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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Education for female students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_for_female_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_to_education_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_to_education_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Challenges to education development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges_to_education_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges to education development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges_to_education_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violence_and_sexual_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_and_sexual_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Violence and sexual abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_and_sexual_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher_credentials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher_credentials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Teacher credentials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher_credentials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Child labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="التعليم في أفغانستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعليم في أفغانستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="আফগানিস্তানের শিক্ষাব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফগানিস্তানের শিক্ষাব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n_en_Afganist%C3%A1n" title="Educación en Afganistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Educación en Afganistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آموزش در افغانستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آموزش در افغانستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9ducatif_en_Afghanistan" title="Système éducatif en Afghanistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système éducatif en Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="განათლება ავღანეთში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="განათლება ავღანეთში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Образование во Авганистан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Образование во Авганистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="アフガニスタンの教育 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフガニスタンの教育" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87_%DA%A9%DA%93%DB%90" title="په افغانستان کې زده کړې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په افغانستان کې زده کړې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Educação no Afeganistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Educação no Afeganistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Наука в Афганистане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наука в Афганистане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="అఫ్ఘనిస్తాన్ లో విద్య – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అఫ్ఘనిస్తాన్ లో విద్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="阿富汗教育 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿富汗教育" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2658532#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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Afghanistan</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to Post-2021 Taliban Regime) need to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saleha_Bayat_Building_at_AUAF_in_Kabul-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Saleha_Bayat_Building_at_AUAF_in_Kabul-2.jpg/220px-Saleha_Bayat_Building_at_AUAF_in_Kabul-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Saleha_Bayat_Building_at_AUAF_in_Kabul-2.jpg/330px-Saleha_Bayat_Building_at_AUAF_in_Kabul-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Saleha_Bayat_Building_at_AUAF_in_Kabul-2.jpg/440px-Saleha_Bayat_Building_at_AUAF_in_Kabul-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Afghanistan" title="American University of Afghanistan">American University of Afghanistan</a> (AUAF) in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Education in Afghanistan</b> includes <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Education (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Higher Education (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Higher Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, there were nearly 10 million students and 220,000 teachers in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nation still requires more <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Afghanistan" title="List of schools in Afghanistan">schools</a> and teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Taliban take took the country</a> in August 2021, they banned girls from secondary education. Some provinces still allow secondary education for girls despite the ban.<sup id="cite_ref-amu.tv_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amu.tv-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neda_Safi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neda_Safi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2022, the Taliban government also prohibited university education for <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">females in Afghanistan</a>, sparking protests and international condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc99_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fr99_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr99-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2023, investigations were being held by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> into the claim that Afghan girls of all ages were allowed to study at religious schools.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of November 2024, some parts of the country allow women to attend religious schools to pursue dentistry, nursing, and other subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Acting Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Noorullah_Munir" title="Noorullah Munir">Noorullah Munir</a>, "Afghanistan has 20,000 official schools in which 9,000 are of no use, 5,000 have no building and the remaining 4,000 needed rehabilitation."<sup id="cite_ref-Noorullah_Munib_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorullah_Munib-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compulsory education in Afghanistan is through the ninth grade.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The academic year consists of 2 semesters, and runs from March to January."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan in August 2021, officials under the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate</a> have suspended secondary education to teenage girls.<sup id="cite_ref-Noorullah_Munib_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorullah_Munib-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-afghanistan-179342_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afghanistan-179342-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tg_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tg-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voa2022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voa2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alj_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alj-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education improved in Afghanistan after the Taliban government was deposed in 2001. In 2013, 8.2 million Afghans attended school, including 3.2 million girls. This compared to only 1.2 million Afghans attending school in 2001, with fewer than 50,000 being girls.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 39% of girls were attending school in 2017 compared to 6% in 2003. In 2021, a third of students at university were women. The literacy rate has risen from 8% in 2001 to 43% in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-costs_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-costs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the major <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Afghanistan" title="List of universities in Afghanistan">universities</a> in Afghanistan are the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Afghanistan" title="American University of Afghanistan">American University of Afghanistan</a> (apparently defunct as of 2021), <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Polytechnic_University" title="Kabul Polytechnic University">Kabul Polytechnic University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Beroni_University" title="Al-Beroni University">Al-Beroni University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kardan_University" title="Kardan University">Kardan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkh_University" title="Balkh University">Balkh University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat_University" title="Herat University">Herat University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_University" title="Nangarhar University">Nangarhar University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Zayed_University" title="Shaikh Zayed University">Shaikh Zayed University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_University" title="Kandahar University">Kandahar University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bost_University" title="Bost University">Bost University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paktia_University" title="Paktia University">Paktia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_University" title="Kunduz University">Kunduz University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_University" title="Badakhshan University">Badakhshan University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_University" title="Ghazni University">Ghazni University</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1950s_Afghanistan_-_Biology_class,_Kabul_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/1950s_Afghanistan_-_Biology_class%2C_Kabul_University.jpg/220px-1950s_Afghanistan_-_Biology_class%2C_Kabul_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/1950s_Afghanistan_-_Biology_class%2C_Kabul_University.jpg/330px-1950s_Afghanistan_-_Biology_class%2C_Kabul_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/1950s_Afghanistan_-_Biology_class%2C_Kabul_University.jpg/440px-1950s_Afghanistan_-_Biology_class%2C_Kabul_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a>'s biology class during the late 1950s or early 1960s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_students_learn_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Afghan_students_learn_English.jpg/220px-Afghan_students_learn_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Afghan_students_learn_English.jpg/330px-Afghan_students_learn_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Afghan_students_learn_English.jpg/440px-Afghan_students_learn_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Typical classroom of a public school in rural Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the oldest schools in Afghanistan is the <a href="/wiki/Habibia_High_School" title="Habibia High School">Habibia High School</a> in Kabul, which was built by King <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a> in 1903 to educate students from the nation's elite class. In the 1920s, the German-funded <a href="/wiki/Amani_High_School" title="Amani High School">Amani High School</a> opened in Kabul, and about a decade later two French <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée">lycées</a> (secondary schools) began, the <a href="/wiki/Agence_pour_l%27enseignement_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9tranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger">AEFE</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Esteqlal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée Esteqlal">Lycée Esteqlal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a> was established in 1932. </p><p>Education was improved under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">King Zahir Shah</a> between 1933 and 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-cp_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making primary schools available to about half the population who were younger than 12 years of age and expanding the secondary school system and Kabul University. Of the 10.3 billion Afghans. spent on the first "Five Year Plan" (1956-1962), "7.7% was appropriated for education and health as compared to 49.5% for transportation and communication, 26.5% on industrial development, 12.6% for agriculture, and 3.8% for miscellaneous development works."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the program, "the number of students (primary, secondary, and vocational) rising from 96.34 to 169.06 per 10,000 of population. The number of students receiving higher education per 10,000 of population, rose from 0.66 to 1.44, and construction of a new campus for the Kabul University was taken in hand.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Taliban took over in 2021, the number of students acquiring higher education per 10,000 people decreased substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to lost of jobs of their tuition supporters who were in the previous government. Many of the students also fled the country. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_University-2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herat_University-2012.jpg/220px-Herat_University-2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herat_University-2012.jpg/330px-Herat_University-2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herat_University-2012.jpg/440px-Herat_University-2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Students standing in front of the main campus of <a href="/wiki/Herat_University" title="Herat University">Herat University</a> in western Afghanistan.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a>, the government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan</a> (PDPA) reformed the education system; education was stressed for both sexes, and widespread literacy programs were set up.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the overthrow of the Taliban in late 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hamid_Karzai" title="Presidency of Hamid Karzai">Karzai administration</a> received substantial international aid to restore the education system. Around 7,000 schools were operating in 20 of the 32 provinces by the end of 2003, with 27,000 teachers teaching 4.2 million children (including 1.2 million girls).<sup id="cite_ref-cp_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of that number, about 3.9 million were in primary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An estimated 57 percent of men and 86 percent of women were reported to be illiterate, and the lack of skilled and educated workers was a major economic disadvantage.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Kabul University reopened in 2002, some 24,000 male and female students enrolled for higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, five other universities were being rehabilitated. Public school curricula have included religious subjects but detailed instruction is left to religious teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AF-kindergarten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/AF-kindergarten.jpg/220px-AF-kindergarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/AF-kindergarten.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> classroom (c. 2004)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Learning_Center_in_Ghazni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lincoln_Learning_Center_in_Ghazni.jpg/220px-Lincoln_Learning_Center_in_Ghazni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lincoln_Learning_Center_in_Ghazni.jpg/330px-Lincoln_Learning_Center_in_Ghazni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lincoln_Learning_Center_in_Ghazni.jpg/440px-Lincoln_Learning_Center_in_Ghazni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Deputy Ambassador to Afghanistan <a href="/wiki/Earl_Anthony_Wayne" title="Earl Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a> and Ghazni Provincial Governor <a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_Ahmadzai" title="Musa Khan Ahmadzai">Musa Khan Ahmadzai</a> talk to students who use Afghanistan's newest Lincoln Learning Center in <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> City.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghazi_High_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ghazi_High_School.jpg/220px-Ghazi_High_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ghazi_High_School.jpg/330px-Ghazi_High_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ghazi_High_School.jpg/440px-Ghazi_High_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_High_School" title="Ghazi High School">Ghazi High School</a>, which is one of many public schools in Kabul. Similar public and private schools exist in all major cities of Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By 2006, over 4 million male and female students were enrolled in schools throughout Afghanistan. At the same time school facilities or institutions were also being refurbished or improved, with more modern-style schools being built each year. The <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Afghanistan" title="American University of Afghanistan">American University of Afghanistan</a> (AUAF) in Kabul was established in 2006. Other universities were renovated or rebuilt, such as <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_University" title="Kandahar University">Kandahar University</a> in the south, <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_University" title="Nangarhar University">Nangarhar University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khost_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Khost University">Khost University</a> in the east, <a href="/wiki/Herat_University" title="Herat University">Herat University</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Balkh_University" title="Balkh University">Balkh University</a> in the north. Despite these achievements, there were still significant obstacles to education in Afghanistan, many of which stem from a lack of funding. Planning curricula and school programs is difficult for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Education (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Education</a> because a significant amount of the budget for education comes from external donors, making it difficult to predict the annual budget.<sup id="cite_ref-asmp_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asmp-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The obstacles to education were even more numerous for Afghan girls. Afghanistan's then Education Minister, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hanif_Atmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hanif Atmar">Mohammad Hanif Atmar</a>, said in 2007 that 60% of students were studying in tents or other unprotected structures, and some parents refused to let their daughters attend schools in such conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-asmp_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asmp-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, another concern was the destruction of schools by the Taliban, especially schools for females. Following the destruction of over 150 schools in a year, many parents had doubts about the government's ability to protect them.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following achievements were made in the first decade of the 2000s: </p> <ul><li>Between 2001 and 2016, primary school enrollment rose from around 1 million to 9.2 million (a nine-fold increase in fifteen years) and the proportion of girls from virtually zero to 37%. UNESCO estimates that 129 million females are out of school around the world, with 32 million in primary school and 97 million in secondary school.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The number of teachers in general education has risen sevenfold, but their qualifications are low. About 31% are women.</li> <li>Between 2003 and 2011, over 5,000 school buildings were rehabilitated or newly constructed. Just over 50% of schools have usable buildings.</li></ul> <p>Enrollment is low: The average is 1,983 students per institution; three institutions have fewer than 200 students. Furthermore, there is a deficiency of qualified faculty members: only 4.7% (166 of total 3,522) of the teaching staff held a Ph.D. In “addition to problems of inadequate resources, and lack of qualified teaching staff are issues of corruption.”<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the United States began establishing Lincoln Learning Centers in Afghanistan. They serve as programming platforms offering English language classes, library facilities, programming venues, Internet connectivity, educational and other counseling services. A goal of the program is to reach at least 4,000 Afghan citizens per month per location.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, in 2011, Afghanistan was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">15th least developed country in the world</a>. </p><p>In 2009 and 2010, a 5,000 OLPC – <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_Per_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="One Laptop Per Child">One Laptop Per Child</a> schools deployment took place in Kandahar with funding from an anonymous foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OLPC team seeks local support to undertake a larger deployment.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2011, officials from the United States signed a joint statement with Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Farooq_Wardak" title="Ghulam Farooq Wardak">Ghulam Farooq Wardak</a> to expand opportunities for direct financial support from USAID to the Afghan Ministry of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2011, the <i><a href="/wiki/Baghch-e-Simsim" title="Baghch-e-Simsim">Baghch-e-Simsim</a></i> (Afghan version of <i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">children's television series</a> was launched in Afghanistan. It is funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> and is produced in consultation with <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Education (Afghanistan)">Afghanistan's Ministry of Education</a>. The project is designed to help educate Afghans from pre-school stage and onward.<sup id="cite_ref-AWN_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWN-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was reported in May 2013 that there were 16,000 schools across Afghanistan, with 10.5 million students. Education Minister Wardak stated that 3 million children remained deprived of education and requested $3 billion to construct 8,000 additional schools over the next two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Wardak_seeks_$3b_in_aid_for_school_buildings_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wardak_seeks_$3b_in_aid_for_school_buildings-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afghanistan's story in education is still confronted by major challenges. Three and a half million children – 75% of them girls – are still out of school. Poverty, the lack of qualified female teachers in rural schools (which is especially linked to girls' education), and substandard school facilities all account for low enrollment. Furthermore, nearly half of all schools do not have a building or facilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_for_female_students">Education for female students</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education for female students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardar-e-Kabuli_High_School_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sardar-e-Kabuli_High_School_in_2014.jpg/220px-Sardar-e-Kabuli_High_School_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sardar-e-Kabuli_High_School_in_2014.jpg/330px-Sardar-e-Kabuli_High_School_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sardar-e-Kabuli_High_School_in_2014.jpg/440px-Sardar-e-Kabuli_High_School_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Female students at a public school in Kabul</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern social reform for Afghan women began when <a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Queen Soraya</a>, wife of King Amanullah, made rapid reforms to improve women's lives and their position in the family, marriage, education and professional life.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.se_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.se-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She founded the first women's magazine (<a href="/wiki/Irshad-e_Naswan" title="Irshad-e Naswan">Irshad-e Naswan</a>, 1922), the first women's organization (<a href="/wiki/Anjuman-i_Himayat-i-Niswan" title="Anjuman-i Himayat-i-Niswan">Anjuman-i Himayat-i-Niswan</a>), the first school for girls (Masturat School in 1920), the first theatre for women in Paghman and the first hospital for women (the Masturat Hospital in 1924).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, Amanullah sent fifteen female graduates of the Masturat middle school, daughters of the royal family and government officials, to study in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soraya Tarzi was the only woman to appear on the list of rulers in Afghanistan, and was credited with having been one of the first and most powerful Afghan and Muslim female activists. However, Queen Soraya, along with her husband's, advocacy of social reforms for women led to a protest and contributed to the ultimate demise of her and her husband's reign in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a>'s deposition caused a severe backlash, the girls 'schools were closed, the female students who had been allowed to study in Turkey was recalled to Afghanistan and forced to put on the veil and enter purdah again,<sup id="cite_ref-reliefweb.int_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reliefweb.int-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and polygamy for men was reintroduced.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successors <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Nadir Shah">Mohammed Nadir Shah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Zahir Shah">Mohammed Zahir Shah</a> acted more cautiously, but nevertheless worked for the moderate and steady improvement of women's rights<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were allowed to take classes at the Masturat Women's Hospital in Kabul in 1931, and some girls' schools were reopened;<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first High School for girls was officially called a 'Nursing School' to prevent any opposition to it.<sup id="cite_ref-reliefweb.int_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reliefweb.int-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> modernization reforms were seen as necessary by the government, which resulted in the resurrection of a state women's movement. In 1946 the government-supported <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Welfare_Association" title="Women's Welfare Association">Women's Welfare Association</a> (WWA) was founded with Queen <a href="/wiki/Humaira_Begum" title="Humaira Begum">Humaira Begum</a> as patron, giving school classes for girls and vocational classes to women,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 1950 women students were accepted at the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.se_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.se-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students of every gender and ethnic background were enrolled in public schools. By 1978, women made up 40 percent of the doctors and 60 percent of the teachers at <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a>; 440,000 female students were enrolled in educational institutions and 80,000 more in literacy programs.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite improvements, a large percentage of the population remained illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only was the constitution of the government styled after that of the Soviet Union, but also changes in academia started to resemble the Soviet approach to education. However, during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Taliban's first period of rule</a> (1996–2001), girls could not receive formal education.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc99_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 at <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a> the first master's degree course in gender and women's studies in Afghanistan began.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Taliban returned to power there were concerns that access to education, especially for the female population, would be heavily set back. Though the Taliban claimed that it respected their rights.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An issue later began that resulted in temporary suspension of females attending schools.<sup id="cite_ref-afghanistan-179342_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afghanistan-179342-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move would later be criticized by some Pakistani clerics.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2022, teenage girls and female teachers are still prevented from returning to secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also developing a new curriculum for all students.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 20 December 2022, women were banned from University education.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lack of women teachers was another issue that concerned some parents, especially in more conservative areas. Some parents were not allowing their daughters to be taught by men. But this often meant that girls were not allowed to attend school, as the international aid agency <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> reported in 2007 that about one quarter of Afghan teachers were women.<sup id="cite_ref-asmp_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asmp-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 December 2022, the Taliban banned women from attending universities in Afghanistan, sparking protests and international condemnation. This decision followed the exclusion of girls from secondary schools since the Taliban came to power the previous year. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and several countries condemned the move.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc99_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fr99_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr99-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the Taliban arrested female education campaigner <a href="/wiki/Matiullah_Wesa" title="Matiullah Wesa">Matiullah Wesa</a> after he traveled to remote parts of the country to improve access to education for all children. The Taliban previously arrested another outspoken critic of the ban on women's education <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Mashal" title="Ismail Mashal">Ismail Mashal</a> in February, but he was released from custody on March 5.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the ban, six provinces, <a href="/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Province" title="Kunduz Province">Kunduz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jowzjan_Province" title="Jowzjan Province">Jowzjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sar-e_Pol_Province" title="Sar-e Pol Province">Sar-I-Pul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faryab_Province" title="Faryab Province">Faryab</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Daykundi_Province" title="Daykundi Province">Day Kundi</a> provinces still allow girl's schools from grade 6 and up.<sup id="cite_ref-amu.tv_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amu.tv-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neda_Safi_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neda_Safi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2023, investigations were being held by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> on the claim that Afghan girls of all ages were allowed to study at religious schools.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_to_education_development">Challenges to education development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Challenges to education development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_in_Wardak-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/School_in_Wardak-2009.jpg/220px-School_in_Wardak-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/School_in_Wardak-2009.jpg/330px-School_in_Wardak-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/School_in_Wardak-2009.jpg/440px-School_in_Wardak-2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>A school in Jalrez, in the <a href="/wiki/Wardak_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Wardak province">Wardak province</a> of Afghanistan is in the final stage of construction on September 30, 2009.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_and_sexual_abuse">Violence and sexual abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Violence and sexual abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Afghanistan has been one of the countries worst affected by violence against educational institutions, with 770 incidents of attacks on education in 2008. Violence against students prevented nearly 5 million Afghan children from attending school in 2010. The country saw 439 teachers, education employees, and students killed between 2006 and 2009, one of the highest death rates in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women were fearful of attending institutions of primary, secondary, or tertiary education as a result of increased rates of sexual harassment and violence. According to the Ministry of Public Health in Afghanistan, these occurrences have resulted in significantly higher rates of suicide, as the number of casualties exceed the number of war deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidently, not only is the physical health of women threatened by instances of sexual assault, but also their mental well-being, as many become depressed and suffer from low self-esteem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teacher_credentials">Teacher credentials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Teacher credentials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2002, up to 6 million girls and boys started attending school. In 2012, the supply of students far exceeded the pool of qualified teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-chalkboard.tol.org_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chalkboard.tol.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to statistics provided by the Ministry of Education, 80 percent of the country's 165,000 teachers had achieved the equivalent of a high school education or did not complete their post-secondary studies.<sup id="cite_ref-chalkboard.tol.org_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chalkboard.tol.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the aforementioned limitations in the adequacy of educators who are available to provide an effective education for the Afghan population, the current government continues to place bans on female teachers that would inhibit them from participating. This regulation is founded upon the Islamic interpretation of Sharia law that requires women to be accompanied by a Mehram, or male relative such as their father, husband, or son, when present in public. Firing thousands of female teachers not only makes it more difficult for women to feel comfortable attending educational institutions, but also strengthens gendered stereotypes that characterize women as being sensitive and weak, and therefore, unable to be active members of society.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2002, under the combined efforts of Afghan and international experts, the curriculum has been changed from Islamic teachings; there are new books and better training. Yet, there remains no standard curriculum for secondary school textbooks, and high school textbooks remain woefully inadequate in number and content.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current government of Afghanistan stated repeatedly that students must be taught according to Islamic law, without elaborating on what that entails.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government reassured the public, as well as the international community, that it will reopen schools in rural and urban areas to both male and female students. Nonetheless, there has been a suspension of such efforts as officials in charge of education claim to be waiting for the development of new curriculum that will focus less on secular subjects, such as mathematics or science, and rather on Islamic studies. Furthermore, the educators responsible for operating educational institutions lack the formal training to teach advanced curriculum in schools, discouraging families from ensuring their children ultimately earn degrees with which they may enter the labor force.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, there were insufficient schools. Around 4,500 schools are being built according to a recent government report. 40 percent of schools were housed in permanent buildings. The rest held classes in UNICEF shelters or were "desert schools" with students and teachers gathering in the desert near a village.<sup id="cite_ref-chalkboard.tol.org_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chalkboard.tol.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_labor">Child labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Child labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, more than half of the population of Afghanistan was under the age of 18.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNICEF estimates that close to a quarter of Afghan children between the ages of seven and fourteen were working.<sup id="cite_ref-un.org_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un.org-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rural areas, the problem is worse, and there are more girls working than boys.<sup id="cite_ref-un.org_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un.org-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disrupts children's education and possibly prevents them from attending school completely.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of working children has increased recently. According to a Save the Children report, an estimated one million children are currently involved in child labor in Afghanistan as family finances have collapsed in the last six months.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Afghanistan" title="List of universities in Afghanistan">List of universities in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Afghanistan" title="Higher education in Afghanistan">Higher education in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Afghanistan" title="List of schools in Afghanistan">List of schools in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Scout_Association" title="Afghanistan Scout Association">Afghanistan Scout Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_Afghan_School_Children_Organization" title="Help Afghan School Children Organization">Help Afghan School Children Organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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(March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahar2021" class="citation book cs1">Sahar, Hafiz (7 April 2021). <i>Television in Afghanistan: A Comparative Study of Educational Television in Selected Developing Countries and Its Relevance to the Similar Use Television in Afghanistan</i>. David Sahar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1737020707" title="Special:BookSources/978-1737020707"><bdi>978-1737020707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television+in+Afghanistan%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Educational+Television+in+Selected+Developing+Countries+and+Its+Relevance+to+the+Similar+Use+Television+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=David+Sahar&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft.isbn=978-1737020707&rft.aulast=Sahar&rft.aufirst=Hafiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/04/talibans-ban-girls-education-afghanistan">"Taliban's Ban on Girls' Education in Afghanistan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taliban%27s+Ban+on+Girls%27+Education+in+Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fpublications%2F2022%2F04%2Ftalibans-ban-girls-education-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa11/011/1999/en/">WOMEN IN AFGHANISTAN: Pawns in men's power struggles</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nX1tPZrVOU"><span class="plainlinks">Inauguration Of Examplary High School - Khost</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asmp-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asmp_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asmp_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asmp_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6533379.stm">"BBC NEWS – South Asia – Afghan schools' money problems"</a>. 9 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%E2%80%93+South+Asia+%E2%80%93+Afghan+schools%27+money+problems&rft.date=2007-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F6533379.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7836875.stm">"Fresh attacks on Pakistan schools"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. 2009-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fresh+attacks+on+Pakistan+schools&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F7836875.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/girlseducation#1">"Girls' Education"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Girls%27+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Ftopic%2Fgirlseducation%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Welch and Attaullah Wahidyar. <i>Evolution, Revolution, Reconstruction: The interrupted Development of Higher Education in Afghanistan.</i> In M. F. Buck and M. Kabaum (eds.), 2013, <i>Ideen und Realitaeten von Universitaeten</i>, pp. 83-105, here pp. 94 and 96. New York: Peter Lang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-62381-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-62381-7">978-3-631-62381-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628130803/http://photos.state.gov/libraries/afghanistan/231771/PDFs/RFP-Lincoln-Learning-Centers.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photos.state.gov/libraries/afghanistan/231771/PDFs/RFP-Lincoln-Learning-Centers.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotos.state.gov%2Flibraries%2Fafghanistan%2F231771%2FPDFs%2FRFP-Lincoln-Learning-Centers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/ghazni-gov-lincoln-learning-center.html">"Ghazni governor signs memorandum for Lincoln Learning Center"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghazni+governor+signs+memorandum+for+Lincoln+Learning+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaronterrornews.typepad.com%2Fhome%2F2010%2F09%2Fghazni-gov-lincoln-learning-center.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203181149/http://kabul.usembassy.gov/about_llc.html">"About Lincoln Learning Centers – Embassy of the United States Kabul, Afghanistan"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Lincoln+Learning+Centers+%E2%80%93+Embassy+of+the+United+States+Kabul%2C+Afghanistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkabul.usembassy.gov%2Fabout_llc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armdevices.net/2011/10/24/olpc-summit-afghanistan/#disqus_thread">"Interview with Carol Ruth Silver"</a>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Carol+Ruth+Silver&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmdevices.net%2F2011%2F10%2F24%2Folpc-summit-afghanistan%2F%23disqus_thread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Afghanistan">"OLPC Afghanistan"</a>. <i>laptop.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laptop.org&rft.atitle=OLPC+Afghanistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.laptop.org%2Fgo%2FOLPC_Afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLima_AhmadKenneth_AdamsMike_DawsonCarol_Ruth_Silver" class="citation web cs1">Lima Ahmad; Kenneth Adams; Mike Dawson; Carol Ruth Silver. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328184918/http://wiki.laptop.org/images/4/48/OLPC-BriefingNote.pdf">"Briefing Note – One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) in Afghanistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Briefing+Note+%E2%80%93+One+Laptop+Per+Child+%28OLPC%29+in+Afghanistan&rft.au=Lima+Ahmad&rft.au=Kenneth+Adams&rft.au=Mike+Dawson&rft.au=Carol+Ruth+Silver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.laptop.org%2Fimages%2F4%2F48%2FOLPC-BriefingNote.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809054942/http://kabul.usembassy.gov/direct-assitance.html">"USAID To Provide Direct Assistance to Afghan Ministries for the People of Afghanistan"</a>. June 11, 2011. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920062642/http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/format_liste1_en.php?Chp2=Afghanistan">Education Plans and Policies in Afghanistan</a>, Planipolis, IIEP-UNESCO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=AFG">Vocational Education and training in Afghanistan</a>, UNESCO-UNEVOC(TVET database)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302021248/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite%2Farticles%2Funicode%2Fv8f2%2Fv8f207xxvii.html">History of Education in Afghanistan</a>, Encyclopædia Iranica</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template talk:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afghanistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Yabghus of Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">Siege of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" title="Afghan–Sikh Wars">Afghan–Sikh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Emirate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Daoud's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Afghanistan (1992–present)">since 1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">First Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Second Islamic Emirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_topic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires" title="Graveyard of empires">Graveyard of empires</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">Wars in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdivisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Borders of Afghanistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of earthquakes in Afghanistan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental issues in Afghanistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afghanistan" title="Extreme points of Afghanistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of volcanoes in Afghanistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Persian (Dari)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Current provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Afghanistan" title="Taxation in Afghanistan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Afghanistan" title="Tourism in Afghanistan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Afghanistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">War rugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Afghanistan" title="Bibliography of Afghanistan">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" title="Category:Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Asia" title="Template:Education in Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Asia" title="Template talk:Education in Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Education in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" 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