CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Svante Arrhenius - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"781288d2-3775-44c0-9d52-fdf5ccb9f574","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Svante_Arrhenius","wgTitle":"Svante Arrhenius","wgCurRevisionId":1274081046,"wgRevisionId":1274081046,"wgArticleId":36586,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from November 2019","Articles with hCards","Pages with Swedish IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference", "Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Webarchive template wayback links","Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024","1859 births","1927 deaths","People from Uppsala Municipality","Nobel laureates in Chemistry","Swedish physical chemists","20th-century Swedish astronomers","Panspermia","Academic staff of Stockholm University","Uppsala University alumni","Academic staff of Riga Technical University","Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences","Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium","Foreign members of the Royal Society","Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences","Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences","Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences","Swedish Nobel laureates","Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences", "Members of the Royal Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg","Burials at Uppsala old cemetery","Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities","Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala","Recipients of Franklin Medal","Members of the American Philosophical Society"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Svante_Arrhenius","wgRelevantArticleId":36586,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q80956","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Arrhenius2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1503"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Arrhenius2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1002"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="802"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Svante Arrhenius - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Svante_Arrhenius rootpage-Svante_Arrhenius skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Svante+Arrhenius" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Svante+Arrhenius" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Svante+Arrhenius" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Svante+Arrhenius" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ionic_disassociation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionic_disassociation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ionic disassociation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionic_disassociation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Middle period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nobel Prizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Society memberships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Marriages and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Greenhouse effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Svante Arrhenius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سفانت أرينيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفانت أرينيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius" title="Arrhenius – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrenius" title="Svante Arrenius – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Svante Arrenius" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سوانت آرنیوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوانت آرنیوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8" title="সভান্তে আরিয়েনিউস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সভান্তে আরিয়েনিউস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81" title="Свантэ Аўгуст Арэніус – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свантэ Аўгуст Арэніус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сванте Август Арениус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сванте Август Арениус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BE%B0%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="སྰ་ཝན་ཐི་ཨྰར་ཧེན་ཡ་སུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྰ་ཝན་ཐི་ཨྰར་ཧེན་ཡ་སུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%91%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Σβάντε Αρρένιους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σβάντε Αρρένιους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سوانته آرنیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوانته آرنیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="अर्हेनिअस, स्फान्ता ऑगस्ट – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अर्हेनिअस, स्फान्ता ऑगस्ट" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%B0%98%ED%85%8C_%EC%95%84%EB%A0%88%EB%8B%88%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="스반테 아레니우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스반테 아레니우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius_ne" title="Svante Arrhenius ne – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Svante Arrhenius ne" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Սվանտե Արենիուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սվանտե Արենիուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="स्वांटे आर्रेनियस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वांटे आर्रेनियस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="סוונטה ארניוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוונטה ארניוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅರೇನಿಯಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರೇನಿಯಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სვანტე არენიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სვანტე არენიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сванте Аррениус – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сванте Аррениус" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svanto_Augustus_Arrhenius" title="Svanto Augustus Arrhenius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Svanto Augustus Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arr%C4%93niuss" title="Svante Arrēniuss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svante Arrēniuss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сванте Арениус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сванте Арениус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്വാന്തെ അറീനിയസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വാന്തെ അറീനിയസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სვანტე არენიუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სვანტე არენიუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سفانت ارينيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفانت ارينيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سوانت آرنیوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوانت آرنیوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="スヴァンテ・アレニウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スヴァンテ・アレニウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="سوانتے آرہینیاس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوانتے آرہینیاس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Аррениус, Сванте Август – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аррениус, Сванте Август" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8E_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B3" title="ساڤانتێ ئەرێنیەس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساڤانتێ ئەرێنیەس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сванте Аренијус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сванте Аренијус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" title="Svante August Arrhenius – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svante August Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="சுவாந்தே அறீனியசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவாந்தே அறீனியசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сванте Аррениус – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сванте Аррениус" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA" title="สวานเต อาร์เรเนียส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สวานเต อาร์เรเนียส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Аррениус, Сванте Август – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аррениус, Сванте Август" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сванте Август Арреніус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сванте Август Арреніус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سوانت اوگست آرنیوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوانت اوگست آرنیوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%87%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="斯万特·阿伦尼乌斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯万特·阿伦尼乌斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Svante Arrhenius" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9E%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="阿瑞尼斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿瑞尼斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%90%AC%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9E%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="斯萬特·阿瑞尼斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯萬特·阿瑞尼斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80956#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Svante_Arrhenius" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Svante_Arrhenius" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Svante_Arrhenius" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&oldid=1274081046" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Svante_Arrhenius&id=1274081046&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSvante_Arrhenius"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSvante_Arrhenius"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Svante_Arrhenius&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Svante_Arrhenius" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80956" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swedish scientist (1859–1927)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Axel_Arrhenius" title="Carl Axel Arrhenius">Carl Axel Arrhenius</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Svante Arrhenius</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrhenius2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arrhenius2.jpg/220px-Arrhenius2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arrhenius2.jpg/330px-Arrhenius2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arrhenius2.jpg/440px-Arrhenius2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Arrhenius in 1909</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Svante August Arrhenius</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1859-02-19</span>)</span>19 February 1859<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vik_Castle" title="Vik Castle">Vik Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_County" title="Uppsala County">Uppsala County</a>, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 October 1927<span style="display:none">(1927-10-02)</span> (aged 68)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science#First_calculations_of_greenhouse_effect,_1896" title="History of climate change science">Calculation of the greenhouse effect</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_equation" title="Arrhenius equation">Arrhenius equation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-base_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base reaction">Acid-base reaction</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Medal" title="Davy Medal">Davy Medal</a> (1902)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1903)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">International membership of NAS</a> (1908)</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1910" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1910">ForMemRS (1910)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award" title="Willard Gibbs Award">Willard Gibbs Award</a> (1911)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Lectureship_Prize" title="Faraday Lectureship Prize">Faraday Lectureship Prize</a> (1914)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1920)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Per_Teodor_Cleve" title="Per Teodor Cleve">Per Teodor Cleve</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Erik_Edlund" title="Erik Edlund">Erik Edlund</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Oskar Benjamin Klein</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Svante August Arrhenius</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">REE</span>-nee-əs, -⁠<span style="font-size:90%">RAY</span>-</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Swedish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈsvânːtɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>aˈrěːnɪɵs]</a></span>; 19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a>. Originally a <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, but often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, Arrhenius was one of the founders of the science of <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a>. In 1903, he received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> Nobel laureate. In 1905, he became the director of the Nobel Institute, where he remained until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arrhenius was the first to use the principles of <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a> to estimate the extent to which increases in the atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> are responsible for the Earth's increasing surface temperature. His work played an important role in the emergence of modern <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climate science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a> reliably measured the level of carbon dioxide present in the air showing it was increasing and that, according to the greenhouse hypothesis, it was sufficient to cause significant <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baum_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baum-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_equation" title="Arrhenius equation">Arrhenius equation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction#Arrhenius_definition" title="Acid–base reaction">Arrhenius acid</a>, Arrhenius base, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">lunar</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">crater</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_(lunar_crater)" title="Arrhenius (lunar crater)">Arrhenius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Martian</a> crater <a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhenius (Martian crater)">Arrhenius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-deVaucouleurs1975_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVaucouleurs1975-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mountain of <a href="/wiki/Arrheniusfjellet" title="Arrheniusfjellet">Arrheniusfjellet</a>, and the Arrhenius Labs at <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a> were so named to commemorate his contributions to science. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arrhenius was born on 19 February 1859 at <a href="/wiki/Vik_Castle" title="Vik Castle">Vik</a> (which can also be spelled as Wik or Wijk), near <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden">Kingdom of Sweden</a>, the son of Svante Gustav and Carolina Thunberg Arrhenius, who were Lutheran.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father had been a <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">land surveyor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, moving up to a supervisory position. At the age of three, Arrhenius taught himself to read without the encouragement of his parents and, by watching his father's addition of numbers in his account books, became an <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetical</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">prodigy</a>. In later life, Arrhenius was profoundly passionate about mathematical concepts, data analysis and discovering their relationships and laws.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At age eight, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Katedralskolan,_Uppsala" title="Katedralskolan, Uppsala">local cathedral school</a>, starting in the fifth grade, distinguishing himself in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and graduating as the youngest and most able student in 1876.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionic_disassociation">Ionic disassociation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ionic disassociation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the University of Uppsala, he was dissatisfied with the chief instructor of physics and the only faculty member who could have supervised him in chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Per_Teodor_Cleve" title="Per Teodor Cleve">Per Teodor Cleve</a>, so he left to study at the Physical Institute of the Swedish Academy of Sciences in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> under the physicist <a href="/wiki/Erik_Edlund" title="Erik Edlund">Erik Edlund</a> in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His work focused on the <a href="/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)" title="Conductivity (electrolytic)">conductivities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>. In 1884, based on this work, he submitted a 150-page dissertation on electrolytic conductivity to Uppsala for the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">doctorate</a>. It did not impress the professors, who included Cleve, and he received a fourth-class degree, but upon his defense it was reclassified as third-class. Later, extensions of this very work would earn him the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arrhenius put forth 56 <a href="/wiki/Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="Theses">theses</a> in his 1884 dissertation, most of which would still be accepted today unchanged or with minor modifications. The most important idea in the dissertation was his explanation of the fact that solid crystalline salts disassociate into paired charged particles when dissolved, for which he would win the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Arrhenius's explanation was that in forming a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>, the salt disassociates into charged particles that <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> had given the name <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> many years earlier. Faraday's belief had been that ions were produced in the process of <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>, that is, an external direct current source of electricity was necessary to form ions. Arrhenius proposed that, even in the absence of an electric current, <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a> of salts contained ions. He thus proposed that chemical reactions in solution were reactions between ions.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncBrit_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncBrit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciBio_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciBio-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dissertation did not impress the professors at Uppsala, but Arrhenius sent it to a number of scientists in Europe who were developing the new science of <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a>. They were far more impressed, and Ostwald even came to Uppsala to persuade Arrhenius to join his research team in Riga. Arrhenius declined, however, as he preferred to stay in Sweden-Norway for a while (his father was very ill and would die in 1885) and had received an appointment at Uppsala.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncBrit_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncBrit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciBio_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciBio-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an extension of his <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionic theory</a> Arrhenius proposed definitions for <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a>, in 1884. He believed that acids were substances that produce <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen ions">hydrogen ions</a> in solution and that bases were substances that produce <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> ions in solution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_period">Middle period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrhenius,_Svante_August_%E2%80%93_Lehrbuch_der_kosmischen_Physik,_1903_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6781113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arrhenius%2C_Svante_August_%E2%80%93_Lehrbuch_der_kosmischen_Physik%2C_1903_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6781113.jpg/220px-Arrhenius%2C_Svante_August_%E2%80%93_Lehrbuch_der_kosmischen_Physik%2C_1903_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6781113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arrhenius%2C_Svante_August_%E2%80%93_Lehrbuch_der_kosmischen_Physik%2C_1903_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6781113.jpg/330px-Arrhenius%2C_Svante_August_%E2%80%93_Lehrbuch_der_kosmischen_Physik%2C_1903_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6781113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arrhenius%2C_Svante_August_%E2%80%93_Lehrbuch_der_kosmischen_Physik%2C_1903_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6781113.jpg/440px-Arrhenius%2C_Svante_August_%E2%80%93_Lehrbuch_der_kosmischen_Physik%2C_1903_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6781113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1955" /></a><figcaption><i>Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik</i>, 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1885, Arrhenius next received a travel grant from the Swedish Academy of Sciences, which enabled him to study with Ostwald in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>), with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kohlrausch_(physicist)" title="Friedrich Kohlrausch (physicist)">Friedrich Kohlrausch</a> in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> in <a href="/wiki/Graz,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Graz, Austria">Graz, Austria</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. </p><p>In 1889, Arrhenius explained the fact that most reactions require added heat energy to proceed by formulating the concept of <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">activation energy</a>, an energy barrier that must be overcome before two molecules will react. The <a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_equation" title="Arrhenius equation">Arrhenius equation</a> gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and the rate at which a reaction proceeds. </p><p>In 1891, he became a lecturer at the Stockholm University College (<i>Stockholms Högskola</i>, now <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a>), being promoted to professor of physics (with much opposition) in 1895, and <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> in 1896. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prizes">Nobel Prizes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nobel Prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 1900, Arrhenius became involved in setting up the Nobel Institutes and the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a>. He was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> in 1901. For the rest of his life, he would be a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committee</a> on Physics and a de facto member of the Nobel Committee on Chemistry. He used his positions to arrange prizes for his friends (<a href="/wiki/Jacobus_van_%27t_Hoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a>) and to attempt to deny them to his enemies (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901 Arrhenius was elected to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, against strong opposition. In 1903 he became the first Swede to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>. In 1905, upon the founding of the Nobel Institute for Physical Research at Stockholm, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of the institute, the position where he remained until retirement in 1927. </p><p>In 1911, he won the first Willard Gibbs Award.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_memberships">Society memberships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Society memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was elected an International Member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was elected an Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Chemical_Society" title="Royal Netherlands Chemical Society">Netherlands Chemical Society</a> in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became a Foreign Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1910">Royal Society</a> (ForMemRS) in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was elected an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, he became foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrhenius_family_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arrhenius_family_grave.jpg/220px-Arrhenius_family_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arrhenius_family_grave.jpg/330px-Arrhenius_family_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arrhenius_family_grave.jpg/440px-Arrhenius_family_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="2701" /></a><figcaption>Arrhenius family grave in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Eventually, Arrhenius's theories became generally accepted and he turned to other scientific topics. In 1902, he began to investigate <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> problems in terms of chemical theory. He determined that reactions in living organisms and in the test tube followed the same laws. </p><p>In 1904, he delivered at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> a course of lectures, the object of which was to illustrate the application of the methods of physical chemistry to the study of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">toxins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antitoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitoxins">antitoxins</a>, and which were published in 1907 under the title <i>Immunochemistry</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also turned his attention to <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> (the origin of <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a>), <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">physical cosmology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, accounting for the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> by interstellar collision. He considered <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a> as accounting for <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">solar corona</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora borealis">aurora borealis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zodiacal_light" title="Zodiacal light">zodiacal light</a>. </p><p>He thought life might have been carried from planet to planet by the transport of <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a>, the theory now known as <a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">panspermia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thought of the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Universal_language" title="Universal language">universal language</a>, proposing a modification of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. </p><p>He was a board member for the <i>Swedish Society for Racial Hygiene</i> (founded 1909), which endorsed <a href="/wiki/Mendelism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelism">mendelism</a> at the time, and contributed to the topic of contraceptives around 1910. However, until 1938 information and sale of contraceptives was prohibited in the Kingdom of Sweden. <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a> wrote that Svante Arrhenius was an atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last years he wrote both textbooks and popular books, trying to emphasize the need for further work on the topics he discussed. In September 1927, he came down with an attack of acute <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Catarrh" title="Catarrh">catarrh</a> and died on 2 October. He was buried in Uppsala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_family">Marriages and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriages and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was married twice, first to his former pupil Sofia Rudbeck (1894–1896), with whom he had one son, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olof_Arrhenius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olof Arrhenius (page does not exist)">Olof Arrhenius</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Arrhenius" class="extiw" title="sv:Olof Arrhenius">sv</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Vilhelm_Arrhenius" class="extiw" title="fr:Olof Vilhelm Arrhenius">fr</a>]</span>, and then to Maria Johansson (1905–1927), with whom he had two daughters and a son. </p><p>Arrhenius was the grandfather of bacteriologist <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Wold" title="Agnes Wold">Agnes Wold</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chemist <a href="/wiki/Svante_Wold" title="Svante Wold">Svante Wold</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">ocean</a> <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustaf_Arrhenius_(oceanographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustaf Arrhenius (oceanographer) (page does not exist)">Gustaf Arrhenius</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Arrhenius" class="extiw" title="sv:Gustaf Arrhenius">sv</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Olof_Svante_Arrhenius" class="extiw" title="fr:Gustaf Olof Svante Arrhenius">fr</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Аррениус, Густаф Олоф Сванте">ru</a>; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" class="extiw" title="zh:古斯塔夫·阿伦尼乌斯">zh</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greenhouse_effect">Greenhouse effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Greenhouse effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In developing a theory to explain the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a>, Arrhenius, in 1896, was the first to use basic principles of physical chemistry to calculate estimates of the extent to which increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) will increase Earth's surface temperature through the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baum_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baum-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CarbonicAcid_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarbonicAcid-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These calculations led him to conclude that human-caused CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, from fossil-fuel burning and other combustion processes, are large enough to cause global warming. This conclusion has been extensively tested, winning a place at the core of modern climate science.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrhenius, in this work, built upon the prior work of other famous scientists, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fourier" title="Joseph Fourier">Joseph Fourier</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pouillet" title="Claude Pouillet">Claude Pouillet</a>. Arrhenius wanted to determine whether greenhouse gases could contribute to the explanation of the temperature variation between glacial and inter-glacial periods.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrhenius used infrared observations of the moon – by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Washington_Very" title="Frank Washington Very">Frank Washington Very</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Pierpont Langley">Samuel Pierpont Langley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Observatory" title="Allegheny Observatory">Allegheny Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> – to calculate how much of infrared (heat) radiation is captured by CO<sub>2</sub> and water (H<sub>2</sub>O) vapour in Earth's atmosphere. Using 'Stefan's law' (better known as the <a href="/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_law" title="Stefan–Boltzmann law">Stefan–Boltzmann law</a>), he formulated what he referred to as a 'rule'. In its original form, Arrhenius's rule reads as follows: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>if the quantity of carbonic acid increases in geometric progression, the augmentation of the temperature will increase nearly in arithmetic progression.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Here, Arrhenius refers to CO<sub>2</sub> as carbonic acid (which refers only to the aqueous form H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> in modern usage). The following formulation of Arrhenius's rule is still in use today:<sup id="cite_ref-Walter_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta F=\alpha \ln(C/C_{0})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta F=\alpha \ln(C/C_{0})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/323e7d730380a06480b684af3e3a8f37e8d7911c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.043ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta F=\alpha \ln(C/C_{0})}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23da38e31194b9ae0524ec18c8489693f3be5389" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.716ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{0}}"></span> is the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> at the beginning (time-zero) of the period being studied (if the same concentration unit is used for both <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23da38e31194b9ae0524ec18c8489693f3be5389" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.716ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{0}}"></span>, then it doesn't matter which concentration unit is used); <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> is the CO<sub>2</sub> concentration at end of the period being studied; <i>ln</i> is the natural logarithm (= log base e (<span class="nowrap">log<sub><i>e</i></sub></span>)); and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bcde5b83b29cc20f808fb4f349b838b82ed99a98" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.677ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta F}"></span> is the augmentation of the temperature, in other words the change in the rate of heating Earth's surface (<a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a>), which is measured in <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">Watts</a> per square <a href="/wiki/Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">meter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walter_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derivations from atmospheric radiative transfer models have found that <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span> (alpha) for CO<sub>2</sub> is 5.35 (± 10%) W/m<sup>2</sup> for Earth's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvay_conference,_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Solvay_conference%2C_1922.jpg/220px-Solvay_conference%2C_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Solvay_conference%2C_1922.jpg/330px-Solvay_conference%2C_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Solvay_conference%2C_1922.jpg/440px-Solvay_conference%2C_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>Arrhenius at the first <a href="/wiki/Solvay_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvay conference">Solvay conference</a> on chemistry in 1922 in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Based on information from his colleague <a href="/wiki/Arvid_H%C3%B6gbom" title="Arvid Högbom">Arvid Högbom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrhenius was the first person to predict that emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels and other combustion processes were large enough to cause global warming. In his calculation Arrhenius included the feedback from changes in water vapor as well as latitudinal effects, but he omitted clouds, convection of heat upward in the atmosphere, and other essential factors. His work is currently seen less as an accurate quantification of global warming than as the first demonstration that increases in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> will cause global warming, everything else being equal. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Svante_Arrhenius_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Svante_Arrhenius_01.jpg/170px-Svante_Arrhenius_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Svante_Arrhenius_01.jpg/255px-Svante_Arrhenius_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Svante_Arrhenius_01.jpg/340px-Svante_Arrhenius_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Arrhenius in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>Arrhenius's absorption values for CO<sub>2</sub> and his conclusions met criticism by <a href="/wiki/Knut_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Knut Ångström">Knut Ångström</a> in 1900, who published the first modern infrared absorption spectrum of CO<sub>2</sub> with two absorption bands, and published experimental results that seemed to show that absorption of infrared radiation by the gas in the atmosphere was already "saturated" so that adding more could make no difference. Arrhenius replied strongly in 1901 (<i>Annalen der Physik</i>), dismissing the critique altogether. He touched on the subject briefly in a technical book titled <i>Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik</i> (1903). He later wrote <i>Världarnas utveckling</i> (1906) (German: <i>Das Werden der Welten</i> [1907], English: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsinmakinge01arrhgoog"><i>Worlds in the Making</i></a> [1908]) directed at a general audience, where he suggested that the human emission of CO<sub>2</sub> would be strong enough to prevent the world from entering a new ice age, and that a warmer earth would be needed to feed the rapidly increasing population: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"To a certain extent the temperature of the earth's surface, as we shall presently see, is conditioned by the properties of the atmosphere surrounding it, and particularly by the permeability of the latter for the rays of heat." (p. 46)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"That the atmospheric envelopes limit the heat losses from the planets had been suggested about 1800 by the great French physicist Fourier. His ideas were further developed afterwards by Pouillet and Tyndall. Their theory has been styled the hot-house theory, because they thought that the atmosphere acted after the manner of the glass panes of hot-houses." (p. 51)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"If the quantity of carbonic acid [ CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O <b>→</b> H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (carbonic acid) ] in the air should sink to one-half its present percentage, the temperature would fall by about 4°; a diminution to one-quarter would reduce the temperature by 8°. On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°." (p. 53)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"Although the sea, by absorbing carbonic acid, acts as a regulator of huge capacity, which takes up about five-sixths of the produced carbonic acid, we yet recognize that the slight percentage of carbonic acid in the atmosphere may by the advances of industry be changed to a noticeable degree in the course of a few centuries." (p. 54)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"Since, now, warm ages have alternated with glacial periods, even after man appeared on the earth, we have to ask ourselves: Is it probable that we shall in the coming geological ages be visited by a new ice period that will drive us from our temperate countries into the hotter climates of Africa? There does not appear to be much ground for such an apprehension. The enormous combustion of coal by our industrial establishments suffices to increase the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air to a perceptible degree." (p. 61)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"We often hear lamentations that the coal stored up in the earth is wasted by the present generation without any thought of the future, and we are terrified by the awful destruction of life and property which has followed the volcanic eruptions of our days. We may find a kind of consolation in the consideration that here, as in every other case, there is good mixed with the evil. By the influence of the increasing percentage of carbonic acid in the atmosphere, we may hope to enjoy ages with more equable and better climates, especially as regards the colder regions of the earth, ages when the earth will bring forth much more abundant crops than at present, for the benefit of rapidly propagating mankind." (p. 63)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1922_Svante_Arrhenius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1922_Svante_Arrhenius.jpg/220px-1922_Svante_Arrhenius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1922_Svante_Arrhenius.jpg/330px-1922_Svante_Arrhenius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1922_Svante_Arrhenius.jpg/440px-1922_Svante_Arrhenius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome</a> portrait by <a href="/wiki/The_Archives_of_the_Planet" title="The Archives of the Planet">Auguste Léon</a>, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>At this time, the accepted consensus explanation is that, historically, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">orbital forcing</a> has set the timing for ice ages, with CO<sub>2</sub> acting as an essential <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">amplifying feedback</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, CO<sub>2</sub> releases since the industrial revolution have increased CO<sub>2</sub> to a level not found since 10 to 15 million years ago, when the global average surface temperature was up to 6 °C (11 °F) warmer than now and almost all ice had melted, raising world sea-levels to about 100 feet (30 m.) higher than today's.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arrhenius estimated based on the CO<sub>2</sub> levels at his time, that reducing levels by 0.62–0.55 would decrease temperatures by 4–5 °C (Celsius) and an increase of 2.5 to 3 times of CO<sub>2</sub> would cause a temperature rise of 8–9 °C in the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-CarbonicAcid_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarbonicAcid-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>Worlds in the Making</i> he described the "hot-house" theory of the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1884, <i>Recherches sur la conductibilité galvanique des électrolytes</i>, doctoral dissertation, Stockholm, Royal publishing house, P. A. Norstedt & Söner, 155 pages.</li> <li>1896a, <i>Ueber den Einfluss des Atmosphärischen Kohlensäurengehalts auf die Temperatur der Erdoberfläche</i>, in the Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Stockholm 1896, Volume 22, I N. 1, pages 1–101.</li> <li>1896b, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/images/Arrhenius1896_tcm18-173546.pdf">On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground</a></i>, London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science (fifth series), April 1896. vol 41, pages 237–275.</li> <li>1901a, <i>Ueber die Wärmeabsorption durch Kohlensäure</i>, Annalen der Physik, Vol 4, 1901, pages 690–705.</li> <li>1901b, <i>Über Die Wärmeabsorption Durch Kohlensäure Und Ihren Einfluss Auf Die Temperatur Der Erdoberfläche</i>. Abstract of the proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science, 58, 25–58.</li> <li>Arrhenius, Svante. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015080300869;view=1up;seq=503">Die Verbreitung des Lebens im Weltenraum</a>. Die Umschau, Frankfurt a. M., 7, 1903, 481–486.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=6781113"><i>Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik</i></a> (in German). Vol. 1. Leipzig: Hirzel. 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+kosmischen+Physik&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Hirzel&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D6781113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=6779391"><i>Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik</i></a> (in German). Vol. 2. Leipzig: Hirzel. 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+kosmischen+Physik&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Hirzel&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D6779391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li>1906, <i>Die vermutliche Ursache der Klimaschwankungen</i>, Meddelanden från K. Vetenskapsakademiens Nobelinstitut, Vol 1 No 2, pages 1–10</li> <li>1908, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsinmakingev00arrhrich">Das Werden der Welten</a></i> (Worlds in the making; the evolution of the universe), Academic Publishing House, Leipzig, 208 pages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/24px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/36px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/49px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/28px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/42px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/56px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time%E2%80%93temperature_superposition#Shift_factor_using_Arrhenius_law" title="Time–temperature superposition">Arrhenius law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_plot" title="Arrhenius plot">Arrhenius plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9el_relaxation_theory" title="Néel relaxation theory">Néel relaxation theory</a>, also called Néel–Arrhenius theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscosity_models_for_mixtures" title="Viscosity models for mixtures">Viscosity models for mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Croll" title="James Croll">James Croll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Newton_Foote" title="Eunice Newton Foote">Eunice Newton Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perkins_Marsh" title="George Perkins Marsh">George Perkins Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković">Milutin Milanković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> – climate activist and distant relative of Arrhenius<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095617459?rskey=nEMs00&result=14">"Per Teodor Cleve"</a>. <i>Oxfordreference.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxfordreference.com&rft.atitle=Per+Teodor+Cleve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095617459%3Frskey%3DnEMs00%26result%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1903/arrhenius/biographical/">"Svante Arrhenius: Biographical"</a>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Svante+Arrhenius%3A+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1903%2Farrhenius%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827053317/https://www.dictionary.com/">"Arrhenius, Svante August"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Arrhenius,+Svante+August">the original</a> on 27 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arrhenius%2C+Svante+August&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FArrhenius%2C%2BSvante%2BAugust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Arrhenius">"Arrhenius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Arrhenius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FArrhenius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Arrhenius, Svante August" in <i><a href="/wiki/Chambers%27s_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers's Encyclopædia">Chambers's Encyclopædia</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/George_Newnes_Ltd" title="George Newnes Ltd">George Newnes</a>, 1961, Vol. 1, p. 635.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDessler2021" class="citation book cs1">Dessler, Andrew E. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ivw7EAAAQBAJ"><i>Introduction to Modern Climate Change</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84018-7"><bdi>978-1-108-84018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Modern+Climate+Change&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-108-84018-7&rft.aulast=Dessler&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIvw7EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baum-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baum_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baum_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum2016" class="citation journal cs1">Baum, Rudy M. Sr. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/future-calculations">"Future Calculations: The first climate change believer"</a>. <i>Distillations</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=Future+Calculations%3A+The+first+climate+change+believer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Rudy+M.+Sr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Ffuture-calculations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deVaucouleurs1975-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deVaucouleurs1975_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_VaucouleursBlunckDaviesDollfus1975" class="citation journal cs1">de Vaucouleurs, G.; et al. (September 1975). "The new Martian nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 85−98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Icar...26...85D">1975Icar...26...85D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2875%2990146-3">10.1016/0019-1035(75)90146-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+new+Martian+nomenclature+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85%E2%88%9298&rft.date=1975-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2875%2990146-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975Icar...26...85D&rft.aulast=de+Vaucouleurs&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Blunck%2C+J.&rft.au=Davies%2C+M.&rft.au=Dollfus%2C+A.&rft.au=Koval%2C+I.+K.&rft.au=Kuiper%2C+G.+P.&rft.au=Masursky%2C+H.&rft.au=Miyamoto%2C+S.&rft.au=Moroz%2C+V.+I.&rft.au=Sagan%2C+Carl&rft.au=Smith%2C+Bradford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0c4PgFznyMC&q=%22Christina+Thunberg+Arrhenius%22+%22lutheran%22"><i>The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901-1995</i></a>. Oryx Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897748995" title="Special:BookSources/9780897748995"><bdi>9780897748995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Who%27s+Who+of+Nobel+Prize+Winners%2C+1901-1995&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780897748995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0c4PgFznyMC%26q%3D%2522Christina%2BThunberg%2BArrhenius%2522%2B%2522lutheran%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaboratory" class="citation web cs1">Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalmaglab.org/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/pioneers/svante-arrhenius/">"Svante Arrhenius - Magnet Academy"</a>. <i>nationalmaglab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalmaglab.org&rft.atitle=Svante+Arrhenius+-+Magnet+Academy&rft.aulast=Laboratory&rft.aufirst=National+High+Magnetic+Field&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalmaglab.org%2Fmagnet-academy%2Fhistory-of-electricity-magnetism%2Fpioneers%2Fsvante-arrhenius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1903%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-columbia-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-columbia_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbia_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisLevey1975" class="citation book cs1">Harris, William; Levey, Judith, eds. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcolumbiaencyc00harr/page/155"><i>The New Columbia Encyclopedia</i></a></span> (4th ed.). New York City: Columbia University. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcolumbiaencyc00harr/page/155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231035-729" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231035-729"><bdi>978-0-231035-729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=155&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-231035-729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewcolumbiaencyc00harr%2Fpage%2F155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncBrit-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncBrit_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncBrit_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHenry1992" class="citation book cs1">McHenry, Charles, ed. (1992). <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. 1 (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 587. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-085-229553-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-085-229553-3"><bdi>978-085-229553-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=587&rft.edition=15&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-085-229553-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciBio-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SciBio_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SciBio_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCillispie1970" class="citation book cs1">Cillispie, Charles, ed. (1970). <i>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</i> (1 ed.). New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">296–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684101-125" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684101-125"><bdi>978-0-684101-125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-684101-125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Coffey, Cathedrals of Science: <i>The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry</i>, Oxford University Press, 2008,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicagoacs.org/content.php?page=Willard_Gibbs_Award">"Willard Gibbs Award"</a>. <i>chicagoacs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagoacs.org&rft.atitle=Willard+Gibbs+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchicagoacs.org%2Fcontent.php%3Fpage%3DWillard_Gibbs_Award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001930.html">"Svante A. Arrhenius"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Svante+A.+Arrhenius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.kncv.nl/kncv/honorary-members">Honorary members</a> - website of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Society" class="citation web cs1">Royal Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">"Fellows of the Royal Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.au=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Ffellowship%2Ffellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Svante+A.+Arrhenius&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DSvante%2BA.%2BArrhenius%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618085753/http://amacad.org:80/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf#page=14&zoom=auto,-76,792">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amacad.org:80/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf#page=14&zoom=auto,-76,792">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+A&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famacad.org%3A80%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterA.pdf%23page%3D14%26zoom%3Dauto%2C-76%2C792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span> Page 14, third column, on the right.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00004828">"Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927)"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svante+August+Arrhenius+%281859%E2%80%931927%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00004828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvante_Arrhenius1907" class="citation book cs1">Svante Arrhenius (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924000273718"><i>Immunochemistry; the application of the principles of physical chemistry to the study of the biological antibodies</i></a>. The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immunochemistry%3B+the+application+of+the+principles+of+physical+chemistry+to+the+study+of+the+biological+antibodies&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Svante+Arrhenius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924000273718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrhenius, S., <i>Worlds in the Making: The Evolution of the Universe</i>. New York, Harper & Row, 1908,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Stein1988" class="citation book cs1">Gordon Stein (1988). <i>The encyclopedia of unbelief</i>. Vol. 1. Prometheus Books. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879753078" title="Special:BookSources/9780879753078"><bdi>9780879753078</bdi></a>. <q>Svante Arrhenius (I859-I927), recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry (I903), was a declared atheist and the author of The Evolution of the Worlds and other works on cosmic physics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+unbelief&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780879753078&rft.au=Gordon+Stein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNNDB.com" class="citation web cs1">NNDB.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/875/000092599/">"Svante Arrhenius"</a>. Soylent Communications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svante+Arrhenius&rft.pub=Soylent+Communications&rft.au=NNDB.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F875%2F000092599%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fof.se/tidning/2011/2/mot-bacillskrack-och-gubbvalde">"Mot bacillskräck och gubbvälde"</a> [Against bacillus fear and old man rule]. 1 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mot+bacillskr%C3%A4ck+och+gubbv%C3%A4lde&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffof.se%2Ftidning%2F2011%2F2%2Fmot-bacillskrack-och-gubbvalde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118180926/https://www.umu.se/personal/svante-wold/">"Svante Wold"</a>. <i>www.umu.se</i> (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umu.se/personal/svante-wold/">the original</a> on 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.umu.se&rft.atitle=Svante+Wold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umu.se%2Fpersonal%2Fsvante-wold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrhenius1923" class="citation journal cs1">Arrhenius, O. (January 1923). "Statistical Investigations in the Constitution of Plant Associations". <i>Ecology</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">68–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1923Ecol....4...68A">1923Ecol....4...68A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1929275">10.2307/1929275</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1929275">1929275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Statistical+Investigations+in+the+Constitution+of+Plant+Associations&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1923-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1929275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1929275&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1923Ecol....4...68A&rft.aulast=Arrhenius&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarbonicAcid-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarbonicAcid_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarbonicAcid_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrhenius1896" class="citation journal cs1">Arrhenius, Svante (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/images/Arrhenius1896_tcm18-173546.pdf">"On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science</i>. <b>41</b> (251): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786449608620846">10.1080/14786449608620846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+influence+of+carbonic+acid+in+the+air+upon+the+temperature+of+the+ground&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=251&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786449608620846&rft.aulast=Arrhenius&rft.aufirst=Svante&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fimages%2FArrhenius1896_tcm18-173546.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrhenius1897" class="citation journal cs1">Arrhenius, Svante (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F121158">"On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air Upon the Temperature of the Ground"</a>. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i>. <b>9</b> (54): 14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1897PASP....9...14A">1897PASP....9...14A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F121158">10.1086/121158</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=On+the+Influence+of+Carbonic+Acid+in+the+Air+Upon+the+Temperature+of+the+Ground&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=54&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F121158&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1897PASP....9...14A&rft.aulast=Arrhenius&rft.aufirst=Svante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F121158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skepticalscience.com/empirical-evidence-for-co2-enhanced-greenhouse-effect.htm">"How do we know more CO2 is causing global warming?"</a>, <i>Skeptical Science</i>, founded by John Cook, the Climate Communication Fellow for the Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf">"Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)"</a>, IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: <i>Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</i> [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England and New York, NY.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodhe, Henning, et al. "Svante Arrhenius and the Greenhouse Effect". Ambio, vol. 26, no. 1, 1997, pp. 2–5. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314542">4314542</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walter-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin E. Walter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/notices/201010/rtx101001278p.pdf">"Earthquakes and Weatherquakes: Mathematics and Climate Change"</a>, <i>Notices of the American Mathematical Society</i>, Volume 57, Number 10, p. 1278 (November 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html">"NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index, Spring 2016"</a>, NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, James H Butler and Stephen A Montzka</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeart2008" class="citation book cs1">Weart, Spencer R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5zrjngEACAAJ"><i>The Discovery of Global Warming</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03189-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03189-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03189-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Global+Warming&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03189-0&rft.aulast=Weart&rft.aufirst=Spencer+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5zrjngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroe2014" class="citation web cs1">Monroe, Rob (20 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/2014/06/20/how-do-co2-levels-relate-to-ice-ages-and-sea-level/">"How do CO2 levels relate to ice ages and sea-level?"</a>. <i>The Keeling Curve</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Keeling+Curve&rft.atitle=How+do+CO2+levels+relate+to+ice+ages+and+sea-level%3F&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscripps.ucsd.edu%2Fprograms%2Fkeelingcurve%2F2014%2F06%2F20%2Fhow-do-co2-levels-relate-to-ice-ages-and-sea-level%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanopolskiCalov2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ganopolski, A.; Calov, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clim-past.net/7/1415/2011/cp-7-1415-2011.pdf">"The role of orbital forcing, carbon dioxide and regolith in 100 kyr glacial cycles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climate of the Past</i>. <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1415–</span>1425. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CliPa...7.1415G">2011CliPa...7.1415G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fcp-7-1415-2011">10.5194/cp-7-1415-2011</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.clim-past.net/7/1415/2011/cp-7-1415-2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+of+the+Past&rft.atitle=The+role+of+orbital+forcing%2C+carbon+dioxide+and+regolith+in+100+kyr+glacial+cycles&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1415-%3C%2Fspan%3E1425&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fcp-7-1415-2011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011CliPa...7.1415G&rft.aulast=Ganopolski&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Calov%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clim-past.net%2F7%2F1415%2F2011%2Fcp-7-1415-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Freedman" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Freedman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-last-time-co2-was-this-high-humans-didnt-exist-15938">"The Last Time CO2 Was This High, Humans Didn't Exist"</a>. <i>www.climatecentral.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.climatecentral.org&rft.atitle=The+Last+Time+CO2+Was+This+High%2C+Humans+Didn%27t+Exist&rft.au=Andrew+Freedman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatecentral.org%2Fnews%2Fthe-last-time-co2-was-this-high-humans-didnt-exist-15938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2000" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Steve (18 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Arrhenius/arrhenius_2.php">"Svante Arrhenius : Arrhenius' Carbon Dioxide Research"</a>. Nasa Earth Observatory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svante+Arrhenius+%3A+Arrhenius%27+Carbon+Dioxide+Research&rft.pub=Nasa+Earth+Observatory&rft.date=2000-01-18&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Ffeatures%2FArrhenius%2Farrhenius_2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2000" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Steve (18 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Arrhenius/arrhenius_3.php">"Svante Arrhenius : Hot House Theory"</a>. Nasa Earth Observatory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svante+Arrhenius+%3A+Hot+House+Theory&rft.pub=Nasa+Earth+Observatory&rft.date=2000-01-18&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Ffeatures%2FArrhenius%2Farrhenius_3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnmanErnmanThunbergThunberg2020" class="citation book cs1">Ernman, Beata; Ernman, Malena; Thunberg, Greta; Thunberg, Svante (17 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkfCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152"><i>Our House is on Fire: Scenes of a Family and a Planet in Crisis</i></a>. Penguin. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525507376" title="Special:BookSources/9780525507376"><bdi>9780525507376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+House+is+on+Fire%3A+Scenes+of+a+Family+and+a+Planet+in+Crisis&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2020-03-17&rft.isbn=9780525507376&rft.aulast=Ernman&rft.aufirst=Beata&rft.au=Ernman%2C+Malena&rft.au=Thunberg%2C+Greta&rft.au=Thunberg%2C+Svante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkfCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arrhenius,_Svante_August" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arrhenius, Svante August">Arrhenius, Svante August</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 648.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arrhenius%2C+Svante+August&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=648&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnelders1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Snelders, H. A. M. (1970). "Arrhenius, Svante August". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">296–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9"><bdi>978-0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arrhenius%2C+Svante+August&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Snelders&rft.aufirst=H.+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1996" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Elisabeth T. (1996). <i>Arrhenius: from ionic theory to the greenhouse effect</i>. Canton, MA: Science History Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88135-166-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88135-166-8"><bdi>978-0-88135-166-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arrhenius%3A+from+ionic+theory+to+the+greenhouse+effect&rft.place=Canton%2C+MA&rft.pub=Science+History+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-88135-166-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2008" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, Patrick (2008). <i>Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532134-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532134-0"><bdi>978-0-19-532134-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathedrals+of+Science%3A+The+Personalities+and+Rivalries+That+Made+Modern+Chemistry&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532134-0&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvante+Arrhenius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Svante_Arrhenius" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Svante_Arrhenius" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Svante Arrhenius">Svante August Arrhenius</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/49834">Works by Svante Arrhenius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id=5971">Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111233610/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id=5971">Archived</a> 11 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0050//0000363.000.html">Obs <b>50</b> (1927) 363</a> – Obituary (one paragraph)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0039//0000385.000.html">PASP <b>39</b> (1927) 385</a> – Obituary (one paragraph)</li> <li>"On the influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground", Arrhenius, 1896, online and analyzed on <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibnum.education.fr/sciencesdelaterre/climatologie/de-l-influence-de-l-acide-carbonique-de-l-air-sur-la-temperature-terr">BibNum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816173245/https://www.bibnum.education.fr/sciencesdelaterre/climatologie/de-l-influence-de-l-acide-carbonique-de-l-air-sur-la-temperature-terr">Archived</a> 16 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> <small>[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000659">Newspaper clippings about Svante Arrhenius</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80956#P4293" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/initialconditions/episode-2-enter-anthropocene-climate-science-early-20th-century">Enter the Anthropocene: Climate Science in the Early 20th Century</a>," podcast about Arrhenius, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Stewart_Callendar" title="Guy Stewart Callendar">Guy Callendar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a>, Initial Conditions, Episode 2</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/162">Svante Arrhenius</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80956#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1903 <i>Development of the Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100902054559/http://www.iva.se/upload/Verksamhet/H%C3%B6gtidssammankomst/Minnesskrift%202008.pdf">A Tribute to the Memory of Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927) – a scientist ahead of his time</a>, published in 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Engineering_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Svante Arrhenius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1919</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1933</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Olah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1903_Nobel_Prize_laureates781" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1903 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1903_Nobel_Prize_laureates781" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1903 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Svante Arrhenius</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a> (Norway)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a> (Poland/France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Ryberg Finsen</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1901_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1901 Nobel Prize winners">1901</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1902 Nobel Prize winners">1902</a></dd> <dd><b>1903 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners">1906</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1908 Nobel Prize winners">1908</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Swedish_Nobel_laureates333" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swedish_Nobel_Laureates" title="Template:Swedish Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swedish_Nobel_Laureates" title="Template talk:Swedish Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish_Nobel_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swedish_Nobel_laureates333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Swedish <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1903: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> <small>(posthumously)</small></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Pontus Arnoldson</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> <small>(posthumously)</small></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Gustaf Dalén</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Manne Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80956#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4070" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80956#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4070" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80956#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008084414X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5045360">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/154026/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvMtbf6p9rMyKD63KpdcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118650467">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85809004">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12550220h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12550220h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00462484">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arrhenius, Svante August"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV425329">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35722853">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2002142320&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069709475">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90146423">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000011586&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000383997&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000937661">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=229372">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202344919">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtvp1z472g2jz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810656047805606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810574946805606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/26331">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007278615505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517920506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03136166?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=200502">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56907664600">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:arrhenius.sv-a">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/7160befe-cb04-414c-ad19-1e27a47b875b">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/67998843">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1058557">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118650467.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118650467">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034784616">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61835bk">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&oldid=1274081046">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&oldid=1274081046</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1859_births" title="Category:1859 births">1859 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1927_deaths" title="Category:1927 deaths">1927 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Uppsala_Municipality" title="Category:People from Uppsala Municipality">People from Uppsala Municipality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Nobel laureates in Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_physical_chemists" title="Category:Swedish physical chemists">Swedish physical chemists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Swedish_astronomers" title="Category:20th-century Swedish astronomers">20th-century Swedish astronomers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Panspermia" title="Category:Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Stockholm_University" title="Category:Academic staff of Stockholm University">Academic staff of Stockholm University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uppsala_University_alumni" title="Category:Uppsala University alumni">Uppsala University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Riga_Technical_University" title="Category:Academic staff of Riga Technical University">Academic staff of Riga Technical University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Belgium" title="Category:Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium">Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_members_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society">Foreign members of the Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_associates_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences">Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corresponding_members_of_the_Saint_Petersburg_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences">Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_members_of_the_USSR_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences">Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:Swedish Nobel laureates">Swedish Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters_in_Gothenburg" title="Category:Members of the Royal Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg">Members of the Royal Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Uppsala_old_cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Uppsala old cemetery">Burials at Uppsala old cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_G%C3%B6ttingen_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Category:Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Sciences_in_Uppsala" title="Category:Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala">Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_Franklin_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of Franklin Medal">Recipients of Franklin Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society">Members of the American Philosophical Society</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2019">Use dmy dates from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Swedish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Swedish IPA">Pages with Swedish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 February 2025, at 11:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svante_Arrhenius&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Svante Arrhenius</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>92 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-vbt6r","wgBackendResponseTime":146,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.422","walltime":"1.846","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6904,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":181877,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8224,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":181688,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1551.630 1 -total"," 18.13% 281.276 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 15.06% 233.629 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.37% 145.362 1 Template:IPA"," 9.29% 144.192 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.17% 142.264 1 Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_Laureates_1901-1925"," 9.13% 141.617 13 Template:Cite_book"," 6.74% 104.596 1 Template:Birth_date"," 6.57% 101.938 2 Template:Sister_project"," 6.43% 99.809 2 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.942","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22907313,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Freedman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArrhenius1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArrhenius1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArrhenius1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaum2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCillispie1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoffey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDessler2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnmanErnmanThunbergThunberg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanopolskiCalov2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon_Stein1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisLevey1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaboratory\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcHenry1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonroe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNNDB.com\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Society\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnelders1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvante_Arrhenius1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeart2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_VaucouleursBlunckDaviesDollfus1975\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"1903 Nobel Prize winners\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 17,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Arrhenius, Svante\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 2,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox scientist\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"MW\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1901-1925\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobelprize\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Swedish Nobel Laureates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-9c7dr","timestamp":"20250214040850","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Svante Arrhenius","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Svante_Arrhenius","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q80956","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q80956","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-29T06:50:44Z","dateModified":"2025-02-05T11:00:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6c\/Arrhenius2.jpg","headline":"Swedish astronomer, chemist and physicist (1859\u20131927)"}</script> </body> </html>