckling (flax)">Heckling</a> is pulling the fiber through various sizes of <a href="/wiki/Heckling_comb" class="mw-redirect" title="Heckling comb">heckling combs</a> or heckles. A heckle is a bed of "nails"—sharp, long-tapered, tempered, polished steel pins driven into wooden blocks at regular spacing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetically_modified_flax_contamination">Genetically modified flax contamination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Genetically modified flax contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flax_Plants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flax_Plants.jpg/220px-Flax_Plants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flax_Plants.jpg/330px-Flax_Plants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flax_Plants.jpg/440px-Flax_Plants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Small flax plants</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 2009, Canadian flax exports reportedly had been contaminated by a deregistered <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">genetically modified</a> cultivar called 'Triffid' that had food and feed safety approval in Canada and the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-twp_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twp-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cdc_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian growers and the Flax Council of Canada raised concerns about the marketability of this cultivar in Europe where a <a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">zero tolerance</a> policy exists regarding unapproved <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified organisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Triffid was deregistered in 2010 and never grown commercially in Canada or the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Triffid stores were destroyed, but future exports and further tests at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a> proved that Triffid persisted in at least two Canadian flax varieties, possibly affecting future crops.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian flax seed cultivars were reconstituted with Triffid-free seed used to plant the 2014 crop.<sup id="cite_ref-twp_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twp-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laboratories are certified to test for the presence of Triffid at a level of one seed in 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolic_images">Symbolic images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Symbolic images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flax" title="Special:EditPage/Flax">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg/170px-Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg/255px-Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg/340px-Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Four flax flowers pictured in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Mulgi_Parish" title="Mulgi Parish">Mulgi Parish</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Flax is an emblem of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and displayed by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>. In a coronet, it appeared on the reverse of the <a href="/wiki/One_pound_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="One pound (British coin)">British one-pound coin</a> to represent Northern Ireland on coins minted in 1986, 1991, and 2014. Flax also represents Northern Ireland on the badge of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> and on various logos associated with it. </p><p>Common flax is the national flower of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. </p><p>In early versions of the <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a> tale, such as "<a href="/wiki/Sun,_Moon,_and_Talia" title="Sun, Moon, and Talia">Sun, Moon, and Talia</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile</a>, the princess pricks her finger, not on a spindle, but on a sliver of flax, which later is sucked out by her children conceived as she sleeps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flax_in_New_Zealand" title="Flax in New Zealand">Flax in New Zealand</a> – Flax fibre (Phormium) in New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres" title="International Year of Natural Fibres">International Year of Natural Fibres</a> – United Nations observance of 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a> – Brand name for linen woven in Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Linen" title="Belgian Linen">Belgian Linen</a> – Trademark<span style="display:none" class="category-spaceless-annotation">Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a> – Provision to cells and organisms to support life</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Salvia hispanica</a> – Species of flowering plant in the mint and sage family Lamiaceae</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ferguson_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd">Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd</a> – Irish linen Jacquard weaver in Ireland<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatnez" title="Shatnez">Shatnez</a> – Type of cloth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemp seed">Hemp seed</a> – Low-THC cannabis plant<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2353429">"Linum usitatissimum L."</a> <i>The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+List%3A+A+Working+List+of+All+Plant+Species&rft.atitle=Linum+usitatissimum+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Ftpl1.1%2Frecord%2Fkew-2353429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=22361">"<i>Linum usitatissimum</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Canada+moves+to+revive+flax+exports+after+GMO+flap&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fflax-canada-gmo-idUSN0824305620100108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbc_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbc_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/triffid-seed-threatens-flax-industry-1.898128">"Triffid seed threatens flax industry"</a>. CBC News. 20 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042722/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/triffid-seed-threatens-flax-industry-1.898128">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fibers" title="Template:Fibers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fibers" title="Template talk:Fibers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a#Vicuña_wool" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Linum usitatissimum</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45108" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q45108">Q45108</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Linum usitatissimum">Linum usitatissimum</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1389">1389</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=2562">2562</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/11102">11102</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54945">54945</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id3544">3544</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=4912">4912</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3V528">3V528</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=7336">7336</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/581568">581568</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/LIUUT">LIUUT</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/175866">175866</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/4364">4364</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012411">200012411</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012411">200012411</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FoIO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/LINUSI">LINUSI</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2873861">2873861</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=22361">22361</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/51306">51306</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/544772-1">544772-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10195101">10195101</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/115317">115317</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=29226">29226</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1636">1636</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.136021/">2.136021</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000003143">NBNSYS0000003143</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4006">4006</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NSWFlora" class="mw-redirect" title="NSWFlora">NSWFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Linum~usitatissimum">Linum~usitatissimum</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/efd6de2d-bb72-46ac-911a-4e91ca10d0f5">efd6de2d-bb72-46ac-911a-4e91ca10d0f5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3423">3423</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/6994/">6994</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1000262">1000262</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=11570">11570</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2353429">kew-2353429</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/LIUS">LIUS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A544772-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:544772-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/18700031">18700031</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/6560">6560</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/4eeaecb5-1d6a-43ef-8742-f07718ac8f35">4eeaecb5-1d6a-43ef-8742-f07718ac8f35</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=4086">4086</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WoI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=1276">1276</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000366385">wfo-0000366385</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/927119/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4154515-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Flax"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85049037">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11959183v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lin"><a 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