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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Current_findings_of_child_labour_in_Botswana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_findings_of_child_labour_in_Botswana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Current findings of child labour in Botswana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_findings_of_child_labour_in_Botswana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geographic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transmission_to_Botswana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission_to_Botswana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Transmission to Botswana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission_to_Botswana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Changing Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></div> <p><b>Child labour in Botswana</b> is defined as the exploitation of children through any form of work which is harmful to their physical, mental, social and moral development.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Child labour in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> is characterised by the type of forced work at an associated age, as a result of reasons such as poverty and household-resource allocations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Child labour in Botswana is not of higher percentage according to studies. The United States Department of Labor states that due to the gaps in the national frameworks, scarce economy, and lack of initiatives, “children in Botswana engage in the worst forms of <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> is a body of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> which engages to develop labour policies and promote social justice issues.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO) in convention 138 states the minimum required age for employment to act as the method for "effective abolition of child labour" through establishing minimum age requirements and policies for countries when ratified.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botswana ratified the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_Age_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum Age Convention">Minimum Age Convention</a> in 1995, establishing a national policy allowing children at least fourteen-years old to work in specified conditions. Botswana further ratified the ILO's <a href="/wiki/Worst_Forms_of_Child_Labour_Convention" title="Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention">Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention</a>, convention 182, in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ILO's International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) funded the country in regard to the <i>Towards the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour</i> programme (TECL) in Botswana<i>.</i> In 2004 the <i>Programme Advisory Committee on Child Labour</i> (PACC) was founded to overlook the <i>Towards the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour</i> (TECL) in Botswana .<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have argumentative stances upon the dealing of child labour in Botswana. As stated by Eva Procek in her <i>2006</i> <i>Discussion document on Child Labour in Botswana</i> "explicit time-bound strategies to address child labour and worst forms of child labour specifically have not been developed".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_findings_of_child_labour_in_Botswana">Current findings of child labour in Botswana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current findings of child labour in Botswana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child-labour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Child-labour.jpg/220px-Child-labour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Child-labour.jpg/330px-Child-labour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Child-labour.jpg/440px-Child-labour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Child labour is any form of work harmful to the well-being of a child. It can impact ability to participate in other activities such as schooling.</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States of Labour has carried out a study into the issue of child labour in Botswana and has reported findings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a> in their <i>2018 Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports, for Botswana</i>, has stated that “Botswana has made minimal advancement towards eliminating child labour in 2018”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Department of Labor further states that "Botswana engages in the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor in cattle herding, and forced domestic work, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaps in the legal system alongside poorly directed social initiatives, as stated by The United States Department of Labor have resulted in contemporary accounts of child labour in Botswana.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> accounts that Children "work for survival" and for other reasons which have repressed their ability to act freely.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underlying factors such as geographic location, demographics and poverty are some causes of child labour in Botswana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic">Geographic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Africa" title="Child labour in Africa">Child labour in Africa</a></div> <p>Botswana is a landlocked country situated in the south-west division of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sonia Bhalotra in her <i>OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS</i> study states that due to "stagnated economic growth, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, conflict, <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> and poor hygiene has escalated the issue of child labour in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>2016</i> <i>Global Estimates of Child Labour</i> ILO report states that "one in five African Children face child labour". The report states that in the continent 72.1 million children work as labourers and 31.5 million work in hazardous conditions, with this being more than-twice the amount in comparison to other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Findings from the <i>2016</i> <i>Global Estimates of Child Labour</i> ILO report show that the agriculture sector across the continent accounts for 85% of child labourers, of many working in family enterprises and farms, primarily engaging in commercial farming or livestock herding.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, traditional approaches in African communities have seen children leaving schooling to enter the workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is seen in an African context to promote the development of life and physical skills contrary to western methodologies .<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this can be seen through the rural Pare people of Tanzania, Sub-Saharan Africa, involving 5 year olds to tend crops.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transmission_to_Botswana">Transmission to Botswana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transmission to Botswana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A transmission of the child labour issues from an overall African context can be seen in Botswana. The United States Department of Labor states in their <i>2010</i> <i>Worst Forms of Child Labour Report</i> that a poor economic outlook for families and resource allocations influences the integration of Children in the labour force in many instances such where "parents from rural areas send their children to the city to live with wealthier families and to work as domestic servants".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report further establishes that many children are heavily engaged in hazardous forms of agriculture, where children "manage herds of livestock in isolated areas for days without proper food and shelter".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botswana is a key source and destination for commercial sexual exploitation of children. Impoverished children are forced as workers and trafficked to clientele through high-ways and truck drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communities">Communities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_on_the_Okavango_in_Botswana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Children_on_the_Okavango_in_Botswana.jpg/220px-Children_on_the_Okavango_in_Botswana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Children_on_the_Okavango_in_Botswana.jpg/330px-Children_on_the_Okavango_in_Botswana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Children_on_the_Okavango_in_Botswana.jpg/440px-Children_on_the_Okavango_in_Botswana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Children from the Okavango Delta community</figcaption></figure> <p>Botswana is home to many ethnic groups such to the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Matyas Baan</i> in his article <i>Realising Children's Rights in Botswana</i> states that these communities are "disadvantaged and vulnerable due to being displaced remotely or considered as outcasts".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The San community is a minority ethnic group, which is remotely located, distant from main-land services, which has led to social-protection issues in regards to children.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children of these communities have reduced access to services such as education and are open to take upon roles primarily in family enterprises and farms or to be exploited into sexual exploitation and trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_Demographics">Changing Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Changing Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes in demographics reflect changing social behaviours and actions of people to satisfy specific circumstances. Changes in demographics through intra-household resource allocation, parental investment and household requirements in Botswana has seen children work for individual and household needs, being excluded from schooling and uptaking “small scale entrepreneurship”.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caldwell theory of wealth (1982), reflects how countries with upward net flow wealth, such through peasant farmers, are inclined for higher rates of reproduction to satisfy for old age care and political status.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher reproduction rates greatly influence the investment of parents towards their children and their activities such as schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limited distribution for household resources and wealth towards children gives rise to child labour.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of intra-household resource allocation can be investigated in the <a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a> People of Botswana. A 1992 study into five ethnic groups of the community reflect that out of 122 children 20 attended school, of which 15 had to travel 30 km or further, resulting in trade-offs to the local economies of herding, milking and graining.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by John Bock in his <i>Evolutionary demography and intra-household time allocation,</i> has resulted in findings for the correlation of time and resource allocation in relation to Children education and participation in labour. The study shows how changing parental investment, marital status, availability of alternative productivity tasks, birth order and sex of children "have implications to understand child labour and time allocations and consequent welfare".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poverty is the condition where a community or individuals lack the access to basic necessities and financial resources to sustain a minimum standard of living.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botswana accounts for 36.7% of families living under the poverty datum line, which has seen the youth to be vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 the Minister of Labour and Home Affairs, Peter Siele, visited and talked to a 12 year old out-of-school worker about not attending school. The response recorded was “lehuma ke lone le le ntireleng gore ke tlogele sekolo, ke bolawa ke tlala” (poverty forced me out of school, I suffer from hunger).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative macroeconomic indicators have influenced the inefficiencies of budget allocations towards children-based initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eva Procek in her <i>2006</i> <i>Discussion document on child labour in Botswana</i> investigates that children in rural and remote area's are vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procek states that children of rural groups such as from the San community experience high levels of poverty due to high illiteracy rates, being prone to join the labour force early to support their households as they are "caught between conflicting cultural expectations".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Issues of debt and financial constrains also result in children to uptake roles in the labour force.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent_and_Scope">Extent and Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Extent and Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States Department of State in their <i>2017 Botswana Human Rights report</i> states that the widespread scale of the issue sees "children within the country engaging in the worst forms of labour" including: commercial sexual exploitation, agriculture and forced domestic work.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry of Labour and Health accounts for 25000 Children under the age of 15 working on farms. A further 1500 are accounted for domestic work in wealthy households.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botswana further engages to be a source and destination for commercial trafficking of children, specifically through truck and highway clientele.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005/2006_Labour_Force_Survey"><span id="2005.2F2006_Labour_Force_Survey"></span>2005/2006 Labour Force Survey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2005/2006 Labour Force Survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2005/2006 labour force survey from the <i>Central Statistics Office</i> is an early study analysing the trends of the labour force in relation to children employment status in Botswana.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey of 415,751 children saw that 72.4 percent were engaged in full time schooling, 21.2 percent were involved in the labour force alongside schooling and 2.6 percent were primarily working.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gender based analysis in the study shows that only 69.2% of males at the time were participating in schooling in comparison to the 75.1% of females. 39,170 children explicitly stated the reason for their employment with the two most prevalent reasons accounting for family assistance (62.8%), and personal financial needs (12.8%).<sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Child Employment and Schooling Status by Gender of Child </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Child employment and schooling status </th> <th colspan="2">Gender </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Total % <p>(N= 415,751) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Male % <p>(N=207,713) </p> </td> <td>Female % <p>(208,038) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Working and schooling </td> <td>24.1 </td> <td>18.3 </td> <td colspan="2">21.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Working and not schooling </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td colspan="2">2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not working and schooling </td> <td>69.2 </td> <td>75.1 </td> <td colspan="2">72.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not working and not schooling </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td colspan="2">4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>100.0 </td> <td>100.0 </td> <td colspan="2">100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: Authors’ calculations based on CSO Labour Force Survey (2005/06)<sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts">Impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impacts of child labour can be seen interlinked in affecting the welfare of many involved children .<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impacts are seen through education and the consequents of poverty. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_labour_in_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Child_labour_in_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Child_labour_in_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Child_labour_in_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Child_labour_in_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Child_labour_in_Madagascar.jpg/440px-Child_labour_in_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Child labour sees children engaging in hazardous and harmful working conditions.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Botswana child labour "shares a negative correlation with education", as established by the <i>Determinants of Child Labour and Schooling in Botswana report</i> through the analysis of the labour force survey findings in 2005/2006.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, <i>2016 UNICEF</i> findings account for 9% of the child population of Botswana to be engaged in child labour, further showing that 16% of primary school aged kids are not attending school.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demographic impacts such as parental investment and location of residence further impact the ability to engage in schooling of children.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> School attendance is affected as secondary education rates are declining due to the tuition costs. For example, this is seen through a 35.7% net attendance out of 56.7% enrolled males.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consequents_of_Poverty">Consequents of Poverty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Consequents of Poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transmission of intergenerational poverty through the degraded economic outlook of Botswana, sees 2 out of 3 children missing secondary school.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emmanuel Bothale in his <i>The Case for Children's Budgeting in Botswana</i> uses <i>The Poverty Map (Moseki, 2009)</i> and <i>UNDP Human development Reports (2009,2010) to</i> account for a high cumulative poverty index of 22.9% in Botswana.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual exploitation and hygiene issues are a consequent of long-term poverty, as seen in the 2010 findings from the <i>Botswana Press Agency</i>. The agency carried out a ‘sex-study’ which established that girls resort to prostitution out of economic need and “to put food on the table.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, communal poverty, has resulted in poor hygiene and health; for example, under 5 youth mortality, has increased by 0.5% (1990-2012).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of the poor hygiene has further seen the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Poor preventative measures sees a 15.7% prevalence rate of HIV in 0-18 year old orphans.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynamics">Dynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are government body and frameworks alongside social initiatives in place to address the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_Outlook">Government Outlook</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government Outlook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 2006 and 2008 the country had been in the process of formulating the <i>National Action Programme towards the Elimination of Child Labour in Botswana</i>, which was nationally endorsed in February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was drafted with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>'s (ILO) programme, <a href="/wiki/Programme_Towards_the_Elimination_of_the_worst_forms_of_Child_Labour" title="Programme Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour">Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Programme Advisory Committee on Child Labour (PACC), representing government departments, organised labour and business, and civil society, guides the development and implementation of the programme.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national government has developed policies in order to coordinate their response to the issue. The <i>National Action Programme towards the Elimination of Child Labour in Botswana</i> outline the governments approach to create legislation and policies around the issue to create awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry of Labor and Home Affairs sustainability plan is another policy which sees volunteers and government affiliates work as labour inspectors to report accounts of child labour to social workers and school teachers to better understand school attendance trends and employment status.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government has established mechanisms to coordinate their response to the issue. The <i>Human Trafficking Committee</i> <i>was established by the 2014 Anti-trafficking bill</i> and is led by the Ministry of Defence, Justice, and Security (MDJS) to act as a reporting and referral mechanism. The <i>Advisory Committee on Child Labour</i> is another mechanism involving NGO volunteers and government officials to report issues to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Department of State in their <i>2017 Botswana Human Rights report presents an argument</i> that the mechanisms "have lacked efficacy due to scarce resources and inability to target rural areas".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_Framework">Legal Framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal Framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Botswana ratified the ILO <a href="/wiki/Minimum_Age_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum Age Convention">Minimum Age Convention</a> in 1995 (C138) and the ILO <a href="/wiki/Worst_Forms_of_Child_Labour_Convention" title="Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention">Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention</a> (C182) in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the country also ratified both the UN <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_the_Rights_and_Welfare_of_the_Child" title="African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child">African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botswana's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Employment_Act,_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Employment Act, Botswana (page does not exist)">Employment Act</a> is the principal law governing employment-related matters in Botswana. It aims to protect children against exploitation and hazardous employment, defined as any work that is dangerous to the child's health, development and morals.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Department of Labor in the <i>2018 Child Labour and Forced Labour Reports, for Botswana,</i> states that "gaps exist in Botswana's legal framework to adequately protect children from child labor" as there is no compulsory age of education legislation, inconsistent to the standards set by the ILO.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government has a framework to assist for the enforcement of law in through criminal and labour laws. The Ministry of Employment, Labour Productivity and Skills Development enforces child labour law's and policies and is further authorised by the <i>Employment Act</i> to conduct labour inspections.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Findings from the United States Department of Labor account for 2335 labour investigations in Botswana for 2017, which had reduced from 4999 accounts in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Ministry of Defence, Justice, and Security</i> facilitates the enforcement of criminal law in approach to child labour. In 2017 the Directorate of Public Prosecutions (DPP) accounted for 7 convictions in the ill-treatment of children but did not explicitly link causation to child labour.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_Initiatives">Social Initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Social Initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Government funds social initiatives to address the issue of child labour are part of the framework aimed at the issue. In conjunction with resources from <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a>'s, these programs cater to create awareness for the issue and provide resources available to the community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government funded <i>Orphan Care Program</i> subsidises school fees and provides meals to children to promote educational participation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another program is the <i>Needy Children and Needy Students program</i> facilitated by the <i>Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development</i> in aim to provide essential resources and meals to poor families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recommendations">Recommendations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recommendations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recommendations from government agencies and other bodies convey possible solutions to address the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Department of Labor in their 2018 <i>Worst Forms of Child Labour</i> report states that amendment to the Employment Act will "reduce the gap between bodies and enforcement agencies to cater towards eliminating the issue alongside a minimum-age requirement for schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eva Procek in her <i>2006</i> <i>Discussion Document on Child Labour in Botswana</i> states possible strategies to alleviate causes, such as poverty, through National Youth Policy grants and reviews in the literacy programmes "to prevent children falling into detrimental work".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emmanuel Bothale in his <i>The Case for Children's Budgeting in Botswana</i> states that budget allocations towards children and socially based initiatives are a "critical argument to improve upon the negative macroeconomic indicators".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, more studies are required to enable full engagement to understand the true scope and extent of the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ILO. (2017). <i>What is Child Labour</i>. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm">https://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds. E. (2008) <i>Handbook of Development Economics,</i> <i>Chapter 57 Child Labor, Elsevier,</i> p. 3607–3709. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1573-4471%2807%2904057-0">10.1016/s1573-4471(07)04057-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/botswana">"United States Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs. 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(2018)"</a>. <i>Education</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education&rft.atitle=UNICEF+Botswana.+%282018%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fbotswana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+labour+in+Botswana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Child_labour_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Child_labour_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Africa" title="Child labour in Africa">Child labour in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Algeria (page does not exist)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Angola (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Eswatini" title="Child labour in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Lesotho" title="Child labour in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Namibia" title="Child labour in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nigeria" title="Child labour in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Tanzania" title="Child labour in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labour in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Child_labor" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Child_labor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Child labor</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Bolivia" title="Child labor in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Brazil" title="Child labor in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Child labor in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor in Zambia">Zambia</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&oldid=1234168623">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Botswana&oldid=1234168623</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_labour_by_country" title="Category:Child labour by country">Child labour by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Childhood_in_Botswana" 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